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Uhrig S, Hirth N, Broccoli L, von Wilmsdorff M, Bauer M, Sommer C, Zink M, Steiner J, Frodl T, Malchow B, Falkai P, Spanagel R, Hansson AC, Schmitt A. Reduced oxytocin receptor gene expression and binding sites in different brain regions in schizophrenia: A post-mortem study. Schizophr Res 2016; 177:59-66. [PMID: 27132494 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with impairments in social cognition. Several brain regions have been implicated in social cognition, including the nucleus caudatus, prefrontal and temporal cortex, and cerebellum. Oxytocin is a critical modulator of social cognition and the formation and maintenance of social relationships and was shown to improve symptoms and social cognition in schizophrenia patients. However, it is unknown whether the oxytocin receptor is altered in the brain. Therefore, we used qRT-PCR and Ornithine Vasotocin Analog ([125I]OVTA)-based receptor autoradiography to investigate oxytocin receptor expression at both the mRNA and protein level in the left prefrontal and middle temporal cortex, left nucleus caudatus, and right posterior superior vermis in 10 schizophrenia patients and 6 healthy controls. Furthermore, to investigate confounding effects of long-term antipsychotic medication we treated rats with clozapine or haloperidol for 12weeks and assessed expression of the oxytocin receptor in cortical and subcortical brain regions. In schizophrenia patients, we found a downregulation of oxytocin receptor mRNA in the temporal cortex and a decrease in receptor binding in the vermis. In the other regions, the results showed trends in the same direction, without reaching statistical significance. We found no differences between antipsychotic-treated rats and controls. Downregulated expression and binding of the oxytocin receptor in brain regions involved in social cognition may lead to a dysfunction of oxytocin signaling. Our results support a dysfunction of the oxytocin receptor in schizophrenia, which may contribute to deficits of social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Uhrig
- Neuroanatomy Research Group, Institute for Psychopharmacology at Central Institute for Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159, Germany
| | - Natalie Hirth
- Neuroanatomy Research Group, Institute for Psychopharmacology at Central Institute for Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159, Germany
| | - Laura Broccoli
- Neuroanatomy Research Group, Institute for Psychopharmacology at Central Institute for Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159, Germany
| | - Martina von Wilmsdorff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Bergische Landstrasse 2, 40629 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Bauer
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 24, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clemens Sommer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Zink
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Berend Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Nußbaumstrasse 7, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Nußbaumstrasse 7, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Neuroanatomy Research Group, Institute for Psychopharmacology at Central Institute for Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159, Germany
| | - Anita C Hansson
- Neuroanatomy Research Group, Institute for Psychopharmacology at Central Institute for Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Nußbaumstrasse 7, 80336 München, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 05453-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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102
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Blum K, Febo M, Badgaiyan RD. Fifty Years in the Development of a Glutaminergic-Dopaminergic Optimization Complex (KB220) to Balance Brain Reward Circuitry in Reward Deficiency Syndrome: A Pictorial. AUSTIN ADDICTION SCIENCES 2016; 1:1006. [PMID: 27840857 PMCID: PMC5103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine along with other chemical messengers like serotonin, cannabinoids, endorphins and glutamine, play significant roles in brain reward processing. There is a devastating opiate/opioid epidemicin the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), at least 127 people, young and old, are dying every day due to narcotic overdose and alarmingly heroin overdose is on the rise. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved some Medication-Assisted Treatments (MATs) for alcoholism, opiate and nicotine dependence, but nothing for psychostimulant and cannabis abuse. While these pharmaceuticals are essential for the short-term induction of "psychological extinction," in the long-term caution is necessary because their use favors blocking dopaminergic function indispensable for achieving normal satisfaction in life. The two institutions devoted to alcoholism and drug dependence (NIAAA & NIDA) realize that MATs are not optimal and continue to seek better treatment options. We review, herein, the history of the development of a glutaminergic-dopaminergic optimization complex called KB220 to provide for the possible eventual balancing of the brain reward system and the induction of "dopamine homeostasis." This complex may provide substantial clinical benefit to the victims of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) and assist in recovery from iatrogenically induced addiction to unwanted opiates/opioids and other addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blum
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, USA; Division of Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, USA; Igene, LLC, Austin, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USA; Division of Neuroscience Research and Addiction Therapy, Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, USA; Human Integrated Services Unit, University of Vermont Centre for Clinical and Translational Science, USA; Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Hungary; Division of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, USA; Division of Nutrigenomics, LaVita RDS, USA
| | - M Febo
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, USA
| | - R D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University BoonShoft School of Medicine, USA
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103
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Hadar R, Vengeliene V, Barroeta Hlusicke E, Canals S, Noori HR, Wieske F, Rummel J, Harnack D, Heinz A, Spanagel R, Winter C. Paradoxical augmented relapse in alcohol-dependent rats during deep-brain stimulation in the nucleus accumbens. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e840. [PMID: 27327255 PMCID: PMC4931598 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Case reports indicate that deep-brain stimulation in the nucleus accumbens may be beneficial to alcohol-dependent patients. The lack of clinical trials and our limited knowledge of deep-brain stimulation call for translational experiments to validate these reports. To mimic the human situation, we used a chronic-continuous brain-stimulation paradigm targeting the nucleus accumbens and other brain sites in alcohol-dependent rats. To determine the network effects of deep-brain stimulation in alcohol-dependent rats, we combined electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and studied neurotransmitter levels in nucleus accumbens-stimulated versus sham-stimulated rats. Surprisingly, we report here that electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens led to augmented relapse behavior in alcohol-dependent rats. Our associated fMRI data revealed some activated areas, including the medial prefrontal cortex and caudate putamen. However, when we applied stimulation to these areas, relapse behavior was not affected, confirming that the nucleus accumbens is critical for generating this paradoxical effect. Neurochemical analysis of the major activated brain sites of the network revealed that the effect of stimulation may depend on accumbal dopamine levels. This was supported by the finding that brain-stimulation-treated rats exhibited augmented alcohol-induced dopamine release compared with sham-stimulated animals. Our data suggest that deep-brain stimulation in the nucleus accumbens enhances alcohol-liking probably via augmented dopamine release and can thereby promote relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hadar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - V Vengeliene
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - E Barroeta Hlusicke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Canals
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - H R Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - F Wieske
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Rummel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - D Harnack
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - C Winter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany. E-mail:
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104
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Ma Y, Fan R, Li MD. Meta-Analysis Reveals Significant Association of the 3'-UTR VNTR in SLC6A3 with Alcohol Dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1443-53. [PMID: 27219321 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies have analyzed the association of 3'-untranslated region variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in SLC6A3 with alcohol dependence (AD), the results remain controversial. This study aimed to determine whether this variant indeed has any genetic effect on AD by integrating 17 reported studies with 5,929 participants included. METHODS The A9-dominant genetic model that considers A9-repeat and non-A9 repeat as 2 genotypes and compared their frequencies in alcoholics with that in controls was adopted. Considering the potential influence of ethnicity, differences in diagnostic criteria of AD, and alcoholic subgroups, stratified meta-analyses were conducted. There existed no evidence for the presence of heterogeneity among the studied samples, indicating the results under the fixed-effects model are acceptable. RESULTS We found a significant association of VNTR A9 genotypes with AD in all ethnic populations (pooled odds ratio [OR] 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00, 1.25; p = 0.045) and the Caucasian population (pooled OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.01, 1.31; p = 0.036). We also found VNTR A9 genotypes to be significantly associated with alcoholism as defined by the DSM-IV criteria (pooled OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.03, 1.36; p = 0.02). Further, we found a significant association between VNTR A9 genotypes and alcoholism associated with alcohol withdrawal seizure or delirium tremens (pooled OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.24, 1.92; p = 1.0 × 10(-4) ). In all these meta-analyses, no evidence of publication bias was detected. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the VNTR polymorphism has an important role in the etiology of AD, and individuals with at least 1 A9 allele are more likely to be dependent on alcohol than persons carrying the non-A9 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongli Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute for NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
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105
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Duquette LL, Mattiace F, Blum K, Waite RL, Boland T, McLaughlin T, Dushaj K, Febo M, Badgaiyan RD. Neurobiology of KB220Z-Glutaminergic-Dopaminergic Optimization Complex [GDOC] as a Liquid Nano: Clinical Activation of Brain in a Highly Functional Clinician Improving Focus, Motivation and Overall Sensory Input Following Chronic Intake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3. [PMID: 29214221 PMCID: PMC5714519 DOI: 10.23937/2378-3656/1410104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background With neurogenetic and epigenetic tools utilized in research and neuroimaging, we are unraveling the mysteries of brain function, especially as it relates to Reward Deficiency (RDS). We encourage the development of pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals that promote a reduction in dopamine resistance and balance brain neurochemistry, leading to dopamine homeostasis. We disclose self-assessment of a highly functional professional under work-related stress following KB220Z use, a liquid (aqua) nano glutaminergic-dopaminergic optimization complex (GDOC). Case presentation Subject took GDOC for one month. Subject self-administered GDOC using one-half-ounce twice a day. During first three days, unique brain activation occurred; resembling white noise after 30 minutes and sensation was strong for 45 minutes and then dissipated. He described effect as if his eyesight improved slightly and pointed out that his sense of smell and sleep greatly improved. Subject experienced a calming effect similar to meditation that could be linked to dopamine release. He also reported control of going over the edge after a hard day’s work, which was coupled with a slight increase in energy, increased motivation to work, increased focus and multi-tasking, with clearer purpose of task at hand. Subject felt less inhibited in a social setting and suggested Syndrome that GDOC increased his Behavior Activating System (reward), while having a decrease in the Behavior Inhibition System (caution). Conclusion These results and other related studies reveal an improved mood, work-related focus, and sleep. These effects as a subjective feeling of brain activation maybe due to direct or indirect dopaminergic interaction. While this case is encouraging, we must await more research in a larger randomized placebo-controlled study to map the role of GDOC, especially in a nano-sized product, to determine the possible effects on circuit inhibitory control and memory banks and the induction of dopamine homeostasis independent of either hypo- or hyper-dopaminergic traits/states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien L Duquette
- New Pathway Counseling Services Inc., Paramus, NJ, USA.,Behavior Wellness Center, Englewood, NJ, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Division of Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC., North Kingstown, RI, USA.,Division of Neuroscience-Based Therapy, Summit Estate Recovery Center, Los Gatos, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Nutrigenomic Translational Research, LaVita RDS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Neuroscience Research & Addiction Therapy, Shores Treatment & Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Roger L Waite
- Department of Nutrigenomic Translational Research, LaVita RDS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Kristina Dushaj
- Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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