1
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Lennon JT, Abramoff RZ, Allison SD, Burckhardt RM, DeAngelis KM, Dunne JP, Frey SD, Friedlingstein P, Hawkes CV, Hungate BA, Khurana S, Kivlin SN, Levine NM, Manzoni S, Martiny AC, Martiny JBH, Nguyen NK, Rawat M, Talmy D, Todd-Brown K, Vogt M, Wieder WR, Zakem EJ. Priorities, opportunities, and challenges for integrating microorganisms into Earth system models for climate change prediction. mBio 2024; 15:e0045524. [PMID: 38526088 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00455-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change jeopardizes human health, global biodiversity, and sustainability of the biosphere. To make reliable predictions about climate change, scientists use Earth system models (ESMs) that integrate physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring on land, the oceans, and the atmosphere. Although critical for catalyzing coupled biogeochemical processes, microorganisms have traditionally been left out of ESMs. Here, we generate a "top 10" list of priorities, opportunities, and challenges for the explicit integration of microorganisms into ESMs. We discuss the need for coarse-graining microbial information into functionally relevant categories, as well as the capacity for microorganisms to rapidly evolve in response to climate-change drivers. Microbiologists are uniquely positioned to collect novel and valuable information necessary for next-generation ESMs, but this requires data harmonization and transdisciplinary collaboration to effectively guide adaptation strategies and mitigation policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Lennon
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - R Z Abramoff
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Ronin Institute, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - S D Allison
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - K M DeAngelis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J P Dunne
- NOAA/OAR Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - S D Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - P Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - C V Hawkes
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - B A Hungate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Ecosystem Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - S Khurana
- Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - N M Levine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S Manzoni
- Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A C Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - J B H Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - N K Nguyen
- American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M Rawat
- National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Talmy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - K Todd-Brown
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - M Vogt
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - W R Wieder
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - E J Zakem
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
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2
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d’Entremont TW, Kivlin SN. Specificity in plant-mycorrhizal fungal relationships: prevalence, parameterization, and prospects. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1260286. [PMID: 37929168 PMCID: PMC10623146 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1260286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Species interactions exhibit varying degrees of specialization, ranging from generalist to specialist interactions. For many interactions (e.g., plant-microbiome) we lack standardized metrics of specialization, hindering our ability to apply comparative frameworks of specificity across niche axes and organismal groups. Here, we discuss the concept of plant host specificity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, including the predominant theories for their interactions: Passenger, Driver, and Habitat Hypotheses. We focus on five major areas of interest in advancing the field of plant-mycorrhizal fungal host specificity: phylogenetic specificity, host physiology specificity, functional specificity, habitat specificity, and mycorrhizal fungal-mediated plant rarity. Considering the need to elucidate foundational concepts of specificity in this globally important symbiosis, we propose standardized metrics and comparative studies to enhance our understanding. We also emphasize the importance of analyzing global mycorrhizal data holistically to draw meaningful conclusions and suggest a shift toward single-species analyses to unravel the complexities underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W. d’Entremont
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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3
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Aguilar-Trigueros CA, Krah FS, Cornwell WK, Zanne AE, Abrego N, Anderson IC, Andrew CJ, Baldrian P, Bässler C, Bissett A, Chaudhary VB, Chen B, Chen Y, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Deveautour C, Egidi E, Flores-Moreno H, Golan J, Heilmann-Clausen J, Hempel S, Hu Y, Kauserud H, Kivlin SN, Kohout P, Lammel DR, Maestre FT, Pringle A, Purhonen J, Singh BK, Veresoglou SD, Větrovský T, Zhang H, Rillig MC, Powell JR. Symbiotic status alters fungal eco-evolutionary offspring trajectories. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1523-1534. [PMID: 37330626 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite host-fungal symbiotic interactions being ubiquitous in all ecosystems, understanding how symbiosis has shaped the ecology and evolution of fungal spores that are involved in dispersal and colonization of their hosts has been ignored in life-history studies. We assembled a spore morphology database covering over 26,000 species of free-living to symbiotic fungi of plants, insects and humans and found more than eight orders of variation in spore size. Evolutionary transitions in symbiotic status correlated with shifts in spore size, but the strength of this effect varied widely among phyla. Symbiotic status explained more variation than climatic variables in the current distribution of spore sizes of plant-associated fungi at a global scale while the dispersal potential of their spores is more restricted compared to free-living fungi. Our work advances life-history theory by highlighting how the interaction between symbiosis and offspring morphology shapes the reproductive and dispersal strategies among living forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Aguilar-Trigueros
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Franz-Sebastian Krah
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Conservation Biology, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - William K Cornwell
- Evolution & Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Nerea Abrego
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carrie J Andrew
- Biology Department, Oberlin College & Conservatory, Oberlin, Ohio, USA
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Claus Bässler
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Conservation Biology, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrew Bissett
- Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - V Bala Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Baodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongliang Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad Asociada CSIC-UPO (BioFun). Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Coline Deveautour
- AGHYLE Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Eleonora Egidi
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jacob Golan
- Departments of Botany and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacob Heilmann-Clausen
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Hempel
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yajun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region & Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan, China
| | - Håvard Kauserud
- Evogene, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Petr Kohout
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel R Lammel
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fernando T Maestre
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, Alicante, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, Alicante, Spain
| | - Anne Pringle
- Departments of Botany and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jenna Purhonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Brajesh K Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Global Centre for Land Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Tomáš Větrovský
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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Fei S, Kivlin SN, Domke GM, Jo I, LaRue EA, Phillips RP. Coupling of plant and mycorrhizal fungal diversity: its occurrence, relevance, and possible implications under global change. New Phytol 2022; 234:1960-1966. [PMID: 35014033 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
First principles predict that diversity at one trophic level often begets diversity at other levels, suggesting plant and mycorrhizal fungal diversity should be coupled. Local-scale studies have shown positive coupling between the two, but the association is less consistent when extended to larger spatial and temporal scales. These inconsistencies are likely due to divergent relationships of different mycorrhizal fungal guilds to plant diversity, scale dependency, and a lack of coordinated sampling efforts. Given that mycorrhizal fungi play a central role in plant productivity and nutrient cycling, as well as ecosystem responses to global change, an improved understanding of the coupling between plant and mycorrhizal fungal diversity across scales will reduce uncertainties in predicting the ecosystem consequences of species gains and losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Fei
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Grant M Domke
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1992 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Insu Jo
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, 54 Gerald St., Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth A LaRue
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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5
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Wooliver R, Kivlin SN, Jagadamma S. Links Among Crop Diversification, Microbial Diversity, and Soil Organic Carbon: Mini Review and Case Studies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854247. [PMID: 35547111 PMCID: PMC9082997 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between species above- and belowground are among the top factors that govern ecosystem functioning including soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. In agroecosystems, understanding how crop diversification affects soil biodiversity and SOC storage at the local scale remains a key challenge for addressing soil degradation and biodiversity loss that plague these systems. Yet, outcomes of crop diversification for soil microbial diversity and SOC storage, which are key indicators of soil health, are not always positive but rather they are highly idiosyncratic to agroecosystems. Using five case studies, we highlight the importance of selecting ideal crop functional types (as opposed to focusing on plant diversity) when considering diversification options for maximizing SOC accumulation. Some crop functional types and crop diversification approaches are better suited for enhancing SOC at particular sites, though SOC responses to crop diversification can vary annually and with duration of crop cover. We also highlight how SOC responses to crop diversification are more easily interpretable through changes in microbial community composition (as opposed to microbial diversity). We then develop suggestions for future crop diversification experiment standardization including (1) optimizing sampling effort and sequencing depth for soil microbial communities and (2) understanding the mechanisms guiding responses of SOC functional pools with varying stability to crop diversification. We expect that these suggestions will move knowledge forward about biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in agroecosystems, and ultimately be of use to producers for optimizing soil health in their croplands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wooliver
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Sindhu Jagadamma
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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6
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Kivlin SN, Mann MA, Lynn JS, Kazenel MR, Taylor DL, Rudgers JA. Grass species identity shapes communities of root and leaf fungi more than elevation. ISME Commun 2022; 2:25. [PMID: 37938686 PMCID: PMC9723685 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungal symbionts can buffer plants from environmental extremes and may affect host capacities to acclimate, adapt, or redistribute under environmental change; however, the distributions of fungal symbionts along abiotic gradients are poorly described. Fungal mutualists should be the most beneficial in abiotically stressful environments, and the structure of networks of plant-fungal interactions likely shift along gradients, even when fungal community composition does not track environmental stress. We sampled 634 unique combinations of fungal endophytes and mycorrhizal fungi, grass species identities, and sampling locations from 66 sites across six replicate altitudinal gradients in the western Colorado Rocky Mountains. The diversity and composition of leaf endophytic, root endophytic, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal guilds and the overall abundance of fungal functional groups (pathogens, saprotrophs, mutualists) tracked grass host identity more closely than elevation. Network structures of root endophytes become more nested and less specialized at higher elevations, but network structures of other fungal guilds did not vary with elevation. Overall, grass species identity had overriding influence on the diversity and composition of above- and belowground fungal endophytes and AM fungi, despite large environmental variation. Therefore, in our system climate change may rarely directly affect fungal symbionts. Instead, fungal symbiont distributions will most likely track the range dynamics of host grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA.
| | - Michael A Mann
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
| | - Joshua S Lynn
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
| | - Melanie R Kazenel
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
| | - D Lee Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
| | - Jennifer A Rudgers
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
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7
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Gabor CR, Kivlin SN, Hua J, Bickford N, Reiskind MOB, Wright TF. Understanding Organismal Capacity to Respond to Anthropogenic Change: Barriers and Solutions. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:2132-2144. [PMID: 34279616 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Global environmental changes induced by human activities are forcing organisms to respond at an unprecedented pace. At present we have only a limited understanding of why some species possess the capacity to respond to these changes while others do not. We introduce the concept of multidimensional phenospace as an organizing construct to understanding organismal evolutionary responses to environmental change. We then describe five barriers that currently challenge our ability to understand these responses: 1) Understanding the parameters of environmental change and their fitness effects, 2) Mapping and integrating phenotypic and genotypic variation, 3) Understanding whether changes in phenospace are heritable, 4) Predicting consistency of genotype to phenotype patterns across space and time, and 5) Determining which traits should be prioritized to understand organismal response to environmental change. For each we suggest one or more solutions that would help us surmount the barrier and improve our ability to predict, and eventually manipulate, organismal capacity to respond to anthropogenic change. Additionally, we provide examples of target species that could be useful to examine interactions between phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution in changing phenospace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Gabor
- Department of Biology, Population and Conservation Biology Group, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.,The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jessica Hua
- Biological Sciences Department, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Nate Bickford
- Biology Department, Colorado State University Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81003, USA
| | | | - Timothy F Wright
- Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
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8
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Kivlin SN, Hawkes CV, Papeş M, Treseder KK, Averill C. The future of microbial ecological niche theory and modeling. New Phytol 2021; 231:508-511. [PMID: 34132414 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Christine V Hawkes
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Monica Papeş
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Kathleen K Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Colin Averill
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
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9
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Dickey JR, Swenie RA, Turner SC, Winfrey CC, Yaffar D, Padukone A, Beals KK, Sheldon KS, Kivlin SN. The Utility of Macroecological Rules for Microbial Biogeography. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.633155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroecological rules have been developed for plants and animals that describe large-scale distributional patterns and attempt to explain the underlying physiological and ecological processes behind them. Similarly, microorganisms exhibit patterns in relative abundance, distribution, diversity, and traits across space and time, yet it remains unclear the extent to which microorganisms follow macroecological rules initially developed for macroorganisms. Additionally, the usefulness of these rules as a null hypothesis when surveying microorganisms has yet to be fully evaluated. With rapid advancements in sequencing technology, we have seen a recent increase in microbial studies that utilize macroecological frameworks. Here, we review and synthesize these macroecological microbial studies with two main objectives: (1) to determine to what extent macroecological rules explain the distribution of host-associated and free-living microorganisms, and (2) to understand which environmental factors and stochastic processes may explain these patterns among microbial clades (archaea, bacteria, fungi, and protists) and habitats (host-associated and free living; terrestrial and aquatic). Overall, 78% of microbial macroecology studies focused on free living, aquatic organisms. In addition, most studies examined macroecological rules at the community level with only 35% of studies surveying organismal patterns across space. At the community level microorganisms often tracked patterns of macroorganisms for island biogeography (74% confirm) but rarely followed Latitudinal Diversity Gradients (LDGs) of macroorganisms (only 32% confirm). However, when microorganisms and macroorganisms shared the same macroecological patterns, underlying environmental drivers (e.g., temperature) were the same. Because we found a lack of studies for many microbial groups and habitats, we conclude our review by outlining several outstanding questions and creating recommendations for future studies in microbial ecology.
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10
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Bialic-Murphy L, Smith NG, Voothuluru P, McElderry RM, Roche MD, Cassidy ST, Kivlin SN, Kalisz S. Invasion-induced root-fungal disruptions alter plant water and nitrogen economies. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1145-1156. [PMID: 33759325 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread evidence that biological invasion influences both the biotic and abiotic soil environments, the extent to which these two pathways underpin the effects of invasion on plant traits and performance remains unknown. Leveraging a long-term (14-year) field experiment, we show that an allelochemical-producing invader affects plants through biotic mechanisms, altering the soil fungal community composition, with no apparent shifts in soil nutrient availability. Changes in belowground fungal communities resulted in high costs of nutrient uptake for native perennials and a shift in plant traits linked to their water and nutrient use efficiencies. Some plants in the invaded community compensate for the disruption of nutritional symbionts and reduced nutrient provisioning by sanctioning more nitrogen to photosynthesis and expending more water, which demonstrates a trade-off in trait investment. For the first time, we show that the disruption of belowground nutritional symbionts can drive plants towards alternative regions of their trait space in order to maintain water and nutrient economics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalasia Bialic-Murphy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Priya Voothuluru
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Robert M McElderry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Morgan D Roche
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Steven T Cassidy
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Susan Kalisz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
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11
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Defrenne CE, Abs E, Longhi Cordeiro A, Dietterich L, Hough M, Jones JM, Kivlin SN, Chen W, Cusack D, Franco ALC, Khasanova A, Stover D, Romero‐Olivares AL. The Ecology Underground coalition: building a collaborative future of belowground ecology and ecologists. New Phytol 2021; 229:3058-3064. [PMID: 33616944 PMCID: PMC7986216 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille E. Defrenne
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37830USA
| | - Elsa Abs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Irvine321 SteinhausIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Amanda Longhi Cordeiro
- Department of Ecosystem Science and SustainabilityColorado State UniversityCampus Delivery 1476Fort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Lee Dietterich
- Department of Ecosystem Science and SustainabilityColorado State UniversityCampus Delivery 1476Fort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Moira Hough
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ85721USA
| | - Jennifer M. Jones
- The Kellogg Biological StationMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMI48824USA
| | - Stephanie N. Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN37996USA
| | - Weile Chen
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310027China
| | - Daniela Cusack
- Department of Ecosystem Science and SustainabilityColorado State UniversityCampus Delivery 1476Fort CollinsCO80523USA
| | | | - Albina Khasanova
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
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12
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Lyons KG, Mann M, Lenihan M, Roybal O, Carroll K, Reynoso K, Kivlin SN, Taylor DL, Rudgers JA. Culturable root endophyte communities are shaped by both warming and plant host identity in the Rocky Mountains, USA. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Roche MD, Pearse IS, Bialic-Murphy L, Kivlin SN, Sofaer HR, Kalisz S. Negative effects of an allelopathic invader on AM fungal plant species drive community-level responses. Ecology 2020; 102:e03201. [PMID: 32970846 PMCID: PMC7816256 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms causing invasive species impact are rarely empirically tested, limiting our ability to understand and predict subsequent changes in invaded plant communities. Invader disruption of native mutualistic interactions is a mechanism expected to have negative effects on native plant species. Specifically, disruption of native plant‐fungal mutualisms may provide non‐mycorrhizal plant invaders an advantage over mycorrhizal native plants. Invasive Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) produces secondary chemicals toxic to soil microorganisms including mycorrhizal fungi, and is known to induce physiological stress and reduce population growth rates of native forest understory plant species. Here, we report on a 11‐yr manipulative field experiment in replicated forest plots testing if the effects of removal of garlic mustard on the plant community support the mutualism disruption hypothesis within the entire understory herbaceous community. We compare community responses for two functional groups: the mycorrhizal vs. the non‐mycorrhizal plant communities. Our results show that garlic mustard weeding alters the community composition, decreases community evenness, and increases the abundance of understory herbs that associate with mycorrhizal fungi. Conversely, garlic mustard has no significant effects on the non‐mycorrhizal plant community. Consistent with the mutualism disruption hypothesis, our results demonstrate that allelochemical producing invaders modify the plant community by disproportionately impacting mycorrhizal plant species. We also demonstrate the importance of incorporating causal mechanisms of biological invasion to elucidate patterns and predict community‐level responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan D Roche
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA.,U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Ian S Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Lalasia Bialic-Murphy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Helen R Sofaer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Susan Kalisz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
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14
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Abstract
AbstractInvasive species utilize a wide array of trait strategies to establish in novel ecosystems. Among these traits is the capacity to produce allelopathic compounds that can directly inhibit neighboring native plants or indirectly suppress native plants via disruption of beneficial belowground microbial mutualisms, or altered soil resources. Despite the well-known prevalence of allelopathy among plant taxa, the pervasiveness of allelopathy among invasive plants is unknown. Here we demonstrate that the majority of the 524 invasive plant species in our database produce allelochemicals with the potential to negatively affect native plant performance. Moreover, allelopathy is widespread across the plant phylogeny, suggesting that allelopathy could have a large impact on native species across the globe. Allelopathic impacts of invasive species are often thought to be present in only a few plant clades (e.g., Brassicaceae). Yet our analysis shows that allelopathy is present in 72% of the 113 plant families surveyed, suggesting that this ubiquitous mechanism of invasion deserves more attention as invasion rates increase across the globe.
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15
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Rudgers JA, Afkhami ME, Bell-Dereske L, Chung YA, Crawford KM, Kivlin SN, Mann MA, Nuñez MA. Climate Disruption of Plant-Microbe Interactions. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-090819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and microbes have important influences on evolutionary processes, population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem function. We review the literature to document how climate change may disrupt these ecological interactions and develop a conceptual framework to integrate the pathways of plant-microbe responses to climate over different scales in space and time. We then create a blueprint to aid generalization that categorizes climate effects into changes in the context dependency of plant-microbe pairs, temporal mismatches and altered feedbacks over time, or spatial mismatches that accompany species range shifts. We pair a new graphical model of how plant-microbe interactions influence resistance to climate change with a statistical approach to predictthe consequences of increasing variability in climate. Finally, we suggest pathways through which plant-microbe interactions can affect resilience during recovery from climate disruption. Throughout, we take a forward-looking perspective, highlighting knowledge gaps and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA;,
| | - Michelle E. Afkhami
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33157, USA
| | - Lukas Bell-Dereske
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060, USA
| | - Y. Anny Chung
- Departments of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Kerri M. Crawford
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Michael A. Mann
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA;,
| | - Martin A. Nuñez
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, CONICET/Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche 8400, Argentina
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16
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Kokkoris V, Lekberg Y, Antunes PM, Fahey C, Fordyce JA, Kivlin SN, Hart MM. Codependency between plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities: what is the evidence? New Phytol 2020; 228:828-838. [PMID: 32452032 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
That arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi covary with plant communities is clear, and many papers report nonrandom associations between symbiotic partners. However, these studies do not test the causal relationship, or 'codependency', whereby the composition of one guild affects the composition of the other. Here we outline underlying requirements for codependency, compare important drivers for both plant and AM fungal communities, and assess how host preference - a pre-requisite for codependency - changes across spatiotemporal scales and taxonomic resolution for both plants and AM fungi. We find few examples in the literature designed to test for codependency and those that do have been conducted within plots or mesocosms. Also, while plants and AM fungi respond similarly to coarse environmental filters, most variation remains unexplained, with host identity explaining less than 30% of the variation in AM fungal communities. These results combined question the likelihood of predictable co-occurrence, and therefore evolution of codependency, between plant and AM fungal taxa across locations. We argue that codependency is most likely to occur in homogeneous environments where specific plant - AM fungal pairings have functional consequences for the symbiosis. We end by outlining critical aspects to consider moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Kokkoris
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch and University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59833, USA
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Catherine Fahey
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - James A Fordyce
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Stephanie N Kivlin
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Miranda M Hart
- Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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17
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Beals KK, Moore JAM, Kivlin SN, Bayliss SLJ, Lumibao CY, Moorhead LC, Patel M, Summers JL, Ware IM, Bailey JK, Schweitzer JA. Predicting Plant-Soil Feedback in the Field: Meta-Analysis Reveals That Competition and Environmental Stress Differentially Influence PSF. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Kivlin SN, Hawkes CV. Spatial and temporal turnover of soil microbial communities is not linked to function in a primary tropical forest. Ecology 2020; 101:e02985. [PMID: 31958139 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal linkages between turnover of soil microbial communities and their associated functions remain largely unexplored in terrestrial ecosystems. Yet defining these relationships and how they vary across ecosystems and microbial lineages is key to incorporating microbial communities into ecological forecasts and ecosystem models. To define linkages between turnover of soil bacterial and fungal communities and their function we sampled fungal and bacterial composition, abundance, and enzyme activities across a 3-ha area of wet tropical primary forest over 2 yr. We show that fungal and bacterial communities both exhibited temporal turnover, but turnover of both groups was much lower than in temperate ecosystems. Turnover over time was driven by gain and loss of microbial taxa and not changes in abundance of individual species present in multiple samples. Only fungi varied over space with idiosyncratic variation that did not increase linearly with distance among sampling locations. Only phosphorus-acquiring enzyme activities were linked to shifts in septate, decomposer fungal abundance; no enzymes were affected by composition or diversity of fungi or bacteria. Although temporal and spatial variation in composition was appreciable, because turnover of microbial communities did not alter the functional repertoire of decomposing enzymes, functional redundancy among taxa may be high in this ecosystem. Slow temporal turnover of tropical soil microbial communities and large functional redundancy suggests that shifts in abundance of particular functional groups may capture ecosystem function more accurately than composition in these heterogeneous ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Christine V Hawkes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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19
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Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi are critical members of the plant microbiome, forming a symbiosis with the roots of most plants on Earth. Most plant species partner with either arbuscular or ectomycorrhizal fungi, and these symbioses are thought to represent plant adaptations to fast and slow soil nutrient cycling rates. This generates a second hypothesis, that arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal plant species traits complement and reinforce these fungal strategies, resulting in nutrient acquisitive vs. conservative plant trait profiles. Here we analyzed 17,764 species level trait observations from 2,940 woody plant species to show that mycorrhizal plants differ systematically in nitrogen and phosphorus economic traits. Differences were clearest in temperate latitudes, where ectomycorrhizal plant species are more nitrogen use- and phosphorus use-conservative than arbuscular mycorrhizal species. This difference is reflected in both aboveground and belowground plant traits and is robust to controlling for evolutionary history, nitrogen fixation ability, deciduousness, latitude, and species climate niche. Furthermore, mycorrhizal effects are large and frequently similar to or greater in magnitude than the influence of plant nitrogen fixation ability or deciduous vs. evergreen leaf habit. Ectomycorrhizal plants are also more nitrogen conservative than arbuscular plants in boreal and tropical ecosystems, although differences in phosphorus use are less apparent outside temperate latitudes. Our findings bolster current theories of ecosystems rooted in mycorrhizal ecology and support the hypothesis that plant mycorrhizal association is linked to the evolution of plant nutrient economic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Averill
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215;
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael C Dietze
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - William D Pearse
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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20
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Kivlin SN, Kazenel MR, Lynn JS, Lee Taylor D, Rudgers JA. Plant Identity Influences Foliar Fungal Symbionts More Than Elevation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Microb Ecol 2019; 78:688-698. [PMID: 30715579 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite colonizing nearly every plant on Earth, foliar fungal symbionts have received little attention in studies on the biogeography of host-associated microbes. Evidence from regional scale studies suggests that foliar fungal symbiont distributions are influenced both by plant hosts and environmental variation in climate and soil resources. However, previous surveys have focused on either one plant host across an environmental gradient or one gradient and multiple plant hosts, making it difficult to disentangle the influence of host identity from the influence of the environment on foliar endophyte communities. We used a culture-based approach to survey fungal symbiont composition in the leaves of nine C3 grass species along replicated elevation gradients in grasslands of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. In these ecosystems, the taxonomic richness and composition of foliar fungal symbionts were mostly structured by the taxonomic identity of the plant host rather than by variation in climate. Plant traits related to size (height and leaf length) were the best predictors of foliar fungal symbiont composition and diversity, and composition did not vary predictably with plant evolutionary history. The largest plants had the most diverse and distinctive fungal communities. These results suggest that across the ~ 300 m elevation range that we sampled, foliar fungal symbionts may indirectly experience climate change by tracking the shifting distributions of plant hosts rather than tracking climate directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA.
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Melanie R Kazenel
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - Joshua S Lynn
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - D Lee Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
| | - Jennifer A Rudgers
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
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21
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Kazenel MR, Kivlin SN, Taylor DL, Lynn JS, Rudgers JA. Altitudinal gradients fail to predict fungal symbiont responses to warming. Ecology 2019; 100:e02740. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R. Kazenel
- Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
| | - Stephanie N. Kivlin
- Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology The University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - D. Lee Taylor
- Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Joshua S. Lynn
- Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
| | - Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
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22
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Lekberg Y, Bever JD, Bunn RA, Callaway RM, Hart MM, Kivlin SN, Klironomos J, Larkin BG, Maron JL, Reinhart KO, Remke M, van der Putten WH. Relative importance of competition and plant-soil feedback, their synergy, context dependency and implications for coexistence. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1268-1281. [PMID: 29896848 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact simultaneously with each other and with soil biota, yet the relative importance of competition vs. plant-soil feedback (PSF) on plant performance is poorly understood. Using a meta-analysis of 38 published studies and 150 plant species, we show that effects of interspecific competition (either growing plants with a competitor or singly, or comparing inter- vs. intraspecific competition) and PSF (comparing home vs. away soil, live vs. sterile soil, or control vs. fungicide-treated soil) depended on treatments but were predominantly negative, broadly comparable in magnitude, and additive or synergistic. Stronger competitors experienced more negative PSF than weaker competitors when controlling for density (inter- to intraspecific competition), suggesting that PSF could prevent competitive dominance and promote coexistence. When competition was measured against plants growing singly, the strength of competition overwhelmed PSF, indicating that the relative importance of PSF may depend not only on neighbour identity but also density. We evaluate how competition and PSFs might interact across resource gradients; PSF will likely strengthen competitive interactions in high resource environments and enhance facilitative interactions in low-resource environments. Finally, we provide a framework for filling key knowledge gaps and advancing our understanding of how these biotic interactions influence community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch Missoula, MT, 59801, USA.,Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - James D Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Rebecca A Bunn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Ragan M Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812.,Wildlife Biology and the Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Miranda M Hart
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - John Klironomos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | - John L Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812
| | - Kurt O Reinhart
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT, 59301, USA
| | - Michael Remke
- School of Forestry, College of Engineering Forestry and Natural Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University (WUR), 6700 ES, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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23
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Kivlin SN, Lynn JS, Kazenel MR, Beals KK, Rudgers JA. Biogeography of plant‐associated fungal symbionts in mountain ecosystems: A meta‐analysis. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N. Kivlin
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Gothic CO USA
| | - Joshua S. Lynn
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Gothic CO USA
| | - Melanie R. Kazenel
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Gothic CO USA
| | - Kendall K. Beals
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Gothic CO USA
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24
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Bell-Dereske L, Takacs-Vesbach C, Kivlin SN, Emery SM, Rudgers JA. Leaf endophytic fungus interacts with precipitation to alter belowground microbial communities in primary successional dunes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3071445. [PMID: 28334408 PMCID: PMC5827620 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding interactions between above- and belowground components of ecosystems is an important next step in community ecology. These interactions may be fundamental to predicting ecological responses to global change because indirect effects occurring through altered species interactions can outweigh or interact with the direct effects of environmental drivers. In a multiyear field experiment (2010-2015), we tested how experimental addition of a mutualistic leaf endophyte (Epichloë amarillans) associated with American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata) interacted with an altered precipitation regime (±30%) to affect the belowground microbial community. Epichloë addition increased host root biomass at the plot scale, but reduced the length of extraradical arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal hyphae in the soil. Under ambient precipitation alone, the addition of Epichloë increased root biomass per aboveground tiller and reduced the diversity of AM fungi in A. breviligulata roots. Furthermore, with Epichloë added, the diversity of root-associated bacteria declined with higher soil moisture, whereas in its absence, bacterial diversity increased with higher soil moisture. Thus, the aboveground fungal mutualist not only altered the abundance and composition of belowground microbial communities but also affected how belowground communities responded to climate, suggesting that aboveground microbes have potential for cascading influences on community dynamics and ecosystem processes that occur belowground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bell-Dereske
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | - Stephanie N. Kivlin
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Sarah M. Emery
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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25
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Kivlin SN, Muscarella R, Hawkes CV, Treseder KK. The Predictive Power of Ecological Niche Modeling for Global Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Biogeography. Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Kivlin SN, Hawkes CV. Temporal and Spatial Variation of Soil Bacteria Richness, Composition, and Function in a Neotropical Rainforest. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159131. [PMID: 27391450 PMCID: PMC4938164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high diversity of tree species has traditionally been considered an important controller of belowground processes in tropical rainforests. However, soil water availability and resources are also primary regulators of soil bacteria in many ecosystems. Separating the effects of these biotic and abiotic factors in the tropics is challenging because of their high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. To determine the drivers of tropical soil bacteria, we examined tree species effects using experimental tree monocultures and secondary forests at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. A randomized block design captured spatial variation and we sampled at four dates across two years to assess temporal variation. We measured bacteria richness, phylogenetic diversity, community composition, biomass, and functional potential. All bacteria parameters varied significantly across dates. In addition, bacteria richness and phylogenetic diversity were affected by the interaction of vegetation type and date, whereas bacteria community composition was affected by the interaction of vegetation type and block. Shifts in bacteria community richness and composition were unrelated to shifts in enzyme function, suggesting physiological overlap among taxa. Based on the observed temporal and spatial heterogeneity, our understanding of tropical soil bacteria will benefit from additional work to determine the optimal temporal and spatial scales for sampling. Understanding spatial and temporal variation will facilitate prediction of how tropical soil microbes will respond to future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Christine V Hawkes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kivlin SN, Hawkes CV. Tree species, spatial heterogeneity, and seasonality drive soil fungal abundance, richness, and composition in Neotropical rainforests. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4662-4673. [PMID: 27130750 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tropical ecosystems remain poorly understood and this is particularly true for belowground soil fungi. Soil fungi may respond to plant identity when, for example, plants differentially allocate resources belowground. However, spatial and temporal heterogeneity in factors such as plant inputs, moisture, or nutrients can also affect fungal communities and obscure our ability to detect plant effects in single time point studies or within diverse forests. To address this, we sampled replicated monocultures of four tree species and secondary forest controls sampled in the drier and wetter seasons over 2 years. Fungal community composition was primarily related to vegetation type and spatial heterogeneity in the effects of vegetation type, with increasing divergence partly reflecting greater differences in soil pH and soil moisture. Across wetter versus drier dates, fungi were 7% less diverse, but up to four-fold more abundant. The combined effects of tree species and seasonality suggest that predicted losses of tropical tree diversity and intensification of drought have the potential to cascade belowground to affect both diversity and abundance of tropical soil fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Christine V Hawkes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
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Kivlin SN, Treseder KK. Initial phylogenetic relatedness of saprotrophic fungal communities affects subsequent litter decomposition rates. Microb Ecol 2015; 69:748-757. [PMID: 25331109 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem-level consequences of biodiversity loss of macroorganisms are well understood, while the repercussions of species extirpation in microbial systems are not. We manipulated species richness and phylogenetic relatedness of saprotrophic fungi in situ in a boreal forest to address this issue. Litter decomposition rates (as total mass loss) after 2 months were significantly higher in the least phylogenetically related fungal assemblages. Likewise, cellulose loss was also highest in the most distantly related treatments after 1 year. There were marginal effects of species richness on mass loss that only affected decomposition after 2 months. At the end of 1 year of decomposition, most fungal communities had collapsed from their original diversity to two species, mainly in the Penicillium or Hypocrea clades. Two concurrent processes may explain these results: competition between closely related fungal taxa and phylogenetic conservation in cellulose decomposition. Our results suggest that phylogenetic relatedness of fungal communities may be a more appropriate metric than species richness or community composition to predict functional responses of fungal communities to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kivlin
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA,
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Ranelli LB, Hendricks WQ, Lynn JS, Kivlin SN, Rudgers JA. Biotic and abiotic predictors of fungal colonization in grasses of the Colorado Rockies. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana B. Ranelli
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory; Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
- Division of Science and Mathematics; University of Minnesota, Morris; Morris MN 56267 USA
| | - Will Q. Hendricks
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory; Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
| | - Joshua S. Lynn
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory; Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
- Department of Biology; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Stephanie N. Kivlin
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory; Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
- Section of Integrative Biology; University of Texas; Austin TX 78712 USA
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Kivlin SN, Winston GC, Goulden ML, Treseder KK. Environmental filtering affects soil fungal community composition more than dispersal limitation at regional scales. FUNGAL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rudgers JA, Kivlin SN, Whitney KD, Price MV, Waser NM, Harte J. Responses of high-altitude graminoids and soil fungi to 20 years of experimental warming. Ecology 2014; 95:1918-28. [PMID: 25163124 DOI: 10.1890/13-1454.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High-elevation ecosystems are expected to be particularly sensitive to climate warming because cold temperatures constrain biological processes. Deeper understanding of the consequences of climate change will come from studies that consider not only the direct effects of temperature on individual species, but also the indirect effects of altered species interactions. Here we show that 20 years of experimental warming has changed the species composition of graminoid (grass and sedge) assemblages in a subalpine meadow of the Rocky Mountains, USA, by increasing the frequency of sedges and reducing the frequency of grasses. Because sedges typically have weak interactions with mycorrhizal fungi relative to grasses, lowered abundances of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi or other root-inhabiting fungi could underlie warming-induced shifts in plant species composition. However, warming increased root colonization by AM fungi for two grass species, possibly because AM fungi can enhance plant water uptake when soils are dried by experimental warming. Warming had no effect on AM fungal colonization of three other graminoids. Increased AM fungal colonization of the dominant shrub Artemisia tridentata provided further grounds for rejecting the hypothesis that reduced AM fungi caused the shift from grasses to sedges. Non-AM fungi (including dark septate endophytes) also showed general increases with warming. Our results demonstrate that lumping grasses and sedges when characterizing plant community responses can mask significant shifts in the responses of primary producers, and their symbiotic fungi, to climate change.
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Kivlin SN, Waring BG, Averill C, Hawkes CV. Tradeoffs in microbial carbon allocation may mediate soil carbon storage in future climates. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:261. [PMID: 24027564 PMCID: PMC3761164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kivlin
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA
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Abstract
While direct plant responses to global change have been well characterized, indirect plant responses to global change, via altered species interactions, have received less attention. Here, we examined how plants associated with four classes of fungal symbionts (class I leaf endophytes [EF], arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF], ectomycorrhizal fungi [ECM], and dark septate endophytes [DSE]) responded to four global change factors (enriched CO2, drought, N deposition, and warming). We performed a meta-analysis of 434 studies spanning 174 publications to search for generalizable trends in responses of plant-fungal symbioses to future environments. Specifically, we addressed the following questions: (1) Can fungal symbionts ameliorate responses of plants to global change? (2) Do fungal symbiont groups differ in the degree to which they modify plant response to global change? (3) Do particular global change factors affect plant-fungal symbioses more than others? In all global change scenarios, except elevated CO2, fungal symbionts significantly altered plant responses to global change. In most cases, fungal symbionts increased plant biomass in response to global change. However, increased N deposition reduced the benefits of symbiosis. Of the global change factors we considered, drought and N deposition resulted in the strongest fungal mediation of plant responses. Our analysis highlighted gaps in current knowledge for responses of particular fungal groups and revealed the importance of considering not only the nonadditive effects of multiple global change factors, but also the interactive effects of multiple fungal symbioses. Our results show that considering plant-fungal symbioses is critical to predicting ecosystem response to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kivlin
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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Abstract
Grassland productivity is often primarily limited by water availability, and therefore, grasslands may be especially sensitive to climate change. Fungal symbionts can mediate plant drought response by enhancing drought tolerance and avoidance, but these effects have not been quantified across grass species. We performed a factorial meta-analysis of previously published studies to determine how arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and endophytic fungal symbionts affect growth of grasses under drought. We then examined how the effect of fungal symbionts on plant growth was influenced by biotic (plant photosynthetic pathway) and abiotic (level of drought) factors. We also measured the phylogenetic signal of fungal symbionts on grass growth under control and drought conditions. Under drought conditions, grasses colonized by AM fungi grew larger than those without mycorrhizal symbionts. The increased growth of grasses conferred from fungal symbionts was greatest at the lowest soil moisture levels. Furthermore, under both drought and control conditions, C3 grasses colonized by AM fungi grew larger than C3 grasses without symbionts, but the biomass of C4 grasses was not affected by AM fungi. Endophytes did not increase plant biomass overall under any treatment. However, there was a phylogenetically conserved increase in plant biomass in grasses colonized by endophytes. Grasses and their fungal symbionts seem to interact within a context-dependent symbiosis, varying with biotic and abiotic conditions. Because plant-fungal symbioses significantly alter plant drought response, including these responses could improve our ability to predict grassland functioning under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R Worchel
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Abstract
Evolutionary trade-offs among ecological traits are one mechanism that could determine the responses of functional groups of decomposers to global changes such as nitrogen (N) enrichment. We hypothesised that bacteria targeting recalcitrant carbon compounds require relatively high levels of N availability to support the construction costs of requisite extracellular and transport enzymes. Indeed, we found that taxa that used more recalcitrant (i.e. larger and cyclic) carbon compounds were more prevalent in ocean waters with higher nitrate concentrations. Compared to recalcitrant carbon users, labile carbon users targeted more organic N compounds, were found in relatively nitrate-poor waters, and were more common in higher latitude soils, which is consistent with the paradigm that N-limitation is stronger at higher latitudes. Altogether, evolutionary trade-offs may limit recalcitrant carbon users to habitats with higher N availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen K Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Kivlin SN, Hawkes CV. Differentiating between effects of invasion and diversity: impacts of aboveground plant communities on belowground fungal communities. New Phytol 2011; 189:526-535. [PMID: 20958304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Exotic plant species can affect soil microbial communities with the potential for community and ecosystem feedbacks. Yet, separating the effects of exotics from confounded changes in plant community diversity still remains a challenge. We focused on how plant diversity and native or exotic life history affected root fungi because of their significant roles in community and ecosystem processes. Specifically, we examined how fungi colonizing plant roots were affected by plant richness (one, two or four species) replicated across a range of plant community mixtures (natives, exotics, native-exotic mixtures). Fungal biomass inside roots was affected independently by plant richness and mixture, while root fungal community composition was affected only by plant richness. Extraradical networks also increased in size with plant richness. By contrast, plant biomass was a function of plant mixture, with natives consistently smaller than exotics and native-exotic mixtures intermediate. Plant invasions may have an impact on the belowground community primarily through their effects on diversity, at least in the short-term. Disentangling the effects of diversity and invasion on belowground microbial communities can help us to understand both the controllers of belowground resilience and mechanisms of successful colonization and spread of exotic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kivlin
- Section of Integrative Biology, 1 University Station, C0930, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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