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Thielmann I, Hilbig BE, Klein SA, Seidl A, Heck DW. Cheating to benefit others? On the relation between Honesty-Humility and prosocial lies. J Pers 2024; 92:870-882. [PMID: 36938760 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among basic personality traits, Honesty-Humility yields the most consistent, negative link with dishonest behavior. The theoretical conceptualization of Honesty-Humility, however, suggests a potential boundary condition of this relation, namely, when lying is prosocial. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the association between Honesty-Humility and dishonesty weakens once lying benefits someone else, particularly so if this other is needy. METHODS In two online studies (Study 1: N = 775 in Germany; Study 2: N = 737 in the UK, preregistered), we measured self-reported Honesty-Humility and dishonest behavior in incentivized cheating paradigms in which the beneficiary of participants' dishonesty was either the participants themselves, a "non-needy" other (e.g., another participant), or a "needy" other (e.g., a charity). RESULTS We found support for the robustness of the negative association between Honesty-Humility and dishonesty, even if lying was prosocial. CONCLUSION Individuals high in Honesty-Humility largely prioritize honesty, even if there is a strong moral imperative to lie; those low in Honesty-Humility, by contrast, tend to lie habitually and thus even if they themselves do not directly profit monetarily. This suggests that (un)truthfulness may be an absolute rather than a relative aspect of Honesty-Humility, although further systematic tests of this proposition are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Thielmann
- Department of Criminology, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin E Hilbig
- Department of Psychology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Sina A Klein
- Department of Psychology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Alicia Seidl
- Department of Criminology, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Daniel W Heck
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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2
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Raj N, Saini S. Increased privatization of a public resource leads to spread of cooperation in a microbial population. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0235823. [PMID: 38206031 PMCID: PMC10846273 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02358-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of cooperation is prevalent at all levels of life. In one such manifestation of cooperation in microbial communities, some cells produce costly extracellular resources that are freely available to others. These resources are referred to as public goods. Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretes invertase (public good) in the periplasm to hydrolyze sucrose into glucose and fructose, which are then imported by the cells. After hydrolysis of sucrose, a cooperator retains only 1% of the monosaccharides, while 99% of the monosaccharides diffuse into the environment and can be utilized by any cell. The non-producers of invertase (cheaters) exploit the invertase-producing cells (cooperators) by utilizing the monosaccharides and not paying the metabolic cost of producing the invertase. In this work, we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of this cheater-cooperator system. In a co-culture, if cheaters are selected for their higher fitness, the population will collapse. On the other hand, for cooperators to survive in the population, a strategy to increase fitness would likely be required. To understand the adaptation of cooperators in sucrose, we performed a coevolution experiment in sucrose. Our results show that cooperators increase in fitness as the experiment progresses. This phenomenon was not observed in environments which involved a non-public good system. Genome sequencing reveals duplication of several HXT transporters in the evolved cooperators. Based on these results, we hypothesize that increased privatization of the monosaccharides is the most likely explanation of spread of cooperators in the population.IMPORTANCEHow is cooperation, as a trait, maintained in a population? In order to answer this question, we perform a coevolution experiment between two strains of yeast-one which produces a public good to release glucose and fructose in the media, thus generating a public resource, and the other which does not produce public resource and merely benefits from the presence of the cooperator strain. What is the outcome of this coevolution experiment? We demonstrate that after ~200 generations of coevolution, cooperators increase in frequency in the co-culture. Remarkably, in all parallel lines of our experiment, this is obtained via duplication of regions which likely allow greater privatization of glucose and fructose. Thus, increased privatization, which is intuitively thought to be a strategy against cooperation, enables spread of cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namratha Raj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Supreet Saini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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3
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Whisman MA, Sanchez L. "I know what you did": Associations between relationship satisfaction and reported and suspected extramarital sex. Fam Process 2024. [PMID: 38310644 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Although extradyadic sex has been repeatedly shown to be inversely associated with relationship quality, researchers have rarely evaluated partners' beliefs (or suspicions) of such behavior and the degree to which relationship quality varies as a function of suspected extradyadic sex. This study examined, in a United States probability sample of couples (National Couples Survey; N = 236 couples), the (a) prevalence of cross-tabulations of wives' and husbands' reports of their own history of extramarital sex (i.e., sexual intercourse) and their beliefs about their partner's history of extramarital sex having ever occurred in the couple's relationship, and (b) associations between reported and suspected extramarital sex and current relationship satisfaction. The prevalence of different combinations of spouses' reported history of their own extramarital sex and suspicions of their partner's history of extramarital sex are presented. Results indicated that both spouses' reports of their own history of and their suspicion of their partner's history of extramarital sex were significantly and inversely associated with wives' and husbands' relationship satisfaction. These findings underscore the importance of examining not only respondents' report of their own extramarital sexual involvement but also their beliefs about their partner's extramarital sexual involvement in future research on relationship and individual functioning outcomes associated with extramarital sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Whisman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Lizette Sanchez
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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4
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Qiu X, Huang SY, Wang WC, Wang YG. An Iterative Scale Purification Procedure on lz for the Detection of Aberrant Responses. Multivariate Behav Res 2024; 59:62-77. [PMID: 37261427 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2023.2211564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many person-fit statistics have been proposed to detect aberrant response behaviors (e.g., cheating, guessing). Among them, lz is one of the most widely used indices. The computation of lz assumes the item and person parameters are known. In reality, they often have to be estimated from data. The better the estimation, the better lz will perform. When aberrant behaviors occur, the person and item parameter estimations are inaccurate, which in turn degrade the performance of lz. In this study, an iterative procedure was developed to attain more accurate person parameter estimates for improved performance of lz. A series of simulations were conducted to evaluate the iterative procedure under two conditions of item parameters, known and unknown, and three aberrant response styles of difficulty-sharing cheating, random-sharing cheating, and random guessing. The results demonstrated the superiority of the iterative procedure over the non-iterative one in maintaining control of Type-I error rates and improving the power of detecting aberrant responses. The proposed procedure was applied to a high-stake intelligence test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Qiu
- Institute for Learning Sciences and Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University (Brisbane Campus)
| | - Sheng-Yun Huang
- Assessment Research Centre, The Education University of Hong Kong
| | - Wen-Chung Wang
- Assessment Research Centre & Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong
| | - You-Gan Wang
- Institute for Learning Sciences and Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University (Brisbane Campus)
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5
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Larsen TJ, Jahan I, Brock DA, Strassmann JE, Queller DC. Reduced social function in experimentally evolved Dictyostelium discoideum implies selection for social conflict in nature. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231722. [PMID: 38113942 PMCID: PMC10730294 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many microbes interact with one another, but the difficulty of directly observing these interactions in nature makes interpreting their adaptive value complicated. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum forms aggregates wherein some cells are sacrificed for the benefit of others. Within chimaeric aggregates containing multiple unrelated lineages, cheaters can gain an advantage by undercontributing, but the extent to which wild D. discoideum has adapted to cheat is not fully clear. In this study, we experimentally evolved D. discoideum in an environment where there were no selective pressures to cheat or resist cheating in chimaeras. Dictyostelium discoideum lines grown in this environment evolved reduced competitiveness within chimaeric aggregates and reduced ability to migrate during the slug stage. By contrast, we did not observe a reduction in cell number, a trait for which selection was not relaxed. The observed loss of traits that our laboratory conditions had made irrelevant suggests that these traits were adaptations driven and maintained by selective pressures D. discoideum faces in its natural environment. Our results suggest that D. discoideum faces social conflict in nature, and illustrate a general approach that could be applied to searching for social or non-social adaptations in other microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Larsen
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Israt Jahan
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Debra A. Brock
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan E. Strassmann
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David C. Queller
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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6
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Crowther GJ, Sankar U, Knight LS, Myers DL, Patton KT, Jenkins LD, Knight TA. Chatbot responses suggest that hypothetical biology questions are harder than realistic ones. J Microbiol Biol Educ 2023; 24:e00153-23. [PMID: 38107990 PMCID: PMC10720523 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00153-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The biology education literature includes compelling assertions that unfamiliar problems are especially useful for revealing students' true understanding of biology. However, there is only limited evidence that such novel problems have different cognitive requirements than more familiar problems. Here, we sought additional evidence by using chatbots based on large language models as models of biology students. For human physiology and cell biology, we developed sets of realistic and hypothetical problems matched to the same lesson learning objectives (LLOs). Problems were considered hypothetical if (i) known biological entities (molecules and organs) were given atypical or counterfactual properties (redefinition) or (ii) fictitious biological entities were introduced (invention). Several chatbots scored significantly worse on hypothetical problems than on realistic problems, with scores declining by an average of 13%. Among hypothetical questions, redefinition questions appeared especially difficult, with many chatbots scoring as if guessing randomly. These results suggest that, for a given LLO, hypothetical problems may have different cognitive demands than realistic problems and may more accurately reveal students' ability to apply biology core concepts to diverse contexts. The Test Question Templates (TQT) framework, which explicitly connects LLOs with examples of assessment questions, can help educators generate problems that are challenging (due to their novelty), yet fair (due to their alignment with pre-specified LLOs). Finally, ChatGPT's rapid improvement toward expert-level answers suggests that future educators cannot reasonably expect to ignore or outwit chatbots but must do what we can to make assessments fair and equitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Crowther
- Life Sciences Department, Everett Community College, Everett, Washington, USA
| | - Usha Sankar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Leena S. Knight
- Biology Department, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington, USA
| | - Deborah L. Myers
- Life Sciences Department, Everett Community College, Everett, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin T. Patton
- Biology Department, St. Charles Community College, Cottleville, Missouri, USA
| | - Lekelia D. Jenkins
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas A. Knight
- Biology Department, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington, USA
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7
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Leeks A, Bono LM, Ampolini EA, Souza LS, Höfler T, Mattson CL, Dye AE, Díaz-Muñoz SL. Open questions in the social lives of viruses. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1551-1567. [PMID: 37975507 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Social interactions among viruses occur whenever multiple viral genomes infect the same cells, hosts, or populations of hosts. Viral social interactions range from cooperation to conflict, occur throughout the viral world, and affect every stage of the viral lifecycle. The ubiquity of these social interactions means that they can determine the population dynamics, evolutionary trajectory, and clinical progression of viral infections. At the same time, social interactions in viruses raise new questions for evolutionary theory, providing opportunities to test and extend existing frameworks within social evolution. Many opportunities exist at this interface: Insights into the evolution of viral social interactions have immediate implications for our understanding of the fundamental biology and clinical manifestation of viral diseases. However, these opportunities are currently limited because evolutionary biologists only rarely study social evolution in viruses. Here, we bridge this gap by (1) summarizing the ways in which viruses can interact socially, including consequences for social evolution and evolvability; (2) outlining some open questions raised by viruses that could challenge concepts within social evolution theory; and (3) providing some illustrative examples, data sources, and conceptual questions, for studying the natural history of social viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Leeks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lisa M Bono
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ampolini
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lucas S Souza
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas Höfler
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Courtney L Mattson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anna E Dye
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel L Díaz-Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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8
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Ranger J, Schmidt N, Wolgast A. Detecting Cheating in Large-Scale Assessment: The Transfer of Detectors to New Tests. Educ Psychol Meas 2023; 83:1033-1058. [PMID: 37663534 PMCID: PMC10470164 DOI: 10.1177/00131644221132723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent approaches to the detection of cheaters in tests employ detectors from the field of machine learning. Detectors based on supervised learning algorithms achieve high accuracy but require labeled data sets with identified cheaters for training. Labeled data sets are usually not available at an early stage of the assessment period. In this article, we discuss the approach of adapting a detector that was trained previously with a labeled training data set to a new unlabeled data set. The training and the new data set may contain data from different tests. The adaptation of detectors to new data or tasks is denominated as transfer learning in the field of machine learning. We first discuss the conditions under which a detector of cheating can be transferred. We then investigate whether the conditions are met in a real data set. We finally evaluate the benefits of transferring a detector of cheating. We find that a transferred detector has higher accuracy than an unsupervised detector of cheating. A naive transfer that consists of a simple reuse of the detector increases the accuracy considerably. A transfer via a self-labeling (SETRED) algorithm increases the accuracy slightly more than the naive transfer. The findings suggest that the detection of cheating might be improved by using existing detectors of cheating at an early stage of an assessment period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nico Schmidt
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Anett Wolgast
- University of Applied Sciences FHM, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Stern J, Schild C, Zettler I. Revisiting the Relation Between Steroid Hormones and Unethicality in an Exploratory, Longitudinal Study With Female Participants. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2023:1461672231199961. [PMID: 37746909 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231199961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Research on the relation between hormones and unethical behaviors and tendencies has provided mixed results, hindering the understanding of the potential biological regulation of unethical behaviors and tendencies. We conducted an exploratory, longitudinal study (N = 257 women) allowing to estimate relations between, on the one hand, steroid hormones (testosterone, cortisol, estradiol, and progesterone) and conception probability and, on the other hand, a broad variety of measures related to unethicality (self-reported personality variables, cheating in committed relationships, self-serving economic dishonesty in a behavioral task, namely, the mind game). Contrary to theoretical assumptions of and results from some previous studies, we find no consistent relation between hormones and unethical behavior or tendencies in the majority of analyses. Yet, some small, exploratory associations emerged that call for (preregistered) replications, before more firm conclusions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stern
- University of Bremen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schild
- University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Münster, Germany
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10
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Chan JCK, Ahn D. Unproctored online exams provide meaningful assessment of student learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302020120. [PMID: 37487092 PMCID: PMC10400982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, the onset of COVID-19 triggered a nationwide lockdown, which forced many universities to move their primary assessments from invigilated in-person exams to unproctored online exams. This abrupt change occurred midway through the Spring 2020 semester, providing an unprecedented opportunity to investigate whether online exams can provide meaningful assessments of learning relative to in-person exams on a per-student basis. Here, we present data from nearly 2,000 students across 18 courses at a large Midwestern University. Using a meta-analytic approach in which we treated each course as a separate study, we showed that online exams produced scores that highly resembled those from in-person exams at an individual level despite the online exams being unproctored-as demonstrated by a robust correlation between online and in-person exam scores. Moreover, our data showed that cheating was either not widespread or ineffective at boosting scores, and the strong assessment value of online exams was observed regardless of the type of questions asked on the exam, the course level, academic discipline, or class size. We conclude that online exams, even when unproctored, are a viable assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dahwi Ahn
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA50014
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11
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Capp J, Thomas F, Marusyk A, M. Dujon A, Tissot S, Gatenby R, Roche B, Ujvari B, DeGregori J, Brown JS, Nedelcu AM. The paradox of cooperation among selfish cancer cells. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1239-1256. [PMID: 37492150 PMCID: PMC10363833 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It is traditionally assumed that during cancer development, tumor cells abort their initially cooperative behavior (i.e., cheat) in favor of evolutionary strategies designed solely to enhance their own fitness (i.e., a "selfish" life style) at the expense of that of the multicellular organism. However, the growth and progress of solid tumors can also involve cooperation among these presumed selfish cells (which, by definition, should be noncooperative) and with stromal cells. The ultimate and proximate reasons behind this paradox are not fully understood. Here, in the light of current theories on the evolution of cooperation, we discuss the possible evolutionary mechanisms that could explain the apparent cooperative behaviors among selfish malignant cells. In addition to the most classical explanations for cooperation in cancer and in general (by-product mutualism, kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, group selection), we propose the idea that "greenbeard" effects are relevant to explaining some cooperative behaviors in cancer. Also, we discuss the possibility that malignant cooperative cells express or co-opt cooperative traits normally expressed by healthy cells. We provide examples where considerations of these processes could help understand tumorigenesis and metastasis and argue that this framework provides novel insights into cancer biology and potential strategies for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Pascal Capp
- Toulouse Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of Toulouse, INSA, CNRS, INRAEToulouseFrance
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC, MIVEGECUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Andriy Marusyk
- Department of Cancer PhysiologyH Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Antoine M. Dujon
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sophie Tissot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Robert Gatenby
- Department of Cancer PhysiologyH Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Benjamin Roche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Joel S. Brown
- Department of Cancer PhysiologyH Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Aurora M. Nedelcu
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New BrunswickFrederictonNew BrunswickCanada
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12
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Zhao L, Li Y, Sun W, Zheng Y, Harris PL. Hearing about a story character's negative emotional reaction to having been dishonest causes young children to cheat less. Dev Sci 2023; 26:e13313. [PMID: 35962719 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is extensive research on the development of cheating in early childhood but research on how to reduce it is rare. The present preregistered study examined whether telling young children about a story character's emotional reactions towards cheating could significantly reduce their tendency to cheat (N = 400; 199 boys; Age: 3-6 years). Results showed that telling older kindergarten children about the story character's negative emotional reaction towards rule violation significantly reduced cheating, but telling them about the positive emotional reaction towards rule adherence did not. These results show that children as young as age 5 are able to use information about another child's emotional reaction to guide their own moral behavior. In particular, highlighting another child's negative emotional reaction towards a moral transgression may be an effective way to reduce cheating in early childhood. This finding, along with earlier cheating reduction findings, suggests that although cheating is common in early childhood, simple methods can reduce its occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenjin Sun
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Paul L Harris
- Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Poole DC, Copp SW, Musch TI. A straightforward graphical/statistical approach to help substantiate cheating on multiple-choice examinations. Adv Physiol Educ 2023; 47:37-41. [PMID: 36326476 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00195.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Academic dishonesty is prevalent in universities in the form of cheating on examinations, with the problem being much greater in classes that have a large number of students that require close seating arrangements for in-class exams. The scenario described below was experienced during an in-class exam that included the possibility of an Honor Code violation between two students that was observed independently by three different faculty proctors. Herein we detail an objective, statistical approach taken to maintain exam and academic integrity that is compelling and transparent to students and the University Honor Council. Using the established error-similarity analysis for multiple-choice exams, it was determined that the number of identical incorrect answers found on the exams of the two individuals in question was sufficiently greater than the number expected by chance (probability of P < 0.00001). The number of total identical incorrect answers found on the remaining exams (across 65 students, n = 89 comparisons) was plotted as function of the number of total incorrect answers found on these exams (incorrect answers ranged from 1 to 22) and clearly supported that there was an Honor Code violation between the two students in question. The techniques used herein established, beyond a reasonable doubt, that a form of cheating had occurred between these students. However, caution must be taken as further investigation is requisite to establish whether the Honor Code violation was unidirectional (one student copying off the other) or bidirectional (collusion between the two students) in nature.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Academic dishonesty is prevalent in universities, especially on examinations with a large number of students in close seating arrangements. Cheating on a multiple-choice exam was suspected by observations from proctors of the examination. Application of error-similarity analysis associated with identical incorrect answers demonstrated that the probability of cheating was confirmed (P < 0.00001) between two examinees. Further comparisons with the remaining exams provided graphic evidence that a violation of the University's Honor Code had occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Poole
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Steven W Copp
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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14
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Genschow O, Cracco E, Schneider J, Protzko J, Wisniewski D, Brass M, Schooler JW. Manipulating Belief in Free Will and Its Downstream Consequences: A Meta-Analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2023; 27:52-82. [PMID: 35676864 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221087527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ever since some scientists and popular media put forward the idea that free will is an illusion, the question has risen what would happen if people stopped believing in free will. Psychological research has investigated this question by testing the consequences of experimentally weakening people's free will beliefs. The results of these investigations have been mixed, with successful experiments and unsuccessful replications. This raises two fundamental questions: Can free will beliefs be manipulated, and do such manipulations have downstream consequences? In a meta-analysis including 145 experiments (95 unpublished), we show that exposing individuals to anti-free will manipulations decreases belief in free will and increases belief in determinism. However, we could not find evidence for downstream consequences. Our findings have important theoretical implications for research on free will beliefs and contribute to the discussion of whether reducing people's belief in free will has societal consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Protzko
- Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, USA
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15
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Spezie G, Fusani L. Sneaky copulations by subordinate males suggest direct fitness benefits from male-male associations in spotted bowerbirds ( Ptilonorhynchus maculatus). Ethology 2023; 129:55-61. [PMID: 37063455 PMCID: PMC10092701 DOI: 10.1111/eth.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Male spotted bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus maculatus) build and defend a structure of sticks and straw-the bower-decorated with colourful objects to attract mates during the breeding season. Specific non-territorial, subordinate males are tolerated by resident males at bowers over multiple breeding seasons. Prior research showed that these male-male associations exhibit attributes of coalitionary behaviour and that subordinate males gain delayed benefits from associating with bower owners, namely future bower inheritance. Yet, it remained unclear whether subordinate males may additionally gain direct fitness benefits from attending established bowers. Here, we report on four separate instances of sneaky copulations (or attempts of copulating) by subordinate males at resident males' bowers. Multiple non-resident males disrupted the ongoing copulations between the bower owner and a receptive female, and these events were followed by violent aggressive interactions. These observations shed new light on same-sex social dynamics in spotted bowerbirds and support the hypothesis that subordinate males are sexually mature individuals that occasionally obtain access to females while attending established bowers. We discuss these findings in light of the literature on male courtship coalitions and agonistic behaviour in bowerbirds, and highlight further aspects of subordinate behaviour that require empirical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Spezie
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of EthologyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Leonida Fusani
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of EthologyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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16
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Kanngiesser P, Serko D, Woike JK. Promises on the go: A field study on keeping one's word. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1097239. [PMID: 36949911 PMCID: PMC10025327 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Promises are voluntary commitments to perform a future action and are often thought to be powerful levers for behavioral change. Here we studied the effectiveness of promises in two preregistered, incentivized field experiments with German students (N = 406) on the premises of a cafeteria. In Experiment 1, the majority of participants (63%) kept their promise to pay back at least half of a € 4-endowment, even though there was no foreseeable cost of breaking the promise, reputational or otherwise. Significantly fewer participants (22%) paid back money in a control group that faced a simple decision to return money or not. In Experiment 2, the majority of participants (54%) kept their promise to add a provided stamp to a postcard and mail it back (anonymously) within a week. We found similar return rates (52%) for a second group for which the word "promise" was omitted from the commitment. Our findings show that participants kept their word outside the laboratory while pursuing everyday activities even when there were no foreseeable negative consequences for breaking them, demonstrating that promises are effective levers for behavioral change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kanngiesser
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Patricia Kanngiesser
| | - Daniil Serko
- Max Planck Research Group iSearch, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan K. Woike
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- Center for Adaptive Rationality (ARC), Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Sonbuchner TM, Lee J, Mundorff EC, Santangelo JR, Wei S, Novick PA. Reconnecting Students and Faculty to Maximize Academic Integrity and Minimize Student Stress in the Virtual Classroom. J Microbiol Biol Educ 2022; 23:e00080-22. [PMID: 36532216 PMCID: PMC9753611 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00080-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The article documents faculty experiences with the shift online due to the pandemic and provides recommendations to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) instructors. Over 100 faculty members were surveyed on these topics and contrasted with previously reported student experiences. The online shift changed how faculty administered exams, ran courses, and acted to ensure academic integrity. For example, when exams went online, 73% of faculty reported spending more time preventing cheating. Concerning academic integrity and stress, faculty and students agreed with the exception of a few notable disconnects. Students reported greater workloads in online classes, while faculty maintained that the shift online did not change student workloads. Students perceived more online cheating than faculty. Overall, there seems to be a significant disconnect regarding faculty not realizing how much their actions may encourage or discourage cheating. Few faculty (<15%) indicated that being a tough grader or having test times too short is a motivating factor, but over 55% of students reported that these motivate students to cheat. Conversely, over 60% of students reported respect for their professors discourages them from cheating, while only 37% of faculty indicated the same. Over 70% of faculty and students indicated that fear of getting caught is a deterrent to cheating. Recommendations to reconnect include (i) faculty should use the finding that the number one deterrent of cheating is fear of getting caught; and (ii) faculty should maintain students' respect by being clear or overestimating workload requirements, carefully adjusting time for online exams, and setting clear expectations with uncomplicated exam questions consistent with the material taught.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacqueline Lee
- Department of Biology, Nassau Community College, Garden City, New York, USA
| | - Emily C. Mundorff
- Department of Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | | | - Sujun Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Queensborough Community College, City University of New York, Bayside, New York, USA
| | - Peter A. Novick
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, City University of New York, Bayside, New York, USA
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18
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Prodan N, Moldovan M, Cacuci SA, Visu-Petra L. Interpretive Diversity Understanding, Parental Practices, and Contextual Factors Involved in Primary School-age Children's Cheating and Lying Behavior. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:1621-1643. [PMID: 36421320 PMCID: PMC9689038 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dishonesty is an interpersonal process that relies on sophisticated socio-cognitive mechanisms embedded in a complex network of individual and contextual factors. The present study examined parental rearing practices, bilingualism, socioeconomic status, and children's interpretive diversity understanding (i.e., the ability to understand the constructive nature of the human mind) in relation to their cheating and lie-telling behavior. 196 school-age children (9-11 years old) participated in a novel trivia game-like temptation resistance paradigm to elicit dishonesty and to verify their interpretive diversity understanding. Results revealed that children's decision to cheat and lie was positively associated with their understanding of the constructive nature of the human mind and with parental rejection. Children with rejective parents were more likely to lie compared to their counterparts. This may suggest that understanding social interactions and the relationship with caregivers can impact children's cheating behavior and the extent to which they are willing to deceive about it. Understanding the constructive nature of the mind was also a positive predictor of children's ability to maintain their lies. Finally, being bilingual and having a higher socioeconomic status positively predicted children's deception, these intriguing results warranting further research into the complex network of deception influences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Visu-Petra
- Research in Individual Differences and Legal Psychology (RIDDLE) Lab, Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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19
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Mei D, Ke Z, Li Z, Zhang W, Gao D, Yin L. Self-deception: Distorted metacognitive process in ambiguous contexts. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 44:948-969. [PMID: 36308407 PMCID: PMC9875939 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the commonly used folk psychological concepts, self-deception has been intensively discussed yet is short of solid ground from cognitive neuroscience. Self-deception is a biased cognitive process of information to obtain or maintain a false belief that could be both self-enhancing or self-diminishing. Study 1 (N = 152) captured self-deception by adopting a modified numerical discrimination task that provided cheating opportunities, quantifying errors in predicting future performance (via item-response theory model), and measuring the belief of how good they are at solving the task (i.e., self-efficacy belief). By examining whether self-efficacy belief is based upon actual ability (true belief) or prediction errors (false belief), Study 1 showed that self-deception occurred in the effortless (easier access to answer cues) rather than effortful (harder access to answer cues) cheating opportunity conditions, suggesting high ambiguity in attributions facilitates self-deception. Studies 2 and 3 probed the neural source of self-deception, linking self-deception with the metacognitive process. Both studies replicated behavioral results from Study 1. Study 2 (ERP study; N = 55) found that the amplitude of frontal slow wave significantly differed between participants with positive/self-enhancing and negative/self-diminishing self-deceiving tendencies in incorrect predictions while remaining similar in correct predictions. Study 3 (functional magnetic resonance imaging study; N = 33) identified self-deceiving associated activity in the anterior medial prefrontal cortex and showed that effortless cheating context increased cheating behaviors that further facilitated self-deception. Our findings suggest self-deception is a false belief associated with a distorted metacognitive mental process that requires ambiguity in attributions of behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Mei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina,School of PsychologyGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Zijun Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhihao Li
- School of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Wenjian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Dingguo Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lijun Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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20
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Gorney K, Wollack JA. Two New Models for Item Preknowledge. Appl Psychol Meas 2022; 46:447-461. [PMID: 35991826 PMCID: PMC9382093 DOI: 10.1177/01466216221108130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate preknowledge detection methods, researchers often conduct simulation studies in which they use models to generate the data. In this article, we propose two new models to represent item preknowledge. Contrary to existing models, we allow the impact of preknowledge to vary across persons and items in order to better represent situations that are encountered in practice. We use three real data sets to evaluate the fit of the new models with respect to two types of preknowledge: items only, and items and the correct answer key. Results show that the two new models provide the best fit compared to several other existing preknowledge models. Furthermore, model parameter estimates were found to vary substantially depending on the type of preknowledge being considered, indicating that answer key disclosure has a profound impact on testing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Gorney
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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21
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Colman AM, Pulford BD, Frosch CA, Mangiarulo M, Miles JNV. Does competitive winning increase subsequent cheating? R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:202197. [PMID: 35950201 PMCID: PMC9346351 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this preregistered study, we attempted to replicate and substantially extend a frequently cited experiment by Schurr and Ritov, published in 2016, suggesting that winners of pairwise competitions are more likely than others to steal money in subsequent games of chance against different opponents, possibly because of an enhanced sense of entitlement among competition winners. A replication seemed desirable because of the relevance of the effect to dishonesty in everyday life, the apparent counterintuitivity of the effect, possible problems and anomalies in the original study, and above all the fact that the researchers investigated only one potential explanation for the effect. Our results failed to replicate Schurr and Ritov's basic finding: we found no evidence to support the hypotheses that either winning or losing is associated with subsequent cheating. A second online study also failed to replicate Schurr and Ritov's basic finding. We used structural equation modelling to test four possible explanations for cheating-sense of entitlement, self-confidence, feeling lucky and inequality aversion. Only inequality aversion turned out to be significantly associated with cheating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Colman
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Briony D. Pulford
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Caren A. Frosch
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Marta Mangiarulo
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Jeremy N. V. Miles
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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22
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Abstract
Dishonesty is ubiquitous and imposes substantial financial and social burdens on society. Intuitively, dishonesty results from a failure of willpower to control selfish behavior. However, recent research suggests that the role of cognitive control in dishonesty is more complex. We review evidence that cognitive control is not needed to be honest or dishonest per se, but that it depends on individual differences in what we call one's 'moral default': for those who are prone to dishonesty, cognitive control indeed aids in being honest, but for those who are already generally honest, cognitive control may help them cheat to occasionally profit from small acts of dishonesty. Thus, the role of cognitive control in (dis)honesty is to override the moral default.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P H Speer
- Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Social Brain Lab, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ale Smidts
- Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A S Boksem
- Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Gaudreau P, Schellenberg BJI. Attitudes of Sport Fans Toward the Electronic Sign-Stealing Scandal in Major League Baseball: Differing Associations With Perfectionism and Excellencism. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2022; 44:220-229. [PMID: 35487577 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2021-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The winners of the 2017 World Series were found guilty of illegally using electronic devices to steal the signs of their opponents. Many but not all sport fans negatively reacted to this cheating incident. We relied on the model of excellencism and perfectionism to determine if perfection strivers are less unfavorable toward electronic sign stealing (cheating) compared with excellence strivers. Sport fans (N = 321) completed a measure of excellencism and perfectionism. We used three different approaches to measure attitudes toward electronic sign stealing in baseball. Results of a multivariate multiple regression showed that sport fans who are perfection strivers held more favorable attitudes toward electronic sign stealing compared with excellence strivers. Perfection strivers also reported higher moral disengagement and winning-at-all-cost mentality. These findings are insightful because they indicate that perfectionistic standards significantly relate to sport cheating-related attitudes once we separate excellencism from perfectionism.
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24
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Cameron-Pack ME, König SG, Reyes-Guevara A, Reyes-Prieto A, Nedelcu AM. A personal cost of cheating can stabilize reproductive altruism during the early evolution of clonal multicellularity. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220059. [PMID: 35728616 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cooperation evolved and is maintained remains an important and often controversial topic because cheaters that reap the benefits of cooperation without paying the costs can threaten the evolutionary stability of cooperative traits. Cooperation-and especially reproductive altruism-is particularly relevant to the evolution of multicellularity, as somatic cells give up their reproductive potential in order to contribute to the fitness of the newly emerged multicellular individual. Here, we investigated cheating in a simple multicellular species-the green alga Volvox carteri, in the context of the mechanisms that can stabilize reproductive altruism during the early evolution of clonal multicellularity. We found that the benefits cheater mutants can gain in terms of their own reproduction are pre-empted by a cost in survival due to increased sensitivity to stress. This personal cost of cheating reflects the antagonistic pleiotropic effects that the gene coding for reproductive altruism-regA-has at the cell level. Specifically, the expression of regA in somatic cells results in the suppression of their reproduction potential but also confers them with increased resistance to stress. Since regA evolved from a life-history trade-off gene, we suggest that co-opting trade-off genes into cooperative traits can provide a built-in safety system against cheaters in other clonal multicellular lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybelle E Cameron-Pack
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Stephan G König
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Anajose Reyes-Guevara
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Adrian Reyes-Prieto
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Aurora M Nedelcu
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
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25
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Hillebrandt A, Barclay LJ. How COVID-19 can promote workplace cheating behavior via employee anxiety and self-interest - And how prosocial messages may overcome this effect. J Organ Behav 2022; 43:858-877. [PMID: 35574191 PMCID: PMC9088701 DOI: 10.1002/job.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While scholars have debated whether environmental factors (e.g., air pollution) can prompt unethical behavior (e.g., crime), we argue that the COVID-19 pandemic provides a unique opportunity to inform this theoretical debate by elaborating on why these effects may occur, identifying how they can be overcome, and addressing methodological issues. Drawing on appraisal theories of emotion, we argue that appraising COVID-19 (i.e., an environmental factor) as a threat can elicit anxiety. This can focus employees on their own self-interest and prompt cheating behavior (i.e., unethical workplace behavior). However, we propose that these detrimental effects can be attenuated by prosocial messages (i.e., highlighting the meaningful and positive impact that employees' work can have on others). Our predictions were supported using a two-wave survey (N = 396) and an experiment (N = 163) with samples of full-time employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. Theoretically, our studies inform this ongoing debate by highlighting the importance of state anxiety and self-interest as key mechanisms and that drawing peoples' attention towards others can serve as a boundary condition. Practically, we provide insight into the ethical costs of COVID-19 in the workplace and identify a simple yet effective strategy that organizations can use to curtail workplace cheating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie J. Barclay
- Lang School of Business & EconomicsUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
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26
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Miles PJ, Campbell M, Ruxton GD. Why Students Cheat and How Understanding This Can Help Reduce the Frequency of Academic Misconduct in Higher Education: A Literature Review. J Undergrad Neurosci Educ 2022; 20:A150-A160. [PMID: 38323052 PMCID: PMC10653228 DOI: 10.59390/lxmj2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Academic integrity is fundamental to effective education and learning yet cheating continues to occur in diverse forms within the higher education sector. It is essential that students are educated about, and understand the importance of, good academic practice. Strict standards of academic integrity help to ensure that knowledge is acquired in an honest and ethical manner, creating fairness and equity for students, ultimately enriching the student experience at university and the wider society's trust in the value of university education. This literature review synthesizes the many varied reasons why students cheat, as presented in a large body of existing literature. We then turn our attention to what we can do as educators to help reduce the rates of academic misconduct. Factors influencing the propensity of students to cheat are diverse but relatively well understood. Whilst policing and applying appropriate punishments should be part of institutional responses to academic misconduct, it is clear that this is only part of the solution. We emphasize the need for a much broader range of proactive activities to be brought to bear. Many of these are educational in nature and should have benefits for students, staff and institutions beyond discouraging academic misconduct. Resource implication should not be a barrier to their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Miles
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin Campbell
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, Scotland, UK
| | - Graeme D Ruxton
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, Scotland, UK
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27
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Siniver E, Tobol Y, Yaniv G. Collective Punishment and Cheating in the Die-Under-the-Cup Task. Exp Psychol 2022; 69:40-45. [PMID: 35441525 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A popular tool in the experimental research on dishonest behavior is the die-under-the-cup (DUTC) task in which subjects roll a die in private and report the outcome to the experimenter after being promised a payoff which increases with the die's outcome. The present paper reports the results of incorporating collective punishment into the DUTC task. We ran two experiments, each involving two rounds of the task performed in a computer lab. Despite being asked not to cheat, the average reported outcome in the first round exceeded the statistical expectancy of 3.5. The second round of the first experiment involved the threat that if this happened again, each subject would be fined by the difference between the average reported outcome and 3.5. Nevertheless, the average reported outcome in the second round significantly exceeded that of the first round. Running a second experiment, this time without the punishment threat, we ruled out the possibility that the increased cheating in the second round of the first experiment was due to a feedback effect, concluding that the threat of collective punishment acted to encourage cheating rather than helped deterring it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Siniver
- School of Economics, COMAS, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Yossef Tobol
- Department of Economics and Management, Tel-Hai College, Tel-Hai, Israel
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28
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Gentile A, Milovanovic I, Pišot S, Bianco A, Lavanco G. Moral Disengagement in Youth Athletes: A Narrative Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7020033. [PMID: 35466268 PMCID: PMC9036237 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sports environment can be considered as a context characterized by interactions typical of social groups, where children have the chance to learn good values. Positive and negative behaviours in sports, also called prosocial and antisocial behaviours, have been studied according to a moral perspective, as has doping behaviour, taking into consideration the concept of moral disengagement. Moral disengagement in children has been associated with maladaptive behaviours later in life, even though it should disappear with growth. Concerning the sports environment, previous reviews on the topic have extensively illustrated the role of moral variables in sport and their relation to antisocial behaviour and doping, positing some research questions that should be investigated in the future. Starting from these questions, the current narrative review aims to update literature about the effects of moral disengagement on youth athletes. Therefore, new studies about the predictors of moral disengagement are introduced, followed by contributions concerning the relationship between moral disengagement and doping and between moral disengagement and antisocial behaviour. Finally, the review summarizes which research questions have been solved in the last decade and which should be researched further on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Gentile
- Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09123896910
| | - Ivana Milovanovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Saša Pišot
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, 6000 Koper, Slovenia;
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (G.L.)
| | - Gioacchino Lavanco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (G.L.)
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29
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Novick PA, Lee J, Wei S, Mundorff EC, Santangelo JR, Sonbuchner TM. Maximizing Academic Integrity While Minimizing Stress in the Virtual Classroom. J Microbiol Biol Educ 2022; 23:00292-21. [PMID: 35496711 PMCID: PMC9053040 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00292-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The article documents students' experiences with the shift online at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and provides informed recommendations to STEM instructors regarding academic integrity and student stress. Over 500 students were surveyed on these topics, including an open-ended question. Students experienced more stress and perceived a greater workload in online courses and therefore preferred in-person courses overall. Personal awareness of cheating during online exams is positively correlated with the proportion of cheating a student perceives. Fear of getting caught is the best cheating deterrent while getting a better grade makes cheating most enticing. Randomization of questions and answer choices is perceived as a highly effective tool to reduce cheating and is reported as the least stress-inducing method. Inability to backtrack and time limits cause students the most stress. Students report that multiple choice questions are the least effective question type to discourage cheating and oral exam questions cause the most stress. Use of camera and lockdown browser or being video- and audio- recorded caused the majority of student stress. Yet, nearly 60% agree that the combination of camera and lockdown browser is an effective deterrent. Recommendations: (i) Be transparent regarding academic dishonesty detection methods and penalties. (ii) Use online invigilating tools. (iii) Synchronize exams and (iv) randomize exam questions. (v) Allow backtracking. (vi) Avoid converting in-person exams to online exams; instead, explore new ways of designing exams for the online environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Novick
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, City University of New York, Bayside, New York, USA
| | - Jacqueline Lee
- Department of Biology, Nassau Community College, Garden City, New York, USA
| | - Sujun Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Queensborough Community College, City University of New York, Bayside, New York, USA
| | - Emily C. Mundorff
- Department of Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
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30
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Komosny D, Rehman SU. A Method for Cheating Indication in Unproctored On-Line Exams. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:654. [PMID: 35062615 PMCID: PMC8778460 DOI: 10.3390/s22020654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has disrupted every field of life and education is not immune to it. Student learning and examinations moved on-line on a few weeks notice, which has created a large workload for academics to grade the assessments and manually detect students' dishonesty. In this paper, we propose a method to automatically indicate cheating in unproctored on-line exams, when somebody else other than the legitimate student takes the exam. The method is based on the analysis of the student's on-line traces, which are logged by distance education systems. We work with customized IP geolocation and other data to derive the student's cheating risk score. We apply the method to approx. 3600 students in 22 courses, where the partial or final on-line exams were unproctored. The found cheating risk scores are presented along with examples of indicated cheatings. The method can be used to select students for knowledge re-validation, or to compare student cheating across courses, age groups, countries, and universities. We compared student cheating risk scores between four academic terms, including two terms of university closure due to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Komosny
- Department of Telecommunications, Brno University of Technology, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Saeed Ur Rehman
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia;
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31
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Luan K, Lv M, Zheng H. Corporate Social Responsibility and Cheating Behavior: The Mediating Effects of Organizational Identification and Perceived Supervisor Moral Decoupling. Front Psychol 2022; 12:768293. [PMID: 35058841 PMCID: PMC8764448 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.768293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous corporate social responsibility (CSR) studies at the employee level have focused on the influence of CSR on employees' positive attitudes and behavior. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between CSR and unethical behavior and the underlying mechanism. Based on social information processing theory, this study investigates how CSR affects employee cheating via employees' organizational identification and perceived supervisor moral decoupling. Additionally, this study discusses the moderating effect of employee bottom-line mentality on these relationships. We test this two-path model using a sample of MBA students in China. The results indicate that both organizational identification and perceived supervisor moral decoupling mediate the relationship between CSR and cheating, and employee bottom-line mentality moderates the effect of CSR on perceived supervisor moral decoupling. Specifically, for employees low in bottom-line mentality, CSR has a significantly negative impact on perceived supervisor moral decoupling, but the same relationship is insignificant for employees with a strong bottom-line mentality. Overall, our results uncover the relationship between CSR and employee cheating and extend the understanding of the influence of CSR on employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luan
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Mengna Lv
- Business School, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Zheng
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
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32
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Rostovtseva VV, Mezentseva AA, Butovskaya ML. Perception of Emergent Leaders' Faces and Evolution of Social Cheating: Cross-Cultural Experiments. Evol Psychol 2022; 20:14747049221081733. [PMID: 35238674 PMCID: PMC10355292 DOI: 10.1177/14747049221081733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether neutral faces of individuals with different propensities for leadership may convey information about their personal qualities, and are there impacts of sex, population and social environment on the facial perception. This study is based on a previous experiment ( Rostovtseva et al., 2022), where emergent leadership in the context of male group cooperation was investigated in Buryats (Mongolian population of Siberia). In the previous study three behavioural types of participants were revealed: non-leaders, prosocial leaders and leaders-cheaters, each having a set of distinguishing personality, communicative, and cooperative features. In the current study, three composite portraits representing different leadership qualities of Buryat men from the prior experiment were created. The composites were then scored on a number of traits by male and female Russian and Buryat independent raters (N = 435). The results revealed that ratings on masculinity, physical strength, dominance, competitiveness, and perceived leadership were positively correlated, while perceived trustworthiness was negatively associated with these traits. However, the composite portraits of actual leaders generally were scored as more trustworthy, masculine, and physically strong, with the prosocial leaders' portrait being perceived as healthier than others. Surprisingly, the composite of leaders-cheaters was scored as the most trustworthy and generous, and the least competitive than others. No significant effects of raters' sex, origin, or degree of familiarity with Mongolian appearance were revealed. We conclude that static facial morphology contributes to appearing trustworthy, which may allow exploitation of others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna A. Mezentseva
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Marina L. Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
- Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, 125047, Russia
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33
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Lee SJ, Jeong EJ, Lee DY, Kim GM. Why Do Some Users Become Enticed to Cheating in Competitive Online Games? An Empirical Study of Cheating Focused on Competitive Motivation, Self-Esteem, and Aggression. Front Psychol 2021; 12:768825. [PMID: 34912274 PMCID: PMC8666630 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.768825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheating, the act of winning in a competition based on unfair advantages over one's opponents, often occurs in online games (e.g., illegal money exchange, account hacking, and exploiting a bug). With the recent flourishing of competitive tournament games online, such as League of Legends (LoL) and Overwatch, cheating has emerged as a serious problem since it not only promotes the de-socialization of gamers but also adversely affects game brands. However, there has little research on this issue in studies on competitive online games. Focused on three psychological factors (i.e., competitive motivation, self-esteem, and aggression), which has been reported to be primarily related to cheating in sports, this paper presents a study that empirically examined the associations between the factors and cheating in competitive online game environments. From survey data of 329 LoL gamers in South Korea, a structural equation model was analyzed. The results showed that gamers with a high degree of competitive motivation are more inclined to cheat in the game. Aggression increased cheating behavior and had a significant relationship with competitive motivation. Self-esteem decreased the degree of cheating but did not affect competitive motivation. Notably, gaming time negatively influenced cheating. The practical implications of these study results were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Je Lee
- Department of Digital Culture and Contents, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eui Jun Jeong
- Department of Digital Culture and Contents, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Digital Culture and Contents, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyoung Mo Kim
- Department of Digital Culture and Contents, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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34
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Zhao L, Zheng Y, Compton BJ, Qin W, Sun W, Fang F, Fu G, Heyman GD, Lee K. Subtle alterations of the physical environment can nudge young children to cheat less. Dev Sci 2021; 25:e13190. [PMID: 34750930 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cheating is a common human behavior but few studies have examined its emergence during early childhood. In three preregistered studies, a challenging math test was administered to 5- to 6-year-old children (total N = 500; 255 girls). An answer key was present as children completed the test, but they were instructed to not peek at it. In Study 1, many children cheated, but manipulations that reduced the answer key's accessibility in terms of proximity and visibility led to less cheating. Two follow-up studies showed that the answer key's visibility played a more significant role than its proximity. These findings suggest that subtle and seemingly insignificant alterations of the physical environment can effectively nudge young children away from acting dishonestly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Brian J Compton
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjin Sun
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Dr Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fang Fang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Genyue Fu
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gail D Heyman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Kang Lee
- Dr Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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35
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Figueiredo ART, Özkaya Ö, Kümmerli R, Kramer J. Siderophores drive invasion dynamics in bacterial communities through their dual role as public good versus public bad. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:138-150. [PMID: 34753204 PMCID: PMC9299690 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial invasions can compromise ecosystem services and spur dysbiosis and disease in hosts. Nevertheless, the mechanisms determining invasion outcomes often remain unclear. Here, we examine the role of iron‐scavenging siderophores in driving invasions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into resident communities of environmental pseudomonads. Siderophores can be ‘public goods’ by delivering iron to individuals possessing matching receptors; but they can also be ‘public bads’ by withholding iron from competitors lacking these receptors. Accordingly, siderophores should either promote or impede invasion, depending on their effects on invader and resident growth. Using supernatant feeding and invasion assays, we show that invasion success indeed increased when the invader could use its siderophores to inhibit (public bad) rather than stimulate (public good) resident growth. Conversely, invasion success decreased the more the invader was inhibited by the residents’ siderophores. Our findings identify siderophores as a major driver of invasion dynamics in bacterial communities under iron‐limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre R T Figueiredo
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Özhan Özkaya
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Kümmerli
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jos Kramer
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Teodorescu K, Plonsky O, Ayal S, Barkan R. Frequency of enforcement is more important than the severity of punishment in reducing violation behaviors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2108507118. [PMID: 34645713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108507118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
External enforcement policies aimed to reduce violations differ on two key components: the probability of inspection and the severity of the punishment. Different lines of research offer different insights regarding the relative importance of each component. In four studies, students and Prolific crowdsourcing participants (Ntotal = 816) repeatedly faced temptations to commit violations under two enforcement policies. Controlling for expected value, we found that a policy combining a high probability of inspection with a low severity of fines (HILS) was more effective than an economically equivalent policy that combined a low probability of inspection with a high severity of fines (LIHS). The advantage of prioritizing inspection frequency over punishment severity (HILS over LIHS) was greater for participants who, in the absence of enforcement, started out with a higher violation rate. Consistent with studies of decisions from experience, frequent enforcement with small fines was more effective than rare severe fines even when we announced the severity of the fine in advance to boost deterrence. In addition, in line with the phenomenon of underweighting of rare events, the effect was stronger when the probability of inspection was rarer (as in most real-life inspection probabilities) and was eliminated under moderate inspection probabilities. We thus recommend that policymakers looking to effectively reduce recurring violations among noncriminal populations should consider increasing inspection rates rather than punishment severity.
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37
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Pascual-Ezama D, Muñoz A, Prelec D. Do Not Tell Me More; You Are Honest: A Preconceived Honesty Bias. Front Psychol 2021; 12:693942. [PMID: 34512449 PMCID: PMC8430247 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.693942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the previous literature, only a few papers found better accuracy than a chance to detect dishonesty, even when more information and verbal cues (VCs) improve precision in detecting dishonesty. A new classification of dishonesty profiles has recently been published, allowing us to study if this low success rate happens for all people or if some people have higher predictive ability. This paper aims to examine if (dis)honest people can detect better/worse (un)ethical behavior of others. With this in mind, we designed one experiment using videos from one of the most popular TV shows in the UK where contestants make a (dis)honesty decision upon gaining or sharing a certain amount of money. Our participants from an online MTurk sample (N = 1,582) had to determine under different conditions whether the contestants would act in an (dis)honest way. Three significant results emerged from these two experiments. First, accuracy in detecting (dis)honesty is not different than chance, but submaximizers (compared to maximizers) and radical dishonest people (compare to non-radicals) are better at detecting honesty, while there is no difference in detecting dishonesty. Second, more information and VCs improve precision in detecting dishonesty, but honesty is better detected using only non-verbal cues (NVCs). Finally, a preconceived honesty bias improves specificity (honesty detection accuracy) and worsens sensitivity (dishonesty detection accuracy).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pascual-Ezama
- Accounting and Financial Administration Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States.,RCC Fellow - Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adrián Muñoz
- Methodology and Social Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Drazen Prelec
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States
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38
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Figueiredo ART, Wagner A, Kümmerli R. Ecology drives the evolution of diverse social strategies in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5214-5228. [PMID: 34390514 PMCID: PMC9291133 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria often cooperate by secreting molecules that can be shared as public goods between cells. Because the production of public goods is subject to cheating by mutants that exploit the good without contributing to it, there has been great interest in elucidating the evolutionary forces that maintain cooperation. However, little is known about how bacterial cooperation evolves under conditions where cheating is unlikely to be of importance. Here we use experimental evolution to follow changes in the production of a model public good, the iron‐scavenging siderophore pyoverdine, of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After 1200 generations of evolution in nine different environments, we observed that cheaters only reached high frequency in liquid medium with low iron availability. Conversely, when adding iron to reduce the cost of producing pyoverdine, we observed selection for pyoverdine hyperproducers. Similarly, hyperproducers also spread in populations evolved in highly viscous media, where relatedness between interacting individuals is increased. Whole‐genome sequencing of evolved clones revealed that hyperproduction is associated with mutations involving genes encoding quorum‐sensing communication systems, while cheater clones had mutations in the iron‐starvation sigma factor or in pyoverdine biosynthesis genes. Our findings demonstrate that bacterial social traits can evolve rapidly in divergent directions, with particularly strong selection for increased levels of cooperation occurring in environments where individual dispersal is reduced, as predicted by social evolution theory. Moreover, we establish a regulatory link between pyoverdine production and quorum‐sensing, showing that increased cooperation with respect to one trait (pyoverdine) can be associated with the loss (quorum‐sensing) of another social trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre R T Figueiredo
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wagner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Rolf Kümmerli
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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39
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Manteghinejad A. Web-Based Medical Examinations During the COVID-19 Era: Reconsidering Learning as the Main Goal of Examination. JMIR Med Educ 2021; 7:e25355. [PMID: 34329178 PMCID: PMC8360339 DOI: 10.2196/25355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Like other aspects of the health care system, medical education has been greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. To follow the requirements of lockdown and virtual education, the performance of students has been evaluated via web-based examinations. Although this shift to web-based examinations was inevitable, other mental, educational, and technical aspects should be considered to ensure the efficiency and accuracy of this type of evaluation in this era. The easiest way to address the new challenges is to administer traditional questions via a web-based platform. However, more factors should be accounted for when designing web-based examinations during the COVID-19 era. This article presents an approach in which the opportunity created by the pandemic is used as a basis to reconsider learning as the main goal of web-based examinations. The approach suggests using open-book examinations, using questions that require high cognitive domains, using real clinical scenarios, developing more comprehensive examination blueprints, using advanced platforms for web-based questions, and providing feedback in web-based examinations to ensure that the examinees have acquired the minimum competency levels defined in the course objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Manteghinejad
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Omid Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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40
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Zhang T, Jandér KC, Huang JF, Wang B, Zhao JB, Miao BG, Peng YQ, Herre EA. The evolution of parasitism from mutualism in wasps pollinating the fig, Ficus microcarpa, in Yunnan Province, China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021148118. [PMID: 34341115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021148118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory identifies factors that can undermine the evolutionary stability of mutualisms. However, theory's relevance to mutualism stability in nature is controversial. Detailed comparative studies of parasitic species that are embedded within otherwise mutualistic taxa (e.g., fig pollinator wasps) can identify factors that potentially promote or undermine mutualism stability. We describe results from behavioral, morphological, phylogenetic, and experimental studies of two functionally distinct, but closely related, Eupristina wasp species associated with the monoecious host fig, Ficus microcarpa, in Yunnan Province, China. One (Eupristina verticillata) is a competent pollinator exhibiting morphologies and behaviors consistent with observed seed production. The other (Eupristina sp.) lacks these traits, and dramatically reduces both female and male reproductive success of its host. Furthermore, observations and experiments indicate that individuals of this parasitic species exhibit greater relative fitness than the pollinators, in both indirect competition (individual wasps in separate fig inflorescences) and direct competition (wasps of both species within the same fig). Moreover, phylogenetic analyses suggest that these two Eupristina species are sister taxa. By the strictest definition, the nonpollinating species represents a "cheater" that has descended from a beneficial pollinating mutualist. In sharp contrast to all 15 existing studies of actively pollinated figs and their wasps, the local F. microcarpa exhibit no evidence for host sanctions that effectively reduce the relative fitness of wasps that do not pollinate. We suggest that the lack of sanctions in the local hosts promotes the loss of specialized morphologies and behaviors crucial for pollination and, thereby, the evolution of cheating.
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Bureau JS, Gareau A, Guay F, Mageau GA. Investigating how autonomy-supportive teaching moderates the relation between student honesty and premeditated cheating. Br J Educ Psychol 2021; 92:175-193. [PMID: 34236697 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cheating at the post-secondary level is a skewed phenomenon. While personality and environmental factors are associated with cheating, few studies account for the zero inflation when predicting cheating behaviour. AIM In this study, we explore a person-situation interaction hypothesis where teacher autonomy support (AS) could modify the relation between students' honesty trait and premeditated cheating. SAMPLE Participants were 710 college students and 31 teachers. METHODS Teacher and student reports of teacher AS were collected and students also completed self-reports of honesty and premeditated cheating. RESULTS Given that cheating had a zero-inflated negative binomial distribution, we can investigate two separate outcomes: likelihood of cheating and magnitude of cheating. Predictably, student honesty trait predicted lower likelihood and magnitude of cheating. AS, whether student- or teacher-reported, moderated the relation between honesty and likelihood of cheating. In low perceived AS teaching environments, student honesty was associated with cheating likelihood. However, there was no such relation in high perceived AS teaching environments. CONCLUSIONS Students' honesty generally predicts lower cheating. However, the educational environment provided by the teacher influences the strength of this association. The less autonomy-supportive students perceive the educational environment, the more their personality is important in predicting the likelihood of cheating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien S Bureau
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Gareau
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève A Mageau
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Cameron S, Wilks M, Nielsen M. Does helping now excuse cheating later? An investigation into moral balancing in children. R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:202296. [PMID: 34295518 PMCID: PMC8278046 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We often use our previous good behaviour to justify current immoral acts, and likewise perform good deeds to atone for previous immoral behaviour. These effects, known as moral self-licensing and moral cleansing (collectively, moral balancing), have yet to be observed in children. Thus, the aim in the current study was to investigate the developmental foundations of moral balancing. We examined whether children aged 4-5 years (N = 96) would be more likely to cheat on a task if they had previously helped a puppet at personal cost, and less likely to cheat if they had refused to help. This hypothesis was not supported, suggesting either that 4-5-year-old children do not engage in moral balancing or that the methodology used was not appropriate to capture this effect. We discuss implications and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Cameron
- Early Cognitive Development Centre, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matti Wilks
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark Nielsen
- Early Cognitive Development Centre, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Mathavarajah S, VanIderstine C, Dellaire G, Huber RJ. Cancer and the breakdown of multicellularity: What Dictyostelium discoideum, a social amoeba, can teach us. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000156. [PMID: 33448043 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ancient pathways promoting unicellularity and multicellularity are associated with cancer, the former being pro-oncogenic and the latter acting to suppress oncogenesis. However, there are only a limited number of non-vertebrate models for studying these pathways. Here, we review Dictyostelium discoideum and describe how it can be used to understand these gene networks. D. discoideum has a unicellular and multicellular life cycle, making it possible to study orthologs of cancer-associated genes in both phases. During development, differentiated amoebae form a fruiting body composed of a mass of spores that are supported atop a stalk. A portion of the cells sacrifice themselves to become non-reproductive stalk cells. Cheating disrupts the principles of multicellularity, as cheater cells alter their cell fate to preferentially become spores. Importantly, D. discoideum has gene networks and several strategies for maintaining multicellularity. Therefore, D. discoideum can help us better understand how conserved genes and pathways involved in multicellularity also influence cancer development, potentially identifying new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabateeshan Mathavarajah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carter VanIderstine
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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Reedy A, Pfitzner D, Rook L, Ellis L. Responding to the COVID-19 emergency: student and academic staff perceptions of academic integrity in the transition to online exams at three Australian universities. Int J Educ Integr 2021; 17:9. [PMCID: PMC7995680 DOI: 10.1007/s40979-021-00075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the perceptions of academic staff and students to student cheating behaviours in online exams and other online assessment formats. The research took place at three Australian universities in July and August 2020 during the emergency transition to online learning and assessment in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study sought to inform decision making about the future of online exams at the participating universities. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using online surveys. The findings of the study led to seven key observations, most notably the need to redefine the characteristics of academic misconduct to account for changes wrought to examinations in a digital world. The study concludes with lessons learned in relation to enhancing academic integrity in digital examinations and assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Reedy
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory Australia
| | - Darius Pfitzner
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory Australia
| | - Laura Rook
- University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales Australia
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45
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Meccawy Z, Meccawy M, Alsobhi A. Assessment in ‘survival mode’: student and faculty perceptions of online assessment practices in HE during Covid-19 pandemic. Int J Educ Integr 2021; 17:16. [PMCID: PMC8352610 DOI: 10.1007/s40979-021-00083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a cross-sectional study that demonstrates how King Abdulaziz University has responded to the lockdown imposed by the Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of students and faculty towards assessment that had to take place online due to physical or social distancing rules and lockdowns. A descriptive mixed-method study was conducted with two different self-administered questionnaires that were developed for students and faculty, respectively. A total of 547 responses were received from undergraduate students and 213 from faculty. The main finding suggests the need for a multilevel approach to the problems of cheating and plagiarism, including raising student awareness and ethics, training teachers to detect cheating methods, and institutions activating their code of practice and applying severe sanctions on those who engage in such practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilal Meccawy
- English Language Institute, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Meccawy
- Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. box 80200, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha Alsobhi
- Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. box 80200, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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Walsh LL, Lichti DA, Zambrano-Varghese CM, Borgaonkar AD, Sodhi JS, Moon S, Wester ER, Callis-Duehl KL. Why and how science students in the United States think their peers cheat more frequently online: perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Educ Integr 2021; 17:23. [PMCID: PMC8594954 DOI: 10.1007/s40979-021-00089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Academic integrity establishes a code of ethics that transfers over into the job force and is a critical characteristic in scientists in the twenty-first century. A student’s perception of cheating is influenced by both internal and external factors that develop and change through time. For students, the COVID-19 pandemic shrank their academic and social environments onto a computer screen. We surveyed science students in the United States at the end of their first COVID-interrupted semester to understand how and why they believed their peers were cheating more online during a pandemic. Almost 81% of students indicated that they believed cheating occurred more frequently online than in-person. When explaining why they believed this, students touched on proctoring, cheating influences, and extenuating circumstances due to COVID-19. When describing how they believed cheating occurred more frequently online, students touched on methods for cheating and surreptitious behavior. The student reasonings were associated with four theories (game theory, Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, neutralization theory, and planned behavior theory) that have been used to examine academic dishonesty. Our results can aid institutions in efforts to quell student concerns about their peers cheating during emergencies. Interestingly, most student beliefs were mapped to planned behavior theory while only a few students were mapped to neutralization theory, suggesting it was a novel modality of assessment rather than a pandemic that shaped student perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L. Walsh
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Deborah A. Lichti
- Interdisciplinary Science Learning Laboratories, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA
| | | | - Ashish D. Borgaonkar
- School of Applied Engineering & Technology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ USA
| | - Jaskirat S. Sodhi
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ USA
| | - Swapnil Moon
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ USA
| | - Emma R. Wester
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO USA
- Department of Biology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO USA
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Ali I, Sultan P, Aboelmaged M. A bibliometric analysis of academic misconduct research in higher education: Current status and future research opportunities. Account Res 2020; 28:372-393. [PMID: 33048578 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2020.1836620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The literature on academic misconduct has seen unprecedented growth over the past 20 years. As the research into this vital topic has grown, there have been a few reviews attempting to consolidate the literature. While the extant reviews have been insightful, a careful analysis reveals that these have somewhat different emphases, methods, and time intervals. Our study employs a bibliometric analysis approach on a large set of studies (779) published between 2000 and 2020. The analysis uncovers the key clusters, countries' co-authorship and evolution of research over the past two decades. It enriches contemporary knowledge on multifaceted issues of academic misconduct and offers resonant insights for academics, students, and policymakers. The paper concludes with several promising opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- School of Business and Law, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Parves Sultan
- School of Business and Law, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Mohamed Aboelmaged
- College of Business Administration, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Suetsugu K, Taketomi S, Tanabe AS, Haraguchi TF, Tayasu I, Toju H. Isotopic and molecular data support mixotrophy in Ophioglossum at the sporophytic stage. New Phytol 2020; 228:415-419. [PMID: 32162317 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro Taketomi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akifumi S Tanabe
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
| | | | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research institute for Humanity and Nature, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
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Gitschlag BL, Tate AT, Patel MR. Nutrient status shapes selfish mitochondrial genome dynamics across different levels of selection. eLife 2020; 9:56686. [PMID: 32959778 PMCID: PMC7508553 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperation and cheating are widespread evolutionary strategies. While cheating confers an advantage to individual entities within a group, competition between groups favors cooperation. Selfish or cheater mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) proliferates within hosts while being selected against at the level of host fitness. How does environment shape cheater dynamics across different selection levels? Focusing on food availability, we address this question using heteroplasmic Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that the proliferation of selfish mtDNA within hosts depends on nutrient status stimulating mtDNA biogenesis in the developing germline. Interestingly, mtDNA biogenesis is not sufficient for this proliferation, which also requires the stress-response transcription factor FoxO/DAF-16. At the level of host fitness, FoxO/DAF-16 also prevents food scarcity from accelerating the selection against selfish mtDNA. This suggests that the ability to cope with nutrient stress can promote host tolerance of cheaters. Our study delineates environmental effects on selfish mtDNA dynamics at different levels of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Gitschlag
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Ann T Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Maulik R Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States.,Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States
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50
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Abstract
Experiments on mitochondrial DNA in worms highlight that cheating does not always pay off.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Florencia Camus
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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