1
|
Burin G, Campbell LCE, Renner SS, Kiers ET, Chomicki G. Mutualisms drive plant trait evolution beyond interaction-related traits. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14379. [PMID: 38361469 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Mutualisms have driven the evolution of extraordinary structures and behavioural traits, but their impact on traits beyond those directly involved in the interaction remains unclear. We addressed this gap using a highly evolutionarily replicated system - epiphytes in the Rubiaceae forming symbioses with ants. We employed models that allow us to test the influence of discrete mutualistic traits on continuous non-mutualistic traits. Our findings are consistent with mutualism shaping the pace of morphological evolution, strength of selection and long-term mean of non-mutualistic traits in function of mutualistic dependency. While specialised and obligate mutualisms are associated with slower trait change, less intimate, facultative and generalist mutualistic interactions - which are the most common - have a greater impact on non-mutualistic trait evolution. These results challenge the prevailing notion that mutualisms solely affect the evolution of interaction-related traits via stabilizing selection and instead demonstrate a broader role for mutualisms in shaping trait evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susanne S Renner
- Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fujita H, Ushio M, Suzuki K, Abe MS, Yamamichi M, Okazaki Y, Canarini A, Hayashi I, Fukushima K, Fukuda S, Kiers ET, Toju H. Metagenomic analysis of ecological niche overlap and community collapse in microbiome dynamics. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1261137. [PMID: 38033594 PMCID: PMC10684785 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1261137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Species utilizing the same resources often fail to coexist for extended periods of time. Such competitive exclusion mechanisms potentially underly microbiome dynamics, causing breakdowns of communities composed of species with similar genetic backgrounds of resource utilization. Although genes responsible for competitive exclusion among a small number of species have been investigated in pioneering studies, it remains a major challenge to integrate genomics and ecology for understanding stable coexistence in species-rich communities. Here, we examine whether community-scale analyses of functional gene redundancy can provide a useful platform for interpreting and predicting collapse of bacterial communities. Through 110-day time-series of experimental microbiome dynamics, we analyzed the metagenome-assembled genomes of co-occurring bacterial species. We then inferred ecological niche space based on the multivariate analysis of the genome compositions. The analysis allowed us to evaluate potential shifts in the level of niche overlap between species through time. We hypothesized that community-scale pressure of competitive exclusion could be evaluated by quantifying overlap of genetically determined resource-use profiles (metabolic pathway profiles) among coexisting species. We found that the degree of community compositional changes observed in the experimental microbiome was correlated with the magnitude of gene-repertoire overlaps among bacterial species, although the causation between the two variables deserves future extensive research. The metagenome-based analysis of genetic potential for competitive exclusion will help us forecast major events in microbiome dynamics such as sudden community collapse (i.e., dysbiosis).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Fujita
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ushio
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Department of Ocean Science (OCES), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Integrated Bioresource Information Division, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masato S. Abe
- Faculty of Culture and Information Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Yamamichi
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okazaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alberto Canarini
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ibuki Hayashi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keitaro Fukushima
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
- Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cornwallis CK, van 't Padje A, Ellers J, Klein M, Jackson R, Kiers ET, West SA, Henry LM. Author Correction: Symbioses shape feeding niches and diversification across insects. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1153. [PMID: 37400517 PMCID: PMC10333116 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anouk van 't Padje
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Malin Klein
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raphaella Jackson
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lee M Henry
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cornwallis CK, van 't Padje A, Ellers J, Klein M, Jackson R, Kiers ET, West SA, Henry LM. Symbioses shape feeding niches and diversification across insects. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1022-1044. [PMID: 37202501 PMCID: PMC10333129 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
For over 300 million years, insects have relied on symbiotic microbes for nutrition and defence. However, it is unclear whether specific ecological conditions have repeatedly favoured the evolution of symbioses, and how this has influenced insect diversification. Here, using data on 1,850 microbe-insect symbioses across 402 insect families, we found that symbionts have allowed insects to specialize on a range of nutrient-imbalanced diets, including phloem, blood and wood. Across diets, the only limiting nutrient consistently associated with the evolution of obligate symbiosis was B vitamins. The shift to new diets, facilitated by symbionts, had mixed consequences for insect diversification. In some cases, such as herbivory, it resulted in spectacular species proliferation. In other niches, such as strict blood feeding, diversification has been severely constrained. Symbioses therefore appear to solve widespread nutrient deficiencies for insects, but the consequences for insect diversification depend on the feeding niche that is invaded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anouk van 't Padje
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Malin Klein
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raphaella Jackson
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lee M Henry
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hawkins HJ, Cargill RIM, Van Nuland ME, Hagen SC, Field KJ, Sheldrake M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Kiers ET. Mycorrhizal mycelium as a global carbon pool. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R560-R573. [PMID: 37279689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For more than 400 million years, mycorrhizal fungi and plants have formed partnerships that are crucial to the emergence and functioning of global ecosystems. The importance of these symbiotic fungi for plant nutrition is well established. However, the role of mycorrhizal fungi in transporting carbon into soil systems on a global scale remains under-explored. This is surprising given that ∼75% of terrestrial carbon is stored belowground and mycorrhizal fungi are stationed at a key entry point of carbon into soil food webs. Here, we analyze nearly 200 datasets to provide the first global quantitative estimates of carbon allocation from plants to the mycelium of mycorrhizal fungi. We estimate that global plant communities allocate 3.93 Gt CO2e per year to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 9.07 Gt CO2e per year to ectomycorrhizal fungi, and 0.12 Gt CO2e per year to ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. Based on this estimate, 13.12 Gt of CO2e fixed by terrestrial plants is, at least temporarily, allocated to the underground mycelium of mycorrhizal fungi per year, equating to ∼36% of current annual CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. We explore the mechanisms by which mycorrhizal fungi affect soil carbon pools and identify approaches to increase our understanding of global carbon fluxes via plant-fungal pathways. Our estimates, although based on the best available evidence, are imperfect and should be interpreted with caution. Nonetheless, our estimations are conservative, and we argue that this work confirms the significant contribution made by mycorrhizal associations to global carbon dynamics. Our findings should motivate their inclusion both within global climate and carbon cycling models, and within conservation policy and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi-Jayne Hawkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Conservation International, Forrest House, Belmont Park, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Rachael I M Cargill
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; AMOLF, Science Park 102, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael E Van Nuland
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Society for the Protection of Underground Networks, SPUN, 3500 South DuPont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA
| | | | - Katie J Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Merlin Sheldrake
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Society for the Protection of Underground Networks, SPUN, 3500 South DuPont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA
| | | | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Society for the Protection of Underground Networks, SPUN, 3500 South DuPont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shimizu TS, Kiers ET, Stone HA. Exploring the dynamics of vascular adaptation. eLife 2023; 12:88052. [PMID: 37227267 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of in toto imaging and theory suggests a new mechanism for the remodeling of veins in vascular networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Howard A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fujita H, Ushio M, Suzuki K, Abe MS, Yamamichi M, Iwayama K, Canarini A, Hayashi I, Fukushima K, Fukuda S, Kiers ET, Toju H. Alternative stable states, nonlinear behavior, and predictability of microbiome dynamics. Microbiome 2023; 11:63. [PMID: 36978146 PMCID: PMC10052866 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiome dynamics are both crucial indicators and potential drivers of human health, agricultural output, and industrial bio-applications. However, predicting microbiome dynamics is notoriously difficult because communities often show abrupt structural changes, such as "dysbiosis" in human microbiomes. METHODS We integrated theoretical frameworks and empirical analyses with the aim of anticipating drastic shifts of microbial communities. We monitored 48 experimental microbiomes for 110 days and observed that various community-level events, including collapse and gradual compositional changes, occurred according to a defined set of environmental conditions. We analyzed the time-series data based on statistical physics and non-linear mechanics to describe the characteristics of the microbiome dynamics and to examine the predictability of major shifts in microbial community structure. RESULTS We confirmed that the abrupt community changes observed through the time-series could be described as shifts between "alternative stable states" or dynamics around complex attractors. Furthermore, collapses of microbiome structure were successfully anticipated by means of the diagnostic threshold defined with the "energy landscape" analysis of statistical physics or that of a stability index of nonlinear mechanics. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that abrupt microbiome events in complex microbial communities can be forecasted by extending classic ecological concepts to the scale of species-rich microbial systems. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Fujita
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2133, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Ushio
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2133, Japan
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Integrated Bioresource Information Division, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Masato S Abe
- Faculty of Culture and Information Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Masato Yamamichi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Koji Iwayama
- Faculty of Data Science, Shiga University, Hikone, 522-8522, Japan
| | - Alberto Canarini
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2133, Japan
| | - Ibuki Hayashi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2133, Japan
| | - Keitaro Fukushima
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
- Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2133, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Campbell LCE, Kiers ET, Chomicki G. The evolution of plant cultivation by ants. Trends Plant Sci 2023; 28:271-282. [PMID: 36372647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Outside humans, true agriculture was previously thought to be restricted to social insects farming fungus. However, obligate farming of plants by ants was recently discovered in Fiji, prompting a re-examination of plant cultivation by ants. Here, we generate a database of plant cultivation by ants, identify three main types, and show that these interactions evolved primarily for shelter rather than food. We find that plant cultivation evolved at least 65 times independently for crops (~200 plant species), and 15 times in farmer lineages (~37 ant taxa) in the Neotropics and Asia/Australasia. Because of their high evolutionary replication, and variation in partner dependence, these systems are powerful models to unveil the steps in the evolution and ecology of insect agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Chomicki
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fujita H, Ushio M, Suzuki K, Abe MS, Yamamichi M, Okazaki Y, Canarini A, Hayashi I, Fukushima K, Fukuda S, Kiers ET, Toju H. Facilitative interaction networks in experimental microbial community dynamics. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1153952. [PMID: 37113242 PMCID: PMC10126487 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1153952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Facilitative interactions between microbial species are ubiquitous in various types of ecosystems on the Earth. Therefore, inferring how entangled webs of interspecific interactions shift through time in microbial ecosystems is an essential step for understanding ecological processes driving microbiome dynamics. By compiling shotgun metagenomic sequencing data of an experimental microbial community, we examined how the architectural features of facilitative interaction networks could change through time. A metabolic modeling approach for estimating dependence between microbial genomes (species) allowed us to infer the network structure of potential facilitative interactions at 13 time points through the 110-day monitoring of experimental microbiomes. We then found that positive feedback loops, which were theoretically predicted to promote cascade breakdown of ecological communities, existed within the inferred networks of metabolic interactions prior to the drastic community-compositional shift observed in the microbiome time-series. We further applied "directed-graph" analyses to pinpoint potential keystone species located at the "upper stream" positions of such feedback loops. These analyses on facilitative interactions will help us understand key mechanisms causing catastrophic shifts in microbial community structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Fujita
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroaki Fujita,
| | - Masayuki Ushio
- Department of Ocean Science (OCES), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Integrated Bioresource Information Division, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masato S. Abe
- Faculty of Culture and Information Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Yamamichi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okazaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Ibuki Hayashi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keitaro Fukushima
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
- Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Hirokazu Toju,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Raaijmakers JM, Kiers ET. Rewilding plant microbiomes. Science 2022; 378:599-600. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abn6350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota of crop ancestors may offer a way to enhance sustainable food production
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jos M. Raaijmakers
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Klein M, Stewart JD, Porter SS, Weedon JT, Kiers ET. Evolution of manipulative microbial behaviors in the rhizosphere. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1521-1536. [DOI: 10.1111/eva.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Klein
- Department of Ecological Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Justin D. Stewart
- Department of Ecological Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie S. Porter
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Vancouver Washington USA
| | - James T. Weedon
- Department of Ecological Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
van 't Padje A, Klein M, Caldas V, Oyarte Galvez L, Broersma C, Hoebe N, Sanders IR, Shimizu T, Kiers ET. Decreasing relatedness among mycorrhizal fungi in a shared plant network increases fungal network size but not plant benefit. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:509-520. [PMID: 34971476 PMCID: PMC9305232 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Theory suggests that relatives will cooperate more, and compete less, because of an increased benefit for shared genes. In symbiotic partnerships, hosts may benefit from interacting with highly related symbionts because there is less conflict among the symbionts. This has been difficult to test empirically. We used the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to study the effects of fungal relatedness on host and fungal benefits, creating fungal networks varying in relatedness between two hosts, both in soil and in‐vitro. To determine how fungal relatedness affected overall transfer of nutrients, we fluorescently tagged phosphorus and quantified resource distribution between two root systems. We found that colonization by less‐related fungi was associated with increased fungal growth, lower transport of nutrients across the network, and lower plant benefit ‐ likely an outcome of increased fungal competition. More generally, we demonstrate how symbiont relatedness can mediate benefits of symbioses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van 't Padje
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Malin Klein
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Caldas
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,AMOLF Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Loreto Oyarte Galvez
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,AMOLF Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cathleen Broersma
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicky Hoebe
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ian R Sanders
- Departent of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Färkkilä SMA, Kiers ET, Jaaniso R, Mäeorg U, Leblanc RM, Treseder KK, Kang Z, Tedersoo L. Fluorescent nanoparticles as tools in ecology and physiology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2392-2424. [PMID: 34142416 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles (FNPs) have been widely used in chemistry and medicine for decades, but their employment in biology is relatively recent. Past reviews on FNPs have focused on chemical, physical or medical uses, making the extrapolation to biological applications difficult. In biology, FNPs have largely been used for biosensing and molecular tracking. However, concerns over toxicity in early types of FNPs, such as cadmium-containing quantum dots (QDs), may have prevented wide adoption. Recent developments, especially in non-Cd-containing FNPs, have alleviated toxicity problems, facilitating the use of FNPs for addressing ecological, physiological and molecule-level processes in biological research. Standardised protocols from synthesis to application and interdisciplinary approaches are critical for establishing FNPs in the biologists' tool kit. Here, we present an introduction to FNPs, summarise their use in biological applications, and discuss technical issues such as data reliability and biocompatibility. We assess whether biological research can benefit from FNPs and suggest ways in which FNPs can be applied to answer questions in biology. We conclude that FNPs have a great potential for studying various biological processes, especially tracking, sensing and imaging in physiology and ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanni M A Färkkilä
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Raivo Jaaniso
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi Str 1, 50411, Tartu, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Uno Mäeorg
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, Cox Science Center, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, U.S.A
| | - Kathleen K Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 3106 Biological Sciences III, Mail Code: 2525, 92697, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
| | - Zhenhui Kang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
van ’t Padje A, Bonfante P, Ciampi LT, Kiers ET. Quantifying Nutrient Trade in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Under Extreme Weather Events Using Quantum-Dot Tagged Phosphorus. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.613119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the current trends in climate change, extreme weather events are expected to increase in strength and frequency. Such events can impact species survival and species interactions. One of the most ubiquitous symbioses on earth is the nutrient exchange partnership between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their host plants. While past work has shown that mycorrhizal fungi can help alleviate stress, it is unknown how phosphorus uptake by plants to fungi is affected by extreme weather events, such as flooding and heat waves. To test this response, we grewMedicago truncatulahost plants with or without mycorrhizal fungi and then exposed them to extreme weather treatments: increasing soil temperature by 12°C, or by flooding the plant roots for 7 days. We measured plant and fungal performance, and quantified phosphorus (P) uptake before and after extreme weather treatments using a technique in which we tagged apatite, a form of rock phosphorus, with fluorescing quantum-dots (QDs) nanoparticles. We then measured fluorescence in root and shoot tissue at harvest. We found that plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were affected by soil flooding, with plant survival, fungal colonization and QD-apatite uptake decreasing under flooded conditions. We did not see these negative effects in the heat treatment. While the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affected plant biomass allocation, leading to an increase in shoot biomass, the symbiosis did not increase plant survival, total biomass or QD uptake in either treatment. More generally, we found host tissue contained roughly 80% more QD-apatite from the pre-treatment compared to the post-treatment nutrient injection. Future studies should focus on various plant-fungal combinations to create databases on which predictive models to extreme weather events can be constructed.
Collapse
|
15
|
van't Padje A, Werner GDA, Kiers ET. Mycorrhizal fungi control phosphorus value in trade symbiosis with host roots when exposed to abrupt 'crashes' and 'booms' of resource availability. New Phytol 2021; 229:2933-2944. [PMID: 33124078 PMCID: PMC7898638 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological market theory provides a conceptual framework to analyse trade strategies in symbiotic partnerships. A key prediction of biological market theory is that individuals can influence resource value - meaning the amount a partner is willing to pay for it - by mediating where and when it is traded. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, characterised by roots and fungi trading phosphorus and carbon, shows many features of a biological market. However, it is unknown if or how fungi can control phosphorus value when exposed to abrupt changes in their trade environment. We mimicked an economic 'crash', manually severing part of the fungal network (Rhizophagus irregularis) to restrict resource access, and an economic 'boom' through phosphorus additions. We quantified trading strategies over a 3-wk period using a recently developed technique that allowed us to tag rock phosphate with fluorescing quantum dots of three different colours. We found that the fungus: compensated for resource loss in the 'crash' treatment by transferring phosphorus from alternative pools closer to the host root (Daucus carota); and stored the surplus nutrients in the 'boom' treatment until root demand increased. By mediating from where, when and how much phosphorus was transferred to the host, the fungus successfully controlled resource value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van't Padje
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological SciencesFaculty of Earth and Life SciencesVrije Universiteitde Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert D. A. Werner
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PSUK
- Netherlands Scientific Council for Government PolicyBuitenhof 34The Hague2513 AHthe Netherlands
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological SciencesFaculty of Earth and Life SciencesVrije Universiteitde Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Van't Padje A, Oyarte Galvez L, Klein M, Hink MA, Postma M, Shimizu T, Kiers ET. Temporal tracking of quantum-dot apatite across in vitro mycorrhizal networks shows how host demand can influence fungal nutrient transfer strategies. ISME J 2021; 15:435-449. [PMID: 32989245 PMCID: PMC8027207 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi function as conduits for underground nutrient transport. While the fungal partner is dependent on the plant host for its carbon (C) needs, the amount of nutrients that the fungus allocates to hosts can vary with context. Because fungal allocation patterns to hosts can change over time, they have historically been difficult to quantify accurately. We developed a technique to tag rock phosphorus (P) apatite with fluorescent quantum-dot (QD) nanoparticles of three different colors, allowing us to study nutrient transfer in an in vitro fungal network formed between two host roots of different ages and different P demands over a 3-week period. Using confocal microscopy and raster image correlation spectroscopy, we could distinguish between P transfer from the hyphae to the roots and P retention in the hyphae. By tracking QD-apatite from its point of origin, we found that the P demands of the younger root influenced both: (1) how the fungus distributed nutrients among different root hosts and (2) the storage patterns in the fungus itself. Our work highlights that fungal trade strategies are highly dynamic over time to local conditions, and stresses the need for precise measurements of symbiotic nutrient transfer across both space and time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Van't Padje
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Loreto Oyarte Galvez
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- AMOLF Institute, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Malin Klein
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hink
- Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Postma
- Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Shimizu
- AMOLF Institute, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
While the importance of mutualisms across the tree of life is recognized, it is not understood why some organisms evolve high levels of dependence on mutualistic partnerships, while other species remain autonomous or retain or regain minimal dependence on partners. We identify four main pathways leading to the evolution of mutualistic dependence. Then, we evaluate current evidence for three predictions: ( a) Mutualisms with different levels of dependence have distinct stabilizing mechanisms against exploitation and cheating, ( b) less dependent mutualists will return to autonomy more often than those that are highly dependent, and ( c) obligate mutualisms should be less context dependent than facultative ones. Although we find evidence supporting all three predictions, we stress that mutualistic partners follow diverse paths toward—and away from—dependence. We also highlight the need to better examine asymmetry in partner dependence. Recognizing how variation in dependence influences the stability, breakdown, and context dependence of mutualisms generates new hypotheses regarding how and why the benefits of mutualistic partnerships differ over time and space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chomicki
- Department of Bioscience, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne S. Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich (LMU), 80638 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Across the tree of life, hosts have evolved mechanisms to control and mediate interactions with symbiotic partners. We suggest that the evolution of physical structures that allow hosts to spatially separate symbionts, termed compartmentalization, is a common mechanism used by hosts. Such compartmentalization allows hosts to: (i) isolate symbionts and control their reproduction; (ii) reward cooperative symbionts and punish or stop interactions with non-cooperative symbionts; and (iii) reduce direct conflict among different symbionts strains in a single host. Compartmentalization has allowed hosts to increase the benefits that they obtain from symbiotic partners across a diversity of interactions, including legumes and rhizobia, plants and fungi, squid and Vibrio, insects and nutrient provisioning bacteria, plants and insects, and the human microbiome. In cases where compartmentalization has not evolved, we ask why not. We argue that when partners interact in a competitive hierarchy, or when hosts engage in partnerships which are less costly, compartmentalization is less likely to evolve. We conclude that compartmentalization is key to understanding the evolution of symbiotic cooperation. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of the microbiome in host evolution'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chomicki
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Gijsbert D A Werner
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.,Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy, Buitenhof 34, 2513 AH Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zanne AE, Powell JR, Flores-Moreno H, Kiers ET, van 't Padje A, Cornwell WK. Finding fungal ecological strategies: Is recycling an option? FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
20
|
Knegt B, Meijer TT, Kant MR, Kiers ET, Egas M. Tetranychus evansi spider mite populations suppress tomato defenses to varying degrees. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4375-4390. [PMID: 32489604 PMCID: PMC7246200 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant defense suppression is an offensive strategy of herbivores, in which they manipulate plant physiological processes to increase their performance. Paradoxically, defense suppression does not always benefit the defense-suppressing herbivores, because lowered plant defenses can also enhance the performance of competing herbivores and can expose herbivores to increased predation. Suppression of plant defense may therefore entail considerable ecological costs depending on the presence of competitors and natural enemies in a community. Hence, we hypothesize that the optimal magnitude of suppression differs among locations. To investigate this, we studied defense suppression across populations of Tetranychus evansi spider mites, a herbivore from South America that is an invasive pest of solanaceous plants including cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, in other parts of the world. We measured the level of expression of defense marker genes in tomato plants after infestation with mites from eleven different T. evansi populations. These populations were chosen across a range of native (South American) and non-native (other continents) environments and from different host plant species. We found significant variation at three out of four defense marker genes, demonstrating that T. evansi populations suppress jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-dependent plant signaling pathways to varying degrees. While we found no indication that this variation in defense suppression was explained by differences in host plant species, invasive populations tended to suppress plant defense to a smaller extent than native populations. This may reflect either the genetic lineage of T. evansi-as all invasive populations we studied belong to one linage and both native populations to another-or the absence of specialized natural enemies in invasive T. evansi populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Knegt
- Department of Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tomas T. Meijer
- Department of Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological ScienceVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Egas
- Department of Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dupin SE, Geurts R, Kiers ET. The Non-Legume Parasponia andersonii Mediates the Fitness of Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobial Symbionts Under High Nitrogen Conditions. Front Plant Sci 2020; 10:1779. [PMID: 32117343 PMCID: PMC7019102 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organisms rely on symbiotic associations for metabolism, protection, and energy. However, these intimate partnerships can be vulnerable to exploitation. What prevents microbial mutualists from parasitizing their hosts? In legumes, there is evidence that hosts have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manage their symbiotic rhizobia, but the generality and evolutionary origins of these control mechanisms are under debate. Here, we focused on the symbiosis between Parasponia hosts and N2-fixing rhizobium bacteria. Parasponia is the only non-legume lineage to have evolved a rhizobial symbiosis and thus provides an evolutionary replicate to test how rhizobial exploitation is controlled. A key question is whether Parasponia hosts can prevent colonization of rhizobia under high nitrogen conditions, when the contribution of the symbiont becomes nonessential. We grew Parasponia andersonii inoculated with Bradyrhizobium elkanii under four ammonium nitrate concentrations in a controlled growth chamber. We measured shoot and root dry weight, nodule number, nodule fresh weight, nodule volume. To quantify viable rhizobial populations in planta, we crushed nodules and determined colony forming units (CFU), as a rhizobia fitness proxy. We show that, like legumes and actinorhizal plants, P. andersonii is able to control nodule symbiosis in response to exogenous nitrogen. While the relative host growth benefits of inoculation decreased with nitrogen fertilization, our highest ammonium nitrate concentration (3.75 mM) was sufficient to prevent nodule formation on inoculated roots. Rhizobial populations were highest in nitrogen free medium. While we do not yet know the mechanism, our results suggest that control mechanisms over rhizobia are not exclusive to the legume clade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon E. Dupin
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - René Geurts
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chomicki G, Weber M, Antonelli A, Bascompte J, Kiers ET. The Impact of Mutualisms on Species Richness. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:698-711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
23
|
Whiteside MD, Werner GDA, Caldas VEA, Van't Padje A, Dupin SE, Elbers B, Bakker M, Wyatt GAK, Klein M, Hink MA, Postma M, Vaitla B, Noë R, Shimizu TS, West SA, Kiers ET. Mycorrhizal Fungi Respond to Resource Inequality by Moving Phosphorus from Rich to Poor Patches across Networks. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2043-2050.e8. [PMID: 31178314 PMCID: PMC6584331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The world's ecosystems are characterized by an unequal distribution of resources [1]. Trade partnerships between organisms of different species-mutualisms-can help individuals cope with such resource inequality [2-4]. Trade allows individuals to exchange commodities they can provide at low cost for resources that are otherwise impossible or more difficult to access [5, 6]. However, as resources become increasingly patchy in time or space, it is unknown how organisms alter their trading strategies [7, 8]. Here, we show how a symbiotic fungus mediates trade with a host root in response to different levels of resource inequality across its network. We developed a quantum-dot-tracking technique to quantify phosphorus-trading strategies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi simultaneously exposed to rich and poor resource patches. By following fluorescent nanoparticles of different colors across fungal networks, we determined where phosphorus was hoarded, relocated, and transferred to plant hosts. We found that increasing exposure to inequality stimulated trade. Fungi responded to high resource variation by (1) increasing the total amount of phosphorus distributed to host roots, (2) decreasing allocation to storage, and (3) differentially moving resources within the network from rich to poor patches. Using single-particle tracking and high-resolution video, we show how dynamic resource movement may help the fungus capitalize on value differences across the trade network, physically moving resources to areas of high demand to gain better returns. Such translocation strategies can help symbiotic organisms cope with exposure to resource inequality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Whiteside
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert D A Werner
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK; Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3BJ, UK
| | - Victor E A Caldas
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AMOLF Institute, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Van't Padje
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simon E Dupin
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Elbers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Milenka Bakker
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gregory A K Wyatt
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Malin Klein
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hink
- Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marten Postma
- Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bapu Vaitla
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ronald Noë
- Faculté Psychologie, Université de Strasbourg, 12 Rue Goethe, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas S Shimizu
- AMOLF Institute, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Scott TW, Kiers ET, Cooper GA, dos Santos M, West SA. Evolutionary maintenance of genomic diversity within arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:2425-2435. [PMID: 30891190 PMCID: PMC6405528 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most organisms are built from a single genome. In striking contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi appear to maintain genomic variation within an individual fungal network. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi dwell in the soil, form mutualistic networks with plants, and bear multiple, potentially genetically diverse nuclei within a network. We explore, from a theoretical perspective, why such genetic diversity might be maintained within individuals. We consider selection acting within and between individual fungal networks. We show that genetic diversity could provide a benefit at the level of the individual, by improving growth in variable environments, and that this can stabilize genetic diversity even in the presence of nuclear conflict. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi complicate our understanding of organismality, but our findings offer a way of understanding such biological anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life SciencesVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Miguel dos Santos
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of PsychologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Stuart A. West
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Magdalen CollegeOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Toju H, Peay KG, Yamamichi M, Narisawa K, Hiruma K, Naito K, Fukuda S, Ushio M, Nakaoka S, Onoda Y, Yoshida K, Schlaeppi K, Bai Y, Sugiura R, Ichihashi Y, Minamisawa K, Kiers ET. Publisher Correction: Core microbiomes for sustainable agroecosystems. Nat Plants 2018; 4:733. [PMID: 30108297 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Owing to a technical error, this Perspective was originally published without its received and accepted dates; the dates "Received: 31 December 2017; Accepted: 23 March 2018" have now been included in all versions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Masato Yamamichi
- Department of General Systems Studies, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Narisawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kei Hiruma
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Ken Naito
- Genetic Resource Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
- Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ushio
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakaoka
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshida
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Klaus Schlaeppi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Science & John Innes Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Ryo Sugiura
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO (National Agriculture and Food Research Organization), Memuro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Minamisawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Japan
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The nutrient exchange mutualism between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) and their host plants qualifies as a biological market, but several complications have hindered its appropriate use. First, fungal 'trading agents' are hard to identify because AMFs are potentially heterokaryotic, that is, they may contain large numbers of polymorphic nuclei. This means it is difficult to define and study a fungal 'individual' acting as an independent agent with a specific trading strategy. Second, because nutrient exchanges occur via communal structures (arbuscules), this temporarily reduces outbidding competition and transaction costs and hence resembles exchanges among divisions of firms, rather than traditional trade on markets. We discuss how fungal nuclei may coordinate their trading strategies, but nevertheless retain some independence, similar to human co-operatives (co-ops).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Noë
- Department of Psychology, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Toju H, Peay KG, Yamamichi M, Narisawa K, Hiruma K, Naito K, Fukuda S, Ushio M, Nakaoka S, Onoda Y, Yoshida K, Schlaeppi K, Bai Y, Sugiura R, Ichihashi Y, Minamisawa K, Kiers ET. Core microbiomes for sustainable agroecosystems. Nat Plants 2018; 4:247-257. [PMID: 29725101 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In an era of ecosystem degradation and climate change, maximizing microbial functions in agroecosystems has become a prerequisite for the future of global agriculture. However, managing species-rich communities of plant-associated microbiomes remains a major challenge. Here, we propose interdisciplinary research strategies to optimize microbiome functions in agroecosystems. Informatics now allows us to identify members and characteristics of 'core microbiomes', which may be deployed to organize otherwise uncontrollable dynamics of resident microbiomes. Integration of microfluidics, robotics and machine learning provides novel ways to capitalize on core microbiomes for increasing resource-efficiency and stress-resistance of agroecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Masato Yamamichi
- Department of General Systems Studies, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Narisawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kei Hiruma
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Ken Naito
- Genetic Resource Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
- Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ushio
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakaoka
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshida
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Klaus Schlaeppi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Science & John Innes Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Ryo Sugiura
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO (National Agriculture and Food Research Organization), Memuro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Minamisawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Japan
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ivens ABF, Gadau A, Kiers ET, Kronauer DJC. Can social partnerships influence the microbiome? Insights from ant farmers and their trophobiont mutualists. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1898-1914. [PMID: 29411455 PMCID: PMC5935579 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mutualistic interactions with microbes have played a crucial role in the evolution and ecology of animal hosts. However, it is unclear what factors are most important in influencing particular host–microbe associations. While closely related animal species may have more similar microbiota than distantly related species due to phylogenetic contingencies, social partnerships with other organisms, such as those in which one animal farms another, may also influence an organism's symbiotic microbiome. We studied a mutualistic network of Brachymyrmex and Lasius ants farming several honeydew‐producing Prociphilus aphids and Rhizoecus mealybugs to test whether the mutualistic microbiomes of these interacting insects are primarily correlated with their phylogeny or with their shared social partnerships. Our results confirm a phylogenetic signal in the microbiomes of aphid and mealybug trophobionts, with each species harbouring species‐specific endosymbiont strains of Buchnera (aphids), Tremblaya and Sodalis (mealybugs), and Serratia (both mealybugs and aphids) despite being farmed by the same ants. This is likely explained by strict vertical transmission of trophobiont endosymbionts between generations. In contrast, our results show the ants’ microbiome is possibly shaped by their social partnerships, with ants that farm the same trophobionts also sharing strains of sugar‐processing Acetobacteraceae bacteria, known from other honeydew‐feeding ants and which likely reside extracellularly in the ants’ guts. These ant–microbe associations are arguably more “open” and subject to horizontal transmission or social transmission within ant colonies. These findings suggest that the role of social partnerships in shaping a host's symbiotic microbiome can be variable and is likely dependent on how the microbes are transmitted across generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniek B F Ivens
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Gadau
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J C Kronauer
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Werner GDA, Zhou Y, Pieterse CMJ, Kiers ET. Tracking plant preference for higher-quality mycorrhizal symbionts under varying CO 2 conditions over multiple generations. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:78-87. [PMID: 29321853 PMCID: PMC5756855 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The symbiosis between plants and root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is one of the most ecologically important examples of interspecific cooperation in the world. AM fungi provide benefits to plants; in return plants allocate carbon resources to fungi, preferentially allocating more resources to higher-quality fungi. However, preferential allocations from plants to symbionts may vary with environmental context, particularly when resource availability affects the relative value of symbiotic services. We ask how differences in atmospheric CO 2-levels influence root colonization dynamics between AMF species that differ in their quality as symbiotic partners. We find that with increasing CO 2-conditions and over multiple plant generations, the more beneficial fungal species is able to achieve a relatively higher abundance. This suggests that increasing atmospheric carbon supply enables plants to more effectively allocate carbon to higher-quality mutualists, and over time helps reduce lower-quality AM abundance. Our results illustrate how environmental context may affect the extent to which organisms structure interactions with their mutualistic partners and have potential implications for mutualism stability and persistence under global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbert D. A. Werner
- Department of Ecological ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Yeling Zhou
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Corné M. J. Pieterse
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Aleklett K, Kiers ET, Ohlsson P, Shimizu TS, Caldas VE, Hammer EC. Build your own soil: exploring microfluidics to create microbial habitat structures. ISME J 2017; 12:312-319. [PMID: 29135971 PMCID: PMC5776464 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Soil is likely the most complex ecosystem on earth. Despite the global importance and extraordinary diversity of soils, they have been notoriously challenging to study. We show how pioneering microfluidic techniques provide new ways of studying soil microbial ecology by allowing simulation and manipulation of chemical conditions and physical structures at the microscale in soil model habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pelle Ohlsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Victor Ea Caldas
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,AMOLF Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edith C Hammer
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Organisms across the tree of life form symbiotic partnerships with microbes for metabolism, protection and resources. While some hosts evolve extreme dependence on their symbionts, others maintain facultative associations. Explaining this variation is fundamental to understanding when symbiosis can lead to new higher-level individuals, such as during the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. Here we perform phylogenetic comparative analyses on 106 unique host-bacterial symbioses to test for correlations between symbiont function, transmission mode, genome size and host dependence. We find that both transmission mode and symbiont function are correlated with host dependence, with reductions in host fitness being greatest when nutrient-provisioning, vertically transmitted symbionts are removed. We also find a negative correlation between host dependence and symbiont genome size in vertically, but not horizontally, transmitted symbionts. These results suggest that both function and population structure are important in driving irreversible dependence between hosts and symbionts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta M Fisher
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085-1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Lee M Henry
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | | | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085-1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Knegt B, Potter T, Pearson NA, Sato Y, Staudacher H, Schimmel BCJ, Kiers ET, Egas M. Detection of genetic incompatibilities in non-model systems using simple genetic markers: hybrid breakdown in the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus evansi. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 118:311-321. [PMID: 27782117 PMCID: PMC5345600 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
When two related species interbreed, their hybrid offspring frequently suffer from reduced fitness. The genetics of hybrid incompatibility are described by the Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller (BDM) model, where fitness is reduced by epistatic interactions between alleles of heterospecific origin. Unfortunately, most empirical evidence for the BDM model comes from a few well-studied model organisms, restricting our genetic understanding of hybrid incompatibilities to limited taxa. These systems are predominantly diploid and incompatibility is often complete, which complicates the detection of recessive allelic interactions and excludes the possibility to study viable or intermediate stages. Here, we advocate research into non-model organisms with haploid or haplodiploid reproductive systems and incomplete hybrid incompatibility because (1) dominance is absent in haploids and (2) incomplete incompatibility allows comparing affected with unaffected individuals. We describe a novel two-locus statistic specifying the frequency of individuals for which two alleles co-occur. This approach to studying BDM incompatibilities requires genotypic characterization of hybrid individuals, but not genetic mapping or genome sequencing. To illustrate our approach, we investigated genetic causes for hybrid incompatibility between differentiated lineages of the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus evansi, and show that strong, but incomplete, hybrid breakdown occurs. In addition, by comparing the genotypes of viable hybrid males and inviable hybrid male eggs for eight microsatellite loci, we show that nuclear and cytonuclear BDM interactions constitute the basis of hybrid incompatibility in this species. Our approach opens up possibilities to study BDM interactions in non-model taxa, and may give further insight into the genetic mechanisms behind hybrid incompatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Knegt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Potter
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N A Pearson
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y Sato
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ueda, Japan
| | - H Staudacher
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B C J Schimmel
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E T Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Egas
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Can egalitarian partnerships exist in nature? A new study demonstrates how protist hosts use and abuse their algal symbionts depending on their needs. While this relationship allows protists to survive in low nutrient conditions, it leaves little room for algal retaliation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Padje AV, Whiteside MD, Kiers ET. Signals and cues in the evolution of plant-microbe communication. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2016; 32:47-52. [PMID: 27348594 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Communication has played a key role in organismal evolution. If sender and receiver have a shared interest in propagating reliable information, such as when they are kin relatives, then effective communication can bring large fitness benefits. However, interspecific communication (among different species) is more prone to dishonesty. Over the last decade, plants and their microbial root symbionts have become a model system for studying interspecific molecular crosstalk. However, less is known about the evolutionary stability of plant-microbe communication. What prevents partners from hijacking or manipulating information to their own benefit? Here, we focus on communication between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their host plants. We ask how partners use directed signals to convey specific information, and highlight research on the problem of dishonest signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Van't Padje
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthew D Whiteside
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kiers ET, West SA, Wyatt GAK, Gardner A, Bücking H, Werner GDA. Misconceptions on the application of biological market theory to the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nat Plants 2016; 2:16063. [PMID: 27243656 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Gregory A K Wyatt
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Andy Gardner
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyers Brae, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Heike Bücking
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Gijsbert D A Werner
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Knegt B, Jansa J, Franken O, Engelmoer DJ, Werner GD, Bücking H, Kiers ET. Host plant quality mediates competition between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
37
|
Abstract
Mutualisms are cooperative interactions between members of different species, often involving the trade of resources. Here, we suggest that otherwise-cooperative mutualists might be able to gain a benefit from actively restricting their partners' ability to obtain resources directly, hampering the ability of the restricted partner to survive and/or reproduce without the help of the restricting mutualist. We show that (i) restriction can be favoured when it makes the resources of the restricting individual more valuable to their partner, and thus allows them to receive more favourable terms of trade; (ii) restriction maintains cooperation in conditions where cooperative behaviour would otherwise collapse; and (iii) restriction can lead to either an increase or decrease in a restricted individual's fitness. We discuss the applicability of this scenario to mutualisms such as those between plants and mycorrhizal fungi. These results identify a novel conflict in mutualisms as well as several public goods dilemmas, but also demonstrate how conflict can help maintain cooperation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. K. Wyatt
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andy Gardner
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyers Brae, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Stuart A. West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
- Magdalen College, Oxford OX1 4AU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mensah JA, Koch AM, Antunes PM, Kiers ET, Hart M, Bücking H. High functional diversity within species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is associated with differences in phosphate and nitrogen uptake and fungal phosphate metabolism. Mycorrhiza 2015; 25:533-46. [PMID: 25708401 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth responses following colonization with different isolates of a single species of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus can range from highly beneficial to detrimental, but the reasons for this high within-species diversity are currently unknown. To examine whether differences in growth and nutritional benefits are related to the phosphate (P) metabolism of the fungal symbiont, the effect of 31 different isolates from 10 AM fungal morphospecies on the P and nitrogen (N) nutrition of Medicago sativa and the P allocation among different P pools was examined. Based on differences in the mycorrhizal growth response, high, medium, and low performance isolates were distinguished. Plant growth benefit was positively correlated to the mycorrhizal effect on P and N nutrition. High performance isolates increased plant biomass by more than 170 % and contributed substantially to both P and N nutrition, whereas the effect of medium performance isolates particularly on the N nutrition of the host was significantly lower. Roots colonized by high performance isolates were characterized by relatively low tissue concentrations of inorganic P and short-chain polyphosphates and a high ratio between long- to short-chain polyphosphates. The high performance isolates belonged to different morphospecies and genera, indicating that the ability to contribute to P and N nutrition is widespread within the Glomeromycota and that differences in symbiotic performance and P metabolism are not specific for individual fungal morphospecies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry A Mensah
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Alexander M Koch
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Hart
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Heike Bücking
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jamshidi S, Behm JE, Eveillard D, Kiers ET, Vandenkoornhuyse P. Using hybrid automata modelling to study phenotypic plasticity and allocation strategies in the plant mycorrhizal mutualism. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
40
|
Abstract
Understanding the origins and evolutionary trajectories of symbiotic partnerships remains a major challenge. Why are some symbioses lost over evolutionary time whereas others become crucial for survival? Here, we use a quantitative trait reconstruction method to characterize different evolutionary stages in the ancient symbiosis between legumes (Fabaceae) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, asking how labile is symbiosis across different host clades. We find that more than half of the 1,195 extant nodulating legumes analyzed have a high likelihood (>95%) of being in a state of high symbiotic persistence, meaning that they show a continued capacity to form the symbiosis over evolutionary time, even though the partnership has remained facultative and is not obligate. To explore patterns associated with the likelihood of loss and retention of the N2-fixing symbiosis, we tested for correlations between symbiotic persistence and legume distribution, climate, soil and trait data. We found a strong latitudinal effect and demonstrated that low mean annual temperatures are associated with high symbiotic persistence in legumes. Although no significant correlations between soil variables and symbiotic persistence were found, nitrogen and phosphorus leaf contents were positively correlated with legumes in a state of high symbiotic persistence. This pattern suggests that highly demanding nutrient lifestyles are associated with more stable partnerships, potentially because they "lock" the hosts into symbiotic dependency. Quantitative reconstruction methods are emerging as a powerful comparative tool to study broad patterns of symbiont loss and retention across diverse partnerships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbert D A Werner
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William K Cornwell
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The evolution of life on earth has been driven by a small number of major evolutionary transitions. These transitions have been characterized by individuals that could previously replicate independently, cooperating to form a new, more complex life form. For example, archaea and eubacteria formed eukaryotic cells, and cells formed multicellular organisms. However, not all cooperative groups are en route to major transitions. How can we explain why major evolutionary transitions have or haven't taken place on different branches of the tree of life? We break down major transitions into two steps: the formation of a cooperative group and the transformation of that group into an integrated entity. We show how these steps require cooperation, division of labor, communication, mutual dependence, and negligible within-group conflict. We find that certain ecological conditions and the ways in which groups form have played recurrent roles in driving multiple transitions. In contrast, we find that other factors have played relatively minor roles at many key points, such as within-group kin discrimination and mechanisms to actively repress competition. More generally, by identifying the small number of factors that have driven major transitions, we provide a simpler and more unified description of how life on earth has evolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Magdalen College, Oxford OX1 4AU, United Kingdom;
| | - Roberta M Fisher
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Gardner
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Dyers Brae, St. Andrews KY16 9TH, United Kingdom; and
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Affiliation(s)
- E Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Werner GDA, Kiers ET. Order of arrival structures arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of plants. New Phytol 2015; 205:1515-1524. [PMID: 25298030 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Priority effects - the impact of a species' arrival on subsequent community development - have been shown to influence species composition in many organisms. Whether priority effects among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) structure fungal root communities is not well understood. Here, we investigated whether priority effects influence the success of two closely related AMF species (Rhizophagus irregularis and Glomus aggregatum), hypothesizing that a resident AMF suppresses invader success, this effect is time-dependent and a resident will experience reduced growth when invaded. We performed two glasshouse experiments using modified pots, which permitted direct inoculation of resident and invading AMF on the roots. We quantified intraradical AMF abundances using quantitative PCR and visual colonization percentages. We found that both fungi suppressed the invading species and that this effect was strongly dependent on the time lag between inoculations. In contrast to our expectations, neither resident AMF was negatively affected by invasion. We show that order of arrival can influence the abundance of AMF species colonizing a host. These priority effects can have important implications for AMF ecology and the use of fungal inocula in sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbert D A Werner
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Engelmoer DJP, Kiers ET. Host diversity affects the abundance of the extraradical arbuscular mycorrhizal network. New Phytol 2015; 205:1485-1491. [PMID: 25297948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form complex networks in the soil that connect different host plants. Previous studies have focused on the effects of these networks on individual hosts and host communities. However, very little is known about how different host species affect the success of the fungal network itself. Given the potentially strong selection pressure against hosts that invest in a fungal network which benefits their competitors, we predict that the presence of multiple host species negatively affects the growth of the extraradical network. We designed an experiment using an in vitro culture approach to investigate the effect of different hosts (carrot, chichory and medicago) on the formation of a common mycelial network. In vitro root cultures, each inoculated with their own fungal network, were grown in a double split plate design with two host compartments and a common central compartment where fungal networks could form. We found that the size of fungal networks differs depending on the social environment of the host. When host species were propagated in a mixed species environment, the fungal abundance was significantly reduced compared to monoculture predictions. Our work demonstrates how host-to-host conflict can influence the abundance of the fungal partner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J P Engelmoer
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Partner selection in the mycorrhizal symbiosis is thought to be a key factor stabilising the mutualism. Both plant hosts and mycorrhizal fungi have been shown to preferentially allocate resources to higher quality partners. This can help maintain underground cooperation, although it is likely that different plant species vary in the spatial precision with which they can select partners. Partner selection in the mycorrhizal symbiosis is presumably context-dependent and can be mediated by factors like (relative) resource abundance and resource fluctuations, competition among mycorrhizas, arrival order and cultivation history. Such factors complicate our current understanding of the importance of partner selection and its effectiveness in stimulating mutualistic cooperation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbert D A Werner
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boeleaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boeleaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Behm JE, Geurts R, Kiers ET. Parasponia: a novel system for studying mutualism stability. Trends Plant Sci 2014; 19:757-63. [PMID: 25239777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how mutualistic interactions are stabilized in the presence of cheaters is a major question in evolutionary biology. The legume-rhizobia mutualism has become a model system for studying how plants control cheating partners. However, the generality and evolutionary origins of these control mechanisms are intensely debated. In this Opinion article, we argue that a novel system--the Parasponia-rhizobia mutualism--will significantly advance research in mutualism stability. Parasponia is the only non-legume lineage to have evolved a rhizobial symbiosis, which provides an evolutionary replicate to test how rhizobial exploitation is controlled. Evidence also suggests that this symbiosis is young. This allows studies at an earlier evolutionary stage in mutualisms, so the origin of control mechanisms can be better understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn E Behm
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rene Geurts
- Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Drovendaalsesteeg 1, 6709PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wyatt GAK, Kiers ET, Gardner A, West SA. A BIOLOGICAL MARKET ANALYSIS OF THE PLANT-MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS. Evolution 2014; 68:2603-18. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Sciences; Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences; Vrije Universiteit; De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Andy Gardner
- School of Biology; University of St Andrews; Dyers Brae, St Andrews KY16 9 United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A. West
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3PS United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Kuyper
- Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fellbaum CR, Mensah JA, Cloos AJ, Strahan GE, Pfeffer PE, Kiers ET, Bücking H. Fungal nutrient allocation in common mycorrhizal networks is regulated by the carbon source strength of individual host plants. New Phytol 2014; 203:646-656. [PMID: 24787049 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the soil simultaneously provide multiple host plants with nutrients, but the mechanisms by which the nutrient transport to individual host plants within one CMN is controlled are unknown. Using radioactive and stable isotopes, we followed the transport of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in the CMNs of two fungal species to plants that differed in their carbon (C) source strength, and correlated the transport to the expression of mycorrhiza-inducible plant P (MtPt4) and ammonium (1723.m00046) transporters in mycorrhizal roots. AM fungi discriminated between host plants that shared a CMN and preferentially allocated nutrients to high-quality (nonshaded) hosts. However, the fungus also supplied low-quality (shaded) hosts with nutrients and maintained a high colonization rate in these plants. Fungal P transport was correlated to the expression of MtPt4. The expression of the putative ammonium transporter 1723.m00046 was dependent on the fungal nutrient supply and was induced when the CMN had access to N. Biological market theory has emerged as a tool with which the strategic investment of competing partners in trading networks can be studied. Our work demonstrates how fungal partners are able to retain bargaining power, despite being obligately dependent on their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Fellbaum
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Jerry A Mensah
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Adam J Cloos
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Gary E Strahan
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038-8598, USA
| | - Philip E Pfeffer
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038-8598, USA
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Bücking
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Trade-offs between individual fitness and the collective performance of crop and below-ground symbiont communities are common in agriculture. Plant competitiveness for light and soil resources is key to individual fitness, but higher investments in stems and roots by a plant community to compete for those resources ultimately reduce crop yields. Similarly, rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi may increase their individual fitness by diverting resources to their own reproduction, even if they could have benefited collectively by providing their shared crop host with more nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Past selection for inclusive fitness (benefits to others, weighted by their relatedness) is unlikely to have favoured community performance over individual fitness. The limited evidence for kin recognition in plants and microbes changes this conclusion only slightly. We therefore argue that there is still ample opportunity for human-imposed selection to improve cooperation among crop plants and their symbionts so that they use limited resources more efficiently. This evolutionarily informed approach will require a better understanding of how interactions among crops, and interactions with their symbionts, affected their inclusive fitness in the past and what that implies for current interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. Ford Denison
- Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|