1
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Horsch CCA, Antunes PM, Fahey C, Grandy AS, Kallenbach CM. Trait-based assembly of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities determines soil carbon formation and retention. New Phytol 2023. [PMID: 36978279 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are crucial for soil organic carbon (SOC) formation, especially for the more persistent mineral-associated organic C (MAOC) pool. Yet, evidence for this often overlooks arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities and how their composition and traits impact SOC accumulation. We grew sudangrass with AMF communities representing different traits conserved at the family level: competitors, from the Gigasporaceae family; ruderals, from the Glomeraceae family; or both families combined. We labeled sudangrass with 13 C-CO2 to assess AMF contributions to SOC, impacts on SOC priming, and fungal biomass persistence in MAOC. Single-family AMF communities decreased total SOC by 13.8%, likely due to fungal priming. Despite net SOC losses, all AMF communities contributed fungal C to soil but only the Glomeraceae community initially contributed to MAOC. After a month of decomposition, both the Glomeraceae and mixed-family communities contributed to MAOC formation. Plant phosphorus uptake, but not hyphal chemistry, was positively related to AMF soil C and MAOC accumulation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribution to MAOC is dependent on the specific traits of the AMF community and related to phosphorus uptake. These findings provide insight into how variations in AMF community composition and traits, and thus processes like environmental filtering of AMF, may impact SOC accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn C A Horsch
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, 1520 Queen St. East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Catherine Fahey
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, 1520 Queen St. East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - A Stuart Grandy
- Center of Soil Biogeochemistry and Microbial Ecology (Soil BioME), University of New Hampshire, 105 Main St., Durham, NH, 03824, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 105 Main St., Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Cynthia M Kallenbach
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
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2
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Horsch CCA, Antunes PM, Kallenbach CM. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities with contrasting life-history traits influence host nutrient acquisition. Mycorrhiza 2023; 33:1-14. [PMID: 36595061 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Life-history traits differ substantially among arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal families, potentially affecting hyphal nutrient acquisition efficiency, host nutrition, and thereby plant health and ecosystem function. Despite these implications, AM fungal community life-history strategies and community trait diversity effects on host nutrient acquisition are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we grew sudangrass with AM fungal communities representing contrasting life-history traits and diversity: either (1) five species in the AM family Gigasporaceae, representing competitor traits, (2) five Glomerales species, representing ruderal traits, or (3) a mixed-trait community combining all ten AM fungal species. After 12 weeks, we measured above and belowground plant biomass and aboveground nutrient uptake and concentration. Overall, AM fungal colonization increased host nutrition, biomass, and foliar δ5nitrogen enrichment compared to the uncolonized control. Between the single-trait communities, the Glomeraceae community generally outperformed the Gigasporaceae community in host nutrition and plant growth, increasing plant phosphorus (P) uptake 1.5 times more than the Gigasporaceae community. We saw weak evidence for a synergistic effect of the mixed community, which was only higher for plant P concentration (1.26 times higher) and root colonization (1.26 times higher) compared to the single-trait communities. However, this higher P concentration did not translate to more P uptake or the highest plant biomass for the mixed community. These findings demonstrate that the AM symbiosis is affected by community differences at high taxonomic levels and provide insight into how different AM fungal communities and their associated traits affect host nutrition for fast-growing plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn C A Horsch
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia M Kallenbach
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X3V9, Canada.
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3
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Bunn RA, Antunes PM, Bullington LS, Fahey C, Lekberg Y. Soil moisture and competition determine soil biota effects on invasive
Centaurea stoebe. Funct Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Bunn
- Department of Environmental Sciences Western Washington University Bellingham WA USA
| | - Pedro M. Antunes
- Department of Biology Algoma University Sault Ste. Marie Ontario Canada
| | - Lorinda S. Bullington
- MPG Ranch Missoula MT USA
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
| | - Catherine Fahey
- Department of Biology Algoma University Sault Ste. Marie Ontario Canada
| | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch Missoula MT USA
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
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4
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Koyama A, Dias T, Antunes PM. Application of plant-soil feedbacks in the selection of crop rotation sequences. Ecol Appl 2022; 32:e2501. [PMID: 34870353 PMCID: PMC9286821 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) can be a major driver of plant performance in communities, and this concept can be used in selecting crop rotation sequences to maximize agricultural yields. Potential benefits of using PSF in this context include nutrient use optimization, pathogen reduction, and enhancement of mutualisms between crops and microbes. Yet the contributions of these combined mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we investigated the relative contributions of these mechanisms using five major crops commonly cultivated in rotation (alfalfa, canola, maize, soybean, and wheat) under controlled conditions. We trained soil by growing each of the five crops in a "training phase," and then reciprocally planted the five crops in the trained soils in a "feedback phase." To tease out soil biota from nutrient effects, we established three treatments: "control" (trained unsterilized soil used in the feedback phases), "biota" (sterilized soil in the feedback phase inoculated with soil biota from the control treatment after the training phase), and "nutrient" (sterilized soils in both phases). Plant-soil feedback for each crop was calculated by comparing the total biomass of each crop grown in soils trained by each of the four other crops (i.e., in rotation) against total biomass in self-trained soil (i.e., monocropping). We found that PSF values varied among crop combinations in all the treatments, but such variation was the greatest in the nutrient treatment. Overall, soil biota feedback tended to be lower, whereas nutrient feedback tended to be greater compared to the unsterilized control soil, suggesting that effects of antagonistic biota outweighed those of beneficial microbes in the biota treatment, and that plants optimized nutrient uptake when the soil microbiome was absent in the nutrient treatment. Furthermore, soils in the nutrient treatment trained by the legume crops (alfalfa and soybean) tended to provide the greatest positive feedback, emphasizing the important legacy of N2 fixers in crop rotation. Taken together, our data demonstrate how nutrients and soil biota can be integral to PSFs among crops, and that assessing PSFs under controlled conditions can serve as a basis to determine the most productive crop rotation sequences prior to field testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Koyama
- Algoma UniversitySault Ste. MarieOntarioCanada
- Department of ForestryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Teresa Dias
- Algoma UniversitySault Ste. MarieOntarioCanada
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental ChangesUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
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5
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Frew A, Antunes PM, Cameron DD, Hartley SE, Johnson SN, Rillig MC, Bennett AE. Plant herbivore protection by arbuscular mycorrhizas: a role for fungal diversity? New Phytol 2022; 233:1022-1031. [PMID: 34618922 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frew
- School of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, 4350, Australia
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, 4350, Australia
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Susan E Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institut für Biologie, Plant Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, D-14195, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, D-14195, Germany
| | - Alison E Bennett
- Department of Evolution, Ecology & Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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6
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Duchesneau K, Derickx L, Antunes PM. Assessing the relative importance of human and spatial pressures on non-native plant establishment in urban forests using citizen science. NB 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.65.65415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Since 2007, more people in the world live in urban than in rural areas. The development of urban areas has encroached into natural forest ecosystems, consequently increasing the ecological importance of parks and fragmented forest remnants. However, a major concern is that urban activities have rendered urban forests susceptible to non-native species incursions, making them central entry sites where non-native plant species can establish and spread. We have little understanding of what urban factors contribute to this process. Here we use data collected by citizen scientists to determine the differential impacts of spatial and urban factors on non-native plant introductions in urban forests. Using a model city, we mapped 18 urban forests within city limits, and identified all the native and non-native plants present at those sites. We then determined the relative contribution of spatial and socioeconomic variables on the richness and composition of native and non-native plant communities. We found that socioeconomic factors rather than spatial factors (e.g., urban forest area) were important modulators of overall or non-native species richness. Non-native species richness in urban forest fragments was primarily affected by residential layout, recent construction events, and nearby roads. This demonstrates that the proliferation of non-native species is inherent to urban activities and we propose that future studies replicate our approach in different cities to broaden our understanding of the spatial and social factors that modulate invasive species movement starting in urban areas.
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7
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Kokkoris V, Lekberg Y, Antunes PM, Fahey C, Fordyce JA, Kivlin SN, Hart MM. Codependency between plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities: what is the evidence? New Phytol 2020; 228:828-838. [PMID: 32452032 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
That arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi covary with plant communities is clear, and many papers report nonrandom associations between symbiotic partners. However, these studies do not test the causal relationship, or 'codependency', whereby the composition of one guild affects the composition of the other. Here we outline underlying requirements for codependency, compare important drivers for both plant and AM fungal communities, and assess how host preference - a pre-requisite for codependency - changes across spatiotemporal scales and taxonomic resolution for both plants and AM fungi. We find few examples in the literature designed to test for codependency and those that do have been conducted within plots or mesocosms. Also, while plants and AM fungi respond similarly to coarse environmental filters, most variation remains unexplained, with host identity explaining less than 30% of the variation in AM fungal communities. These results combined question the likelihood of predictable co-occurrence, and therefore evolution of codependency, between plant and AM fungal taxa across locations. We argue that codependency is most likely to occur in homogeneous environments where specific plant - AM fungal pairings have functional consequences for the symbiosis. We end by outlining critical aspects to consider moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Kokkoris
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch and University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59833, USA
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Catherine Fahey
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - James A Fordyce
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Stephanie N Kivlin
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Miranda M Hart
- Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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8
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Fahey C, Koyama A, Antunes PM, Dunfield K, Flory SL. Plant communities mediate the interactive effects of invasion and drought on soil microbial communities. ISME J 2020; 14:1396-1409. [PMID: 32076127 PMCID: PMC7242364 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbiomes could play a major role in ecosystem responses to escalating anthropogenic global change. However, we currently have a poor understanding of how soil microbes will respond to interacting global change factors and if responses will be mediated by changes in plant community structure. We used a field experiment to assess changes in soil fungal and bacterial communities in response to plant invasion, experimental drought, and their combination. In addition, we evaluated the relative importance of direct versus indirect pathways of invasion and drought through changes in associated plant communities with structural equation models. We found that fungal communities were interactively structured by invasion and drought, where fungal richness was lowest with invasion under ambient conditions but highest with invasion under drought conditions. Bacterial richness was lower under drought but unaffected by invasion. Changes in the plant community, including lower plant richness and higher root biomass, moderated the direct effects of invasion on microbial richness. Fungal and bacterial functional groups, including pathogens, mutualists, and nitrogen metabolizers, were also influenced by plant community changes. In sum, plant communities mediated the effects of interacting global change drivers on soil microbial community structure, with significant potential consequences for community dynamics and ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Fahey
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Akihiro Koyama
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Biology Department, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kari Dunfield
- School of Environmental Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S Luke Flory
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Abstract
Carbonatites are unusual alkaline rocks with diverse compositions. Although previous work has characterized the effects these rocks have on soils and plants, little is known about their impacts on local ecosystems. Using a deposit within the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence forest in northern Ontario, Canada, we investigated the effect of a carbonatite on soil chemistry and on the structure of plant and soil microbial communities. This was done using a vegetation survey conducted above and around the deposit, with corresponding soil samples collected for determining soil nutrient composition and for assessing microbial community structure using 16S/ITS Illumina Mi-Seq sequencing. In some soils above the deposit a soil chemical signature of the carbonatite was found, with the most important effect being an increase in soil pH compared with the non-deposit soils. Both plants and microorganisms responded to the altered soil chemistry: the plant communities present in carbonatite-impacted soils were dominated by ruderal species, and although differences in microbial communities across the surveyed areas were not obvious, the abundances of specific bacteria and fungi were reduced in response to the carbonatite. Overall, the deposit seems to have created microenvironments of relatively basic soil in an otherwise acidic forest soil. This study demonstrates for the first time how carbonatites can alter ecosystems in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M.C. Jones
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Webb
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Michael D.J. Lynch
- Department of Biology and Waterloo Centre for Microbial Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Metagenom Bio Inc., Toronto, ON M5X 1C7, Canada
| | - Trevor C. Charles
- Department of Biology and Waterloo Centre for Microbial Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Metagenom Bio Inc., Toronto, ON M5X 1C7, Canada
| | - Pedro M. Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada
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10
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Lekberg Y, Vasar M, Bullington LS, Sepp SK, Antunes PM, Bunn R, Larkin BG, Öpik M. More bang for the buck? Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities be characterized adequately alongside other fungi using general fungal primers? New Phytol 2018; 220:971-976. [PMID: 29388685 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch, Missoula, MT, 59803, USA
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Martti Vasar
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | | | - Siim-Kaarel Sepp
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6B 2G4, Canada
| | - Rebecca Bunn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | | | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
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11
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Rúa MA, Lamit LJ, Gehring C, Antunes PM, Hoeksema JD, Zabinski C, Karst J, Burns C, Woods MJ. Accounting for local adaptation in ectomycorrhizas: a call to track geographical origin of plants, fungi, and soils in experiments. Mycorrhiza 2018; 28:187-195. [PMID: 29181636 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Local adaptation, the differential success of genotypes in their native versus foreign environments, can influence ecological and evolutionary processes, yet its importance is difficult to estimate because it has not been widely studied, particularly in the context of interspecific interactions. Interactions between ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi and their host plants could serve as model system for investigations of local adaptation because they are widespread and affect plant responses to both biotic and abiotic selection pressures. Furthermore, because EM fungi cycle nutrients and mediate energy flow into food webs, their local adaptation may be critical in sustaining ecological function. Despite their ecological importance and an extensive literature on their relationships with plants, the vast majority of experiments on EM symbioses fail to report critical information needed to assess local adaptation: the geographic origin of the plant, fungal inocula, and soil substrate used in the experiment. These omissions limit the utility of such studies and restrict our understanding of EM ecology and evolution. Here, we illustrate the potential importance of local adaptation in EM relationships and call for consistent reporting of the geographic origin of plant, soil, and fungi as an important step towards a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of EM symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Rúa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
| | - Louis J Lamit
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Catherine Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Jason D Hoeksema
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Cathy Zabinski
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, 344 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Justine Karst
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Cole Burns
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 284 Biological Sciences, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michaela J Woods
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
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13
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Koyama A, Pietrangelo O, Sanderson L, Antunes PM. An empirical investigation of the possibility of adaptability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to new hosts. Mycorrhiza 2017; 27:553-563. [PMID: 28536847 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the adaptive capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to novel hosts. Here we assessed the possibility of two heterospecific AM fungal isolates to adaptively change, in terms of host biomass response, as a function of host plant identity, over the course of a growing season. First, we produced pure inocula of Rhizophagus clarus and Rhizophagus intraradices, each starting from a single spore. Second, we "trained" each isolate individually in a community with two plants, sudangrass (Sorgum bicolour subsp. drummondii) and leek (Aliium ampeloprasum var. porrum), using a dual-compartment system to allow the establishment of a common mycorrhizal network between the two hosts. Third, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to reciprocally test each "trained" clone, obtained from each compartment, either with the same (home), or the other host (away) under two contrasting phosphorus levels. Overall, results did not support adaptive responses of the AM fungi to their hosts (i.e., greater host biomass under "home" relative to "away" conditions), but the opposite (i.e., greater host biomass under "away" relative to "home" conditions) was more frequently observed. These changes in AM fungal symbiotic functioning open the possibility for relatively rapid genetic change of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in response to new hosts, which represents one step forward from in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Koyama
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Olivia Pietrangelo
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Laura Sanderson
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4, Canada.
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14
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Eisenhauer N, Antunes PM, Bennett AE, Birkhofer K, Bissett A, Bowker MA, Caruso T, Chen B, Coleman DC, de Boer W, de Ruiter P, DeLuca TH, Frati F, Griffiths BS, Hart MM, Hättenschwiler S, Haimi J, Heethoff M, Kaneko N, Kelly LC, Leinaas HP, Lindo Z, Macdonald C, Rillig MC, Ruess L, Scheu S, Schmidt O, Seastedt TR, van Straalen NM, Tiunov AV, Zimmer M, Powell JR. Priorities for research in soil ecology. Pedobiologia (Jena) 2017; 63:1-7. [PMID: 29129942 PMCID: PMC5675051 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedobi.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The ecological interactions that occur in and with soil are of consequence in many ecosystems on the planet. These interactions provide numerous essential ecosystem services, and the sustainable management of soils has attracted increasing scientific and public attention. Although soil ecology emerged as an independent field of research many decades ago, and we have gained important insights into the functioning of soils, there still are fundamental aspects that need to be better understood to ensure that the ecosystem services that soils provide are not lost and that soils can be used in a sustainable way. In this perspectives paper, we highlight some of the major knowledge gaps that should be prioritized in soil ecological research. These research priorities were compiled based on an online survey of 32 editors of Pedobiologia - Journal of Soil Ecology. These editors work at universities and research centers in Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia.The questions were categorized into four themes: (1) soil biodiversity and biogeography, (2) interactions and the functioning of ecosystems, (3) global change and soil management, and (4) new directions. The respondents identified priorities that may be achievable in the near future, as well as several that are currently achievable but remain open. While some of the identified barriers to progress were technological in nature, many respondents cited a need for substantial leadership and goodwill among members of the soil ecology research community, including the need for multi-institutional partnerships, and had substantial concerns regarding the loss of taxonomic expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Corresponding author:
| | - Pedro M. Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4 Canada
| | - Alison E. Bennett
- Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Birkhofer
- Chair of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 6, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Andrew Bissett
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Bowker
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 East Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - Tancredi Caruso
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Baodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqinglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquanlu, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - David C. Coleman
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Wietse de Boer
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
- Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Peter de Ruiter
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), Faculty of Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H. DeLuca
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, USA
| | - Francesco Frati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Bryan S. Griffiths
- Crop and Soil Systems Research Group, Scotland’s Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Miranda M. Hart
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Stephan Hättenschwiler
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE) UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jari Haimi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O.Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Michael Heethoff
- Ecological Networks, TU Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, 64287 Darmstadt
| | - Nobuhiro Kaneko
- Soil Ecology Research Group, Yokohama National University ,79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Laura C. Kelly
- Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Petter Leinaas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Zoë Lindo
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Catriona Macdonald
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Matthias C. Rillig
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liliane Ruess
- Institute of Biology, Ecology Group, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- JFB Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Schmidt
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Timothy R. Seastedt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, UCB 450, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nico M. van Straalen
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexei V. Tiunov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Martin Zimmer
- Leibniz-Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
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Koch AM, Antunes PM, Maherali H, Hart MM, Klironomos JN. Evolutionary asymmetry in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: conservatism in fungal morphology does not predict host plant growth. New Phytol 2017; 214:1330-1337. [PMID: 28186629 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are obligate symbionts that can influence plant growth, the magnitude and direction of these effects are highly variable within fungal genera and even among isolates within species, as well as among plant taxa. To determine whether variability in AM fungal morphology and growth is correlated with AM fungal effects on plant growth, we established a common garden experiment with 56 AM fungal isolates comprising 17 genera and six families growing with three plant host species. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal morphology and growth was highly conserved among isolates of the same species and among species within a family. By contrast, plant growth response to fungal inoculation was highly variable, with the majority of variation occurring among different isolates of the same AM fungal species. Our findings show that host performance cannot be predicted from AM fungal morphology and growth traits. Divergent effects on plant growth among isolates within an AM fungal species may be caused by coevolution between co-occurring fungal and plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Koch
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6B 2G4, Canada
| | - Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Miranda M Hart
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - John N Klironomos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Wagner
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences; College of Forestry and Conservation; University of Montana; Missoula MT 59812 USA
| | - Pedro M. Antunes
- Department of Biology; Algoma University; 1520 Queen Street East Sault Ste. Marie ON P6A 2G4 Canada
- Invasive Species Research Institute; Algoma University; 1520 Queen Street East Sault Ste. Marie ON P6A 2G4 Canada
| | - Michael Irvine
- Forest Guides and Silviculture Section; Crown Forests and Lands Policy Branch; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry; 70 Foster Drive, Suite 400 Sault Ste. Marie ON P6A 6V5 Canada
| | - Cara R. Nelson
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences; College of Forestry and Conservation; University of Montana; Missoula MT 59812 USA
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17
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Rúa MA, Antoninka A, Antunes PM, Chaudhary VB, Gehring C, Lamit LJ, Piculell BJ, Bever JD, Zabinski C, Meadow JF, Lajeunesse MJ, Milligan BG, Karst J, Hoeksema JD. Home-field advantage? evidence of local adaptation among plants, soil, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi through meta-analysis. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:122. [PMID: 27287440 PMCID: PMC4902977 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local adaptation, the differential success of genotypes in their native versus foreign environment, arises from various evolutionary processes, but the importance of concurrent abiotic and biotic factors as drivers of local adaptation has only recently been investigated. Local adaptation to biotic interactions may be particularly important for plants, as they associate with microbial symbionts that can significantly affect their fitness and may enable rapid evolution. The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is ideal for investigations of local adaptation because it is globally widespread among most plant taxa and can significantly affect plant growth and fitness. Using meta-analysis on 1170 studies (from 139 papers), we investigated the potential for local adaptation to shape plant growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation. RESULTS The magnitude and direction for mean effect size of mycorrhizal inoculation on host biomass depended on the geographic origin of the soil and symbiotic partners. Sympatric combinations of plants, AM fungi, and soil yielded large increases in host biomass compared to when all three components were allopatric. The origin of either the fungi or the plant relative to the soil was important for explaining the effect of AM inoculation on plant biomass. If plant and soil were sympatric but allopatric to the fungus, the positive effect of AM inoculation was much greater than when all three components were allopatric, suggesting potential local adaptation of the plant to the soil; however, if fungus and soil were sympatric (but allopatric to the plant) the effect of AM inoculation was indistinct from that of any allopatric combinations, indicating maladaptation of the fungus to the soil. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the potential to detect local adaptation for mycorrhizal relationships across a broad swath of the literature. Geographic origin of plants relative to the origin of AM fungal communities and soil is important for describing the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant biomass, suggesting that local adaptation represents a powerful factor for the establishment of novel combinations of fungi, plants, and soils. These results highlight the need for subsequent investigations of local adaptation in the mycorrhizal symbiosis and emphasize the importance of routinely considering the origin of plant, soil, and fungal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Rúa
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, 38677, MS, USA.
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, 1122 Volunteer Blvd, Knoxville, TN, 37996-3410, USA.
| | - Anita Antoninka
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E. Pine Knoll, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - V Bala Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Science and Studies, DePaul University, McGowan South Suite 203, 1110 West Belden Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Catherine Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA
| | - Louis J Lamit
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI, 49931-1295, USA
| | - Bridget J Piculell
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, 38677, MS, USA
| | - James D Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Cathy Zabinski
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, 344 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - James F Meadow
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, 335 Pacific Hall, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Marc J Lajeunesse
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Brook G Milligan
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Justine Karst
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Jason D Hoeksema
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, 38677, MS, USA
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Antunes PM, Goss MJ. Communication in the Tripartite Symbiosis Formed by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Rhizobia and Legume Plants: A Review. Roots and Soil Management: Interactions between Roots and the Soil 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr48.c11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Day NJ, Dunfield KE, Antunes PM. Fungi from a non-native invasive plant increase its growth but have different growth effects on native plants. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-1004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mensah JA, Koch AM, Antunes PM, Kiers ET, Hart M, Bücking H. High functional diversity within species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is associated with differences in phosphate and nitrogen uptake and fungal phosphate metabolism. Mycorrhiza 2015; 25:533-46. [PMID: 25708401 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth responses following colonization with different isolates of a single species of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus can range from highly beneficial to detrimental, but the reasons for this high within-species diversity are currently unknown. To examine whether differences in growth and nutritional benefits are related to the phosphate (P) metabolism of the fungal symbiont, the effect of 31 different isolates from 10 AM fungal morphospecies on the P and nitrogen (N) nutrition of Medicago sativa and the P allocation among different P pools was examined. Based on differences in the mycorrhizal growth response, high, medium, and low performance isolates were distinguished. Plant growth benefit was positively correlated to the mycorrhizal effect on P and N nutrition. High performance isolates increased plant biomass by more than 170 % and contributed substantially to both P and N nutrition, whereas the effect of medium performance isolates particularly on the N nutrition of the host was significantly lower. Roots colonized by high performance isolates were characterized by relatively low tissue concentrations of inorganic P and short-chain polyphosphates and a high ratio between long- to short-chain polyphosphates. The high performance isolates belonged to different morphospecies and genera, indicating that the ability to contribute to P and N nutrition is widespread within the Glomeromycota and that differences in symbiotic performance and P metabolism are not specific for individual fungal morphospecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry A Mensah
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Alexander M Koch
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Hart
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Heike Bücking
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Reininger V, Martinez-Garcia LB, Sanderson L, Antunes PM. Composition of fungal soil communities varies with plant abundance and geographic origin. AoB Plants 2015; 7:plv110. [PMID: 26371291 PMCID: PMC4614812 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of belowground fungal communities with exotic and native plant species may be important drivers of plant community structure in invaded grasslands. However, field surveys linking plant community structure with belowground fungal communities are missing. We investigated whether a selected number of abundant and relatively rare plants, either native or exotic, from an old-field site associate with different fungal communities. We also assessed whether these plants showed different symbiotic relationships with soil biota through their roots. We characterized the plant community and collected roots to investigate fungal communities using 454 pyrosequencing and assessed arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and enemy-induced lesions. Differences in fungal communities were considered based on the assessment of α- and β diversity depending on plant 'abundance' and 'origin'. Plant abundance and origin determined the fungal community. Fungal richness was higher for native abundant as opposed to relatively rare native plant species. However, this was not observed for exotics of contrasting abundance. Regardless of their origin, β diversity was higher for rare than for abundant species. Abundant exotics in the community, which happen to be grasses, were the least mycorrhizal whereas rare natives were most susceptible to enemy attack. Our results suggest that compared with exotics, the relative abundance of remnant native plant species in our old-field site is still linked to the structure of belowground fungal communities. In contrast, exotic species may act as a disturbing agent contributing towards the homogenization of soil fungal communities, potentially changing feedback interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Reininger
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4 Canada Present address: Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Schloss 1, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland Present address: ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Forest Pathology and Dendrology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura B Martinez-Garcia
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4 Canada Present address: Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Sanderson
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4 Canada
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4 Canada
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Day NJ, Antunes PM, Dunfield KE. Changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities during invasion by an exotic invasive plant. Acta Oecologica 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dias T, Dukes A, Antunes PM. Accounting for soil biotic effects on soil health and crop productivity in the design of crop rotations. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:447-54. [PMID: 24408021 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel agronomic improvements capable of boosting crop yields while alleviating environmental impacts. One such approach is the use of optimized crop rotations. However, a set of measurements that can serve as guiding principles for the design of crop rotations is lacking. Crop rotations take advantage of niche complementarity, enabling the optimization of nutrient use and the reduction of pests and specialist pathogen loads. However, despite the recognized importance of plant-soil microbial interactions and feedbacks for crop yield and soil health, this is ignored in the selection and management of crops for rotation systems. We review the literature and propose criteria for the design of crop rotations focusing on the roles of soil biota and feedback on crop productivity and soil health. We consider that identifying specific key organisms or consortia capable of influencing plant productivity is more important as a predictor of soil health and crop productivity than assessing the overall soil microbial diversity per se. As such, we propose that setting up soil feedback studies and applying genetic sequencing tools towards the development of soil biotic community databases has a strong potential to enable the establishment of improved soil health indicators for optimized crop rotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Dias
- Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4, Canada; Sault Ste Marie Innovation Centre, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4, Canada
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Lewandowski TJ, Dunfield KE, Antunes PM. Isolate identity determines plant tolerance to pathogen attack in assembled mycorrhizal communities. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61329. [PMID: 23620744 PMCID: PMC3631226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread soil microorganisms that associate mutualistically with plant hosts. AMF receive photosynthates from the host in return for various benefits. One of such benefits is in the form of enhanced pathogen tolerance. However, this aspect of the symbiosis has been understudied compared to effects on plant growth and its ability to acquire nutrients. While it is known that increased AMF species richness positively correlates with plant productivity, the relationship between AMF diversity and host responses to pathogen attack remains obscure. The objective of this study was to test whether AMF isolates can differentially attenuate the deleterious effects of a root pathogen on plant growth, whether the richest assemblage of AMF isolates provides the most tolerance against the pathogen, and whether AMF-induced changes to root architecture serve as a mechanism for improved plant disease tolerance. In a growth chamber study, we exposed the plant oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) to all combinations of three AMF isolates and to the plant root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. We found that the pathogen caused an 81% reduction in shoot and a 70% reduction in root biomass. AMF significantly reduced the highly deleterious effect of the pathogen. Mycorrhizal plants infected with the pathogen produced 91% more dry shoot biomass and 72% more dry root biomass relative to plants solely infected with R. solani. AMF isolate identity was a better predictor of AMF-mediated host tolerance to the pathogen than AMF richness. However, the enhanced tolerance response did not result from AMF-mediated changes to root architecture. Our data indicate that AMF communities can play a major role in alleviating host pathogen attack but this depends primarily on the capacity of individual AMF isolates to provide this benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J. Lewandowski
- Invasive Species Research Institute and Biology Department, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kari E. Dunfield
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pedro M. Antunes
- Invasive Species Research Institute and Biology Department, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
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Koch AM, Antunes PM, Klironomos JN. Diversity effects on productivity are stronger within than between trophic groups in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36950. [PMID: 22629347 PMCID: PMC3357441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diversity of plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been experimentally shown to alter plant and AMF productivity. However, little is known about how plant and AMF diversity interact to shape their respective productivity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We co-manipulated the diversity of both AMF and plant communities in two greenhouse studies to determine whether the productivity of each trophic group is mainly influenced by plant or AMF diversity, respectively, and whether there is any interaction between plant and fungal diversity. In both experiments we compared the productivity of three different plant species monocultures, or their respective 3-species mixtures. Similarly, in both studies these plant treatments were crossed with an AMF diversity gradient that ranged from zero (non-mycorrhizal controls) to a maximum of three and five taxonomically distinct AMF taxa, respectively. We found that within both trophic groups productivity was significantly influenced by taxon identity, and increased with taxon richness. These main effects of AMF and plant diversity on their respective productivities did not depend on each other, even though we detected significant individual taxon effects across trophic groups. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that similar ecological processes regulate diversity-productivity relationships within trophic groups. However, productivity-diversity relationships are not necessarily correlated across interacting trophic levels, leading to asymmetries and possible biotic feedbacks. Thus, biotic interactions within and across trophic groups should be considered in predictive models of community assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Koch
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Wehner J, Antunes PM, Powell JR, Caruso T, Rillig MC. Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal assemblages protect grassland host plants from pathogens. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27381. [PMID: 22110635 PMCID: PMC3217940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant roots can establish associations with neutral, beneficial and pathogenic groups of soil organisms. Although it has been recognized from the study of individual isolates that these associations are individually important for plant growth, little is known about interactions of whole assemblages of beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms associating with plants.We investigated the influence of an interaction between local arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal and pathogenic/saprobic microbial assemblages on the growth of two different plant species from semi-arid grasslands in NE Germany (Mallnow near Berlin). In a greenhouse experiment each plant species was grown for six months in either sterile soil or in sterile soil with one of three different treatments: 1) an AM fungal spore fraction isolated from field soil from Mallnow; 2) a soil pathogen/saprobe fraction consisting of a microbial community prepared with field soil from Mallnow and; 3) the combined AM fungal and pathogen/saprobe fractions. While both plant species grew significantly larger in the presence of AM fungi, they responded negatively to the pathogen/saprobe treatment. For both plant species, we found evidence of pathogen protection effects provided by the AM fungal assemblages. These results indicate that interactions between assemblages of beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms can influence the growth of host plants, but that the magnitude of these effects is plant species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Wehner
- Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology, Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pedro M. Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tancredi Caruso
- Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology, Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias C. Rillig
- Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology, Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wagner V, Antunes PM, Ristow M, Lechner U, Hensen I. Prevailing negative soil biota effect and no evidence for local adaptation in a widespread Eurasian grass. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17580. [PMID: 21479262 PMCID: PMC3066189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil biota effects are increasingly accepted as an important driver of the abundance and distribution of plants. While biogeographical studies on alien invasive plant species have indicated coevolution with soil biota in their native distribution range, it is unknown whether adaptation to soil biota varies among populations within the native distribution range. The question of local adaptation between plants and their soil biota has important implications for conservation of biodiversity and may justify the use of seed material from local provenances in restoration campaigns. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We studied soil biota effects in ten populations of the steppe grass Stipa capillata from two distinct regions, Europe and Asia. We tested for local adaptation at two different scales, both within (ca. 10-80 km) and between (ca. 3300 km) regions, using a reciprocal inoculation experiment in the greenhouse for nine months. Generally, negative soil biota effects were consistent. However, we did not find evidence for local adaptation: both within and between regions, growth of plants in their 'home soil' was not significantly larger relative to that in soil from other, more distant, populations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study suggests that negative soil biota effects can prevail in different parts of a plant species' range. Absence of local adaptation points to the possibility of similar rhizosphere biota composition across populations and regions, sufficient gene flow to prevent coevolution, selection in favor of plasticity, or functional redundancy among different soil biota. From the point of view of plant--soil biota interactions, our findings indicate that the current practice of using seeds exclusively from local provenances in ecosystem restoration campaigns may not be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Wagner
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Pedro M. Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Ristow
- Institute of Biology/Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ute Lechner
- Institute of Biology/Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Isabell Hensen
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Barto EK, Antunes PM, Stinson K, Koch AM, Klironomos JN, Cipollini D. Differences in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with sugar maple seedlings in and outside of invaded garlic mustard forest patches. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-9945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Antunes PM, Koch AM, Morton JB, Rillig MC, Klironomos JN. Evidence for functional divergence in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from contrasting climatic origins. New Phytol 2011; 189:507-514. [PMID: 20880038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A considerable amount of phenotypic, genetic and symbiotic functional variability has been documented in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, little is known about whether distinct AMF ecotypes have evolved within their geographic range. We tested the hypothesis that AMF growing at temperatures closer to those prevalent within their origin would benefit their host and grow more than isolates distant from their native conditions. For each of six AMF species, we chose pairs of isolates that originated from distant areas with contrasting climates. Each isolate was grown in association with two grass species of different thermal optima at two temperature settings. Thus, we also tested whether AMF from different climatic origins were dependent on the thermal adaptation of the host plant species or to temperature per se. Although fungal growth was not directly affected by temperature, we found that AMF isolates originating from contrasting climates consistently and differentially altered plant growth. Our results suggest that AMF from contrasting climates have altered symbiotic function, thus linking an abiotic factor to ecotypic differentiation of putatively important symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada.
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Carvalho LM, Antunes PM, Martins-Loução MA, Klironomos JN. Disturbance influences the outcome of plant-soil biota interactions in the invasive Acacia longifolia and in native species. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Antunes PM, Deaville D, Goss MJ. Effect of two AMF life strategies on the tripartite symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and soybean. Mycorrhiza 2006; 16:167-173. [PMID: 16362418 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-005-0028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first in assessing the effect of soil disturbance on the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with different life-history strategies to the tripartite symbiosis with soybeans and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Jordan. We hypothesized that Gigaspora margarita Becker and Hall would be more affected by soil disturbance than Glomus clarum Nicol. and Schenck, and consequently, the tripartite symbiosis would develop more rapidly and lead to greater N(2) fixation in the presence of the latter. Soil pasteurization allowed the establishment of treatments with individual AMF species and soil disturbance enabled the development of contrasting root colonization potentials. In contrast, the colonization potential of B. japonicum was kept the same in all treatments. Soil disturbance significantly reduced root colonization by both AMF, with Gi. margarita being considerably more affected than G. clarum. Furthermore, the tripartite symbiosis progressed faster with G. clarum, and at 10 days after plant emergence, there was 30% more nodules when G. clarum was present compared to that when the bacterial symbiont alone was present. At flowering, the absence of soil disturbance stimulated N(2) fixation by 17% in mycorrhizal plants. However, this response was similar for both AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- Department of Integrative Biology, Axelrod Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Deanna Deaville
- Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael J Goss
- Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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