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Roberts J, Johnson LA, Dyhr JP. Cracking the code: using educational gaming for high-level thinking in physiology education. Adv Physiol Educ 2024; 48:260-269. [PMID: 38328813 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00154.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The multidisciplinary nature of physiology requires students to acquire, retain, apply, and evaluate knowledge from different scientific disciplines. Optimal learning techniques, such as active learning, interleaving topics and conditions, and recall, can greatly enhance the speed and effectiveness with which students achieve this type of higher-order thinking. However, developing and implementing optimal learning techniques in the classroom can be both time-intensive and challenging for the instructor. In addition, students may be resistant or slow to accept novel learning processes. One way to potentially introduce these learning techniques in a fun and engaging way is through educational gaming, or using a game or game elements intentionally to support learning. In this article we present an easy-to-implement adaptation of the Codenames board game for the physiology classroom. The activity requires minimal preparation while addressing high-level learning outcomes. Postintervention surveys of students were collected in three different health-related academic programs, both graduate and undergraduate, at two different institutions. Results suggest that participating in the activity both actively engaged the students and pushed them toward high-level, integrative thinking regardless of class level.NEW & NOTEWORTHY An easy-to-implement word game (Codenames) was used to engage students in higher-level Bloom's thinking about physiology. The gameplay required students to recall, apply, evaluate, and debate as they developed and guessed clues as part of the game. Students found the activity fun, engaging, and challenging. The activity is relatively easy to implement both online and in person, requiring at minimum a simple list of vocabulary terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Roberts
- Master of Science in Biomedical Sciences Program, Rocky Vista University, Englewood, Colorado, United States
| | - Lise A Johnson
- Physician Assistant Program, Rocky Vista University, Englewood, Colorado, United States
| | - Jonathan P Dyhr
- Department of Biology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States
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2
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Boardman JM, Cross ZR, Bravo MM, Andrillon T, Aidman E, Anderson C, Drummond SPA. Awareness of errors is reduced by sleep loss. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14523. [PMID: 38238554 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The ability to detect and subsequently correct errors is important in preventing the detrimental consequences of sleep loss. The Error Related Negativity (ERN), and the error positivity (Pe) are established neural correlates of error processing. Previous work has shown sleep loss reduces ERN and Pe, indicating sleep loss impairs error-monitoring processes. However, no previous work has examined behavioral error awareness, in conjunction with EEG measures, under sleep loss conditions, and studies of sleep restriction are lacking. Using combined behavioral and EEG measures, we report two studies investigating the impact of total sleep deprivation (TSD) and sleep restriction (SR) on error awareness. Fourteen healthy participants completed the Error Awareness Task under conditions of TSD and 27 completed the same task under conditions of SR. It was found that TSD did not influence behavioral error awareness or ERN or Pe amplitude, however, SR reduced behavioral error awareness, increased the time taken to detect errors, and reduced Pe amplitude. Findings indicate individuals who are chronically sleep restricted are at risk for reduced recognition of errors. Reduced error awareness may be one factor contributing to the increased accidents and injuries seen in contexts where sleep loss is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Boardman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zachariah R Cross
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michelle M Bravo
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Andrillon
- Faculty of Arts, Monash Centre for Consciousness & Contemplative Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm-CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Eugene Aidman
- Defence Science & Technology Group, Edinburgh, South Australia, Australia
| | - Clare Anderson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Van Kessel K, Ashburner M, Risko EF. Dissociations between data-driven and goal-driven effort reports: Performance, metacognition, and affect. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:983-993. [PMID: 37519122 PMCID: PMC11032630 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231186609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Measuring effort has long been a challenge and this seems particularly true in the case of subjective effort. Koriat et al. compared two types of effort frames, what they call data-driven effort, the amount of effort perceived to be required by a task, and goal-driven effort, the amount of effort one chooses to invest in a task. This study investigates whether self-reports of data- and goal-driven effort are differentially associated with test performance, metacognition, and affect in a complex learning task. Results demonstrate that data- and goal-driven effort have qualitatively different relations with many of these variables. For example, partial correlations revealed data-driven effort was negatively associated with prospective and retrospective performance estimates, but the opposite pattern emerged for goal-driven effort. These results demonstrate that how subjective measures of effort are framed (and interpreted by the respondent) can drastically influence how they relate to other variables of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Van Kessel
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Ashburner
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan F Risko
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Peters JJ. An environmental justice fictional case study for engaging non-majors in human biology. J Microbiol Biol Educ 2024; 25:e0000524. [PMID: 38661412 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00005-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The impacts of climate change are and will continue to be far-reaching, and environmental justice communities are disproportionately impacted due to environmental racism and related forms of oppression. Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education encourages that the connection between science and society be explicitly taught in science classrooms. Here, I describe a fictional case study where students decide how to allocate a budget at a non-profit organization tasked with mitigating environmental issues in a town that contains environmental justice communities. Students are each assigned a role in the community and must reach a consensus on their budget in small groups before the whole class votes on a consensus budget. Afterward, students perform a metacognitive activity that encourages them to reflect on the human health impacts of their decisions and how their role impacted their decision-making process. Quantitative and qualitative feedback from students shows that by the end of the course, students appreciate the importance of science literacy in understanding global issues and that they are able to connect environmental justice to their lives and coursework. This case study helps fill an unmet need in climate change education by allowing students to practice empathy in topics related to climate change and environmental justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jacob Peters
- Curriculum Fellows Program, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ratnayake A, Bansal A, Wong N, Saseetharan T, Prompiengchai S, Jenne A, Thiagavel J, Ashok A. All "wrapped" up in reflection: supporting metacognitive awareness to promote students' self-regulated learning. J Microbiol Biol Educ 2024; 25:e0010323. [PMID: 38661420 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00103-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Self-regulated learning (SRL) is the process of utilizing effective strategies to acquire knowledge or skills and is influenced by motivation, metacognitive processing, and study-related behaviors. We hypothesized that by using survey tools that allow reflection on and refinement of students' study strategies, we could nurture metacognitive skill development, encourage positive motivation and study-related behaviors, and hence promote academic success. Undergraduate students in a semester-long, second-year biology course were provided with resources to promote SRL and three survey instruments that encouraged them to create study plans and reflect on the effectiveness of their study strategies. Using a student-partnered approach, we sought to investigate the role of metacognition, motivation, and study-related behaviors on academic performance by (i) identifying the self-regulated learning strategies most utilized by students, (ii) investigating the role of reflection in enhancing metacognitive processing and academic performance, and (iii) understanding whether students created and/or modified their study strategies as an outcome of self-regulation. Survey responses allowed us to understand the repertoire of study strategies used by students. Our analyses suggest that students demonstrated metacognitive skill development through the use of the resources and reflection instruments, as they accurately reported on the effectiveness of their study strategies and indicated future plans to shift study-related behaviors from passive to active reviewing techniques. Students across the grade spectrum perceived the reflection instruments as beneficial in identifying areas of improvement and developing long-term study habits, suggesting that these instruments were effective in promoting metacognitive skill development for a variety of student learners. We conclude that supporting students with resources that promote SRL and providing opportunities for timely reflection can promote metacognitive skill development, a key feature of academic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayuni Ratnayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aditi Bansal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theluckshan Saseetharan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sapolnach Prompiengchai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Jenne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeneni Thiagavel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aarthi Ashok
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lin S, Chen X, Tan L, Liao Z, Li Y, Tang Y, Huang Q, Shen H. Psychometric Properties of the Metacognitions About Online Gaming Scale in the Chinese Population and Its Relationship With Internet Gaming Disorder: Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Serious Games 2024; 12:e45985. [PMID: 38648634 DOI: 10.2196/45985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metacognitions about online gaming have been shown to be correlated with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Knowledge of metacognitions about online gaming can help to understand IGD. The Metacognitions about Online Gaming Scale (MOGS) is a reliable and valid tool to measure specific metacognitions about online gaming in both adults and adolescents, which is lacking in China. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the MOGS (C-MOGS) and its relationship with IGD in the Chinese population. METHODS A total of 772 Chinese individuals (age: mean 21.70, SD 8.81 years; age range: 13-57 years; 458/772, 59.3% male) completed a web-based questionnaire survey, including the C-MOGS and a battery of validated scales measuring IGD, gaming motives, depression, and anxiety. RESULTS Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, the 3-factor structure was confirmed to have adequate model fit and internal consistency reliability (Cronbach α≥.799, Guttman split-half coefficients≥0.754). Concurrent validity of the C-MOGS was supported by its correlations with IGD (P<.001), gaming motives (P<.001), depression (P<.001), and anxiety (P<.001). Furthermore, the incremental validity analysis showed that the C-MOGS predicted 13% of the variance in IGD while controlling for gender, age, weekly gaming hours, gaming motives, depression, and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that the psychometric properties of the C-MOGS are appropriate and emphasizes its positive association with IGD. The C-MOGS is a reliable and valid instrument for mental health workers to assess metacognitions about online gaming in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Linxiang Tan
- Education Center for Mental Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenjiang Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuping Huang
- School of Humanities and Management, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hongxian Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
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Sansonetti D, Fleming J, Patterson F, De Lacy L, Lannin NA. Factors associated with self-awareness impairment in an inpatient brain injury rehabilitation cohort. Brain Inj 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38634476 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2344096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-awareness impairment is common following acquired brain injury and can impact rehabilitation outcomes. Knowledge of factors associated with impaired self-awareness may assist with rehabilitation planning. OBJECTIVES To identify factors associated with self-awareness and determine predictors of self-awareness impairment for adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study of rehabilitation inpatients was conducted by medical record audit. Self-awareness was measured using the Self-awareness of Deficits Interview (SADI). Relationships between SADI scores and demographic and clinical variables were identified with non-parametric statistics. Predictors of SADI scores were identified using ordinal regression analyses for TBI and stroke groups. RESULTS Participants were 149 adults (18-70 years) with TBI (n = 110) and stroke (n = 39). For TBI, longer post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), lower functional cognition/communication, and behaviors of concern (BoC) were significantly associated with higher SADI scores (i.e. impaired self-awareness). For stroke, lower functional cognition/communication and motor scores were associated with higher SADI scores. Impaired self-awareness was predicted by PTA duration, acute length of stay and presence of BoC for the TBI group, and by functional cognition/communication for the stroke group. CONCLUSION Different factors were associated with impaired self-awareness for individuals with TBI and stroke during inpatient rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Sansonetti
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Occupational Therapy Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer Fleming
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Freyr Patterson
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura De Lacy
- Occupational Therapy Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Natasha A Lannin
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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8
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Liu C, Wang K, Yu R. The neural representation of metacognition in preferential decision-making. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26651. [PMID: 38646963 PMCID: PMC11033923 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans regularly assess the quality of their judgements, which helps them adjust their behaviours. Metacognition is the ability to accurately evaluate one's own judgements, and it is assessed by comparing objective task performance with subjective confidence report in perceptual decisions. However, for preferential decisions, assessing metacognition in preference-based decisions is difficult because it depends on subjective goals rather than the objective criterion. Here, we develop a new index that integrates choice, reaction time, and confidence report to quantify trial-by-trial metacognitive sensitivity in preference judgements. We found that the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and the right anterior insular were more activated when participants made bad metacognitive evaluations. Our study suggests a crucial role of the dmPFC-insula network in representing online metacognitive sensitivity in preferential decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhen Liu
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Keqing Wang
- School of PsychologyShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Marketing, and Information SystemsHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongChina
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Walsh MJ, Dodd MD, Cwiek AP, Hux K, Chiou KS. Metacognitive accuracy predicts self-reported quality of life following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2024; 38:361-367. [PMID: 38329033 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2311336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metacognition and quality of life (QoL) are both adversely affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the relation between them is not fully understood. As such, the purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which metacognitive accuracy predicts QoL in individuals with TBI. METHODS Eighteen participants with moderate-to-severe TBI completed a stimulus-response task requiring the discrimination of emotions depicted in pictures of faces and then provided a retrospective confidence judgment after each response. Metacognitive accuracy was calculated using participants' response accuracy and confidence judgment accuracy. Participants also completed the Quality of Life After Brain Injury (QOLIBRI) questionnaire to assess QoL in various areas of functioning. RESULTS Performance of a linear regression analysis revealed that higher metacognitive accuracy significantly predicted lower overall QoL. Additionally, higher metacognitive accuracy significantly predicted lower QoL related to cognition and physical limitations. CONCLUSION The study results provide evidence of an inverse relation between metacognitive performance and QoL following TBI. Metacognitive changes associated with TBI and their relation to QoL have several clinical implications for TBI rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Walsh
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Michael D Dodd
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Andrew P Cwiek
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karen Hux
- Quality Living Inc ., Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kathy S Chiou
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Sansonetti D, Fleming J, Patterson F, Lannin NA, Toglia J. Online awareness: a concept analysis and review of assessment approaches for adults with neurological conditions. Disabil Rehabil 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38596894 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2024.2338876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-awareness is a multifaceted phenomenon that comprises two main concepts: general awareness and online awareness. The latter is an emerging concept that requires further consensus on its definition. The aim of this paper is to define the key components of online awareness and identify approaches for measuring this concept for adults with neurological conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Concept analysis using Rodgers' evolutionary method was used to systematically review and summarise relevant literature. Papers were included if they provided a definition of online awareness or method for assessing online awareness for an adult neurological population. RESULTS Fifty-six papers were included in this review, with 21 online awareness assessment approaches identified. Online awareness was described to occur within the context of task performance, with the definition framework comprising four main aspects: 1/appraisal; 2/anticipation and prediction; 3/monitoring; and 4/self-evaluation. Self-regulation is a related concept that is considered to sit outside the conceptual boundaries of online awareness. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this analysis highlight the complexity of online awareness and its importance in rehabilitation. Psychometrically robust measures of online awareness that are inclusive of the essential elements of this concept are needed to advance practice in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Sansonetti
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Occupational Therapy Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer Fleming
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Freyr Patterson
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natasha A Lannin
- Occupational Therapy Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joan Toglia
- School of Health and Natural Sciences, Mercy University, Dobbs Ferry, New York, USA
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Ko CJ, Gehlhausen JR, Cohen JM, Croskerry P. Cognitive Bias in the Patient Encounter: Part I. Background and significance. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024:S0190-9622(24)00557-7. [PMID: 38588821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2024.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive bias may lead to diagnostic error in the patient encounter. There are hundreds of different cognitive biases, but certain biases are more likely to affect patient diagnosis and management. As during morbidity and mortality rounds, retrospective evaluation of a given case, with comparison to an optimal diagnosis, can pinpoint errors in judgment and decision-making. The study of cognitive bias also illuminates how we might improve the diagnostic process. In Part 1 of this series, cognitive bias is defined and placed within the background of dual process theory, emotion, heuristics, and the more neutral term judgment and decision-making bias.
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12
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Ko CJ, Gehlhausen JR, Cohen JM, Jiang Y, Myung P, Croskerry P. Cognitive Bias in the Patient Encounter: Part II. Debiasing using an adaptive toolbox. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024:S0190-9622(24)00558-9. [PMID: 38588820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2024.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive bias may lead to medical error, and awareness of cognitive pitfalls is a potential first step to addressing the negative consequences of cognitive bias (see Part 1). For decision-making processes that occur under uncertainty, which encompass most physician decisions, a so-called "adaptive toolbox" is beneficial for good decisions. The adaptive toolbox is inclusive of broad strategies like cultural humility, emotional intelligence, and self-care that help combat implicit bias, negative consequences of affective bias, and optimize cognition. Additionally, the adaptive toolbox includes situational-specific tools such as heuristics, narratives, cognitive forcing functions, and fast and frugal trees. Such tools may mitigate against errors due to cultural, affective, and cognitive bias. Part 2 of this two-part series covers metacognition and cognitive bias in relation to broad and specific strategies aimed at better decision-making.
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Huber BN, Fulton EK. Meta-prospective memory accuracy in older adults with and without suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment (sMCI). Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38564814 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2334892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study examined if the relationship between generalized and task-specific appraisals of prospective memory (PM) and actual PM performance (i.e., meta-PM accuracy) differed between healthy and suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment (sMCI) older adults. Older adults recruited included 50 healthy and 31 sMCI participants from the community and an outpatient neuropsychology clinic. Data collected consisted of self-reported appraisals and task-specific predictions/postdictions of PM performance, objective PM performance, and executive functioning (EF). The sMCI group had significantly lower scores on objective PM and EF measures related to simple and complex task-switching. Moreover, sMCI participants displayed lower task-specific meta-PM accuracy in the direction of overconfidence, but they displayed relatively equivalent generalized meta-PM accuracy when compared to the healthy group. Notably, the sMCI group's task-specific inaccuracies became non-significant in relation to the healthy group on the final long-term PM tasks after exposure to metacognitive reflection on the first two PM tasks. Despite lower scores on EF measures, EF performance did not explain task-specific meta-PM differences between groups beyond neurocognitive status. Based on these data, sMCI patients may be better assisted by metacognitive calibration strategies, EF protocols, and the implementation of general compensatory memory strategies as targets for early intervention and prevention of neurocognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca N Huber
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Erika K Fulton
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
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14
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Jiang S, Sun F, Yuan P, Jiang Y, Wan X. Distinct genetic and environmental origins of hierarchical cognitive abilities in adult humans. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114060. [PMID: 38568809 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cognitive abilities ranging from basic perceptions to complex social behaviors exhibit substantial variation in individual differences. These cognitive functions can be categorized into a two-order hierarchy based on the levels of cognitive processes. Second-order cognition including metacognition and mentalizing monitors and regulates first-order cognitive processes. These two-order hierarchical cognitive functions exhibit distinct abilities. However, it remains unclear whether individual differences in these cognitive abilities have distinct origins. We employ the classical twin paradigm to compare the genetic and environmental contributions to the two-order cognitive abilities in the same tasks from the same population. The results reveal that individual differences in first-order cognitive abilities were primarily influenced by genetic factors. Conversely, the second-order cognitive abilities have a stronger influence from shared environmental factors. These findings suggest that the abilities of metacognition and mentalizing in adults are profoundly shaped by their environmental experiences and less determined by their biological nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041 China
| | - Fanru Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Peijun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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15
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López-Íñiguez G, McPherson GE. Using a music microanalysis protocol to enhance instrumental practice. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1368074. [PMID: 38629042 PMCID: PMC11020086 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1368074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The strategies that enable musicians to adapt their behaviors so that they can break through, feel energized, and perform well collectively distinguish what it is to be a self-regulated learner. These strategies range from one's ability to monitor thoughts and actions to being able to navigate and control one's emotions, especially when feeling frustrated or anxious. Given the challenges of the music profession, it becomes imperative for teachers to equip their students with the necessary skills to self-regulate their own actions, feelings, and thinking so that they are eventually able to cope with the demands required of a contemporary professional musical career. In this study, we focused on the self-regulatory engagement of four master's level cellists who were enrolled in a prominent European higher music education institution. Our data comprised self-regulated learning-based diary-reports that describes the students' practice of self-chosen, especially demanding passages as they prepared for a public recital. Results depict differences between the musicians according to the efficiency of their practice leading up to a formal public recital.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary E. McPherson
- Melbourne Conservatorium of Music, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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16
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Van Marcke H, Denmat PL, Verguts T, Desender K. Manipulating Prior Beliefs Causally Induces Under- and Overconfidence. Psychol Sci 2024; 35:358-375. [PMID: 38427319 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241231572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans differ vastly in the confidence they assign to decisions. Although such under- and overconfidence relate to fundamental life outcomes, a computational account specifying the underlying mechanisms is currently lacking. We propose that prior beliefs in the ability to perform a task explain confidence differences across participants and tasks, despite similar performance. In two perceptual decision-making experiments, we show that manipulating prior beliefs about performance during training causally influences confidence in healthy adults (N = 50 each; Experiment 1: 8 men, one nonbinary; Experiment 2: 5 men) during a test phase, despite unaffected objective performance. This is true when prior beliefs are induced via manipulated comparative feedback and via manipulated training-phase difficulty. Our results were accounted for within an accumulation-to-bound model, explicitly modeling prior beliefs on the basis of earlier task exposure. Decision confidence is quantified as the probability of being correct conditional on prior beliefs, causing under- or overconfidence. We provide a fundamental mechanistic insight into the computations underlying under- and overconfidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Van Marcke
- Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University
| | - Pierre Le Denmat
- Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Tom Verguts
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University
| | - Kobe Desender
- Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
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17
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Hotte-Meunier A, Penney D, Mendelson D, Thibaudeau É, Moritz S, Lepage M, Sauvé G. Effects of metacognitive training (MCT) on social cognition for schizophrenia spectrum and related psychotic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2024; 54:914-920. [PMID: 37772399 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723002611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with schizophrenia spectrum and related psychotic disorders (SSD) experience significant impairments in social cognition that impede functioning. Social cognition is a multidimensional construct consisting of four domains: 1. theory of mind, 2. emotion processing, 3. attributional style and 4. social perception. Metacognitive training (MCT) is an intervention designed to target cognitive biases in psychosis containing two modules addressing social cognition. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of MCT on social cognition and two of its domains: theory of mind and emotion processing. Ten electronic databases were scoured from 2007 to 1 February 2022 for MCT studies reporting social cognition outcomes for people with SSD (1050 identified, 282 assessed). Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d in R. RESULTS Nine studies were included in the meta-analysis (nMCT = 212, ncontrol = 194). MCT had a small but positive effect on global social cognition (d = 0.28 [95% CI 0.07-0.49]) and theory of mind (d = 0.27 [95% CI 0.01-0.52]). MCT showed no evidence of an effect on emotion processing (d = 0.03 [95% CI -0.26 to 0.32]). CONCLUSION MCT has a small but significant effect on social cognition for people with SSD. Our results add to other recent meta-analyses showing significant effects of MCT on clinically relevant outcomes such as positive symptoms, cognitive biases and cognitive insight. We recommend that future studies on MCT report outcomes on all four domains of social cognition. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO (in the process of registration) available at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Hotte-Meunier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Danielle Penney
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Daniel Mendelson
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Élisabeth Thibaudeau
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Steffen Moritz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Lepage
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Geneviève Sauvé
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Education and Pedagogy, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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18
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Zhang Y, Otgaar H, Nash RA, Rosar L. Time and memory distrust shape the dynamics of recollection and belief-in-occurrence. Memory 2024; 32:484-501. [PMID: 38594923 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2336166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The current study examined how people's metamemory judgments of recollection and belief-in-occurrence change over time. Furthermore, we examined to what extent these judgments are affected by memory distrust - the subjective appraisal of one's memory functioning - as measured by the Memory Distrust Scale (MDS) and the Squire Subjective Memory Scale (SSMQ). Participants (N = 234) studied pictorial stimuli and were tested on some of these stimuli later in the same session, but were tested on other stimuli 1, 2, 4, 8, and 17 days later. Recollection and belief ratings were correlated highly and followed similar declining patterns over time. However, belief decreased relatively more slowly than recollection, such that the discrepancy between recollection and belief increased over time. Memory distrust moderated the association between recollection and belief, with this association being weaker among people who reported greater (versus lower) memory distrust. Memory distrust also interacted with retention period to predict memory judgments. Two measures of memory distrust diverged in their predictive power. In particular, only the MDS predicted the spontaneous reporting of nonbelieved memories. Our results provide support to the theoretical perspective that belief-in-occurrence is a summative judgment informed not only by recollective phenomenology but also by metamemorial beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikang Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert A Nash
- School of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Linda Rosar
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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19
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Bürgler S, Hennecke M. Metacognition and polyregulation in daily self-control conflicts. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:179-194. [PMID: 37728134 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Metacognition is important for self-regulated learning, and it has recently been argued that it may play an important role in self-control more generally. We studied multiple aspects of metacognition in self-control, namely metacognitive knowledge including a person's repertoire ("toolbox") of different self-regulatory strategies, metacognitive regulation (planning, monitoring, and evaluation), and polyregulation (using more self-regulatory strategies in a single self-control conflict) as predictors of people's self-control success in daily life. In a preregistered experience sampling study, N = 503 participants reported their self-control conflicts up to eight times per day for 10 days, yielding 9,639 reports of daily self-control conflicts. Analyses showed that higher levels of metacognitive knowledge, planning, monitoring, evaluation, and polyregulation as well as a larger strategy repertoire were associated with higher levels of success in resolving daily self-control conflicts. Additionally, higher levels of trait self-control were associated with higher levels of metacognitive knowledge, planning, and monitoring. These findings highlight the importance of metacognition and polyregulation for successful self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bürgler
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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20
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Dimaggio G, Valentino V. The ongoing rewriting of the therapeutic contract in Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy for narcissistic personality disorder: The case of Mark. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:776-794. [PMID: 37965788 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to effectively treat individuals suffering from Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), it is crucial to establish therapeutic goals and identify tasks to achieve them. However, this is a challenging process with NPD patients because they often struggle to find meaningful goals beyond the pursuit of status. Moreover, in order to change Furthermore, to promote change, they must confront painful emotions such as shame, guilt, or fear, which they habitually try to avoid. Additionally, they face difficulties in forming a positive perception of their therapists and cooperating towards mutually agreed-upon goals and tasks. As a consequence, NPD patients ask for change but hardly engage themselves in the work necessary to achieve it. Therapists therefore need to pay the uttermost attention to drafting, negotiating and continuously updating a reasonable and realistic therapeutic contract. In this paper we describe the story of a man in his thirties with NPD who was ridden with depression, guilt, envy and anger and did not find ways to pursue the healthy and adaptive behaviors he would need to pursue in order to leave a richer social life. The therapist overcame ruptures in the therapeutic alliance and then involved the patient in a process where they set the steps to follow, making sure the patient was convinced they made sense. After a contract was reached progress became possible. Implications for the role of the therapeutic contract in NPD treatment are discussed.
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21
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Balsdon T, Wyart V, Mamassian P. Metacognitive evaluation of postdecisional perceptual representations. J Vis 2024; 24:2. [PMID: 38558159 PMCID: PMC10996991 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Perceptual confidence is thought to arise from metacognitive processes that evaluate the underlying perceptual decision evidence. We investigated whether metacognitive access to perceptual evidence is constrained by the hierarchical organization of visual cortex, where high-level representations tend to be more readily available for explicit scrutiny. We found that the ability of human observers to evaluate their confidence did depend on whether they performed a high-level or low-level task on the same stimuli, but was also affected by manipulations that occurred long after the perceptual decision. Confidence in low-level perceptual decisions degraded with more time between the decision and the response cue, especially when backward masking was present. Confidence in high-level tasks was immune to backward masking and benefitted from additional time. These results can be explained by a model assuming confidence heavily relies on postdecisional internal representations of visual stimuli that degrade over time, where high-level representations are more persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Balsdon
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs (CNRS UMR 8248), DEC, ENS, PSL University, Paris, France
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3122-6630
| | - Valentin Wyart
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles (Inserm U960), DEC, ENS, PSL University, Paris, France
- https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6522-7837
| | - Pascal Mamassian
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs (CNRS UMR 8248), DEC, ENS, PSL University, Paris, France
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-4607
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22
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Lenzoni S, Sumich AL, Mograbi DC. Domain specificity of error monitoring: An ERP study in young and older adults. Psychophysiology 2024:e14579. [PMID: 38557996 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Metacognition refers to the ability to monitor and control one's cognitive processes, which plays an important role in decision-making throughout the lifespan. It is still debated whether metacognitive abilities decline with age. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that metacognition is served by domain-specific mechanisms. These domains may differentially decline with increasing age. The current investigates whether the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe) which reflect error detection and error awareness, respectively, differ across perceptual and memory domains in young and older adults. In total, 38 young adults and 37 older adults completed a classic Flanker Task (perceptual) and an adapted memory-based version. No difference in ERN amplitude was found between young and older adults and across domains. Perceptual ERN peaked earlier than Memory ERN. Memory ΔERN was larger than Perceptual ΔERN. Pe was smaller in older adults and ΔPe was larger for perceptual than memory flanker. Memory Pe peaked earlier in young as compared to older adults. Multivariate analyses of whole scalp data supported cross-domain differences. During the task, ERN decreased in young but not in older adults. Memory Pe decreased in young adults but increased in older adults while no significant change in perceptual Pe was found. The study's findings suggest that neural correlates of error monitoring differ across cognitive domains. Moreover, it was shown that error awareness declines in old age but its within-task dynamics vary across cognitive domains. Possible mechanisms underlying metacognition impairments in aging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lenzoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexander L Sumich
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel C Mograbi
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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23
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Karunaratne N, Lyons K, Molcik E, Exintaris B. Teamwork baseline assessment tool: Sparking teamwork dialogues in health professions training. Med Teach 2024:1-3. [PMID: 38555734 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2024.2330566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
WHAT WAS THE EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGE? A major challenge in health professions education is to equip graduates with essential teamwork skills, addressing cognitive, motivational, and emotional barriers that hinder effective collaboration among students from diverse backgrounds. WHAT WAS THE SOLUTION AND HOW WAS THIS IMPLEMENTED? The Teamwork Baseline Assessment Tool (TBAT) was developed as an innovative solution to teach collaboration and teamwork, focusing on growth mindsets, reactions to challenging scenarios, and ideal team player attributes. Implemented during the orientation for new first-year students, TBAT facilitated early engagement in teamwork discussions, with students receiving personalised reports to aid in self-reflection and development. WHAT LESSONS WERE LEARNED? Key lessons included the importance of initiating teamwork conversations early, the value of personalised feedback in promoting self-awareness and peer understanding, and the effectiveness of TBAT in providing instructors with insights into students' teamwork aptitudes. WHAT ARE THE NEXT STEPS? Expanding TBAT across various student populations and integrating it into the curriculum aims to provide continuous opportunities for applying and reinforcing teamwork and collaboration skills. This strategy will support the development of targeted instructional approaches, fostering a collaborative learning environment and preparing students for the teamwork challenges in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilushi Karunaratne
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kayley Lyons
- Centre for Digital Transformation of Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emilee Molcik
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Betty Exintaris
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Togans LJ, McConnell AR. Blinded by wistfulness: on how nostalgia strengthens attitudes. Cogn Emot 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38554262 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2336196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Across four studies, we explored how feeling nostalgic about an attitude object impacts the metacognitive characteristics of the attitude toward that object and how those metacognitions predict the evaluation's underlying strength. In each study, participants reflected on and evaluated a song or television show that either did or did not elicit nostalgia. Across these studies, we found support for the hypotheses that nostalgic attitude objects are viewed more positively, appraised with greater attitudinal importance, and exhibited less objective ambivalence. In Study 4, we observed that nostalgic attitudes are associated with greater behavioural intentions and that this relationship was mediated both by attitudinal importance and objective ambivalence. These studies contribute to our understanding of how nostalgia affects attitude formation processes.
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25
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Balconi M, Acconito C, Allegretta RA, Angioletti L. Neurophysiological and Autonomic Correlates of Metacognitive Control of and Resistance to Distractors in Ecological Setting: A Pilot Study. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2171. [PMID: 38610382 PMCID: PMC11014065 DOI: 10.3390/s24072171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
In organisational contexts, professionals are required to decide dynamically and prioritise unexpected external inputs deriving from multiple sources. In the present study, we applied a multimethodological neuroscientific approach to investigate the ability to resist and control ecological distractors during decision-making and to explore whether a specific behavioural, neurophysiological (i.e., delta, theta, alpha and beta EEG band), or autonomic (i.e., heart rate-HR, and skin conductance response-SCR) pattern is correlated with specific personality profiles, collected with the 10-item Big Five Inventory. Twenty-four participants performed a novel Resistance to Ecological Distractors (RED) task aimed at exploring the ability to resist and control distractors and the level of coherence and awareness of behaviour (metacognition ability), while neurophysiological and autonomic measures were collected. The behavioural results highlighted that effectiveness in performance did not require self-control and metacognition behaviour and that being proficient in metacognition can have an impact on performance. Moreover, it was shown that the ability to resist ecological distractors is related to a specific autonomic profile (HR and SCR decrease) and that the neurophysiological and autonomic activations during task execution correlate with specific personality profiles. The agreeableness profile was negatively correlated with the EEG theta band and positively with the EEG beta band, the conscientiousness profile was negatively correlated with the EEG alpha band, and the extroversion profile was positively correlated with the EEG beta band. Taken together, these findings describe and disentangle the hidden relationship that lies beneath individuals' decision to inhibit or activate intentionally a specific behaviour, such as responding, or not, to an external stimulus, in ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (R.A.A.); (L.A.)
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Acconito
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (R.A.A.); (L.A.)
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta A. Allegretta
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (R.A.A.); (L.A.)
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Angioletti
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (R.A.A.); (L.A.)
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
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26
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Tarrano C, Galléa C, Delorme C, McGovern EM, Atkinson-Clement C, Barnham IJ, Brochard V, Thobois S, Tranchant C, Grabli D, Degos B, Corvol JC, Pedespan JM, Krystkowiak P, Houeto JL, Degardin A, Defebvre L, Valabrègue R, Beranger B, Apartis E, Vidailhet M, Roze E, Worbe Y. Association of abnormal explicit sense of agency with cerebellar impairment in myoclonus-dystonia. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae105. [PMID: 38601915 PMCID: PMC11004927 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-motor aspects in dystonia are now well recognized. The sense of agency, which refers to the experience of controlling one's own actions, has been scarcely studied in dystonia, even though its disturbances can contribute to movement disorders. Among various brain structures, the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, and the basal ganglia are involved in shaping the sense of agency. In myoclonus dystonia, resulting from a dysfunction of the motor network, an altered sense of agency may contribute to the clinical phenotype of the condition. In this study, we compared the explicit and implicit sense of agency in patients with myoclonus dystonia caused by a pathogenic variant of SGCE (DYT-SGCE) and control participants. We utilized behavioural tasks to assess the sense of agency and performed neuroimaging analyses, including structural, resting-state functional connectivity, and dynamic causal modelling, to explore the relevant brain regions involved in the sense of agency. Additionally, we examined the relationship between behavioural performance, symptom severity, and neuroimaging findings. We compared 19 patients with DYT-SGCE and 24 healthy volunteers. Our findings revealed that patients with myoclonus-dystonia exhibited a specific impairment in explicit sense of agency, particularly when implicit motor learning was involved. However, their implicit sense of agency remained intact. These patients also displayed grey-matter abnormalities in the motor cerebellum, as well as increased functional connectivity between the cerebellum and pre-supplementary motor area. Dynamic causal modelling analysis further identified reduced inhibitory effects of the cerebellum on the pre-supplementary motor area, decreased excitatory effects of the pre-supplementary motor area on the cerebellum, and increased self-inhibition within the pre-supplementary motor area. Importantly, both cerebellar grey-matter alterations and functional connectivity abnormalities between the cerebellum and pre-supplementary motor area were found to correlate with explicit sense of agency impairment. Increased self-inhibition within the pre-supplementary motor area was associated with less severe myoclonus symptoms. These findings highlight the disruption of higher-level cognitive processes in patients with myoclonus-dystonia, further expanding the spectrum of neurological and psychiatric dysfunction already identified in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Tarrano
- CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U1127, Paris 75013, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Clinical Investigation Center for Neurosciences, Paris 75013, France
| | - Cécile Galléa
- CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U1127, Paris 75013, France
- Department of Research Neuroimaging, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Cécile Delorme
- CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U1127, Paris 75013, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Clinical Investigation Center for Neurosciences, Paris 75013, France
| | - Eavan M McGovern
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, D09 VY21, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Cyril Atkinson-Clement
- CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U1127, Paris 75013, France
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Vanessa Brochard
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Clinical Investigation Center for Neurosciences, Paris 75013, France
| | - Stéphane Thobois
- Department of Neurology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69000, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg 67098, France
- INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - David Grabli
- CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U1127, Paris 75013, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Clinical Investigation Center for Neurosciences, Paris 75013, France
| | - Bertrand Degos
- Department of Neurology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Avicenne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny 93000, France
| | - Jean Christophe Corvol
- CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U1127, Paris 75013, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Clinical Investigation Center for Neurosciences, Paris 75013, France
| | - Jean-Michel Pedespan
- Department of Neuropediatry, Universitary Hospital of Pellegrin, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Pierre Krystkowiak
- Department of Neurology, Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Centre, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jean-Luc Houeto
- Department of Neurology CHU Limoges, Inserm U1094, IRD U270, Univ. Limoges, EpiMaCT—Epidemiology of chronic diseases in tropical zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, Limoges 87000, France
| | - Adrian Degardin
- Department of Neurology, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing 59599, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- Department of Neurology, University of Lille, Lille 59000, France
- Department of Neurology, Lille Centre of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases » (LiCEND), Lille F-59000, France
| | - Romain Valabrègue
- CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U1127, Paris 75013, France
- Department of Research Neuroimaging, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Benoit Beranger
- CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U1127, Paris 75013, France
- Department of Research Neuroimaging, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Emmanuelle Apartis
- CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U1127, Paris 75013, France
- Department of Neurophysiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris 75012, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U1127, Paris 75013, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Clinical Investigation Center for Neurosciences, Paris 75013, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U1127, Paris 75013, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Clinical Investigation Center for Neurosciences, Paris 75013, France
| | - Yulia Worbe
- CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U1127, Paris 75013, France
- Department of Neurophysiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris 75012, France
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Cyrkot T, Ramsey D, Wójta-Kempa M, Misiak B, Szczepanowski R. Blindness of intentions and metacognitive deficits during moral judgements in schizophrenia. ADV CLIN EXP MED 2024; 33:0-0. [PMID: 38530318 DOI: 10.17219/acem/175918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that moral judgments are affected by social cognitive abilities, such as theory of mind (ToM). This study examines how information about an actor's beliefs and the consequences of their actions affect the moral evaluation of the character's behavior in social events. Our research builds upon previous studies, which have shown that these factors contribute differently to moral judgments made by both adults and young children. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore how participants with schizophrenia and healthy controls read stories about social situations in the context of moral judgments. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study used the research procedure that included 4 variants of 16 scenarios describing social situations, and thus comprising 64 stories. After each story, participants evaluated their confidence level on a 4-point scale. To assess delusional beliefs, the Polish adaptation of the Peters Delusion Inventory (PDI) questionnaire and the Paranoia Checklist (PCh) were used. Respondents completed these questionnaires after completing the scenario test procedure. RESULTS In social situations, patients with paranoid schizophrenia were found to evaluate actions of protagonists who attempted to harm another person more leniently than when it was an accident. Conversely, healthy individuals judged those actors who expressed intentions to hurt another person significantly more harshly than in an accident situation. Metacognition measures show that paranoid schizophrenia patients make moral judgments with high confidence, despite being based on an incorrect reading of the other person's intentions. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that ToM has a significant impact on the moral judgment of others. Decreased moral cognition can result from both positive and negative symptoms. Deficits related to metacognition can also sustain such cognitive distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Cyrkot
- Faculty of Psychology and Law, SWPS University, Poznań, Poland
| | - David Ramsey
- Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Monika Wójta-Kempa
- Department of Humanities and Social Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Szczepanowski
- Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
- J. Gromkowski Provincial Specialist Hospital in Wrocław, Poland
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28
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Hoven M, Luigjes J, van Holst RJ. Learning and metacognition under volatility in GD: Lower learning rates and distorted coupling between action and confidence. J Behav Addict 2024; 13:226-235. [PMID: 38340145 PMCID: PMC10988407 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Decisions and learning processes are under metacognitive control, where confidence in one's actions guides future behaviour. Indeed, studies have shown that being more confident results in less action updating and learning, and vice versa. This coupling between action and confidence can be disrupted, as has been found in individuals with high compulsivity symptoms. Patients with Gambling Disorder (GD) have been shown to exhibit both higher confidence and deficits in learning. Methods In this study, we tested the hypotheses that patients with GD display increased confidence, reduced action updating and lower learning rates. Additionally, we investigated whether the action-confidence coupling was distorted in patients with GD. To address this, 27 patients with GD and 30 control participants performed a predictive inference task designed to assess action and confidence dynamics during learning under volatility. Action-updating, confidence and their coupling were assessed and computational modeling estimated parameters for learning rates, error sensitivity, and sensitivity to environmental changes. Results Contrary to our expectations, results revealed no significant group differences in action updating or confidence levels. Nevertheless, GD patients exhibited a weakened coupling between confidence and action, as well as lower learning rates. Discussion and conclusions This suggests that patients with GD may underutilize confidence when steering future behavioral choices. Ultimately, these findings point to a disruption of metacognitive control in GD, without a general overconfidence bias in neutral, non-incentivized volatile learning contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monja Hoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC – University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judy Luigjes
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC – University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth J. van Holst
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC – University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Melville G, Hoffman M, Pollock A, Kurtz MM. Do metacognitive therapies for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders work? A meta-analytic investigation. Psychol Med 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38509837 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Recent reviews and meta-analyses of metacognitive therapy for schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (SSD) have included uncontrolled studies, single-session interventions, and/or analyses limited to a single form of metacognitive therapy. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of metacognitive therapies more broadly based on controlled trials (CT) of sustained treatments. We conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis of controlled trials that investigated the effects of meta-cognitive therapies on primary positive symptom outcomes, and secondary symptom, function and/or insight measures. Electronic databases were searched up to March 2022 using variants of the keywords, 'metacognitive therapy', 'schizophrenia', and 'controlled trial'. Studies were identified and screened according to PRISMA guidelines. Outcomes were assessed with random effects models and sample, intervention, and study quality indices were investigated as potential moderators. Our search identified 44 unique CTs with usable data from 2423 participants. Data were extracted by four investigators with reliability >98%. Results revealed that metacognitive therapies produced significant small-to-moderate effects on delusions (g = 0.32), positive symptoms (g = 0.30) and psychosocial function (g = 0.31), and significant, small effects on cognitive bias (g = 0.25), negative symptoms (g = 0.24), clinical insight (g = 0.29), and social cognition (g = 0.27). Findings were robust in the face of sample differences in age, education, gender, antipsychotic dosage, and duration of illness. Except for social cognition and negative symptoms, effects were evident even in the most rigorous study designs. Thus, results suggest that metacognitive therapies for SSD benefit people, and these benefits transfer to function and illness insight. Future research should modify existing treatments to increase the magnitude of treatment benefits.
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Laosee O, Sritoomma N, Rattanapan C, Wamontree P. Effect of Fitness-To-Drive and Metacognition on Road Traffic Injury Among Older Taxi Drivers: Hierarchical Modeling. J Appl Gerontol 2024:7334648241241008. [PMID: 38511590 DOI: 10.1177/07334648241241008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive and somatic motor skills changes have been linked to impaired driving abilities. Taxi drivers play an important role in providing public transportation services and security. This study aimed to examine the level of fitness-to-drive (FTD) and identify the predictors of self-reported traffic injury among the older taxi drivers. Taxi drivers 60 years and older in Bangkok and the metropolitan area were enrolled. Hierarchical regression models were carried out to examine the effects of demographics, FTD, and metacognition towards self-reported road traffic injury. Totally, 46.1% of the respondents were classified as at-risk drivers. Drivers with alcohol consumption and low risk perception toward road safety were more likely to experience road traffic injury. Regular assessment of physical and psychometric capacity among older taxi drivers could provide another empirical basis to improve public safety transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orapin Laosee
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Netchanok Sritoomma
- College of Nursing, Christian University of Thailand, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Cheerawit Rattanapan
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Phanida Wamontree
- School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
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Nordahl H, Strand ER, Hjemdal O, Nordahl HM. Is meta-worry relevant to interpersonal problems? Testing the metacognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder in an analogue- and a clinical sample of GAD. Cogn Behav Ther 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38502149 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2024.2331191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Interpersonal problems are common in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and improved interpersonal functioning is an important goal in treatment. In the metacognitive model of worry and generalized anxiety disorder, emotional distress and psychological dysfunction are related to two distinct types of worry. Particular emphasis is put on meta-worry which refers to "worry about worrying" or appraisal of worrying as threatening in itself. Meta-worry impairs effective mental regulation and might therefore be an important predisposition to self-regulate via others and thereof interpersonal problems. In the current study, we tested the prediction that meta-worry is uniquely associated with interpersonal problems in two samples. The first consisted of 135 individuals with analogue GAD and the second of 56 individuals with a diagnosis of GAD. Using hierarchical linear regressions controlling for anxiety, depression and worry, meta-worry showed a unique relationship with interpersonal problems in both samples. These findings indicate that meta-worry may be relevant to formulate and treat interpersonal problems in individuals with GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Nordahl
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind R Strand
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- St. Olav`s Hospital, Nidaros DPS, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Odin Hjemdal
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans M Nordahl
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Acute Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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32
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Onagawa R, Kudo K, Watanabe K. Systematic bias in representation of reaction time distribution. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241234650. [PMID: 38336626 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241234650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A correct perception of one's own abilities is essential for making appropriate decisions. A well-known bias in probability perception is that rare events are overestimated. Here, we examined whether such a bias also exists for action outcomes using a simple reaction task. In Experiment 1, after completing a set of 30 trials of the simple reaction task, participants were required to judge the probability that they would be able to respond before a given reference time when performing the task next. We assessed the difference between the actual reaction times and the probability judgement and found that the represented probability distribution was more widely distributed than the actual one, suggesting that low-probability events were overestimated and high-probability events were underestimated. Experiment 2 confirmed the presence of such a bias in the representation of both one's own and another's reaction times. In addition, Experiment 3 showed the presence of such a bias regardless of the difference between the representation of another's reaction times and the mere numerical representation. Furthermore, Experiment 4 found the presence of such a bias even when the information regarding actual reaction times was visually shown before the representation. The present results reveal the existence of a highly robust bias in the representation of motor performance, which reflects the ubiquitous bias in probability perception and is difficult to eliminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Onagawa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Kudo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Batur M, Özdemir PG, Bilmez Tan R, Şahin Taş Z. Assessment of metacognition and retinal optical coherence tomography findings in shift workers. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:393-405. [PMID: 38438316 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2325017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
It is known that working in the shift system, especially the night shift, affects physical, mental, and social well-being. We investigated the changes in the inner retinal layers and choroidal layer of the eyes of nurses working night and day shifts using optical coherence tomography (OCT). We also explored the effect of night shift work on metacognition and the relationships between these variables. A total of 79 nurses participated in the study, of whom 40 worked night shifts. The researcher gave the participants sociodemographic information and the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) form. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness, inner nuclear layer (INL) thickness, inner plexiform layer (IPL) thickness, central macular thickness (CMT), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were measured with OCT. It was found that the level of metacognitive activity associated with cognitive confidence was higher (p = 0.044) for nurses who worked night shifts and that the level of metacognitive activity associated with cognitive awareness was lower (p = 0.015) for nurses who worked night shifts. RNFL-nasal superior (NS) thickness was lower in night shift workers than the day shift group (p = 0.017). Our study revealed significant relationships between metacognition and the OCT findings among night and day shift workers. Our study revealed that RNFL measurements and metacognitive activity may differ and there may be a relationship between these parameters in nurses who work shifts. Further research is needed to investigate the long-term effects of night shift work on retinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Batur
- Medical Faculty Department of Ophthalmology, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Pınar Güzel Özdemir
- Medical Faculty Department of Psychiatry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Rumeysa Bilmez Tan
- Medical Faculty Department of Ophthalmology, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Şahin Taş
- Medical Faculty Department of Psychiatry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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34
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Selmeczy D, Kazemi A, Ghetti S. Seeking versus receiving help: How children integrate suggestions in memory decisions. Child Dev 2024; 95:515-529. [PMID: 37681644 PMCID: PMC10919454 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The current research examined how seeking versus receiving help affected children's memory and confidence decisions. Baseline performance, when no help was available, was compared to performance when help could be sought (Experiment 1: N = 83, 41 females) or was provided (Experiment 2: N = 84, 44 females) in a sample of predominately White 5-, 7-, and 9-year-olds from Northern California. Data collection occurred from 2018 to 2019. In Experiment 1, 5-year-olds agreed most often with sought-help, whereas 9-year-olds were the only age group reporting lower confidence for sought-help relative to baseline trials. In Experiment 2, agreement and confidence after provided help were similar across age groups. Different developmental patterns when help was sought versus provided underscore the importance of active help-seeking for memory decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Kazemi
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Simona Ghetti
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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35
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Strand ER, Nordahl H. Do Patient's Interpersonal Problems Improve Following Metacognitive Therapy? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 2024; 31:e2973. [PMID: 38572800 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Metacognitive therapy (MCT) aims to modify dysfunctional metacognitions that are thought to be universal determinants of emotional distress and psychological dysfunction more generally. MCT is an effective treatment for emotional distress symptoms, but less is known about its effect for other types of psychological problems. Interpersonal problems are common in psychological disorders and should be improved following psychotherapy. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials on the effects associated with MCT for interpersonal problems among adults with mental health disorders published until 15 November 2023 using PubMed, Cochrane Library and PsycNet. Trials with a minimum of 10 participants were included. A total of six studies based on five trials reported on the effectiveness of MCT for interpersonal problems and met our inclusion criteria. Two trials evaluated MCT for patients with major depressive disorders, two for patients with anxiety disorders and one for borderline personality disorder. Three of the trials were randomized controlled trials. Four of the trials reported follow-up data but varied in their time-points. The within-group effect size estimate from pretreatment to posttreatment across five trials was large (g = 0.865, 95% CI [0.512-1.218]). Our results indicate that MCT is an effective treatment for improving interpersonal problems in individuals with common mental disorders, even though the treatment is short and primarily concern improving mental regulation through modifying metacognitions. While this finding is in line with metacognitive theory, more trials evaluating personality and interpersonal functioning are needed to draw firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind R Strand
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- St. Olav's Hospital, Nidaros DPS, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Nordahl
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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36
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Sastre-Riba S. [Executive functioning and metacognition in high intellectual capacity]. Medicina (B Aires) 2024; 84 Suppl 1:72-78. [PMID: 38350628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Executive functions and Metacognition are integrated for the management of intellectual resources in close relation to intelligence its functioning and results; they are specially interesting for understanding the expression and development of high intellectual abilility (HIA). The aim of the study is to find out the relationship between executive functions (and components) and metacognition (and components) in schoolchildren with HIA. MATERIALS AND METHOD Measures of executive and metacognitive functioning and perfectionism were extracted from a sample of n= 147 schoolchildren with HIA. RESULTS statistical analyses using Path analysis, offered an adjusted model in which the different executive components are related to the metacognitive components. DISCUSSION We conclude and discuss the integrative model between executive function and metacognition and its mediating role as an endophenotype between genetic endowment and the expression of resource performance, suggesting the transfer of results to the education of high intellectual ability for the optimal and ethical expression of high potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Sastre-Riba
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, España. E-mail:
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37
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Cropper SJ, Little DR, Xu L, Bruno AM, Johnston A. Measuring the perception and metacognition of time. J Vis 2024; 24:5. [PMID: 38506794 PMCID: PMC10960227 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of humans to identify and reproduce short time intervals (in the region of a second) may be affected by many factors ranging from the gender and personality of the individual observer, through the attentional state, to the precise spatiotemporal structure of the stimulus. The relative roles of these very different factors are a challenge to describe and define; several methodological approaches have been used to achieve this to varying degrees of success. Here we describe and model the results of a paradigm affording not only a first-order measurement of the perceived duration of an interval but also a second-order metacognitive judgement of perceived time. This approach, we argue, expands the form of the data generally collected in duration-judgements and allows more detailed comparison of psychophysical behavior to the underlying theory. We also describe a hierarchical Bayesian measurement model that performs a quantitative analysis of the trial-by-trial data calculating the variability of the temporal estimates and the metacognitive judgments allowing direct comparison between an actual and an ideal observer. We fit the model to data collected for judgements of 750 ms (bisecting 1500 ms) and 1500 ms (bisecting 3000 ms) intervals across three stimulus modalities (visual, audio, and audiovisual). This enhanced form of data on a given interval judgement and the ability to track its progression on a trial-by-trial basis offers a way of looking at the different roles that subject-based, task-based and stimulus-based factors have on the perception of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Cropper
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel R Little
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liheng Xu
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aurelio M Bruno
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK
- School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alan Johnston
- Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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38
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Shekhar M, Rahnev D. How do humans give confidence? A comprehensive comparison of process models of perceptual metacognition. J Exp Psychol Gen 2024; 153:656-688. [PMID: 38095983 PMCID: PMC10922729 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Humans have the metacognitive ability to assess the accuracy of their decisions via confidence judgments. Several computational models of confidence have been developed but not enough has been done to compare these models, making it difficult to adjudicate between them. Here, we compare 14 popular models of confidence that make various assumptions, such as confidence being derived from postdecisional evidence, from positive (decision-congruent) evidence, from posterior probability computations, or from a separate decision-making system for metacognitive judgments. We fit all models to three large experiments in which subjects completed a basic perceptual task with confidence ratings. In Experiments 1 and 2, the best-fitting model was the lognormal meta noise (LogN) model, which postulates that confidence is selectively corrupted by signal-dependent noise. However, in Experiment 3, the positive evidence (PE) model provided the best fits. We evaluated a new model combining the two consistently best-performing models-LogN and the weighted evidence and visibility (WEV). The resulting model, which we call logWEV, outperformed its individual counterparts and the PE model across all data sets, offering a better, more generalizable explanation for these data. Parameter and model recovery analyses showed mostly good recoverability but with important exceptions carrying implications for our ability to discriminate between models. Finally, we evaluated each model's ability to explain different patterns in the data, which led to additional insight into their performances. These results comprehensively characterize the relative adequacy of current confidence models to fit data from basic perceptual tasks and highlight the most plausible mechanisms underlying confidence generation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Shekhar
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology
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Rezaeisharif A, Ghorbani M, Naeim M, Imannezhad S. Examining the psychometric characteristics of the metacognition questionnaire in teaching: a cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:1352-1358. [PMID: 38463116 PMCID: PMC10923395 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The role of metacognition as a common concept in education is undeniable. One of the challenges in the field of metacognition is to measure the impact of metacognition in teaching with practical tools. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the metacognition questionnaire in teaching. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the statistical population of the study included all teachers in 2020 which was selected by an available sampling method of 137 people. The data were collected using a teacher's metacognition questionnaire (TMI). A Confirmatory, Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data. For this purpose, the use of SPSS-25 and LISREL software has been used. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicate that. The validity and retest of the total score were calculated to be 0.93 and 0.86, respectively. The credibility of its subscales was also acceptable. Conclusion As a result, it can be stated that the questionnaire has the proper psychometric properties for use in Iranian society and can be used as a valid tool for identifying teachers with teaching problems and teaching methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rezaeisharif
- Department of Counseling, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili
- Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil
| | - Mehdi Ghorbani
- Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil
| | - Mahdi Naeim
- Department of Counseling, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili
- Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil
| | - Shima Imannezhad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Mograbi DC, Hall S, Arantes B, Huntley J. The cognitive neuroscience of self-awareness: Current framework, clinical implications, and future research directions. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2024; 15:e1670. [PMID: 38043919 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Self-awareness, the ability to take oneself as the object of awareness, has been an enigma for our species, with different answers to this question being provided by religion, philosophy, and, more recently, science. The current review aims to discuss the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying self-awareness. The multidimensional nature of self-awareness will be explored, suggesting how it can be thought of as an emergent property observed in different cognitive complexity levels, within a predictive coding approach. A presentation of alterations of self-awareness in neuropsychiatric conditions will ground a discussion on alternative frameworks to understand this phenomenon, in health and psychopathology, with future research directions being indicated to fill current gaps in the literature. This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Consciousness Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction Neuroscience > Cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Mograbi
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Hall
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Beatriz Arantes
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Huntley
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Kołodziejczyk A, Krawczyk J, Tkaczyszyn-Mika E, Gniewczyńska J, Ziarko M, Zozulińska-Ziółkiewicz D, Pawłowski T. The Role of Metacognition in the Prediction of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Chronically Ill Patients. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1306. [PMID: 38592170 PMCID: PMC10932318 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer, diabetes, and heart diseases are frequent causes of depression and anxiety. The study explored the metacognitive beliefs manifested by chronically ill patients and the presence of depressive or anxiety symptoms and the predictive role of metacognition in both. METHODS A total of 254 chronically ill patients participated in the study. The Metacognitive Questionnaire was used to measure the patients' metacognitive beliefs, whereas the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was applied to evaluate their psychopathological symptoms. A correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationships between metacognition and psychopathological symptoms. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the predictive role of metacognition in anxiety and depression. RESULTS The Negative Beliefs about Uncontrollability and Danger scale correlated with both anxiety and depression scales, and the Cognitive Confidence scale correlated with the depression scale. Linear regression analyses indicated that metacognitive beliefs were responsible for 32.2% of the variance of anxiety symptoms among all the chronically ill. Metacognitive beliefs accounted for 48.8% of the variance in anxiety symptoms and 36.6% in depressive symptoms among diabetes patients. CONCLUSIONS There are specific correlations between psychopathological symptoms and metacognition among chronically ill patients. Metacognitions have a moderate role in developing and sustaining anxiety and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kołodziejczyk
- Division of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
- Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julia Krawczyk
- Department of Health and Clinical Psychology, University of Adam Mickiewicz, 60-568 Poznan, Poland
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Karol Marcinkowski, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | - Michał Ziarko
- Department of Health and Clinical Psychology, University of Adam Mickiewicz, 60-568 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dorota Zozulińska-Ziółkiewicz
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Karol Marcinkowski, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pawłowski
- Division of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
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de Araújo RC, Ferronato RS, Veloso FDD. Metacognition in musical practices: two studies with beginner and expert Brazilian musicians. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1331988. [PMID: 38455117 PMCID: PMC10919216 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1331988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Metacognition is essential in the musical learning process as it involves understanding the purpose of each task, its planning, execution and evaluation. Considering the relevance of metacognitive processes, our objective in this study was to investigate how expert and beginner musicians manifest and verbalize their metacognitive processes in the context of preparing repertoire for a performance. The method used was a multi-case study carried out in two different contexts: with the five members of a brass quintet made up of professional musicians and with three beginner university violin students. The results obtained indicated that even at different levels of expertise, metacognitive processes were present in the musical practices of participants in the two contexts investigated. It was found that in both cases time management is a component of the preparation process in metacognitive regulation, however, for the beginner violinists in our sample it was a significantly more complex task than for the professional brass players. Regarding the learning monitoring and evaluation processes, it was possible to verify that beginner instrumentalists as well as professional musicians used declarative, conditional and procedural knowledge to carry out and reflect on their musical practices. These results have implications for both the individual and collective study process and for teaching processes. It is also observed that reflective thinking must accompany the processes of individual and collective interpretative-musical practices, considering that the musical results desired by musicians are related to the quality of cognitive, behavioral, affective and motivational undertakings pertinent to control and regulation of metacognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Cardoso de Araújo
- Department of Arts, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
- The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
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Yang CJ, Yu HY, Hong TY, Cheng LK, Li WC, Yeh TC, Chen LF, Hsieh JC. Embodied metacognition as strengthened functional connection between neural correlates of metacognition and dance in dancers: exploring creativity implications. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1347386. [PMID: 38425447 PMCID: PMC10902139 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1347386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dance education fosters embodied metacognition, enhancing student's creativity. This study examines the crucial role of functional connectivity (FC) between the neural correlates of metacognition (NCM) and dance (NCD) as the neurological foundation for dancers' embodied metacognition. The investigation also explores whether these consolidated FCs inform the general creativity in dancers. Methods The research involved 29 dancers and 28 non-dancer controls. The study examined resting-state connections of the NCM through seed-based FC analysis. Correlation analyses were employed to investigate the connections between the targeted NCM-NCD FCs, initiated from the a priori NCM seed, and general creativity. Results Dancers demonstrated heightened FC between NCM and NCD compared to non-dancer controls. The targeted regions included the putamen, globus pallidus, posterior cerebellum, and anterior insula of NCD. The dancers exhibited higher originality scores. In dancers, the enhanced FC showed a negative correlation with originality and a positive correlation with flexibility. Conversely, the controls exhibited no significant correlations. Discussion Extended dance training enhances the NCM-NCD connection signifying embodied metacognition. This interconnectedness may serve as the neural predisposition for fostering general creativity performance in dancers. Dancers with heightened levels of originality could leverage the relatively weaker NCM-NCD FCs to facilitate better integration and coordination of creative cognitive processes. Our findings suggest that the consolidated functional connections as sculpted by domain-specific training may inform general creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ju Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Division of Clinical Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Arts and Humanities Education, Taipei National University of the Arts, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Hong
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Division of Clinical Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDSB), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kai Cheng
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Division of Clinical Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Li
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Division of Clinical Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chen Yeh
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fen Chen
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Division of Clinical Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chuen Hsieh
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Division of Clinical Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDSB), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bampa G, Moraitou D, Metallidou P, Masoura E, Papantoniou G, Sofologi M, Kougioumtzis G, Papatzikis E, Tsolaki M. Metacognitive beliefs of efficacy about daily life situations and use of cognitive strategies in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1275678. [PMID: 38414872 PMCID: PMC10896964 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1275678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Metacognition, the ability to monitor and regulate cognitive processes, is essential for individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to accurately identify their deficits and effectively manage them. However, previous studies primarily focused on memory awareness in MCI, neglecting other domains affected in daily life. This study aimed to investigate how individuals with MCI perceive their abilities to handle various cognitively challenging situations representing real-life scenarios and their use of compensatory strategies. Thus 100 participants were recruited, including 50 with amnestic MCI with multiple deficits (aMCI) and 50 cognitively healthy controls (HC) matched in age and education. Participants completed three metacognitive scales assessing self-perceived efficacy in everyday life scenarios and one scale evaluating use of cognitive strategies. Results indicated that aMCI participants reported significantly lower self-efficacy in memory and divided-shifted attention scenarios compared to HC. Surprisingly, no significant group differences were found in the self-reports about the use of cognitive strategies. This suggests a potential gap in understanding or applying effective strategies for compensating cognitive deficits. These findings emphasize the importance of cognitive training programs targeting metacognitive knowledge enhancement and practical use of cognitive strategies that could enhance the quality of life for individuals with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigoria Bampa
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balcan Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despina Moraitou
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balcan Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Metallidou
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elvira Masoura
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Papantoniou
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Research Centre of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Sofologi
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Research Centre of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Kougioumtzis
- Department of Turkish and Modern Asian Studies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Psychology, Neapolis University Pafos, Pafos, Cyprus
| | - Efthymios Papatzikis
- Department of Early Childhood Education and Care, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Bright Start Foundation for Maternal and Child Health, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and Health, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Magdalini Tsolaki
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balcan Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Greece
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Koriat A. Subjective Confidence as a Monitor of the Replicability of the Response. Perspect Psychol Sci 2024:17456916231224387. [PMID: 38319741 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231224387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Confidence is commonly assumed to monitor the accuracy of responses. However, intriguing results, examined in the light of philosophical discussions of epistemic justification, suggest that confidence actually monitors the reliability of choices rather than (directly) their accuracy. The focus on reliability is consistent with the view that the construction of truth has much in common with the construction of reality: extracting reliable properties that afford prediction. People are assumed to make a binary choice by sampling cues from a "collective wisdomware," and their confidence is based on the consistency of these cues, in line with the self-consistency model. Here, however, I propose that internal consistency is taken to index the reliability of choices themselves-the likelihood that they will be repeated. The results of 10 studies using binary decisions from different domains indicated that confidence in a choice predicts its replicability both within individuals and across individuals. This was so for domains for which choices have a truth value and for those for which they do not. For the former domains, differences in replicability mediated the prediction of accuracy whether confidence was diagnostic or counterdiagnostic of accuracy. Metatheoretical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Koriat
- Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa
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Agadzhanyan K, Castel AD. The effect of emotional valence and font size on metacognition and memory. Memory 2024; 32:252-263. [PMID: 38289343 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2307919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Predictions about memory involve the use of metacognition, and metacognition can rely on various cues. The present study investigated metacognition and recall performance when to-be-remembered words differed in font size and emotional valence, to determine what cues are utilised when making metacognitive judgments. Participants were presented with lists of words varying in font size (small and large) and emotional valence (negative and neutral) and were asked to remember as many words as possible for a later recall test while engaging in item-level metacognitive assessments. Specifically, after studying each word, participants either made only judgments of learning (JOLs, Experiment 1) or both JOLs and restudy judgments (Experiment 2). Across experiments, results revealed that while JOLs were sensitive to both font size and emotional valence, restudy judgments were mostly sensitive to emotional valence, and participants' metacognitive assessments mapped onto memory performance generally for emotional words. Additionally, we found that the effect of font size on metacognition and memory was robust to experience-based learning. Together, the current study extends our understanding of how emotion and font size affect metacognition (monitoring and control) and memory and suggests that when presented with multiple cues, certain diagnostic cues can be harnessed to mitigate metacognitive illusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Agadzhanyan
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan D Castel
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Dhurandhar D, Pathak SS, Chandrakar T, Bhadoria P, Anjankar VP, Singh A, Agrawal J. Enhancing Medical Students' Reflective Capacity: Utilizing Reflective Practice Questionnaire as an Action Research Diagnostic Tool. Cureus 2024; 16:e54531. [PMID: 38516500 PMCID: PMC10956478 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Reflection is the intentional evaluation of one's beliefs or understanding in consideration of the available evidence. Reflection has been noted to enhance profound learning and critical thinking and is an essential foundation of experiential learning. The Reflective Practice Questionnaire (RPQ) is a valid and reliable tool for assessing reflective capacity among medical students. It assesses not only reflective capacity but also other psychological constructs relevant to reflective practice, such as job satisfaction, confidence while interacting with patients, stress during patient interaction, desire for improvement, and feelings of uncertainty. The use of RPQ as a diagnostic tool for improving reflective capacity among medical students is scarcely available in the literature. Thus, the present study aimed to utilize the RPQ for identifying discrete action points for training and future improvement in reflective capacity. Materials and methods The present cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 300 medical students of a medical college. To identify the clusters or meaningful subgroups within the study population, cluster analysis was done. Inter-correlation between subscales of RPQ was performed by forming Pearson's correlation matrix to understand the dynamics between various subscales of RPQ. Results Five groups were identified in the cluster analysis: typical (25.6%), reflective (27%), non-reflective (16.7%), unconfident (14%), and overconfident (16.7%). This sets the template for specific action points for each group identified above. Reflective capacity was positively correlated with Desire for Improvement (DfI), General Confidence (CG), Communication Confidence (CC), and Job Satisfaction (JS). It was also positively correlated with negative outcomes such as Uncertainty (Unc) and Stress when Interacting with Patients (SiC). Conclusion RPQ can be used as a diagnostic tool in terms of reflective capacity for action research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swanand S Pathak
- Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Tripti Chandrakar
- Community Medicine, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College, Raipur, IND
| | - Pooja Bhadoria
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Vaibhav P Anjankar
- Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Adarshlata Singh
- Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Jagriti Agrawal
- Anatomy, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College, Raipur, IND
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Çapan D, Furman R, Göksun T, Eskenazi T. Hands of confidence: When gestures increase confidence in spatial problem-solving. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:257-277. [PMID: 36890437 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231164270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether the metacognitive system monitors the potential positive effects of gestures on spatial thinking. Participants (N = 59, 31F, Mage = 21.67) performed a mental rotation task, consisting of 24 problems varying in difficulty, and they evaluated their confidence in their answers to problems in either gesture or control conditions. The results revealed that performance and confidence were higher in the gesture condition, in which the participants were asked to use their gestures during problem-solving, compared with the control condition, extending the literature by evidencing gestures' role in metacognition. Yet, the effect was only evident for females, who already performed worse than males, and when the problems were difficult. Encouraging gestures adversely affected performance and confidence in males. Such results suggest that gestures selectively influence cognition and metacognition and highlight the importance of task-related (i.e., difficulty) and individual-related variables (i.e., sex) in elucidating the links between gestures, confidence, and spatial thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicle Çapan
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Furman
- School of Psychology and Computer Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Tilbe Göksun
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Terry Eskenazi
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Martin AMS, Bullock J, Fiszdon J, Stacy M, Martino S, James AV, Wiesepape C, Lysaker PH. Translating an integrative metacognitive model of psychotherapy for serious mental illness into a group format: A pilot investigation on feasibility. Psychol Serv 2024; 21:130-138. [PMID: 36066852 PMCID: PMC10484016 DOI: 10.1037/ser0000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metacognitive reflection and insight therapy (MERIT) is an one-on-one intervention that targets insight with the aim to help people with serious mental illness develop more integrated ideas about themselves and others in order to respond to their psychological and social challenges more adaptively. There is a growing body of evidence on MERIT's effectiveness. Considering the clinical demand for more cost-effective group psychotherapies, we modified the original individual MERIT format to a group-based intervention (MERITg) for application in inpatient and outpatient psychiatric settings. Thirty-one participants (inpatient = 10; outpatient = 21) with serious mental illness were surveyed on their experience of MERITg, which was offered adjunctively to their routine clinical care. Program evaluation measures were used to assess the feasibility and acceptance of the group. Across locations, more than half of all participants attended more than one group. Participants reported attending the group initially because they thought writing would be helpful, and further reported that they liked the group because they enjoyed writing and the discussion, and that they found it interesting to hear the perspectives and writings of others. Findings further support the need for future research on the efficacy and effectiveness of the group and its relationship to changes in metacognitive capacity and recovery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Schnakenberg Martin
- Psychology Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joshua Bullock
- Psychology Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joanna Fiszdon
- Psychology Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Meaghan Stacy
- Psychology Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steve Martino
- Psychology Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alison V. James
- Psychology Service, VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Courtney Wiesepape
- Psychology Service, Roudebush Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul H. Lysaker
- Psychology Service, Roudebush Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Orson J, Pearson L, Parker S. 'I felt like I'd lost control of everything': An exploration of metacognition and masculinity in men experiencing suicidality. Psychol Psychother 2024. [PMID: 38284500 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seventy-five per cent of UK suicides are completed by men, and associated masculinity beliefs are well researched. The self-regulatory executive functioning (S-REF) model of distress is governed by metacognitive beliefs about mental processes, such as worry and rumination. Little is known about metacognition in male suicidality and how these processes interact with masculinity beliefs, suicidal ideation and behaviour. AIMS To identify which aspects of the S-REF model were present in a sample of men experiencing suicidality, and to consider how these processes interact with masculinity beliefs, suicidal ideation and behaviour. METHOD Fifteen men experiencing suicidal ideation or behaviour were recruited from a home-based treatment team. Semi-structured interviews and self-report measures were administered to identify metacognitive processes and masculinity beliefs. Interviews were analysed using the framework approach. RESULTS The S-REF model was identified across three super-ordinate themes; 'the cognitive attentional syndrome (CAS) and maladaptive coping', 'metacognitive beliefs about worry, uncontrollability and danger' and 'consequences'. Thirteen sub-ordinate themes included processes such as 'worry' and 'rumination', metacognitive beliefs such as 'worrying helps me avoid problems' and 'worry is dangerous for me' and emotional consequences such as 'overwhelm', 'emasculation' and 'escape'. CONCLUSION Perseverative thinking and erroneous metacognitive beliefs were associated with reduced functioning, which was incompatible with masculinity beliefs about leadership and strength, and suicide was considered as re-establishing control. Further research into metacognitive processes in male suicidality would enhance theoretical understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonothan Orson
- Mental Health Nursing Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS FT, Manchester, UK
| | - Lydia Pearson
- Youth Mental Health Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS FT, Manchester, UK
| | - Sophie Parker
- Youth Mental Health Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS FT, Manchester, UK
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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