101
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Edgar A, Chinga J. Inaugural meeting of the Pan-American Society for Evolutionary Developmental Biology report: the importance of diversity in a multidisciplinary field. EvoDevo 2015. [PMCID: PMC4674996 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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102
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Ichihashi Y, Tsukaya H. Behavior of Leaf Meristems and Their Modification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1060. [PMID: 26648955 PMCID: PMC4664833 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A major source of diversity in flowering plant form is the extensive variability of leaf shape and size. Leaf formation is initiated by recruitment of a handful of cells flanking the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to develop into a complex three-dimensional structure. Leaf organogenesis depends on activities of several distinct meristems that are established and spatiotemporally differentiated after the initiation of leaf primordia. Here, we review recent findings in the gene regulatory networks that orchestrate leaf meristem activities in a model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We then discuss recent key studies investigating the natural variation in leaf morphology to understand how the gene regulatory networks modulate leaf meristems to yield a substantial diversity of leaf forms during the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Bio-Next Project, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazaki, Japan
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103
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Chitwood DH, Kumar R, Ranjan A, Pelletier JM, Townsley BT, Ichihashi Y, Martinez CC, Zumstein K, Harada JJ, Maloof JN, Sinha NR. Light-Induced Indeterminacy Alters Shade-Avoiding Tomato Leaf Morphology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2030-47. [PMID: 26381315 PMCID: PMC4634097 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense the foliar shade of competitors and alter their developmental programs through the shade-avoidance response. Internode and petiole elongation, and changes in overall leaf area and leaf mass per area, are the stereotypical architectural responses to foliar shade in the shoot. However, changes in leaf shape and complexity in response to shade remain incompletely, and qualitatively, described. Using a meta-analysis of more than 18,000 previously published leaflet outlines, we demonstrate that shade avoidance alters leaf shape in domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and wild relatives. The effects of shade avoidance on leaf shape are subtle with respect to individual traits but are combinatorially strong. We then seek to describe the developmental origins of shade-induced changes in leaf shape by swapping plants between light treatments. Leaf size is light responsive late into development, but patterning events, such as stomatal index, are irrevocably specified earlier. Observing that shade induces increases in shoot apical meristem size, we then describe gene expression changes in early leaf primordia and the meristem using laser microdissection. We find that in leaf primordia, shade avoidance is not mediated through canonical pathways described in mature organs but rather through the expression of KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX and other indeterminacy genes, altering known developmental pathways responsible for patterning leaf shape. We also demonstrate that shade-induced changes in leaf primordium gene expression largely do not overlap with those found in successively initiated leaf primordia, providing evidence against classic hypotheses that shaded leaf morphology results from the prolonged production of juvenile leaf types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Chitwood
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Aashish Ranjan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Julie M Pelletier
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Brad T Townsley
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Ciera C Martinez
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Kristina Zumstein
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - John J Harada
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Julin N Maloof
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Neelima R Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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104
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Thompson D, Regev A, Roy S. Comparative analysis of gene regulatory networks: from network reconstruction to evolution. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:399-428. [PMID: 26355593 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-012908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression is central to many biological processes. Although reconstruction of regulatory circuits from genomic data alone is therefore desirable, this remains a major computational challenge. Comparative approaches that examine the conservation and divergence of circuits and their components across strains and species can help reconstruct circuits as well as provide insights into the evolution of gene regulatory processes and their adaptive contribution. In recent years, advances in genomic and computational tools have led to a wealth of methods for such analysis at the sequence, expression, pathway, module, and entire network level. Here, we review computational methods developed to study transcriptional regulatory networks using comparative genomics, from sequence to functional data. We highlight how these methods use evolutionary conservation and divergence to reliably detect regulatory components as well as estimate the extent and rate of divergence. Finally, we discuss the promise and open challenges in linking regulatory divergence to phenotypic divergence and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Thompson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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105
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Ferris KG, Rushton T, Greenlee AB, Toll K, Blackman BK, Willis JH. Leaf shape evolution has a similar genetic architecture in three edaphic specialists within the Mimulus guttatus species complex. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:213-23. [PMID: 26070644 PMCID: PMC4512191 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The genetic basis of leaf shape has long interested botanists because leaf shape varies extensively across the plant kingdom and this variation is probably adaptive. However, knowledge of the genetic architecture of leaf shape variation in natural populations remains limited. This study examined the genetic architecture of leaf shape diversification among three edaphic specialists in the Mimulus guttatus species complex. Lobed and narrow leaves have evolved from the entire, round leaves of M. guttatus in M. laciniatus, M. nudatus and a polymorphic serpentine M. guttatus population (M2L). METHODS Bulk segregant analysis and next-generation sequencing were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that underlie leaf shape in an M. laciniatus × M. guttatus F2 population. To determine whether the same QTLs contribute to leaf shape variation in M. nudatus and M2L, F2s from M. guttatus × M. nudatus and lobed M2L × unlobed M. guttatus crosses were genotyped at QTLs from the bulk segregant analysis. KEY RESULTS Narrow and lobed leaf shapes in M. laciniatus, M. nudatus and M. guttatus are controlled by overlapping genetic regions. Several promising leaf shape candidate genes were found under each QTL. CONCLUSIONS The evolution of divergent leaf shape has taken place multiple times in the M. guttatus species complex and is associated with the occupation of dry, rocky environments. The genetic architecture of elongated and lobed leaves is similar across three species in this group. This may indicate that parallel genetic evolution from standing variation or new mutations is responsible for the putatively adaptive leaf shape variation in Mimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen G Ferris
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 125 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27705, USA and
| | - Tullia Rushton
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 125 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27705, USA and
| | - Anna B Greenlee
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Katherine Toll
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 125 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27705, USA and
| | - Benjamin K Blackman
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - John H Willis
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 125 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27705, USA and
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106
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Lucas-Reina E, Romero-Campero FJ, Romero JM, Valverde F. An Evolutionarily Conserved DOF-CONSTANS Module Controls Plant Photoperiodic Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:561-74. [PMID: 25897001 PMCID: PMC4453789 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The response to daylength is a crucial process that evolved very early in plant evolution, entitling the early green eukaryote to predict seasonal variability and attune its physiological responses to the environment. The photoperiod responses evolved into the complex signaling pathways that govern the angiosperm floral transition today. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii DNA-Binding with One Finger (CrDOF) gene controls transcription in a photoperiod-dependent manner, and its misexpression influences algal growth and viability. In short days, CrDOF enhances CrCO expression, a homolog of plant CONSTANS (CO), by direct binding to its promoter, while it reduces the expression of cell division genes in long days independently of CrCO. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), transgenic plants overexpressing CrDOF show floral delay and reduced expression of the photoperiodic genes CO and FLOWERING LOCUS T. The conservation of the DOF-CO module during plant evolution could be an important clue to understanding diversification by the inheritance of conserved gene toolkits in key developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lucas-Reina
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Plant Development Unit, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (E.L.-R., J.M.R., F.V.); andDepartamento de Ciencias de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial, Grupo de Investigación en Computación Natural, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain (F.J.R.-C.)
| | - Francisco J Romero-Campero
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Plant Development Unit, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (E.L.-R., J.M.R., F.V.); andDepartamento de Ciencias de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial, Grupo de Investigación en Computación Natural, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain (F.J.R.-C.)
| | - José M Romero
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Plant Development Unit, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (E.L.-R., J.M.R., F.V.); andDepartamento de Ciencias de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial, Grupo de Investigación en Computación Natural, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain (F.J.R.-C.)
| | - Federico Valverde
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Plant Development Unit, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (E.L.-R., J.M.R., F.V.); andDepartamento de Ciencias de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial, Grupo de Investigación en Computación Natural, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain (F.J.R.-C.)
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107
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Bar M, Ori N. Compound leaf development in model plant species. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:61-9. [PMID: 25449728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves develop in accordance with a common basic program, which is flexibly adjusted to the species, developmental stage and environment. Two key stages of leaf development are morphogenesis and differentiation. In the case of compound leaves, the morphogenesis stage is prolonged as compared to simple leaves, allowing for the initiation of leaflets. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how plant hormones and transcriptional regulators modulate compound leaf development, yielding a substantial diversity of leaf forms, focusing on four model compound leaf organisms: cardamine (Cardamine hirsuta), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), medicago (Medicago truncatula) and pea (Pisum sativum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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108
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Aguilar-Martínez JA, Uchida N, Townsley B, West DA, Yanez A, Lynn N, Kimura S, Sinha N. Transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational regulation of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS gene expression in Arabidopsis determines gene function in the shoot apex. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:424-42. [PMID: 25524441 PMCID: PMC4326739 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.248625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The activity of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) is required for the functioning of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). STM is expressed in the SAM but is down-regulated at the site of leaf initiation. STM is also required for the formation of compound leaves. However, how the activity of STM is regulated at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels is poorly understood. We previously found two conserved noncoding sequences in the promoters of STM-like genes across angiosperms, the K-box and the RB-box. Here, we characterize the function of the RB-box in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The RB-box, along with the K-box, regulates the expression of STM in leaf sinuses, which are areas on the leaf blade with meristematic potential. The RB-box also contributes to restrict STM expression to the SAM. We identified FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCES-RELATED FACTOR1 (FRF1) as a binding factor to the RB-box region. FRF1 is an uncharacterized member of a subfamily of four truncated proteins related to the FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCES factors. Internal deletion analysis of the STM promoter identified a region required to repress the expression of STM in hypocotyls. Expression of STM in leaf primordia under the control of the JAGGED promoter produced plants with partially undifferentiated leaves. We further found that the ELK domain has a role in the posttranslational regulation of STM by affecting the nuclear localization of STM.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Aguilar-Martínez
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.A.A.-M., N.U., B.T., D.A.W., A.Y., N.L., S.K., N.S.);World Premier International Research Center Initiative-Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan (N.U.); andDepartment of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.A.A.-M., N.U., B.T., D.A.W., A.Y., N.L., S.K., N.S.);World Premier International Research Center Initiative-Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan (N.U.); andDepartment of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Brad Townsley
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.A.A.-M., N.U., B.T., D.A.W., A.Y., N.L., S.K., N.S.);World Premier International Research Center Initiative-Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan (N.U.); andDepartment of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Donnelly Ann West
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.A.A.-M., N.U., B.T., D.A.W., A.Y., N.L., S.K., N.S.);World Premier International Research Center Initiative-Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan (N.U.); andDepartment of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Andrea Yanez
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.A.A.-M., N.U., B.T., D.A.W., A.Y., N.L., S.K., N.S.);World Premier International Research Center Initiative-Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan (N.U.); andDepartment of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Nafeesa Lynn
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.A.A.-M., N.U., B.T., D.A.W., A.Y., N.L., S.K., N.S.);World Premier International Research Center Initiative-Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan (N.U.); andDepartment of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Seisuke Kimura
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.A.A.-M., N.U., B.T., D.A.W., A.Y., N.L., S.K., N.S.);World Premier International Research Center Initiative-Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan (N.U.); andDepartment of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Neelima Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.A.A.-M., N.U., B.T., D.A.W., A.Y., N.L., S.K., N.S.);World Premier International Research Center Initiative-Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan (N.U.); andDepartment of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan (S.K.)
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109
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Abstract
The development of plant leaves follows a common basic program that is flexible and is adjusted according to species, developmental stage and environmental circumstances. Leaves initiate from the flanks of the shoot apical meristem and develop into flat structures of variable sizes and forms. This process is regulated by plant hormones, transcriptional regulators and mechanical properties of the tissue. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how these factors modulate leaf development to yield a substantial diversity of leaf forms. We discuss these issues in the context of leaf initiation, the balance between morphogenesis and differentiation, and patterning of the leaf margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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110
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Hepworth SR, Pautot VA. Beyond the Divide: Boundaries for Patterning and Stem Cell Regulation in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1052. [PMID: 26697027 PMCID: PMC4673312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of plant lateral organs from the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is closely associated with the formation of specialized domains of restricted growth known as the boundaries. These zones are required in separating the meristem from the growing primordia or adjacent organs but play a much broader role in regulating stem cell activity and shoot patterning. Studies have revealed a network of genes and hormone pathways that establish and maintain boundaries between the SAM and leaves. Recruitment of these pathways is shown to underlie a variety of processes during the reproductive phase including axillary meristems production, flower patterning, fruit development, and organ abscission. This review summarizes the role of conserved gene modules in patterning boundaries throughout the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley R. Hepworth
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, OttawaON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Shelley R. Hepworth, ; Véronique A. Pautot,
| | - Véronique A. Pautot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-SaclayVersailles, France
- *Correspondence: Shelley R. Hepworth, ; Véronique A. Pautot,
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111
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Nakayama H, Nakayama N, Seiki S, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Sinha N, Kimura S. Regulation of the KNOX-GA gene module induces heterophyllic alteration in North American lake cress. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4733-48. [PMID: 25516600 PMCID: PMC4311196 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.130229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants show leaf form alteration in response to changes in the surrounding environment, and this phenomenon is called heterophylly. Although heterophylly is seen across plant species, the regulatory mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying heterophylly in Rorippa aquatica (Brassicaceae), also known as North American lake cress. R. aquatica develops pinnately dissected leaves in submerged conditions, whereas it forms simple leaves with serrated margins in terrestrial conditions. We found that the expression levels of KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX1) orthologs changed in response to changes in the surrounding environment (e.g., change of ambient temperature; below or above water) and that the accumulation of gibberellin (GA), which is thought to be regulated by KNOX1 genes, also changed in the leaf primordia. We further demonstrated that exogenous GA affects the complexity of leaf form in this species. Moreover, RNA-seq revealed a relationship between light intensity and leaf form. These results suggest that regulation of GA level via KNOX1 genes is involved in regulating heterophylly in R. aquatica. The mechanism responsible for morphological diversification of leaf form among species may also govern the variation of leaf form within a species in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Nakayama
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakayama
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, United Kingdom
| | - Sumer Seiki
- Teacher Education Department, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94117-1080
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Neelima Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Seisuke Kimura
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
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