101
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Woyke T, Schulz F. Entities inside one another - a matryoshka doll in biology? ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:26-28. [PMID: 30588764 PMCID: PMC7379638 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Woyke
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome InstituteWalnut Creek, CA94598USA
| | - Frederik Schulz
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome InstituteWalnut Creek, CA94598USA
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102
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Mao M, Yang X, Bennett GM. Evolution of host support for two ancient bacterial symbionts with differentially degraded genomes in a leafhopper host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11691-E11700. [PMID: 30463949 PMCID: PMC6294904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811932115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sap-feeding insects (Hemiptera) rely on bacterial symbionts for nutrition absent in their diets. These bacteria experience extreme genome reduction and require genetic resources from their hosts, particularly for basic cellular processes other than nutrition synthesis. The host-derived mechanisms that complete these processes have remained poorly understood. It is also unclear how hosts meet the distinct needs of multiple bacterial partners with differentially degraded genomes. To address these questions, we investigated the cell-specific gene-expression patterns in the symbiotic organs of the aster leafhopper (ALF), Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Cicadellidae). ALF harbors two intracellular symbionts that have two of the smallest known bacterial genomes: Nasuia (112 kb) and Sulcia (190 kb). Symbionts are segregated into distinct host cell types (bacteriocytes) and vary widely in their basic cellular capabilities. ALF differentially expresses thousands of genes between the bacteriocyte types to meet the functional needs of each symbiont, including the provisioning of metabolites and support of cellular processes. For example, the host highly expresses genes in the bacteriocytes that likely complement gene losses in nucleic acid synthesis, DNA repair mechanisms, transcription, and translation. Such genes are required to function in the bacterial cytosol. Many host genes comprising these support mechanisms are derived from the evolution of novel functional traits via horizontally transferred genes, reassigned mitochondrial support genes, and gene duplications with bacteriocyte-specific expression. Comparison across other hemipteran lineages reveals that hosts generally support the incomplete symbiont cellular processes, but the origins of these support mechanisms are generally specific to the host-symbiont system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mao
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343;
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Xiushuai Yang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Gordon M Bennett
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
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103
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Kasbekar DP. A cross-eyed geneticist's view II. Riddles, wrapped in mysteries, inside … mealybugs. J Biosci 2018; 43:819-822. [PMID: 30541943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Durgadas P Kasbekar
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500 039, India,
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104
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Bisch G, Neuvonen MM, Pierce NE, Russell JA, Koga R, Sanders JG, Lukasik P, Andersson SGE. Genome Evolution of Bartonellaceae Symbionts of Ants at the Opposite Ends of the Trophic Scale. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1687-1704. [PMID: 29982531 PMCID: PMC6044324 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects rely on bacterial symbionts to supply essential amino acids and vitamins that are deficient in their diets, but metabolic comparisons of closely related gut bacteria in insects with different dietary preferences have not been performed. Here, we demonstrate that herbivorous ants of the genus Dolichoderus from the Peruvian Amazon host bacteria of the family Bartonellaceae, known for establishing chronic or pathogenic infections in mammals. We detected these bacteria in all studied Dolichoderus species, and found that they reside in the midgut wall, that is, the same location as many previously described nutritional endosymbionts of insects. The genomic analysis of four divergent strains infecting different Dolichoderus species revealed genes encoding pathways for nitrogen recycling and biosynthesis of several vitamins and all essential amino acids. In contrast, several biosynthetic pathways have been lost, whereas genes for the import and conversion of histidine and arginine to glutamine have been retained in the genome of a closely related gut bacterium of the carnivorous ant Harpegnathos saltator. The broad biosynthetic repertoire in Bartonellaceae of herbivorous ants resembled that of gut bacteria of honeybees that likewise feed on carbohydrate-rich diets. Taken together, the broad distribution of Bartonellaceae across Dolichoderus ants, their small genome sizes, the specific location within hosts, and the broad biosynthetic capability suggest that these bacteria are nutritional symbionts in herbivorous ants. The results highlight the important role of the host nutritional biology for the genomic evolution of the gut microbiota-and conversely, the importance of the microbiota for the nutrition of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Bisch
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Evolution, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Minna-Maria Neuvonen
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Evolution, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University
| | | | - Ryuichi Koga
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jon G Sanders
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Piotr Lukasik
- Department of Biology, Drexel University.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana
| | - Siv G E Andersson
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Evolution, Uppsala University, Sweden
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105
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KASBEKAR DURGADASP. A cross-eyed geneticist’s view II. Riddles, wrapped in mysteries, inside … mealybugs. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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106
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Bennett GM, Mao M. Comparative genomics of a quadripartite symbiosis in a planthopper host reveals the origins and rearranged nutritional responsibilities of anciently diverged bacterial lineages. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4461-4472. [PMID: 30047196 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insects in the Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera: Suborder) established nutritional symbioses with bacteria approximately 300 million years ago (MYA). The suborder split early during its diversification (~ 250 MYA) into the Fulgoroidea (planthoppers) and Cicadomorpha (leafhoppers and cicadas). The two lineages share some symbionts, including Sulcia and possibly a Betaproteobacteria that collaboratively provide their hosts with 10 essential amino acids (EAA). Some hosts harbour three bacteria, as is common among planthoppers. However, genomic studies are currently restricted to the dual-bacterial symbioses found in Cicadomorpha, leaving the origins and functions of these more complex symbioses unclear. To address these questions, we sequenced the genomes and performed phylogenomic analyses of 'Candidatus Sulcia muelleri' (Bacteroidetes), 'Ca. Vidania fulgoroideae' (Betaproteobacteria) and 'Ca. Purcelliella pentastirinorum' (Gammaproteobacteria) from a planthopper (Cixiidae: Oliarus). In contrast to the Cicadomorpha, nutritional synthesis responsibilities are rearranged between the cixiid symbionts. Although Sulcia has a highly conserved genome across the Auchenorrhyncha, in the cixiids it is greatly reduced and provides only three EAAs. Vidania contributes the remaining seven EAAs. Phylogenomic results suggest that it represents an ancient symbiont lineage paired with Sulcia throughout the Auchenorrhyncha. Finally, Purcelliella was recently acquired from plant-insect associated bacteria (Pantoea-Erwinia) to provide B vitamins and metabolic support to its degenerate partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon M Bennett
- Life and Environmental Sciences Unit, University of California, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.,Department of Plant and Environmental Protections Sciences, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Meng Mao
- Life and Environmental Sciences Unit, University of California, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.,Department of Plant and Environmental Protections Sciences, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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107
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Sloan DB, Warren JM, Williams AM, Wu Z, Abdel-Ghany SE, Chicco AJ, Havird JC. Cytonuclear integration and co-evolution. Nat Rev Genet 2018; 19:635-648. [PMID: 30018367 PMCID: PMC6469396 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-018-0035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The partitioning of genetic material between the nucleus and cytoplasmic (mitochondrial and plastid) genomes within eukaryotic cells necessitates coordinated integration between these genomic compartments, with important evolutionary and biomedical implications. Classic questions persist about the pervasive reduction of cytoplasmic genomes via a combination of gene loss, transfer and functional replacement - and yet why they are almost always retained in some minimal form. One striking consequence of cytonuclear integration is the existence of 'chimeric' enzyme complexes composed of subunits encoded in two different genomes. Advances in structural biology and comparative genomics are yielding important insights into the evolution of such complexes, including correlated sequence changes and recruitment of novel subunits. Thus, chimeric cytonuclear complexes provide a powerful window into the mechanisms of molecular co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Sloan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Jessica M Warren
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alissa M Williams
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Adam J Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Justin C Havird
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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108
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Santos-Garcia D, Silva FJ, Morin S, Dettner K, Kuechler SM. The All-Rounder Sodalis: A New Bacteriome-Associated Endosymbiont of the Lygaeoid Bug Henestaris halophilus (Heteroptera: Henestarinae) and a Critical Examination of Its Evolution. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:2893-2910. [PMID: 29036401 PMCID: PMC5737371 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemipteran insects are well-known in their ability to establish symbiotic relationships with bacteria. Among them, heteropteran insects present an array of symbiotic systems, ranging from the most common gut crypt symbiosis to the more restricted bacteriome-associated endosymbiosis, which have only been detected in members of the superfamily Lygaeoidea and the family Cimicidae so far. Genomic data of heteropteran endosymbionts are scarce and have merely been analyzed from the Wolbachia endosymbiont in bed bug and a few gut crypt-associated symbionts in pentatomoid bugs. In this study, we present the first detailed genomic analysis of a bacteriome-associated endosymbiont of a phytophagous heteropteran, present in the seed bug Henestaris halophilus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea). Using phylogenomics and genomics approaches, we have assigned the newly characterized endosymbiont to the Sodalis genus, named as Candidatus Sodalis baculum sp. nov. strain kilmister. In addition, our findings support the reunification of the Sodalis genus, currently divided into six different genera. We have also conducted comparative analyses between 15 Sodalis species that present different genome sizes and symbiotic relationships. These analyses suggest that Ca. Sodalis baculum is a mutualistic endosymbiont capable of supplying the amino acids tyrosine, lysine, and some cofactors to its host. It has a small genome with pseudogenes but no mobile elements, which indicates middle-stage reductive evolution. Most of the genes in Ca. Sodalis baculum are likely to be evolving under purifying selection with several signals pointing to the retention of the lysine/tyrosine biosynthetic pathways compared with other Sodalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Santos-Garcia
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francisco J Silva
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Spain.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Spain
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Konrad Dettner
- Department of Animal Ecology II, University of Bayreuth, Germany
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109
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Pascar J, Chandler CH. A bioinformatics approach to identifying Wolbachia infections in arthropods. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5486. [PMID: 30202647 PMCID: PMC6126470 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is the most widespread endosymbiont, infecting >20% of arthropod species, and capable of drastically manipulating the host's reproductive mechanisms. Conventionally, diagnosis has relied on PCR amplification; however, PCR is not always a reliable diagnostic technique due to primer specificity, strain diversity, degree of infection and/or tissue sampled. Here, we look for evidence of Wolbachia infection across a wide array of arthropod species using a bioinformatic approach to detect the Wolbachia genes ftsZ, wsp, and the groE operon in next-generation sequencing samples available through the NCBI Sequence Read Archive. For samples showing signs of infection, we attempted to assemble entire Wolbachia genomes, and in order to better understand the relationships between hosts and symbionts, phylogenies were constructed using the assembled gene sequences. Out of the 34 species with positively identified infections, eight species of arthropod had not previously been recorded to harbor Wolbachia infection. All putative infections cluster with known representative strains belonging to supergroup A or B, which are known to only infect arthropods. This study presents an efficient bioinformatic approach for post-sequencing diagnosis and analysis of Wolbachia infection in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Pascar
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Christopher H. Chandler
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
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110
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Michalik A, Szwedo J, Stroiński A, Świerczewski D, Szklarzewicz T. Symbiotic cornucopia of the monophagous planthopper Ommatidiotus dissimilis (Fallén, 1806) (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1317-1329. [PMID: 29516174 PMCID: PMC6133087 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to Cicadomorpha, in which numerous symbiotic bacteria have been identified and characterized, the symbionts of fulgoromorphans are poorly known. Here, we present the results of histological, ultrastructural, and molecular analyses of the symbiotic system of the planthopper Ommatidiotus dissimilis. Amplification, cloning, and sequencing of bacterial 16S RNA genes have revealed that O. dissimilis is host to five types of bacteria. Apart from bacteria Sulcia and Vidania, which are regarded as ancestral symbionts of Fulgoromorpha, three additional types of bacteria belonging to the genera Sodalis, Wolbachia, and Rickettsia have been detected. Histological and ultrastructural investigations have shown that bacteria Sulcia, Vidania, and Sodalis house separate bacteriocytes, whereas bacteria Wolbachia and Rickettsia are dispersed within various insect tissue. Additionally, bacteria belonging to the genus Vidania occupy the bacteriome localized in the lumen of the hindgut. Both molecular and microscopic analyses have revealed that all the symbionts are transovarially transmitted between generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Szwedo
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Stroiński
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Dariusz Świerczewski
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Jan Długosz University, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Teresa Szklarzewicz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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111
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Manzano-Marín A, Coeur d'acier A, Clamens AL, Orvain C, Cruaud C, Barbe V, Jousselin E. A Freeloader? The Highly Eroded Yet Large Genome of the Serratia symbiotica Symbiont of Cinara strobi. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2178-2189. [PMID: 30102395 PMCID: PMC6125246 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome reduction is pervasive among maternally inherited bacterial endosymbionts. This genome reduction can eventually lead to serious deterioration of essential metabolic pathways, thus rendering an obligate endosymbiont unable to provide essential nutrients to its host. This loss of essential pathways can lead to either symbiont complementation (sharing of the nutrient production with a novel co-obligate symbiont) or symbiont replacement (complete takeover of nutrient production by the novel symbiont). However, the process by which these two evolutionary events happen remains somewhat enigmatic by the lack of examples of intermediate stages of this process. Cinara aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) typically harbor two obligate bacterial symbionts: Buchnera and Serratia symbiotica. However, the latter has been replaced by different bacterial taxa in specific lineages, and thus species within this aphid lineage could provide important clues into the process of symbiont replacement. In the present study, using 16S rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing, we determined that the aphid Cinara strobi harbors not two, but three fixed bacterial symbionts: Buchnera aphidicola, a Sodalis sp., and S. symbiotica. Through genome assembly and genome-based metabolic inference, we have found that only the first two symbionts (Buchnera and Sodalis) actually contribute to the hosts' supply of essential nutrients while S. symbiotica has become unable to contribute towards this task. We found that S. symbiotica has a rather large and highly eroded genome which codes only for a few proteins and displays extensive pseudogenization. Thus, we propose an ongoing symbiont replacement within C. strobi, in which a once "competent" S. symbiotica does no longer contribute towards the beneficial association. These results suggest that in dual symbiotic systems, when a substitute cosymbiont is available, genome deterioration can precede genome reduction and a symbiont can be maintained despite the apparent lack of benefit to its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Manzano-Marín
- UMR 1062 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, France
| | - Armelle Coeur d'acier
- UMR 1062 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Laure Clamens
- UMR 1062 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Orvain
- Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, CEA, Genoscope, Évry Cedex, France
| | - Corinne Cruaud
- Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, CEA, Genoscope, Évry Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Barbe
- Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, CEA, Genoscope, Évry Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jousselin
- UMR 1062 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, France
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112
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Abstract
Cicadas are dependent on the essential bacterial symbionts Sulcia and Hodgkinia. The symbiont genomes are extremely streamlined for provisioning of essential amino acids and other nutrients. In some cicada lineages, Hodgkinia genomes are fragmented into numerous minicircles, which may represent a critical stage of genomic erosion close to collapse. What would happen subsequently? Our survey of the Japanese cicada diversity revealed that while Sulcia is conserved among all species, the majority of them have lost Hodgkinia and instead harbor yeast-like fungal associates. The fungal symbionts are phylogenetically intermingled with cicada-parasitizing Ophiocordyceps fungi, indicating recurrent symbiont replacements by entomopathogens in cicadas and providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the parasitism-symbiosis evolutionary continuum, compensation of symbiont genome erosion, and diversification of host-symbiont associations. Diverse insects are associated with ancient bacterial symbionts, whose genomes have often suffered drastic reduction and degeneration. In extreme cases, such symbiont genomes seem almost unable to sustain the basic cellular functioning, which comprises an open question in the evolution of symbiosis. Here, we report an insect group wherein an ancient symbiont lineage suffering massive genome erosion has experienced recurrent extinction and replacement by host-associated pathogenic microbes. Cicadas are associated with the ancient bacterial co-obligate symbionts Sulcia and Hodgkinia, whose streamlined genomes are specialized for synthesizing essential amino acids, thereby enabling the host to live on plant sap. However, our inspection of 24 Japanese cicada species revealed that while all species possessed Sulcia, only nine species retained Hodgkinia, and their genomes exhibited substantial structural instability. The remaining 15 species lacked Hodgkinia and instead harbored yeast-like fungal symbionts. Detailed phylogenetic analyses uncovered repeated Hodgkinia-fungus and fungus-fungus replacements in cicadas. The fungal symbionts were phylogenetically intermingled with cicada-parasitizing Ophiocordyceps fungi, identifying entomopathogenic origins of the fungal symbionts. Most fungal symbionts of cicadas were uncultivable, but the fungal symbiont of Meimuna opalifera was cultivable, possibly because it is at an early stage of fungal symbiont replacement. Genome sequencing of the fungal symbiont revealed its metabolic versatility, presumably capable of synthesizing almost all amino acids, vitamins, and other metabolites, which is more than sufficient to compensate for the Hodgkinia loss. These findings highlight a straightforward ecological and evolutionary connection between parasitism and symbiosis, which may provide an evolutionary trajectory to renovate deteriorated ancient symbiosis via pathogen domestication.
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113
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Tick-Bacteria Mutualism Depends on B Vitamin Synthesis Pathways. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1896-1902.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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114
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D'Souza G, Shitut S, Preussger D, Yousif G, Waschina S, Kost C. Ecology and evolution of metabolic cross-feeding interactions in bacteria. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:455-488. [PMID: 29799048 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Literature covered: early 2000s to late 2017Bacteria frequently exchange metabolites with other micro- and macro-organisms. In these often obligate cross-feeding interactions, primary metabolites such as vitamins, amino acids, nucleotides, or growth factors are exchanged. The widespread distribution of this type of metabolic interactions, however, is at odds with evolutionary theory: why should an organism invest costly resources to benefit other individuals rather than using these metabolites to maximize its own fitness? Recent empirical work has shown that bacterial genotypes can significantly benefit from trading metabolites with other bacteria relative to cells not engaging in such interactions. Here, we will provide a comprehensive overview over the ecological factors and evolutionary mechanisms that have been identified to explain the evolution and maintenance of metabolic mutualisms among microorganisms. Furthermore, we will highlight general principles that underlie the adaptive evolution of interconnected microbial metabolic networks as well as the evolutionary consequences that result for cells living in such communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen D'Souza
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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115
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Kobiałka M, Michalik A, Szwedo J, Szklarzewicz T. Diversity of symbiotic microbiota in Deltocephalinae leafhoppers (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:268-278. [PMID: 29621609 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic microorganisms associated with thirteen species of the subfamily Deltocephalinae were examined using microscopic and molecular techniques. Athysanus argentarius, Euscelis incisus, Doratura stylata, Arthaldeus pascuellus, Errastunus ocellaris, Jassargus flori, Jassargus pseudocellaris, Psammotettix alienus, Psammotettix confinis, Turrutus socialis and Verdanus abdominalis harbor two types of ancient bacteriome-associated microorganisms: bacteria Sulcia (phylum Bacteroidetes) and bacteria Nasuia (phylum Proteobacteria, class Betaproteobacteria). In Balclutha calamagrostis and Balclutha punctata, the bacterium Nasuia has not been detected. In the bacteriomes of both species of Balclutha examined, only bacteria Sulcia occur, whereas Sodalis-like symbionts (phylum Proteobacteria, class Gammaproteobacteria) are localized in the fat body cells, in close vicinity of the bacteriomes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the co-existence in Deltocephalinae leafhoppers of the ancient symbiont Sulcia and the more recently acquired Sodalis-like bacterium. The obtained results provide further evidence indicating that Deltocephalinae leafhoppers are characterized by a large diversity of symbiotic systems, which results from symbiont acquisition and replacement. The obtained results are additionally discussed in phylogenetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kobiałka
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Szwedo
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Teresa Szklarzewicz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Host-symbiont-pathogen interactions in blood-feeding parasites: nutrition, immune cross-talk and gene exchange. Parasitology 2018; 145:1294-1303. [PMID: 29642965 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Animals are common hosts of mutualistic, commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. Blood-feeding parasites feed on a diet that is nutritionally unbalanced and thus often rely on symbionts to supplement essential nutrients. However, they are also of medical importance as they can be infected by pathogens such as bacteria, protists or viruses that take advantage of the blood-feeding nutritional strategy for own transmission. Since blood-feeding evolved multiple times independently in diverse animals, it showcases a gradient of host-microbe interactions. While some parasitic lineages are possibly asymbiotic and manage to supplement their diet from other food sources, other lineages are either loosely associated with extracellular gut symbionts or harbour intracellular obligate symbionts that are essential for the host development and reproduction. What is perhaps even more diverse are the pathogenic lineages that infect blood-feeding parasites. This microbial diversity not only puts the host into a complicated situation - distinguishing between microorganisms that can greatly decrease or increase its fitness - but also increases opportunity for horizontal gene transfer to occur in this environment. In this review, I first introduce this diversity of mutualistic and pathogenic microorganisms associated with blood-feeding animals and then focus on patterns in their interactions, particularly nutrition, immune cross-talk and gene exchange.
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117
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Acquisition of a Novel Sulfur-Oxidizing Symbiont in the Gutless Marine Worm Inanidrilus exumae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02267-17. [PMID: 29330187 PMCID: PMC5861843 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02267-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gutless phallodrilines are marine annelid worms without a mouth or gut, which live in an obligate association with multiple bacterial endosymbionts that supply them with nutrition. In this study, we discovered an unusual symbiont community in the gutless phallodriline Inanidrilus exumae that differs markedly from the microbiomes of all 22 of the other host species examined. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that I. exumae harbors cooccurring gamma-, alpha-, and deltaproteobacterial symbionts, while all other known host species harbor gamma- and either alpha- or deltaproteobacterial symbionts. Surprisingly, the primary chemoautotrophic sulfur oxidizer “Candidatus Thiosymbion” that occurs in all other gutless phallodriline hosts does not appear to be present in I. exumae. Instead, I. exumae harbors a bacterial endosymbiont that resembles “Ca. Thiosymbion” morphologically and metabolically but originates from a novel lineage within the class Gammaproteobacteria. This endosymbiont, named Gamma 4 symbiont here, had a 16S rRNA gene sequence that differed by at least 7% from those of other free-living and symbiotic bacteria and by 10% from that of “Ca. Thiosymbion.” Sulfur globules in the Gamma 4 symbiont cells, as well as the presence of genes characteristic for autotrophy (cbbL) and sulfur oxidation (aprA), indicate that this symbiont is a chemoautotrophic sulfur oxidizer. Our results suggest that a novel lineage of free-living bacteria was able to establish a stable and specific association with I. exumae and appears to have displaced the “Ca. Thiosymbion” symbionts originally associated with these hosts. IMPORTANCE All 22 gutless marine phallodriline species examined to date live in a highly specific association with endosymbiotic, chemoautotrophic sulfur oxidizers called “Ca. Thiosymbion.” These symbionts evolved from a single common ancestor and represent the ancestral trait for this host group. They are transmitted vertically and assumed to be in transition to becoming obligate endosymbionts. It is therefore surprising that despite this ancient, evolutionary relationship between phallodriline hosts and “Ca. Thiosymbion,” these symbionts are apparently no longer present in Inanidrilus exumae. They appear to have been displaced by a novel lineage of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria only very distantly related to “Ca. Thiosymbion.” Thus, this study highlights the remarkable plasticity of both animals and bacteria in establishing beneficial associations: the phallodriline hosts were able to acquire and maintain symbionts from two very different lineages of bacteria, while sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from two very distantly related lineages were able to independently establish symbiotic relationships with phallodriline hosts.
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118
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Ivens ABF, Gadau A, Kiers ET, Kronauer DJC. Can social partnerships influence the microbiome? Insights from ant farmers and their trophobiont mutualists. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1898-1914. [PMID: 29411455 PMCID: PMC5935579 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mutualistic interactions with microbes have played a crucial role in the evolution and ecology of animal hosts. However, it is unclear what factors are most important in influencing particular host–microbe associations. While closely related animal species may have more similar microbiota than distantly related species due to phylogenetic contingencies, social partnerships with other organisms, such as those in which one animal farms another, may also influence an organism's symbiotic microbiome. We studied a mutualistic network of Brachymyrmex and Lasius ants farming several honeydew‐producing Prociphilus aphids and Rhizoecus mealybugs to test whether the mutualistic microbiomes of these interacting insects are primarily correlated with their phylogeny or with their shared social partnerships. Our results confirm a phylogenetic signal in the microbiomes of aphid and mealybug trophobionts, with each species harbouring species‐specific endosymbiont strains of Buchnera (aphids), Tremblaya and Sodalis (mealybugs), and Serratia (both mealybugs and aphids) despite being farmed by the same ants. This is likely explained by strict vertical transmission of trophobiont endosymbionts between generations. In contrast, our results show the ants’ microbiome is possibly shaped by their social partnerships, with ants that farm the same trophobionts also sharing strains of sugar‐processing Acetobacteraceae bacteria, known from other honeydew‐feeding ants and which likely reside extracellularly in the ants’ guts. These ant–microbe associations are arguably more “open” and subject to horizontal transmission or social transmission within ant colonies. These findings suggest that the role of social partnerships in shaping a host's symbiotic microbiome can be variable and is likely dependent on how the microbes are transmitted across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniek B F Ivens
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Gadau
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J C Kronauer
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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119
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Leger MM, Eme L, Stairs CW, Roger AJ. Demystifying Eukaryote Lateral Gene Transfer (Response to Martin 2017 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700115). Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700242. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Leger
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF); Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona ES 08003 Spain
| | - Laura Eme
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Box 596, Uppsala SE 751 25 Sweden
| | - Courtney W. Stairs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Box 596, Uppsala SE 751 25 Sweden
| | - Andrew J. Roger
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Dalhousie University; P.O. Box 15000, Halifax CAN B3H 4R2 Nova Scotia Canada
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120
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Michalik A, Schulz F, Michalik K, Wascher F, Horn M, Szklarzewicz T. Coexistence of novel gammaproteobacterial and Arsenophonus symbionts in the scale insect Greenisca brachypodii (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae). Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1148-1157. [PMID: 29393559 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Scale insects are commonly associated with obligate, intracellular microorganisms which play important roles in complementing their hosts with essential nutrients. Here we characterized the symbiotic system of Greenisca brachypodii, a member of the family Eriococcidae. Histological and ultrastructural analyses have indicated that G. brachypodii is stably associated with coccoid and rod-shaped bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed that the coccoid bacteria represent a sister group to the secondary symbiont of the mealybug Melanococcus albizziae, whereas the rod-shaped symbionts are close relatives of Arsenophonus symbionts in insects - to our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of Arsenophonus bacterium in scale insects. As a comparison of 16S and 23S rRNA genes sequences of the G. brachypodii coccoid symbiont with other gammaprotebacterial sequences showed only low similarity (∼90%), we propose the name 'Candidatus Kotejella greeniscae' for its tentative classification. Both symbionts are transovarially transmitted from one generation to the next. The infection takes place in the neck region of the ovariole. The bacteria migrate between follicular cells, as well as through the cytoplasm of those cells to the perivitelline space, where they form a characteristic 'symbiont ball'. Our findings provide evidence for a polyphyletic origin of symbionts of Eriococcidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Frederik Schulz
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Florian Wascher
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Horn
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Teresa Szklarzewicz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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121
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Panfilio KA, Angelini DR. By land, air, and sea: hemipteran diversity through the genomic lens. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:106-115. [PMID: 29602356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to a recent spate of sequencing projects, the Hemiptera are the first hemimetabolous insect order to achieve a critical mass of species with sequenced genomes, establishing the basis for comparative genomics of the bugs. However, as the most speciose hemimetabolous order, there is still a vast swathe of the hemipteran phylogeny that awaits genomic representation across subterranean, terrestrial, and aquatic habitats, and with lineage-specific and developmentally plastic cases of both wing polyphenisms and flightlessness. In this review, we highlight opportunities for taxonomic sampling beyond obvious pest species candidates, motivated by intriguing biological features of certain groups as well as the rich research tradition of ecological, physiological, developmental, and particularly cytogenetic investigation that spans the diversity of the Hemiptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Panfilio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Institute of Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - David R Angelini
- Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, United States
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122
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de Vries J, Gould SB. The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.203414. [PMID: 28893840 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastids in plants and algae evolved from the endosymbiotic integration of a cyanobacterium by a heterotrophic eukaryote. New plastids can only emerge through fission; thus, the synchronization of bacterial division with the cell cycle of the eukaryotic host was vital to the origin of phototrophic eukaryotes. Most of the sampled algae house a single plastid per cell and basal-branching relatives of polyplastidic lineages are all monoplastidic, as are some non-vascular plants during certain stages of their life cycle. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular components necessary for plastid division, including those of the peptidoglycan wall (of which remnants were recently identified in moss), in a wide range of phototrophic eukaryotes. Our comparison of the phenotype of 131 species harbouring plastids of either primary or secondary origin uncovers that one prerequisite for an algae or plant to house multiple plastids per nucleus appears to be the loss of the bacterial genes minD and minE from the plastid genome. The presence of a single plastid whose division is coupled to host cytokinesis was a prerequisite of plastid emergence. An escape from such a monoplastidic bottleneck succeeded rarely and appears to be coupled to the evolution of additional layers of control over plastid division and a complex morphology. The existence of a quality control checkpoint of plastid transmission remains to be demonstrated and is tied to understanding the monoplastidic bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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123
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Pringle EG, Moreau CS. Community analysis of microbial sharing and specialization in a Costa Rican ant-plant-hemipteran symbiosis. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2770. [PMID: 28298351 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ants have long been renowned for their intimate mutualisms with trophobionts and plants and more recently appreciated for their widespread and diverse interactions with microbes. An open question in symbiosis research is the extent to which environmental influence, including the exchange of microbes between interacting macroorganisms, affects the composition and function of symbiotic microbial communities. Here we approached this question by investigating symbiosis within symbiosis. Ant-plant-hemipteran symbioses are hallmarks of tropical ecosystems that produce persistent close contact among the macroorganism partners, which then have substantial opportunity to exchange symbiotic microbes. We used metabarcoding and quantitative PCR to examine community structure of both bacteria and fungi in a Neotropical ant-plant-scale-insect symbiosis. Both phloem-feeding scale insects and honeydew-feeding ants make use of microbial symbionts to subsist on phloem-derived diets of suboptimal nutritional quality. Among the insects examined here, Cephalotes ants and pseudococcid scale insects had the most specialized bacterial symbionts, whereas Azteca ants appeared to consume or associate with more fungi than bacteria, and coccid scale insects were associated with unusually diverse bacterial communities. Despite these differences, we also identified apparent sharing of microbes among the macro-partners. How microbial exchanges affect the consumer-resource interactions that shape the evolution of ant-plant-hemipteran symbioses is an exciting question that awaits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Pringle
- Department of Biology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA .,Michigan Society of Fellows, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Corrie S Moreau
- Department of Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
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124
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Łukasik P, Nazario K, Van Leuven JT, Campbell MA, Meyer M, Michalik A, Pessacq P, Simon C, Veloso C, McCutcheon JP. Multiple origins of interdependent endosymbiotic complexes in a genus of cicadas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E226-E235. [PMID: 29279407 PMCID: PMC5777040 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712321115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts that provide nutrients to hosts often have genomes that are extremely stable in structure and gene content. In contrast, the genome of the endosymbiont Hodgkinia cicadicola has fractured into multiple distinct lineages in some species of the cicada genus Tettigades To better understand the frequency, timing, and outcomes of Hodgkinia lineage splitting throughout this cicada genus, we sampled cicadas over three field seasons in Chile and performed genomics and microscopy on representative samples. We found that a single ancestral Hodgkinia lineage has split at least six independent times in Tettigades over the last 4 million years, resulting in complexes of between two and six distinct Hodgkinia lineages per host. Individual genomes in these symbiotic complexes differ dramatically in relative abundance, genome size, organization, and gene content. Each Hodgkinia lineage retains a small set of core genes involved in genetic information processing, but the high level of gene loss experienced by all genomes suggests that extensive sharing of gene products among symbiont cells must occur. In total, Hodgkinia complexes that consist of multiple lineages encode nearly complete sets of genes present on the ancestral single lineage and presumably perform the same functions as symbionts that have not undergone splitting. However, differences in the timing of the splits, along with dissimilar gene loss patterns on the resulting genomes, have led to very different outcomes of lineage splitting in extant cicadas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Łukasik
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812;
| | - Katherine Nazario
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - James T Van Leuven
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - Matthew A Campbell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - Mariah Meyer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - Anna Michalik
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Pablo Pessacq
- Centro de Investigaciones Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónicas, 9200 Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Chris Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Claudio Veloso
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Science Faculty, University of Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - John P McCutcheon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812;
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125
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Gil R, Vargas-Chavez C, López-Madrigal S, Santos-García D, Latorre A, Moya A. Tremblaya phenacola PPER: an evolutionary beta-gammaproteobacterium collage. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:124-135. [PMID: 28914880 PMCID: PMC5739004 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many insects rely on bacterial endosymbionts to obtain nutrients that are scarce in their highly specialized diets. The most surprising example corresponds to the endosymbiotic system found in mealybugs from subfamily Pseudococcinae in which two bacteria, the betaproteobacterium 'Candidatus Tremblaya princeps' and a gammaproteobacterium, maintain a nested endosymbiotic consortium. In the sister subfamily Phenacoccinae, however, a single beta-endosymbiont, 'Candidatus Tremblaya phenacola', has been described. In a previous study, we detected a trpB gene of gammaproteobacterial origin in 'Ca. Tremblaya phenacola' from two Phenacoccus species, apparently indicating an unusual case of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in a bacterial endosymbiont. What we found by sequencing the genome of 'Ca. Tremblaya phenacola' PPER, single endosymbiont of Phenacoccus peruvianus, goes beyond a HGT phenomenon. It rather represents a genome fusion between a beta and a gammaproteobacterium, followed by massive rearrangements and loss of redundant genes, leading to an unprecedented evolutionary collage. Mediated by the presence of several repeated sequences, there are many possible genome arrangements, and different subgenomic sequences might coexist within the same population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Gil
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Evolutionary Systems Biology of Symbionts Research Program, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València/CSIC, Paterna (Valencia), Spain
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València/CSIC, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain. E-mail:
| | - Carlos Vargas-Chavez
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Evolutionary Systems Biology of Symbionts Research Program, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València/CSIC, Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - Sergio López-Madrigal
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Santos-García
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Evolutionary Systems Biology of Symbionts Research Program, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València/CSIC, Paterna (Valencia), Spain
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Evolutionary Systems Biology of Symbionts Research Program, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València/CSIC, Paterna (Valencia), Spain
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
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Santos-Garcia D, Juravel K, Freilich S, Zchori-Fein E, Latorre A, Moya A, Morin S, Silva FJ. To B or Not to B: Comparative Genomics Suggests Arsenophonus as a Source of B Vitamins in Whiteflies. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2254. [PMID: 30319574 PMCID: PMC6167482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect lineages feeding on nutritionally restricted diets such as phloem sap, xylem sap, or blood, were able to diversify by acquiring bacterial species that complement lacking nutrients. These bacteria, considered obligate/primary endosymbionts, share a long evolutionary history with their hosts. In some cases, however, these endosymbionts are not able to fulfill all of their host's nutritional requirements, driving the acquisition of additional symbiotic species. Phloem-feeding members of the insect family Aleyrodidae (whiteflies) established an obligate relationship with Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum, which provides its hots with essential amino acids and carotenoids. In addition, many whitefly species harbor additional endosymbionts which may potentially further supplement their host's diet. To test this hypothesis, genomes of several endosymbionts of the whiteflies Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurodicus floccissimus and Trialeurodes vaporariorum were analyzed. In addition to Portiera, all three species were found to harbor one Arsenophonus and one Wolbachia endosymbiont. A comparative analysis of Arsenophonus genomes revealed that although all three are capable of synthesizing B vitamins and cofactors, such as pyridoxal, riboflavin, or folate, their genomes and phylogenetic relationship vary greatly. Arsenophonus of A. floccissimus and T. vaporariorum belong to the same clade, and display characteristics of facultative endosymbionts, such as large genomes (3 Mb) with thousands of genes and pseudogenes, intermediate GC content, and mobile genetic elements. In contrast, Arsenophonus of A. dispersus belongs to a different lineage and displays the characteristics of a primary endosymbiont-a reduced genome (670 kb) with ~400 genes, 32% GC content, and no mobile genetic elements. However, the presence of 274 pseudogenes suggests that this symbiotic association is more recent than other reported primary endosymbionts of hemipterans. The gene repertoire of Arsenophonus of A. dispersus is completely integrated in the symbiotic consortia, and the biosynthesis of most vitamins occurs in shared pathways with its host. In addition, Wolbachia endosymbionts have also retained the ability to produce riboflavin, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and folate, and may make a nutritional contribution. Taken together, our results show that Arsenophonus hold a pivotal place in whitefly nutrition by their ability to produce B vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Santos-Garcia
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Diego Santos-Garcia
| | - Ksenia Juravel
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shiri Freilich
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe-Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat-Yishai, Israel
| | - Einat Zchori-Fein
- Department of Entomology, Newe-Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Ramat-Yishai, Israel
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València-CSIC, València, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO) and Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València-CSIC, València, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO) and Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francisco J. Silva
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València-CSIC, València, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO) and Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Francisco J. Silva
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127
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Szklarzewicz T, Kalandyk-Kołodziejczyk M, Michalik K, Jankowska W, Michalik A. Symbiotic microorganisms in Puto superbus (Leonardi, 1907) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Coccomorpha: Putoidae). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:129-138. [PMID: 28667411 PMCID: PMC5756284 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The scale insect Puto superbus (Putoidae) lives in mutualistic symbiotic association with bacteria. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed that symbionts of P. superbus belong to the gammaproteobacterial genus Sodalis. In the adult females, symbionts occur both in the bacteriocytes constituting compact bacteriomes and in individual bacteriocytes, which are dispersed among ovarioles. The bacteriocytes also house a few small, rod-shaped Wolbachia bacteria in addition to the numerous large, elongated Sodalis-allied bacteria. The symbiotic microorganisms are transovarially transmitted from generation to generation. In adult females which have choriogenic oocytes in the ovarioles, the bacteriocytes gather around the basal part of the tropharium. Next, the entire bacteriocytes pass through the follicular epithelium surrounding the neck region of the ovariole and enter the space between oocyte and follicular epithelium (perivitelline space). In the perivitelline space, the bacteriocytes assemble extracellularly in the deep depression of the oolemma at the anterior pole of the oocyte, forming a "symbiont ball".
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Szklarzewicz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysława Jankowska
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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128
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Boscaro V, Fokin SI, Petroni G, Verni F, Keeling PJ, Vannini C. Symbiont replacement between bacteria of different classes reveals additional layers of complexity in the evolution of symbiosis in the ciliate Euplotes. Protist 2017; 169:43-52. [PMID: 29414319 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Symbiosis is a diverse and complex phenomenon requiring diverse model systems. The obligate relationship between a monophyletic group of Euplotes species ("clade B") and the betaproteobacteria Polynucleobacter and "Candidatus Protistobacter" is among the best-studied in ciliates, and provides a framework to investigate symbiont replacements. Several other Euplotes-bacteria relationships exist but are less understood, such as the co-dependent symbiosis between Euplotes magnicirratus (which belongs to "clade A") and the alphaproteobacterium "Candidatus Devosia euplotis". Here we describe a new Devosia inhabiting the cytoplasm of a strain of Euplotes harpa, a clade B species that usually depends on Polynucleobacter for survival. The novel bacterial species, "Candidatus Devosia symbiotica", is closely related to the symbiont of E. magnicirratus, casting a different light on the history of bacteria colonizing ciliates of this genus. The two Devosia species may have become symbionts independently or as the result of a symbiont exchange between hosts, in either case replacing a previous essential bacterium in E. harpa. Alternatively, both may be remnants of an ancient symbiotic relationship between Euplotes and Devosia, in which case Polynucleobacter and "Ca. Protistobacter" are recent invaders. Either way, symbiont replacement between bacteria belonging to different classes must be evoked to explain this fascinating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Boscaro
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Italy; University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, Canada
| | - Sergei I Fokin
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Italy; St.-Petersburg State University, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Russia
| | | | - Franco Verni
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Italy
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129
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Enomoto S, Chari A, Clayton AL, Dale C. Quorum Sensing Attenuates Virulence in Sodalis praecaptivus. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:629-636.e5. [PMID: 28494244 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sodalis praecaptivus is a close relative and putative environmental progenitor of the widely distributed, insect-associated, Sodalis-allied symbionts. Here we show that mutant strains of S. praecaptivus that lack genetic components of a quorum-sensing (QS) apparatus have a rapid and potent killing phenotype following microinjection into an insect host. Transcriptomic and genetic analyses indicate that insect killing occurs as a consequence of virulence factors, including insecticidal toxins and enzymes that degrade the insect integument, which are normally repressed by QS at high infection densities. This method of regulation suggests that virulence factors are only utilized in early infection to initiate the insect-bacterial association. Once bacteria reach sufficient density in host tissues, the QS circuit represses expression of these harmful genes, facilitating a long-lasting and benign association. We discuss the implications of the functionality of this QS system in the context of establishment and evolution of mutualistic relationships involving these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Enomoto
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Abhishek Chari
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Adam Larsen Clayton
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Colin Dale
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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130
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Šochová E, Husník F, Nováková E, Halajian A, Hypša V. Arsenophonus and Sodalis replacements shape evolution of symbiosis in louse flies. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4099. [PMID: 29250466 PMCID: PMC5729840 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria are ubiquitous and form a continuum from loose facultative symbiosis to greatly intimate and stable obligate symbiosis. In blood-sucking insects living exclusively on vertebrate blood, obligate endosymbionts are essential for hosts and hypothesized to supplement B-vitamins and cofactors missing from their blood diet. The role and distribution of facultative endosymbionts and their evolutionary significance as seeds of obligate symbioses are much less understood. Here, using phylogenetic approaches, we focus on the Hippoboscidae phylogeny as well as the stability and dynamics of obligate symbioses within this bloodsucking group. In particular, we demonstrate a new potentially obligate lineage of Sodalis co-evolving with the Olfersini subclade of Hippoboscidae. We also show several likely facultative Sodalis lineages closely related to Sodalis praecaptivus (HS strain) and suggest repeated acquisition of novel symbionts from the environment. Similar to Sodalis, Arsenophonus endosymbionts also form both obligate endosymbiotic lineages co-evolving with their hosts (Ornithomyini and Ornithoica groups) as well as possibly facultative infections incongruent with the Hippoboscidae phylogeny. Finally, we reveal substantial diversity of Wolbachia strains detected in Hippoboscidae samples falling into three supergroups: A, B, and the most common F. Altogether, our results prove the associations between Hippoboscoidea and their symbiotic bacteria to undergo surprisingly dynamic, yet selective, evolutionary processes strongly shaped by repeated endosymbiont replacements. Interestingly, obligate symbionts only originate from two endosymbiont genera, Arsenophonus and Sodalis, suggesting that the host is either highly selective about its future obligate symbionts or that these two lineages are the most competitive when establishing symbioses in louse flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Šochová
- Department of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Husník
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Nováková
- Department of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ali Halajian
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Václav Hypša
- Department of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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131
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132
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López-Madrigal S, Gil R. Et tu, Brute? Not Even Intracellular Mutualistic Symbionts Escape Horizontal Gene Transfer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8100247. [PMID: 28961177 PMCID: PMC5664097 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many insect species maintain mutualistic relationships with endosymbiotic bacteria. In contrast to their free-living relatives, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has traditionally been considered rare in long-term endosymbionts. Nevertheless, meta-omics exploration of certain symbiotic models has unveiled an increasing number of bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host genetic transfers. The abundance and function of transferred loci suggest that HGT might play a major role in the evolution of the corresponding consortia, enhancing their adaptive value or buffering detrimental effects derived from the reductive evolution of endosymbionts’ genomes. Here, we comprehensively review the HGT cases recorded to date in insect-bacteria mutualistic consortia, and discuss their impact on the evolutionary success of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio López-Madrigal
- Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, UMR203 BF2I, INRA, INSA-Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Rosario Gil
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, 46980 Paterna (València), Spain.
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot (València), Spain.
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133
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Wernegreen JJ. In it for the long haul: evolutionary consequences of persistent endosymbiosis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 47:83-90. [PMID: 28934627 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetically independent bacterial lineages have undergone a profound lifestyle shift: from a free-living to obligately host-associated existence. Among these lineages, intracellular bacterial mutualists of insects are among the most intimate, constrained symbioses known. These obligate endosymbionts exhibit severe gene loss and apparent genome deterioration. Evolutionary theory provides a basis to link their unusual genomic features with shifts in fundamental mechanisms - selection, genetic drift, mutation, and recombination. This mini-review highlights recent comparative and experimental research of processes shaping ongoing diversification within these ancient associations. Recent work supports clear contributions of stochastic processes, including genetic drift and exceptionally strong mutational pressure, toward degenerative evolution. Despite possible compensatory mechanisms, genome degradation may constrain how persistent endosymbionts (and their hosts) respond to environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Wernegreen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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134
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Gomez-Polo P, Ballinger MJ, Lalzar M, Malik A, Ben-Dov Y, Mozes-Daube N, Perlman SJ, Iasur-Kruh L, Chiel E. An exceptional family: Ophiocordyceps-allied fungus dominates the microbiome of soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccidae). Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5855-5868. [PMID: 28833928 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemipteran insects of the suborder Sternorrhyncha are plant sap feeders, where each family is obligately associated with a specific bacterial endosymbiont that produces essential nutrients lacking in the sap. Coccidae (soft scale insects) is the only major sternorrhynchan family in which obligate symbiont(s) have not been identified. We studied the microbiota in seven species from this family from Israel, Spain and Cyprus, by high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal genes, and found that no specific bacterium was prevalent and abundant in all the tested species. In contrast, an Ophiocordyceps-allied fungus sp.-a lineage widely known as entomopathogenic-was highly prevalent. All individuals of all the tested species carried this fungus. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Ophiocordyceps-allied fungus from the coccids is closely related to fungi described from other hemipterans, and they appear to be monophyletic, although the phylogenies of the Ophiocordyceps-allied fungi and their hosts do not appear to be congruent. Microscopic observations show that the fungal cells are lemon-shaped, are distributed throughout the host's body and are present in the eggs, suggesting vertical transmission. Taken together, the results suggest that the Ophiocordyceps-allied fungus may be a primary symbiont of Coccidae-a major evolutionary shift from bacteria to fungi in the Sternorrhyncha, and an important example of fungal evolutionary lifestyle switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Gomez-Polo
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa - Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | | | - Maya Lalzar
- Bioinformatics Service Unit, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Assaf Malik
- Bioinformatics Service Unit, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yair Ben-Dov
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Neta Mozes-Daube
- Newe-Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat-Yishai, Israel
| | - Steve J Perlman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Lilach Iasur-Kruh
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College of Engineering, Karmiel, Israel
| | - Elad Chiel
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa - Oranim, Tivon, Israel
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135
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Martin WF, Tielens AGM, Mentel M, Garg SG, Gould SB. The Physiology of Phagocytosis in the Context of Mitochondrial Origin. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 81:e00008-17. [PMID: 28615286 PMCID: PMC5584316 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00008-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How mitochondria came to reside within the cytosol of their host has been debated for 50 years. Though current data indicate that the last eukaryote common ancestor possessed mitochondria and was a complex cell, whether mitochondria or complexity came first in eukaryotic evolution is still discussed. In autogenous models (complexity first), the origin of phagocytosis poses the limiting step at eukaryote origin, with mitochondria coming late as an undigested growth substrate. In symbiosis-based models (mitochondria first), the host was an archaeon, and the origin of mitochondria was the limiting step at eukaryote origin, with mitochondria providing bacterial genes, ATP synthesis on internalized bioenergetic membranes, and mitochondrion-derived vesicles as the seed of the eukaryote endomembrane system. Metagenomic studies are uncovering new host-related archaeal lineages that are reported as complex or phagocytosing, although images of such cells are lacking. Here we review the physiology and components of phagocytosis in eukaryotes, critically inspecting the concept of a phagotrophic host. From ATP supply and demand, a mitochondrion-lacking phagotrophic archaeal fermenter would have to ingest about 34 times its body weight in prokaryotic prey to obtain enough ATP to support one cell division. It would lack chemiosmotic ATP synthesis at the plasma membrane, because phagocytosis and chemiosmosis in the same membrane are incompatible. It would have lived from amino acid fermentations, because prokaryotes are mainly protein. Its ATP yield would have been impaired relative to typical archaeal amino acid fermentations, which involve chemiosmosis. In contrast, phagocytosis would have had great physiological benefit for a mitochondrion-bearing cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Martin
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aloysius G M Tielens
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marek Mentel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sriram G Garg
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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136
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Endogenous viruses of parasitic wasps: variations on a common theme. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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137
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Abstract
The goal of many genome sequencing projects is to provide a complete representation of a target genome (or genomes) as underpinning data for further analyses. However, it can be problematic to identify which sequences in an assembly truly derive from the target genome(s) and which are derived from associated microbiome or contaminant organisms. We present BlobTools, a modular command-line solution for visualisation, quality control and taxonomic partitioning of genome datasets. Using guanine+cytosine content of sequences, read coverage in sequencing libraries and taxonomy of sequence similarity matches, BlobTools can assist in primary partitioning of data, leading to improved assemblies, and screening of final assemblies for potential contaminants. Through simulated paired-end read dataset,s containing a mixture of metazoan and bacterial taxa, we illustrate the main BlobTools workflow and suggest useful parameters for taxonomic partitioning of low-complexity metagenome assemblies.
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138
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139
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Boscaro V, Kolisko M, Felletti M, Vannini C, Lynn DH, Keeling PJ. Parallel genome reduction in symbionts descended from closely related free-living bacteria. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1160-1167. [PMID: 29046583 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Endosymbiosis plays an important role in ecology and evolution, but fundamental aspects of the origin of intracellular symbionts remain unclear. The extreme age of many symbiotic relationships, lack of data on free-living ancestors and uniqueness of each event hinder investigations. Here, we describe multiple strains of the bacterium Polynucleobacter that evolved independently and under similar conditions from closely related, free-living ancestors to become obligate endosymbionts of closely related ciliate hosts. As these genomes reduced in parallel from similar starting states, they provide unique glimpses into the mechanisms underlying genome reduction in symbionts. We found that gene loss is contingently lineage-specific, with no evidence for ordered streamlining. However, some genes in otherwise disrupted pathways are retained, possibly reflecting cryptic genetic network complexity. We also measured substitution rates between many endosymbiotic and free-living pairs for hundreds of genes, which showed that genetic drift, and not mutation pressure, is the main non-selective factor driving molecular evolution in endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Boscaro
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Martin Kolisko
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Michele Felletti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Claudia Vannini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Denis H Lynn
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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140
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Abstract
Endosymbiosis is an idea that provided a remarkable amount of explanatory power about the origins of eukaryotic organelles. But it also promoted a number of assumptions that have also been influential, but are less well-examined. Here we look at two of these to see whether or not they fit current evidence. The assumption we first address is that endosymbiotic relationships such as nutritional symbioses and eukaryotic organelles are mutualisms. We argue instead that they are more one-sided associations that can be regarded as context-dependent power struggles like any other ecological interaction. The second assumption is that during endosymbiotic interactions (such as the origin of organelles), the host genomes will acquire a great many genes from endosymbionts that assume functions in host systems (as opposed to the well-documented genes whose products are simply targeted back to the endosymbiont or organelle). The idea that these genes exist in large numbers has been influential in a number of hypotheses about organelle evolution and distribution, but in the most carefully-examined systems no such mass migration of genes is evident. Overall, we argue that both the nature and impact of endosymbiosis need to be constantly re-evaluated to fully understand what roles it really plays in both cell biology and evolution.
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141
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von Dohlen CD, Spaulding U, Patch KB, Weglarz KM, Foottit RG, Havill NP, Burke GR. Dynamic Acquisition and Loss of Dual-Obligate Symbionts in the Plant-Sap-Feeding Adelgidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphidoidea). Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1037. [PMID: 28659877 PMCID: PMC5468457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sap-sucking insects typically engage in obligate relationships with symbiotic bacteria that play nutritional roles in synthesizing nutrients unavailable or in scarce supply from the plant-sap diets of their hosts. Adelgids are sap-sucking insects with complex life cycles that involve alternation between conifer tree species. While all adelgid species feed on spruce during the sexual phase of their life cycle, each adelgid species belongs to a major lineage that feeds on a distinct genus of conifers as their alternate host. Previous work on adelgid symbionts had discovered pairs of symbionts within each host species, and unusual diversity across the insect family, but left several open questions regarding the status of bacterial associates. Here, we explored the consistency of symbionts within and across adelgid lineages, and sought evidence for facultative vs. obligate symbiont status. Representative species were surveyed for symbionts using 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing, confirming that different symbiont pairs were consistently present within each major adelgid lineage. Several approaches were used to establish whether symbionts exhibited characteristics of long-term, obligate mutualists. Patterns of symbiont presence across adelgid species and diversification with host insects suggested obligate relationships. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and electron microscopy localized symbionts to bacteriocyte cells within the bacteriome of each species (with one previously known exception), and detection of symbionts in eggs indicated their vertical transmission. Common characteristics of long-term obligate symbionts, such as nucleotide compositional bias and pleomorphic symbiont cell shape were also observed. Superimposing microbial symbionts on the adelgid phylogeny revealed a dynamic pattern of symbiont gains and losses over a relatively short period of time compared to other symbionts associated with sap-sucking insects, with each adelgid species possessing an older, “senior” symbiont and a younger “junior” symbiont. A hypothesis relating adelgid life cycles to relaxed constraints on symbionts is proposed, with the degradation of senior symbionts and repeated acquisition of more junior symbionts creating opportunities for repeated colonization of new alternate-conifer hosts by adelgids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Usha Spaulding
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, LoganUT, United States
| | - Kistie B Patch
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, LoganUT, United States
| | - Kathryn M Weglarz
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, LoganUT, United States
| | | | - Nathan P Havill
- United States Forest Service, Northern Research Station, HamdenCT, United States
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, AthensGA, United States
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142
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Sudakaran S, Kost C, Kaltenpoth M. Symbiont Acquisition and Replacement as a Source of Ecological Innovation. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:375-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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143
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Duron O, Binetruy F, Noël V, Cremaschi J, McCoy KD, Arnathau C, Plantard O, Goolsby J, Pérez de León AA, Heylen DJA, Van Oosten AR, Gottlieb Y, Baneth G, Guglielmone AA, Estrada‐Peña A, Opara MN, Zenner L, Vavre F, Chevillon C. Evolutionary changes in symbiont community structure in ticks. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2905-2921. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Duron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Florian Binetruy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Valérie Noël
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Julie Cremaschi
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Karen D. McCoy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | | | - John Goolsby
- Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory USDA‐ARS Edinburg TX USA
| | - Adalberto A. Pérez de León
- Knipling‐Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory Veterinary Pest Genomics Center Kerrville TX USA
| | - Dieter J. A. Heylen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 Antwerp Belgium
| | - A. Raoul Van Oosten
- Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Yuval Gottlieb
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Alberto A. Guglielmone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Agustin Estrada‐Peña
- Department of Animal Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain
| | - Maxwell N. Opara
- Ticks and Tick‐borne Pathogens Research Unit (TTbPRU) Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology University of Abuja Abuja Nigeria
| | - Lionel Zenner
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5558) – Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
| | - Fabrice Vavre
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5558) – Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
| | - Christine Chevillon
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
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144
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Sloan DB, Havird JC, Sharbrough J. The on-again, off-again relationship between mitochondrial genomes and species boundaries. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2212-2236. [PMID: 27997046 PMCID: PMC6534505 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The study of reproductive isolation and species barriers frequently focuses on mitochondrial genomes and has produced two alternative and almost diametrically opposed narratives. On one hand, mtDNA may be at the forefront of speciation events, with co-evolved mitonuclear interactions responsible for some of the earliest genetic incompatibilities arising among isolated populations. On the other hand, there are numerous cases of introgression of mtDNA across species boundaries even when nuclear gene flow is restricted. We argue that these seemingly contradictory patterns can result from a single underlying cause. Specifically, the accumulation of deleterious mutations in mtDNA creates a problem with two alternative evolutionary solutions. In some cases, compensatory or epistatic changes in the nuclear genome may ameliorate the effects of mitochondrial mutations, thereby establishing coadapted mitonuclear genotypes within populations and forming the basis of reproductive incompatibilities between populations. Alternatively, populations with high mitochondrial mutation loads may be rescued by replacement with a more fit, foreign mitochondrial haplotype. Coupled with many nonadaptive mechanisms of introgression that can preferentially affect cytoplasmic genomes, this form of adaptive introgression may contribute to the widespread discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear genealogies. Here, we review recent advances related to mitochondrial introgression and mitonuclear incompatibilities, including the potential for cointrogression of mtDNA and interacting nuclear genes. We also address an emerging controversy over the classic assumption that selection on mitochondrial genomes is inefficient and discuss the mechanisms that lead lineages down alternative evolutionary paths in response to mitochondrial mutation accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Sloan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Justin C Havird
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Joel Sharbrough
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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145
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López-García P, Eme L, Moreira D. Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution. J Theor Biol 2017; 434:20-33. [PMID: 28254477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, Lynn Margulis, inspiring in early twentieth-century ideas that put forward a symbiotic origin for some eukaryotic organelles, proposed a unified theory for the origin of the eukaryotic cell based on symbiosis as evolutionary mechanism. Margulis was profoundly aware of the importance of symbiosis in the natural microbial world and anticipated the evolutionary significance that integrated cooperative interactions might have as mechanism to increase cellular complexity. Today, we have started fully appreciating the vast extent of microbial diversity and the importance of syntrophic metabolic cooperation in natural ecosystems, especially in sediments and microbial mats. Also, not only the symbiogenetic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts has been clearly demonstrated, but improvement in phylogenomic methods combined with recent discoveries of archaeal lineages more closely related to eukaryotes further support the symbiogenetic origin of the eukaryotic cell. Margulis left us in legacy the idea of 'eukaryogenesis by symbiogenesis'. Although this has been largely verified, when, where, and specifically how eukaryotic cells evolved are yet unclear. Here, we shortly review current knowledge about symbiotic interactions in the microbial world and their evolutionary impact, the status of eukaryogenetic models and the current challenges and perspectives ahead to reconstruct the evolutionary path to eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purificación López-García
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France.
| | - Laura Eme
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada NS B3H 4R2
| | - David Moreira
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France
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146
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Transcriptome profiling of Galaxea fascicularis and its endosymbiont Symbiodinium reveals chronic eutrophication tolerance pathways and metabolic mutualism between partners. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42100. [PMID: 28181581 PMCID: PMC5299600 DOI: 10.1038/srep42100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the South China Sea, coastal eutrophication in the Beibu Gulf has seriously threatened reef habitats by subjecting corals to chronic physiological stress. To determine how coral holobionts may tolerate such conditions, we examined the transcriptomes of healthy colonies of the galaxy coral Galaxea fascicularis and its endosymbiont Symbiodinium from two reef sites experiencing pristine or eutrophied nutrient regimes. We identified 236 and 205 genes that were differentially expressed in eutrophied hosts and symbionts, respectively. Both gene sets included pathways related to stress responses and metabolic interactions. An analysis of genes originating from each partner revealed striking metabolic integration with respect to vitamins, cofactors, amino acids, fatty acids, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The expression levels of these genes supported the existence of a continuum of mutualism in this coral-algal symbiosis. Additionally, large sets of transcription factors, cell signal transduction molecules, biomineralization components, and galaxin-related proteins were expanded in G. fascicularis relative to other coral species.
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147
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Clayton AL, Enomoto S, Su Y, Dale C. The regulation of antimicrobial peptide resistance in the transition to insect symbiosis. Mol Microbiol 2017; 103:958-972. [PMID: 27987256 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many bacteria utilize two-component systems consisting of a sensor kinase and a transcriptional response regulator to detect environmental signals and modulate gene expression for adaptation. The response regulator PhoP and its cognate sensor kinase PhoQ compose a two-component system known for its role in responding to low levels of Mg2+ , Ca2+ , pH and to the presence of antimicrobial peptides and activating the expression of genes involved in adaptation to host association. Compared with their free-living relatives, mutualistic insect symbiotic bacteria inhabit a static environment where the requirement for sensory functions is expected to be relaxed. The insect symbiont, Sodalis glossinidius, requires PhoP to resist killing by host derived antimicrobial peptides. However, the S. glossinidius PhoQ was found to be insensitive to Mg2+ , Ca2+ and pH. Here they show that Sodalis praecaptivus, a close non host-associated relative of S. glossinidius, utilizes a magnesium sensing PhoP-PhoQ and an uncharacterized MarR-like transcriptional regulator (Sant_4061) to control antimicrobial peptide resistance in vitro. While the inactivation of phoP, phoQ or Sant_4061 completely retards the growth of S. praecaptivus in the presence of an antimicrobial peptide in vitro, inactivation of both phoP and Sant_4061 is necessary to abrogate growth of this bacterium in an insect host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Clayton
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Yinghua Su
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Colin Dale
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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148
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Physiology, anaerobes, and the origin of mitosing cells 50 years on. J Theor Biol 2017; 434:2-10. [PMID: 28087421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endosymbiotic theory posits that some organelles or structures of eukaryotic cells stem from free-living prokaryotes that became endosymbionts within a host cell. Endosymbiosis has a long and turbulent history of controversy and debate going back over 100 years. The 1967 paper by Lynn Sagan (later Lynn Margulis) forced a reluctant field to take endosymbiotic theory seriously and to incorporate it into the fabric of evolutionary thinking. Margulis envisaged three cellular partners associating in series at eukaryotic origin: the host (an engulfing bacterium), the mitochondrion (a respiring bacterium), and the flagellum (a spirochaete), with lineages descended from that flagellated eukaryote subsequently acquiring plastids from cyanobacteria, but on multiple different occasions in her 1967 account. Today, the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids (each single events, the data now say) is uncontested textbook knowledge. The host has been more elusive, recent findings identifying it as a member of the archaea, not as a sister group of the archaea. Margulis's proposal for a spirochaete origin of flagellae was abandoned by everyone except her, because no data ever came around to support the idea. Her 1967 proposal that mitochondria and plastids arose from different endosymbionts was novel. The paper presented an appealing narrative that linked the origin of mitochondria with oxygen in Earth history: cyanobacteria make oxygen, oxygen starts accumulating in the atmosphere about 2.4 billion years ago, oxygen begets oxygen-respiring bacteria that become mitochondria via symbiosis, followed by later (numerous) multiple, independent symbioses involving cyanobacteria that brought photosynthesis to eukaryotes. With the focus on oxygen, Margulis's account of eukaryote origin was however unprepared to accommodate the discovery of mitochondria in eukaryotic anaerobes. Today's oxygen narrative has it that the oceans were anoxic up until about 580 million years ago, while the atmosphere attained modern oxygen levels only about 400 million years ago. Since eukaryotes are roughly 1.6 billion years old, much of eukaryotic evolution took place in low oxygen environments, readily explaining the persistence across eukaryotic supergroups of eukaryotic anaerobes and anaerobic mitochondria at the focus of endosymbiotic theories that came after the 1967 paper.
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149
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Szklarzewicz T, Michalik A. Transovarial Transmission of Symbionts in Insects. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 63:43-67. [PMID: 28779313 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60855-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Many insects, on account of their unbalanced diet, live in obligate symbiotic associations with microorganisms (bacteria or yeast-like symbionts), which provide them with substances missing in the food they consume. In the body of host insect, symbiotic microorganisms may occur intracellularly (e.g., in specialized cells of mesodermal origin termed bacteriocytes, in fat body cells, in midgut epithelium) or extracellularly (e.g., in hemolymph, in midgut lumen). As a rule, symbionts are vertically transmitted to the next generation. In most insects, symbiotic microorganisms are transferred from mother to offspring transovarially within female germ cells. The results of numerous ultrastructural and molecular studies on symbiotic systems in different groups of insects have shown that they have a large diversity of symbiotic microorganisms and different strategies of their transmission from one generation to the next. This chapter reviews the modes of transovarial transmission of symbionts between generations in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Szklarzewicz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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150
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Meseguer AS, Manzano-Marín A, Coeur d'Acier A, Clamens AL, Godefroid M, Jousselin E. Buchnerahas changed flatmate but the repeated replacement of co-obligate symbionts is not associated with the ecological expansions of their aphid hosts. Mol Ecol 2016; 26:2363-2378. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Meseguer
- INRA; UMR 1062; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations CBGP (INRA; IRD; CIRAD; Montpellier SupAgro); Montferrier-sur-Lez 34980 France
| | - A. Manzano-Marín
- INRA; UMR 1062; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations CBGP (INRA; IRD; CIRAD; Montpellier SupAgro); Montferrier-sur-Lez 34980 France
| | - A. Coeur d'Acier
- INRA; UMR 1062; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations CBGP (INRA; IRD; CIRAD; Montpellier SupAgro); Montferrier-sur-Lez 34980 France
| | - A.-L. Clamens
- INRA; UMR 1062; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations CBGP (INRA; IRD; CIRAD; Montpellier SupAgro); Montferrier-sur-Lez 34980 France
| | - M. Godefroid
- INRA; UMR 1062; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations CBGP (INRA; IRD; CIRAD; Montpellier SupAgro); Montferrier-sur-Lez 34980 France
| | - E. Jousselin
- INRA; UMR 1062; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations CBGP (INRA; IRD; CIRAD; Montpellier SupAgro); Montferrier-sur-Lez 34980 France
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