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Cohen M, Nakash O, Apter-Levy Y. Gender Differences in the Relationship between Lifetime Exposure to Trauma and the Development of Pathological Personality Traits. J Trauma Dissociation 2024; 25:394-407. [PMID: 38376101 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2024.2320436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Gender differences in the prevalence, types and outcomes of traumas have consistently been reported in the literature. Other research has documented that exposure to trauma is associated with the development and maintenance of pathological personality traits. In the current study, we examined the moderating role of gender in the association between lifetime exposure to trauma and pathological personality traits. The sample included 148 clients who sought treatment at a community mental health clinic. All participants completed online questionnaires including demographic information, the Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ), and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF) at the entry to treatment. Our findings documented a significant association between exposure to trauma and pathological personality traits in men, but not in women. Furthermore, this pattern of results was specifically evident within two personality domains: antagonism and detachment. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of the interplay between trauma, gender, and the development of pathological personality traits. They expand upon the growing knowledge about the mental health crisis among boys and men by shedding light on the unique vulnerabilities that men face in response to traumatic experiences and how these experiences can have a lasting impact on their adaptive functioning. Consequently, at the clinical level, the current study emphasizes the importance of paying particular attention to men's trauma histories and explicitly exploring these during the intake session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Cohen
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- School for Social Work, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ora Nakash
- School for Social Work, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yael Apter-Levy
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
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2
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Pourdehghan P, Mohammadi MR, Mostafavi SA, Khaleghi A, Ahmadi N. The Relationship of Parental Personality Disorders with Offspring Eating Disorders at Childhood and Adolescence Age. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:361-371. [PMID: 35964272 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate parents' PDs that could be associated with children and adolescents' EDs. We studied association of parental PDs with offspring EDs in age group 6-18 years in a nationally representative sample of Iranians with 27,111 children and adolescents and their parents. We used a multistage random cluster sampling method. We used Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-Third Edition and Persian present and lifetime version of Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia to measure parental PDs and children and adolescents' EDs, respectively. We used descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis methods to analyze the data. Maternal but not paternal PDs were significantly associated with EDs in offspring. Maternal antisocial, borderline, schizoid, histrionic, and compulsive PDs were significantly associated with EDs in offspring by 32.06, 4.66, 4.32, 3.15, and 1.71 odd ratios, respectively. Of EDs in offspring, anorexia nervosa and binge ED were significantly associated with maternal PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parandis Pourdehghan
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed-Ali Mostafavi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ahmadi
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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3
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Kasper LA, Pfeifer AC, Volkert J, Schiltenwolf M, Taubner S. [Mentalizing the pain-Implementation of a mentalization-based manual for the therapeutic support of pain patients.]. Schmerz 2024; 38:118-124. [PMID: 37071211 DOI: 10.1007/s00482-023-00709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is usually a complex disorder with possible indications for an impairment at the personality functioning level. Guidelines recommend a multiprofessional interdisciplinary treatment approach. Based on the alternative model of personality disorders of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases, eleventh revision (ICD-11), an integrative manual was designed to exactly fit the interdisciplinary multimodal treatment of patients of the day clinic for pain at the orthopedic clinic of the University Hospital Heidelberg. The treatment manual specifically promotes various areas of personality functioning levels, such as emotion regulation, identity, empathy and relationships through individual and group interventions against the background of a mentalization-based therapeutic attitude. A focus group was used to qualitatively evaluate the implementation of the new treatment manual. With good applicability of the manual and satisfaction of the therapy team, a common language for the interdisciplinary team could be created to improve the therapeutic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Kasper
- Institut für Psychosoziale Prävention, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Bergheimerstr. 54, 69115, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
- Psychologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
| | - A-C Pfeifer
- Zentrum für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und Paraplegiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - J Volkert
- Abteilung Psychologie, Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - M Schiltenwolf
- Zentrum für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und Paraplegiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - S Taubner
- Institut für Psychosoziale Prävention, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Bergheimerstr. 54, 69115, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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Kealy D, Gazzillo F. Testing and treatment-by-attitude in psychotherapy for pathological narcissism: A clinical illustration. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:795-808. [PMID: 38009529 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathological narcissism is a personality constellation comprising distorted self-image, maladaptive self-esteem regulation, and difficulties in intimate relationships. Patients with elevated pathological narcissism may not necessarily meet criteria for narcissistic personality disorder, and may seek treatment for a range of mental health concerns across various clinical settings. An understanding of key principles of control-mastery theory (CMT) can help clinicians understand the specific goals and challenges of the individual patient with pathological narcissism, and can illuminate ways in which the patient may work in psychotherapy. This paper outlines how patients with pathological narcissism may engage in testing of their pathogenic beliefs, and how therapists can respond in ways that facilitate the patient's sense of safety and foster psychological work. The role of the therapist's attitude is highlighted as a means for countering pathogenic beliefs associated with pathological narcissism. Clinical material from a single case of time-limited supportive psychotherapy will be used to illustrate these principles and associated therapeutic processes. Insights from CMT regarding pathogenic beliefs and the patient's plan for addressing them can help to explain how therapy works or does not work for patients with pathological narcissism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kealy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Francesco Gazzillo
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Dimaggio G, Valentino V. The ongoing rewriting of the therapeutic contract in Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy for narcissistic personality disorder: The case of Mark. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:776-794. [PMID: 37965788 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to effectively treat individuals suffering from Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), it is crucial to establish therapeutic goals and identify tasks to achieve them. However, this is a challenging process with NPD patients because they often struggle to find meaningful goals beyond the pursuit of status. Moreover, in order to change Furthermore, to promote change, they must confront painful emotions such as shame, guilt, or fear, which they habitually try to avoid. Additionally, they face difficulties in forming a positive perception of their therapists and cooperating towards mutually agreed-upon goals and tasks. As a consequence, NPD patients ask for change but hardly engage themselves in the work necessary to achieve it. Therapists therefore need to pay the uttermost attention to drafting, negotiating and continuously updating a reasonable and realistic therapeutic contract. In this paper we describe the story of a man in his thirties with NPD who was ridden with depression, guilt, envy and anger and did not find ways to pursue the healthy and adaptive behaviors he would need to pursue in order to leave a richer social life. The therapist overcame ruptures in the therapeutic alliance and then involved the patient in a process where they set the steps to follow, making sure the patient was convinced they made sense. After a contract was reached progress became possible. Implications for the role of the therapeutic contract in NPD treatment are discussed.
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6
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Stephan Y, Sutin AR, Terracciano A. Personality traits and the risk of urinary incontinence: Evidence from three longitudinal samples. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 39:e6084. [PMID: 38558175 DOI: 10.1002/gps.6084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition with a substantial negative impact on older adults' quality of life. This study examines whether individual differences in behavioral, cognitive, and emotional traits assessed by the five major dimensions of personality are related to the risk of concurrent and incident UI. METHODS Participants were older women and men (N > 26,000) from the Midlife in the United States Survey, the Health and Retirement Study, and the English Longitudinal Study of Aging. In each cohort, personality traits (measured with the Midlife Development Inventory) and demographic (age, sex, education, and race), clinical (body mass index, diabetes, blood pressure), and behavioral (smoking) factors were assessed at baseline. UI was assessed at baseline and again 8-20 years later. Results for each cohort were combined in random-effect meta-analyses. RESULTS Consistently across cohorts, higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness were related to a higher risk of concurrent and incident UI. To a lesser extent, extraversion, openness, and agreeableness were also related to lower risk of concurrent and incident UI. BMI, diabetes, blood pressure, and smoking partially accounted for these associations. There was little evidence that age or sex moderated the associations. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides novel, robust, and replicable evidence linking personality traits to UI. The higher vulnerability for UI for individuals who score higher on neuroticism and lower on conscientiousness is consistent with findings for other multifactorial geriatric syndromes. Personality traits can help identify individuals at risk and may help contextualize the clinical presentation of comorbid emotional, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelina R Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Senra H, Gaglianone CG, McPherson S, Unterrainer H. Prevalence of personality disorders in adults with binge eating disorder-A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13669. [PMID: 38114201 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder (BED) is a complex mental health problem entailing high risk for obesity, overweight, and other psychiatric disorders. However, there is still unclear evidence of the prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) in BED patients. We conducted a systematic review and a Bayesian meta-analysis for studies examining the prevalence of any PD in adult BED patients. Data sources included PubMed, Cochrane library, EBSCO, PsycINFO, and Science Direct. A Bayesian meta-analysis was conducted to estimate effect sizes for the prevalence of any PD in BED patients. Twenty eligible articles were examined with a total of 2945 BED patients. Borderline personality disorder and "Cluster C" PD, particularly obsessive-compulsive and avoidant PD, were the most frequent PD found in BED patients. BED diagnosis was associated with 28% probability of a comorbid diagnosis of any PD (0.279, 95%CrI: [0.22, 0.34]), with high levels of between-study heterogeneity (τ = 0.61, 95% CrI [0.40, 0.90]). Sensitivity analysis suggested effect sizes ranging from 0.27 to 0.28. The high comorbidity of PDs in BED patients draws attention to the potential complexity of BED clinical presentations, including those that might also be comorbid with obesity. Clinical practice should address this complexity to improve care for BED and obesity patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Senra
- Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Essex, Essex, UK
| | - Catarina Gouveia Gaglianone
- School of Health in Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susan McPherson
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Essex, Essex, UK
| | - Human Unterrainer
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
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Lambrecht B, Simon J, Bach B. Clinician-rated ICD-11 trait domains and personality disorder types. Personal Disord 2024; 15:122-127. [PMID: 37956048 DOI: 10.1037/per0000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The International Classification of Diseases (11th edition; ICD-11) has adopted a classification of personality disorders (PDs) that abolishes the established International Classification of Diseases (10th edition; ICD-10) PD types in favor of global severity and stylistic trait domain specifiers. The goal of the current study was to describe the empirical relationship between traditional PD types and the ICD-11 trait domains, which is anticipated to inform and guide clinicians in this profound transition. A total of 246 patients were rated by their clinicians. The Informant-Personality Inventory for ICD-11 was used to rate ICD-11 trait domains while PD types were assigned categorically according to ICD-10. Empirical associations were investigated by means of bivariate correlation and logistic regression analyses with bootstrapping. Results overall showed expected and conceptually meaningful associations between ICD-11 trait domains and categorical ICD-10 PD types, with only a few unexpected deviations. Findings suggest that ICD-11 trait domains capture stylistic features of the established PD types in a conceptually coherent manner. These findings may facilitate continuity and guide translation between categorical PD types (i.e., ICD-10 and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [fifth edition]) and the new ICD-11 classification in mental health care. Future research should seek to replicate these findings in various clinical settings while also integrating the essential PD severity classification. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatan Simon
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark
| | - Bo Bach
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark
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Blais MA, Kelley SE, Ruchensky JR, Richardson LA, Massey C, Stein MB. Deriving the Transdiagnostic Scales From the Personality Assessment Inventory and SPECTRA: Indices of Psychopathology: A Demonstration. Clin Psychol Psychother 2024; 31:e2967. [PMID: 38572780 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Transdiagnostic models of psychopathology address many of the shortcomings common to categorical diagnostic systems. These empirically derived models conceptualize psychopathology as a few broad interrelated and hierarchically arranged dimensions, with an overarching general psychopathology dimension, the p-factor, at the apex. While transdiagnostic models are gaining prominence in mental health research, the lack of available tools has limited their clinical translation. The present study explored the potential of creating transdiagnostic scales from the joint factor structure of the Personality Assessment Inventory, Alternative Model of Personality Disorder trait scales (AMPD), and the clinical scales of the SPECTRA: Indices of Psychopathology (SPECTRA). Exploratory factor analysis in a clinical sample (n = 212) identified five factors corresponding to the Negative Affect/Internalizing, Detachment, Antagonism/Externalizing, Disinhibition/Externalizing, and Thought Disorder transdiagnostic dimensions. Goldberg's "Bass-Ackward" method supported a hierarchical structure. Five composite transdiagnostic scales were created by summing each factor's highest loading PAI and SPECTRA scales. A global psychopathology scale was created by summing the five composite scales. All the composite scales demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Correlations between the composite scales and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 provide initial validity evidence for four composite and global scales. The composite thought disorder scale had no conceptually corresponding NEO domain. Clinical implications and study limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Blais
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shannon E Kelley
- Department of Clinical Psychology, William James College, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jared R Ruchensky
- Department of Psychology & Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, USA
| | - Laura A Richardson
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina Massey
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle B Stein
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Gander M, Buchheim A, Sevecke K. Personality Disorders and Attachment Trauma in Adolescent Patients with Psychiatric Disorders. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:457-471. [PMID: 37889355 PMCID: PMC10896792 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how personality disorders (PD) differ with respect to gender, attachment status and traumatic childhood experiences in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. In particular, we investigated attachment-related traumatic material underlying adolescent PD. Our sample consisted of 175 inpatient adolescents aged 14 to 18 years (77% female, Mage = 15.13, SD = 1.35; 23% male, Mage =14.85, SD = 1.41). Thirty-nine patients (22%) fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for a PD according to the SCID-II PD: 51% avoidant, 13% obsessive-compulsive, 13% antisocial, 19% borderline, 2% paranoid and 2% histrionic. In the total sample, eighty-three (47%) of our inpatients were classified with an unresolved attachment status using the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP). We did not find any significant gender differences for patients with and without a PD. Our results revealed a higher percentage of unresolved attachment status in patients with a PD. The in-depth analysis of the total sample showed that patients with a PD demonstrated more traumatic material in their attachment interviews indicating a greater severity of attachment trauma. Furthermore, patients with a PD reported higher scores on emotional and physical neglect. Intervention strategies targeting traumatic attachment-related themes might be useful to treat adolescents with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gander
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tirol Kliniken, Milserstrasse 10, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Tirol, Austria.
| | - Anna Buchheim
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Kathrin Sevecke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tirol Kliniken, Milserstrasse 10, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Tirol, Austria
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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Newman JC, Malek AM, Hibbeln JR, Pregulman M, Burbelo GA, Turner TH, Marriott BP. Narcissism Is Not Associated With Success in U.S. Army Soldier Training. Mil Med 2024; 189:e766-e772. [PMID: 37738176 PMCID: PMC10898922 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Narcissism has been studied for its role in leadership using various versions of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). Narcissism is described as having a "dark and negative" side as well as a "positive or bright" side. The bright side of narcissism, in particular, has been studied for its role in leadership. In studies among military personnel in Finland and Hungary, the NPI has been associated with positive leadership traits. We assessed if measures of narcissistic personality were predictive of entrance to and graduation from the Army Ranger Course among United States (U.S.) Army personnel. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included the NPI as one of the measures in the Ranger Resilience and Improved Performance on Phospholipid-bound Omega-3's (RRIPP-3) study. RRIPP-3 was a double-blind, placebo-controlled dietary supplement intervention trial at Fort Benning, GA, that enrolled 555 officers when they entered the U.S. Army Infantry Basic Officer Leadership Course (IBOLC) with the intention to complete the U.S. Ranger School. RRIPP-3 volunteer participants consumed eight dietary supplements daily containing 2.3 g of omega-3 (krill oil) or macadamia nut oil (control) over a 20-week period. Blood spot samples were collected to monitor intake compliance. Cognitive functioning, resilience, and mood were assessed at approximately 14 and 16 weeks. Dietary intake was also assessed. The 40-item, forced-choice NPI was included to assess if three factors of narcissism: Leadership/Authority, Grandiose/Exhibitionism, and Entitlement/Exploitativeness measures of narcissistic personality were associated with entrance to and graduation from the Army Ranger Course. RESULTS Of the 555 soldiers enrolled in RRIPP-3, there were no statistically significant differences in the total NPI scores comparing U.S. Army IBOLC officers who enrolled (n = 225) versus did not enroll (n = 330, p = .649) or graduated (n = 95; versus did not graduate [n = 460, p = .451]) from the Ranger Course. None of the three-factor NPI subscales differed statistically comparing either enrollment in (p = .442, .510, and .589, respectively) or graduation from the Ranger Course (p = .814, .508, and .813, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although narcissism has been positively associated with military trainee success in other countries, we did not find an association between narcissism and trainee success among U.S. Army trainees, and accordingly the level of narcissism did not predict trainee success or failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Newman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Angela M Malek
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Barton Health, South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150, USA
| | - Marcie Pregulman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | - Travis H Turner
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Bernadette P Marriott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Military Division, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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12
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Motala Z, Price O. 'Commanded to be ill, accused of being well' a lived-experience-led, qualitative investigation of service user perspectives on the impact of emotionally unstable personality disorder diagnosis on self-concept. J Ment Health 2024; 33:22-30. [PMID: 36096731 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2022.2118685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) is a mental disorder impairing health and functioning and increasing suicide risk and it is a stigmatised condition among healthcare professionals. EUPD diagnosis may significantly affect self-concept, yet no previous investigation has explicitly examined this. AIMS To explore service user perspectives on (a) the impact of EUPD diagnosis on self-concept and (b) mediators of positive and negative impacts. METHODS Service user-led, qualitative semi-structured interviews with n = 10 participants with EUPD. RESULTS Perceived impacts of diagnosis on self-concept were, broadly, negative. Factors mediating between positive and negative impacts included: exposure to online stigma and public understanding, the responses of relatives, friends, intimate partners and trusted communities, and the attitudes and behaviours of healthcare staff. There were indications that recent guideline and practice developments (guidelines recommending alternatives to inpatient admissions for people with EUPD and "recovery-focused" approaches to self-harm) may have worsened inpatient staff attitudes and led to more rejecting service user experiences. CONCLUSION Mitigating negative impacts of EUPD diagnosis on self-concept may require addressing hateful, online content related to EUPD; revisiting use of the personality disorder label; improving medical communication around diagnosis and improving practice and policy in the management of EUPD in inpatient settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Motala
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Owen Price
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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13
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Muñoz-Negro JE, Gutiérrez B, Rivera M, Molina E, González Díaz M, Jabalera Ruz P, Cervilla JA. An epidemiological survey on personality disorder in Andalusia (the PISMA-ep PD study). Int J Soc Psychiatry 2024; 70:209-217. [PMID: 37840279 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231204216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a significant clinical and social burden, there is a relative scarcity of epidemiological studies on Personality Disorder (PD). AIM To determine the current prevalence of PD and the psychosocial correlates associated with this in the Andalusian population. METHOD We carried out a cross-sectional population mental-health survey in Andalusia, southern Spain. Thus, 4,518 randomly selected participants were interviewed following sampling using different standard stratification levels. We used the Spanish version of the SAPAS to estimate PD prevalence. In addition, a full battery of other instruments was utilized to explore global functionality, childhood abuse, maltreatment, threatening life events, personality traits (neuroticism, impulsivity and paranoia), medical and psychiatric comorbidities, family history of psychological problems and other potential risk factors for PD. RESULTS PD prevalence (10.8%; 95% CI [9.8, 11.7]) and ran two different multivariate models for PD. We obtained the highest PD prevalence in those affected by any mental disorder plus those reporting having suffered childhood abuse, particularly sexual abuse. Additional potential risk factors or correlates of PD identified were: younger age, lower levels of functioning, less social support, poorer general health, having suffered maltreatment, threatening life events, higher suicidal risk scores and higher levels of both neuroticism and impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS This study reports PD prevalence and risk correlates in consonance with similar findings reported in other Western populations. However, longitudinal studies are needed to elicit a more thorough group of prospective determinants of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blanca Gutiérrez
- Departament of Psychiatry, University of Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs Granada, Spain
| | - Margarita Rivera
- Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Molina
- Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs Granada, Spain
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
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14
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Sellbom M, Brown TA, Bach B. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Personality Disorder Severity ICD-11 (PDS-ICD-11) Clinician-Rating Form. Personal Ment Health 2024; 18:60-68. [PMID: 37941508 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
No clinician-rating tool has formally been developed to assess the ICD-11 model of personality disorder (PD) severity. We therefore developed and evaluated the 14-item personality disorder Severity ICD-11 (PDS-ICD-11) Clinician-Rating Form. A combined sample of 195 patients was rated by mental health professionals or clinical research assistants in New Zealand using the PDS-ICD-11 Clinician-Rating Form. Responses were subjected to item-response theory analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In a subsample, we examined interrater reliability and convergence with self- and informant-reported measures of personality impairment, dysfunction in various psychopathology domains, and traditional PD symptoms. Item-response theory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the item functioning and unidimensionality, respectively, of the PDS-ICD-11 Clinician-Rating Form. The interrater reliability was very promising (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94, p < 0.001). PDS-ICD-11 Clinician-Rating Form scores were associated with established measures of personality dysfunction at large effect sizes. This initial development study suggests that the PDS-ICD-11 Clinician-Rating Form constitutes a psychometrically sound instrument that provides a clinically based impression of the severity of personality dysfunction according to the official ICD-11 description. More research is needed to corroborate its validity and utility, and a structured interview is warranted for diagnostic purposes. The final PDS-ICD-11 Clinician-Rating Form is included as online supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bo Bach
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Center for Personality Disorder Research, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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15
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Komasi S, Rezaei F, Hemmati A, Nazari A, Nasiri Y, Faridmarandi B, Zakiei A, Saeidi M, Hopwood CJ. Clinical cut scores for the Persian version of the personality inventory for DSM-5. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:370-390. [PMID: 37864832 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cut points of psychological tools to diagnose clinical conditions are not universal and depend on the region and prevalence of the disorder. Thus, we aimed to identify the cutoff points of the Persian original version of the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5; 220 items) that would optimally distinguish nonclinical from clinical groups. METHODS Both nonclinical (N = 634, 73% female, 34.0 ± 10.8 years) and clinical (N = 454, 29% female, 29.5 ± 7.4 years) samples from the West of Iran participated in the study. Data were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and Youden's index was used to determine the cutoff scores across the PID-5 domains and facets. The means and standard deviations of both the clinical male and female were compared with the nonclinical group using Cohen's d and independent t-tests. RESULTS All the PID-5 algorithms and facets significantly distinguished clinical from nonclinical samples with some unique findings for male and female samples. The mean score of all the PID-5 algorithms and facets in the clinical male and female samples were respectively 1.0-2.0 SD and 0.5-1.0 SD above the mean for the nonclinical counterparts. A score higher than 1.5 on ranging from 0 to 3 in each domain or facet indicated clinical status. CONCLUSION Raw cutting scores throughout the PID-5 algorithms can be well used to diagnose any pathology of personality and the severity of the disorder in clinical patients. The cut scores provide a useful tool for the clinical use of the original version of PID-5 in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Komasi
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychopathology Research, Mind GPS Institute, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farzin Rezaei
- Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azad Hemmati
- Department of Psychology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Amin Nazari
- Department of Psychology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Nasiri
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychopathology Research, Mind GPS Institute, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behrooz Faridmarandi
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychopathology Research, Mind GPS Institute, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Zakiei
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Saeidi
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychopathology Research, Mind GPS Institute, Kermanshah, Iran
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16
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Prasko J, Ociskova M, Burkauskas J, Vanek J, Krone I, Gecaite-Stonciene J, Abeltina M, Holomany J, Slepecky M, Juskiene A. The river of life method in a schema therapy groups. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2024; 45:55-68. [PMID: 38295428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Schema therapy is an integrative approach to treat patients with personality disorders and other complex psychological problems. Group schema therapy has been developed to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of schema therapy by providing a supportive and stimulating environment for change. This article introduces the River of Life Method, a novel technique for facilitating group schema therapy, based on the metaphor of a river of life. The method helps patients to identify and modify their maladaptive schemas and modes in a nurturing process in the group. The article describes the theoretical background, the practical steps, and the clinical applications of the method. It also presents the patients' experience with the method, based on their feedback and self-reports. The results showed that the method was well received by both patients and therapists, and that it had positive effects on schema modes, psychological distress, and coping with adversities and hope for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Prasko
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Jessenia Inc. Rehabilitation Hospital Beroun, Akeso Holding, MINDWALK, s.r.o., Czech Republic
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovak Republic
- Department of Psychotherapy, Institute for Postgraduate Training in Health Care, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Ociskova
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Jessenia Inc. Rehabilitation Hospital Beroun, Akeso Holding, MINDWALK, s.r.o., Czech Republic
| | - Julius Burkauskas
- Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania
| | - Jakub Vanek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Krone
- Riga's Stradins University, Latvian Association of CBT, Latvia
| | - Julija Gecaite-Stonciene
- Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Jelena Holomany
- Jessenia Inc. Rehabilitation Hospital Beroun, Akeso Holding, MINDWALK, s.r.o., Czech Republic
| | - Milos Slepecky
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Alicja Juskiene
- Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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17
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Bottesi G, Caudek C, Malerba A, Caselli G, Gallo G, Melli G, Marsigli N, Offredi A, Sica C. Agreement and discrepancies in patient-clinician reports of DSM-5-TR section III maladaptive personality traits: A study on a mixed outpatient sample. Personal Disord 2024; 15:94-99. [PMID: 37498699 DOI: 10.1037/per0000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of personality pathology based on dimensional models may improve self-other agreement, but previous research mainly adopted a categorical approach and overlooked the role of the person of the therapist. Our study examined patient-clinician agreement in a mixed sample of Italian outpatients using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) and the PID-5-Informant Form (PID-5-IRF). Moreover, the role of clinician personality traits on agreement was preliminary explored. Sixty-eight outpatients (51.4% male, M = 30.30, SD = 12.05 years) and their treating clinicians (N = 22; 77.3% female, M = 43.77 ± 8.45 years) entered the study. Patients completed the PID-5, whereas clinicians filled-in the PID-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF) and the PID-5-IRF for each patient they involved. A multilevel Bayesian analysis showed that rank-order agreement was large for domains (mean r = .60) and moderate for facets (mean r = .44). As regards mean-level agreement, patient ratings on cognitive/perceptual dysregulation, distractibility, eccentricity, and emotional lability were higher than clinician ratings, whereas patients' scores on depressivity were lower than clinicians' ones. Scores on the PID-5-BF detachment positively predicted agreement on anhedonia, anxiousness, depressivity, distractibility, separation insecurity, and suspiciousness, while scores on the PID-5-BF negative affectivity, antagonism, and disinhibition negatively predicted agreement on few specific facets. Current findings suggest that clinician personality traits may contribute to agreement on maladaptive personality traits, but areas of discrepancies remain in case of low observable internal ones. Since patient-clinician agreement is crucially involved in therapeutic alliance, further research on this issue is highly encouraged. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua
| | - Corrado Caudek
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence
| | - Anna Malerba
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua
| | | | - Gabriella Gallo
- UOC Psicologia Territoriale, DSM-DP Azienda Unita Sanitaria Locale Bologna
| | - Gabriele Melli
- Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy
| | - Nicola Marsigli
- Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy
| | | | - Claudio Sica
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence
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18
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Ruchensky JR, Kelley SE, Massey C, Richardson LA, Blais MA, Stein MB. Using the Personality Assessment Inventory to Assess the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders: Criterion Validity in a Clinical Sample. J Pers Assess 2024; 106:72-82. [PMID: 37220386 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2203240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is a broadband measure of psychopathology that is widely used in applied settings. Researchers developed regression-based estimates that use the PAI to measure constructs of the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) - a hybrid dimensional and categorical approach to conceptualizing personality disorders. Although prior work has linked these estimates to formal measures of the AMPD, there is little work investigating the clinical correlates of this scoring approach of the PAI. The current study examines associations between these PAI-based AMPD estimates and life data in a large, archival dataset of psychiatric outpatients and inpatients. We found general support for the criterion validity of AMPD estimate scores, such that a theoretically consistent pattern of associations emerged with indicators such as prior academic achievement, antisocial behavior, psychiatric history, and substance abuse. These results provide preliminary support to this scoring approach for use in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R Ruchensky
- Department of Psychology & Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas
| | - Shannon E Kelley
- Clinical Psychology Department, William James College, Newton, Massachusetts
| | - Christina Massey
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura A Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A Blais
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Widiger TA, Hines A, Crego C. Evidence-Based Assessment of Personality Disorder. Assessment 2024; 31:191-198. [PMID: 37231676 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231176461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a description and discussion of the evidence-based assessment of personality disorder. Considered herein is the assessment of the Section II personality disorders included within the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR), within Section III of DSM-5-TR, and within the 11th edition of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (WHO). The recommendation for an evidence-based assessment is for a multimethod approach: first administer a self-report inventory to alert the clinician to maladaptive personality functioning that might not have otherwise been anticipated, followed by a semi-structured interview to verify the personality disorder's presence. The validity of this multimethod strategy can be improved further by considering the impact of other disorders on the assessment, documenting temporal stability, and establishing a compelling, empirical basis for cutoff points.
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20
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Sassenrath C, Keller J, Stöckle D, Kesberg R, Nielsen YA, Pfattheicher S. I like it because it hurts you: On the association of everyday sadism, sadistic pleasure, and victim blaming. J Pers Soc Psychol 2024; 126:105-127. [PMID: 37079847 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Past research on determinants of victim blaming mainly concentrated on individuals' just-world beliefs as motivational process underlying this harsh reaction to others' suffering. The present work provides novel insights regarding underlying affective processes by showing how individuals prone to derive pleasure from others' suffering-individuals high in everyday sadism-engage in victim blaming due to increased sadistic pleasure and reduced empathic concern they experience. Results of three cross-sectional studies and one ambulatory assessment study applying online experience sampling method (ESM; overall N = 2,653) document this association. Importantly, the relation emerged over and above the honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness personality model (Study 1a), and other so-called dark traits (Study 1b), across different cultural backgrounds (Study 1c), and also when sampling from a population of individuals frequently confronted with victim-perpetrator constellations: police officers (Study 1d). Studies 2 and 3 highlight a significant behavioral correlate of victim blaming. Everyday sadism is related to reduced willingness to engage in effortful cognitive activity as individuals high (vs. low) in everyday sadism recall less information regarding victim-perpetrator constellations of sexual assault. Results obtained in the ESM study (Study 4) indicate that the relation of everyday sadism, sadistic pleasure, and victim blaming holds in everyday life and is not significantly moderated by interpersonal closeness to the blamed victim or impactfulness of the incident. Overall, the present article extends our understanding of what determines innocent victims' derogation and highlights emotional mechanisms, societal relevance, and generalizability of the observed associations beyond the laboratory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sassenrath
- Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University
| | - Dominik Stöckle
- Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University
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21
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Rezaei F, Rahmani K, Hemmati A, Komasi S. A head-to-head comparison of eight unique personality systems in predicting somatization phenomenon. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:912. [PMID: 38053166 PMCID: PMC10698954 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND If somatization is an independent personality trait, it is not clear whether it is specific to the temperament or maladaptive spectrum of personality. We aimed at the head-to-head comparison of temperament and maladaptive systems and spectra of personality to predict both somatization and somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRD). METHODS The samples included 257 cases with SSRD (70.8% female) and 1007 non-SSRD (64.3% female) from Western Iran. The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A), Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS), and Positive Affect and Negative Affect Model (PANAS) was used to data collection. A somatization factor plus temperament and maladaptive spectra of personality were extracted using exploratory factor analysis. Several hierarchical linear and logistic regressions were used to test the predictive systems and spectra. RESULTS All personality systems jointly predict both somatization and SSRD with a slightly higher contribution for temperament systems. When the temperament and maladaptive spectra were compared, both spectra above each other significantly predicted both somatization (R2 = .407 versus .263) and SSRD (R2 = .280 versus .211). The temperament spectrum explained more variance beyond the maladaptive spectrum when predicting both the somatization factor (change in R2 = .156 versus .012) and SSRD (change in R2 = .079 versus .010). CONCLUSION All temperament and maladaptive frameworks of personality are complementary to predicting both somatization and SSRD. However, the somatization is more related to the temperament than the maladaptive spectrum of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Rezaei
- Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khaled Rahmani
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Azad Hemmati
- Department of Psychology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Saeid Komasi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychopathology Research, Mind GPS Institute, Kermanshah, Iran.
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22
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Tiego J, Trender W, Hellyer PJ, Grant JE, Hampshire A, Chamberlain SR. Measuring Compulsivity as a Self-Reported Multidimensional Transdiagnostic Construct: Large-Scale ( N = 182,000) Validation of the Cambridge-Chicago Compulsivity Trait Scale. Assessment 2023; 30:2433-2448. [PMID: 36680457 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221149083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Compulsivity has potential transdiagnostic relevance to a range of psychiatric disorders, but it has not been well-characterized and there are few existing measures available for measuring the construct across clinical and nonclinical samples that have been validated at large population scale. We aimed to characterize the multidimensional latent structure of self-reported compulsivity in a population-based sample of British children and adults (N = 182,145) using the Cambridge-Chicago Compulsivity Trait Scale (CHI-T). Exploratory structural equation modeling provided evidence for a correlated two-factor model consisting of (a) Perfectionism and (b) Reward Drive dimensions. Evidence was obtained for discriminant validity in relation to the big five personality dimensions and acceptable test-retest reliability. The CHI-T, here validated at extremely large scale, is suitable for use in studies seeking to understand the correlates and basis of compulsivity in clinical and nonclinical participants. We provide extensive normative data to facilitate interpretation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- University of Southampton, UK
- Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, NHS, Southampton, UK
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23
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Kroencke L, Kuper N, Mota S, Geukes K, Zeigler-Hill V, Back MD. Narcissistic status pursuit in everyday social life: A within-person process approach to the behavioral and emotional dynamics of narcissism. J Pers Soc Psychol 2023; 125:1519-1541. [PMID: 37561454 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Status pursuit has been emphasized as a key motivational factor underlying narcissism, but research has just begun to unravel the processes by which more narcissistic individuals pursue status in their everyday social interactions. In this article, we combine process models of narcissistic status pursuit with three-factor models of narcissism to test whether different aspects of narcissism (i.e., agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism) can be characterized by stronger reactivity to different kinds of status perceptions (i.e., the perceived assignment of status, attack on status, and neglect of status). Using data from two experience sampling studies, one involving college students (Nparticipants = 285; Nobservations = 18,036) and one in the general population (Nparticipants = 1,177; Nobservations = 36,074), we first found that the perceived assignment of status, attack on status, and neglect of status were related to status-relevant behaviors (i.e., expressive, combative, and avoidant behaviors) and emotions (e.g., pride, anger, and shame) within persons on average. Next, we found that both mean levels of perceptual, behavioral, and emotional states and status contingencies (i.e., the within-person relationships of status perceptions with behavioral and emotional states) varied considerably across individuals and that these individual differences were reliable and stable across time. Last, we found some associations between trait levels of agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism and individual differences in mean levels as well as status-emotion contingencies. Our findings emphasize the multifaceted and status-driven nature of narcissism and support the use of theoretically derived contingencies as more dynamic aspects of personality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Mota
- Institute of Psychology, University of Munster
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24
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Copeland WE, Ivanova MY, Achenbach TM, Turner LV, Tong G, Ahmeti-Pronaj A, Au A, Bellina M, Caldas JC, Chen YC, Csemy L, da Rocha MM, Dobrean A, Ezpeleta L, Funabiki Y, Harder VS, Lecannelier F, Leiner de la Cabada M, Leung P, Liu J, Mahr S, Malykh S, Markovic J, Ndetei DM, Oh KJ, Petot JM, Riad G, Sakarya D, Samaniego VC, Sebre S, Shahini M, Silvares E, Simulioniene R, Sokoli E, Talcott JB, Vazquez N, Wolanczyk T, Zasepa E. Cultural contributions to adults' self-rated mental health problems and strengths: 7 culture clusters, 28 societies, 16 906 adults. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7581-7590. [PMID: 37203460 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown how much variation in adult mental health problems is associated with differences between societal/cultural groups, over and above differences between individuals. METHODS To test these relative contributions, a consortium of indigenous researchers collected Adult Self-Report (ASR) ratings from 16 906 18- to 59-year-olds in 28 societies that represented seven culture clusters identified in the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavioral Effectiveness study (e.g. Confucian, Anglo). The ASR is scored on 17 problem scales, plus a personal strengths scale. Hierarchical linear modeling estimated variance accounted for by individual differences (including measurement error), society, and culture cluster. Multi-level analyses of covariance tested age and gender effects. RESULTS Across the 17 problem scales, the variance accounted for by individual differences ranged from 80.3% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems to 95.2% for DSM-oriented avoidant personality (mean = 90.7%); by society: 3.2% for DSM-oriented somatic problems to 8.0% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems (mean = 6.3%); and by culture cluster: 0.0% for DSM-oriented avoidant personality to 11.6% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems (mean = 3.0%). For strengths, individual differences accounted for 80.8% of variance, societal differences 10.5%, and cultural differences 8.7%. Age and gender had very small effects. CONCLUSIONS Overall, adults' self-ratings of mental health problems and strengths were associated much more with individual differences than societal/cultural differences, although this varied across scales. These findings support cross-cultural use of standardized measures to assess mental health problems, but urge caution in assessment of personal strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Copeland
- University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Masha Y Ivanova
- University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Thomas M Achenbach
- University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Lori V Turner
- University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Guangyu Tong
- Yale University, 135 College St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Adelina Ahmeti-Pronaj
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Kosova, 10000 Prishtine, Kosova
| | - Alma Au
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Monica Bellina
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, 7 Padiglione, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy
| | - J Carlos Caldas
- Departamento de Ciências Sociais e do Comportamento, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde - Norte, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Yi-Chuen Chen
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Ladislav Csemy
- Prague Psychiatric Centre, Laboratory of Social Psychiatry, Ustavni 91, 181 03 Praha 8, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marina M da Rocha
- University Paulista (Unip), Institute of Human Sciences, Rua Francisco Bautista, 300, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anca Dobrean
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, 400015, Rupublicii st. 37, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Lourdes Ezpeleta
- Departament de Psicologia Clinica i de la Salut, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Edifici B, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Yasuko Funabiki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Valerie S Harder
- University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | | | - Marie Leiner de la Cabada
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, P. O. Box 43091 Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Patrick Leung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 356, Sino Building, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Room 426, Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Safia Mahr
- Departement de Psychologie, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre la Défense, Laboratoire EVACLIPSY, Batiment C, 3e Etage, Salles C.319 & C.321, 200 Avenue de la Republique, Nanterre 92001, France
| | - Sergey Malykh
- Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Mokhovaya str, 9/4, Moscow 125009, Russia
| | - Jasminka Markovic
- Medical Faculty Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - David M Ndetei
- Africa Mental Health Foundation, P.O. Box 48423-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kyung Ja Oh
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Soedaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jean-Michel Petot
- Departement de Psychologie, Université de Paris Ouest, Laboratoire EVACLIPSY, Batiment C, 3 Etage, Salles C.319 & C.321, 200 Avenue de la Republique, Nanterre 92001, France
| | | | - Direnc Sakarya
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Sandra Sebre
- Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Jurmalas Avenue 74/76, Riga, Latvia LV-1083
| | - Mimoza Shahini
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Kosova, 10000 Prishtine, Kosova
| | - Edwiges Silvares
- University of São Paulo, Instituto de Psicologia, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes 1721, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roma Simulioniene
- Department of Psychology, Klaipeda University, Herkaus Manto str. 84, Klaipeda 92294, Lithuania
| | - Elvisa Sokoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Joel B Talcott
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK B4 7ET
| | - Natalia Vazquez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomasz Wolanczyk
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Zasepa
- The Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Education, Room 3609, Szczesliwicka 40, 02-353, Warsaw, Poland
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Łangowska-Grodzka B, Grodzka O, Czarnecki D, Domitrz I. Is there a correlation between migraine and eating disorders? A systematic literature review. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2023; 57:457-464. [PMID: 38037683 DOI: 10.5603/pjnns.97307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine is a common primary headache disorder, which affects mainly young females, usually those with some specific personality traits including neuroticism and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Among many factors that may trigger headache are to be found those associated with eating patterns and behaviours. Eating disorders are psychiatric disorders of abnormal eating or weight-control behaviours. According to the most up-to-date classification, six main types are identified, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Similar to migraine, eating disorders are mainly diagnosed in young adults and, moreover, personality pattern, in at least some of the eating disorders, is also suggested to be consistent. MATERIAL AND METHODS This systematic review aimed to summarise the available literature related to this topic. We performed an electronic article search through the Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane databases and included 16 articles into analysis in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. RESULTS Most of the studies revealed the presence of a putative correlation between migraine and eating disorders, and these encourage further investigations. Moreover, apart from the clinical aspect, also the pathogenesis underlying both disorders is suggested to be similar. More frequent co-occurrence of other psychiatric disorders in migraineurs, such as depression and anxiety, was reported and should be considered in future research. Furthermore, adverse interactions between pharmacotherapy and symptoms of comorbid conditions underline the importance of this problem. CONCLUSIONS A correlation between migraine and eating disorders appears highly probable. However, further investigations are required focusing on diverse aspects such as clinical, psychological, and pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Łangowska-Grodzka
- Department of Preventive Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Olga Grodzka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Damian Czarnecki
- Department of Preventive Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Izabela Domitrz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Le Corff Y, Lapalme M, Rivard G, L'Ecuyer G, Morin R, Forget K, Rolland JP. Prevalence of the alternative model of personality disorders diagnoses in populational and at-risk samples, gender and age groups comparisons, and normative data for the LPFS-SR and PID-5. Personal Disord 2023; 14:591-602. [PMID: 37410427 DOI: 10.1037/per0000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD), introduced in Section III of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), was proposed as a new operationalization of personality disorders (PDs) aiming to overcome the several limitations of the traditional symptom-based model (Waugh et al., 2017; Zimmerman et al., 2019). In the AMPD, PDs are defined by two-dimensional criteria (the level of personality functioning and maladaptive personality traits), but as a hybrid model, it also allows for categorical assessment of PDs (i.e., "hybrid types") to facilitate continuity with clinical practice. The present study aimed to provide normative data for two widely used instruments assessing Criterion A (Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Self-Report; Morey, 2017) and B (Personality Inventory for DSM-5; Krueger et al., 2012) in a large populational French-Canadian sample. Regarding the categorical assessment, Gamache et al. (2022) recently tested scoring approaches for extracting the PD hybrid types from dimensional measures of the AMPD. In the present study, these approaches were used to estimate prevalence rates for these PD hybrid types in two samples. In the populational sample, results showed that prevalence rates varied from 0.2% (antisocial PDs) to 3.0% (trait-specified PDs), with an overall prevalence of 5.9% to 6.1% for any PD hybrid type. Prevalence was higher in men than in women in the populational sample, but the contrary was observed in the at-risk sample. Prevalence was higher in younger adults than in middle-aged and older adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Le Corff
- Departement D'orientation Professionnelle, Universite de Sherbrooke
| | | | - Geneviève Rivard
- Departement D'orientation Professionnelle, Universite de Sherbrooke
| | | | - Rosalie Morin
- Departement de Psychoeducation, Universite de Sherbrooke
| | - Karine Forget
- Departement de Psychiatrie, Universite de Sherbrooke
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Khasho DA, van Alphen SPJ, Ouwens MA, Arntz A, Heijnen-Kohl SMJ, Videler AC. The effectiveness of individual schema therapy in older adults with borderline personality disorder: A multiple-baseline case series design. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:1313-1323. [PMID: 37641578 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of schema therapy (ST) in older adults with borderline personality disorder (BPD). METHODS Multiple baseline case series design with five BPD patients, with a mean age of 66. After a baseline phase with random length, patients received weekly ST sessions for a year, followed by follow-up sessions during 6 months. Participants rated the credibility of negative core beliefs weekly; various secondary outcome measures were assessed every 6 months (severity of BPD, early maladaptive schemas, schema modes, personality functioning, maladaptive personality traits, psychological distress and quality of life), and BPD diagnosis was assessed before baseline and after follow-up. Data were analysed with mixed regression analyses and paired t-tests. RESULTS Results revealed that ST led to a significant decrease in credibility of negative core beliefs, with high effect sizes. All participants remitted from their BPD diagnosis. CONCLUSION This is the first study exploring the effectiveness of ST for BPD in older adults, and it suggests that ST can be a powerful intervention for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Khasho
- GGz Breburg, PersonaCura, Clinical Centre of Excellence for Personality Disorders and Autism in Older Adults, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan P J van Alphen
- GGz Breburg, PersonaCura, Clinical Centre of Excellence for Personality Disorders and Autism in Older Adults, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Life Span Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Mondriaan, Clinical Centre of Excellence for Older Adults with Personality Disorders, Heerlen-Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld A Ouwens
- GGz Breburg, PersonaCura, Clinical Centre of Excellence for Personality Disorders and Autism in Older Adults, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Tranzo Department, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M J Heijnen-Kohl
- Mondriaan, Clinical Centre of Excellence for Older Adults with Personality Disorders, Heerlen-Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan C Videler
- GGz Breburg, PersonaCura, Clinical Centre of Excellence for Personality Disorders and Autism in Older Adults, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Tranzo Department, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Rossi C, De Salve F, Biagianti B, Cavalera C, Malvini L, Barbera S, Pastelli I, Tagliabue S, Oasi O, Percudani M. At-risk mental states and personality traits: A cluster analysis approach on a group of help-seeking young adults. Early Interv Psychiatry 2023; 17:1070-1078. [PMID: 36646671 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research on the relationship between personality and psychosis onset is growing, with the goal of preventing or intervening early in patients' vulnerability. The identification of individuals with at-risk mental states has enabled the development of early intervention strategies, such as Programma 2000, a youth mental health service that was implemented in Milan (Italy). AIMS Focusing on the 18-25 age range-the time window with the highest incidence of psychotic onset-this study aims to identify the personality traits that may characterize the at-risk mental states and the social functioning of a group of help-seeking young adults. METHODS The sample includes 169 people (48.5% males and 51.5% females). Data were collected during an initial assessment that comprised the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5, the Checklist ERIraos and a clinical session. RESULTS Results identified a three-cluster solution based on the Checklist scores: Cluster 1 'Not at psychotic risk'; Cluster 2 'At intermediate risk'; Cluster 3 'With psychotic onset'. The multivariate analysis of the variance of personality traits shows significant differences among the clusters in negative affect, detachment and disinhibition. Higher scores in these traits may distinguish individuals, not at psychotic risk from those at intermediate risk or with psychotic onset. Moreover, social functioning was found to be negatively associated with clusters of psychotic risk. CONCLUSION Findings from this study highlighted the need to evaluate personalized interventions targeting such personality traits that could prevent psychotic transition and promote psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rossi
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Biagianti
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Cavalera
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lara Malvini
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Barbera
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pastelli
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sofia Tagliabue
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Osmano Oasi
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Percudani
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Kunz JI, Frey A, Bertsch K, Barton BB, Blei L, Schirle HM, Konvalin F, Jobst A, Musil R, Padberg F, Reinhard MA. Loneliness Is Associated With Lower Self- and Clinician-Rated Levels of Personality Functioning. J Pers Disord 2023; 37:724-740. [PMID: 38038658 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2023.37.6.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Personality disorders (PDs) are associated with interpersonal dysfunction, loneliness, and reduced social embeddedness. This study investigates loneliness and social network size in association with self- and clinician-rated personality functioning regarding the DSM-5's Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD). Eighty psychiatric inpatients including participants with and without PDs completed the Semi-structured Interview for Personality Functioning, the Level of Personality Functioning Scale - Brief Form, the UCLA Loneliness Scale, and the Social Network Index. Patients with PDs reported more loneliness and personality dysfunctioning than patients without PDs. Social network size did not differ between patient groups and showed lower correlations with personality functioning compared to loneliness. Loneliness was further associated with deficits in personality functioning. Deficits in distinct AMPD domains and loneliness may constitute transdiagnostically relevant factors that are related and mutually reinforcing. This could be important for identifying patients beyond PD diagnoses who are at risk of poor psychosocial functioning and require tailored psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia I Kunz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Bertsch
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara B Barton
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonie Blei
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah M Schirle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Konvalin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Jobst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Musil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias A Reinhard
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Hedinger N, Cosentino M, Mürner-Lavanchy IM, Sigrist C, Schär S, Kaess M, Koenig J. Associations between different measures of personality pathology and resting-state autonomic function among adolescents. Personal Disord 2023; 14:625-635. [PMID: 37227865 DOI: 10.1037/per0000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been associated with a reduced functional flexibility of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), indexed by decreased vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV). Employing a comprehensive Section II-based assessment approach and a partial Section III-based assessment approach (including Criterion A of the alternative model of personality disorders [AMPD]), the present study investigates how different conceptualizations of personality disorders (PDs) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 5th edition relate to ANS function. Using the BPD section of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II, a Section II-based assessment approach) and the Semistructured Interview for Personality Functioning DSM-5 (STiP-5.1, a Section III-based assessment approach), we conducted linear regression analyses to examine how categorical (BPD diagnosis) and dimensional (severity and domain) measures of PD are associated with ANS activity among adolescent psychiatric patients (N = 147, Mage = 15.25 years). Replicating earlier findings, analyses revealed a statistically significant positive association between the SCID-II measures of BPD and heart rate (HR), b = 0.43, t(59) = 3.57, p = .001, f = .57, as well as a statistically significant negative association between the SCID-II measures of BPD and vmHRV, b = -0.34, t(59) = -2.74, p = .008, f = .47. Neither the STiP-5.1 total score nor the subscales of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS) were associated with HR or vmHRV. The present findings indicate that the SCID-II may capture features of PD that are more informative of variance in physiological function than the STiP-5.1. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hedinger
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern
| | - Maya Cosentino
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern
| | - Ines M Mürner-Lavanchy
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern
| | - Christine Sigrist
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne
| | - Selina Schär
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern
| | - Michael Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern
| | - Julian Koenig
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern
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Ohse L, Zimmermann J, Kerber A, Kampe L, Mohr J, Schierz R, Rentrop M, Dziobek I, Hörz-Sagstetter S. Impairments in Cognitive and Emotional Empathy as Markers of General versus Specific Personality Pathology. Psychopathology 2023; 57:136-148. [PMID: 37906996 DOI: 10.1159/000533861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The alternative model for personality disorders (AMPD) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 5th edition (DSM-5) considers impairments in empathy a basic feature of personality disorders (PDs). In contrast, the AMPD pathological personality trait model and the categorical DSM-5 Section II PD model associate deficits in empathy to specific forms of personality pathology. The present study investigated to what extent impairments in cognitive and emotional empathy are markers of general versus specific personality pathology. METHODS In a clinical sample (n = 119), the Multifaceted Empathy Test was used to assess cognitive empathy, emotional empathy for positive emotions, and emotional empathy for negative emotions. Personality functioning, pathological personality traits, and DSM-5 Section II PDs were assessed via interviews and self-reports. Confirmatory factor analyses were applied to associate the three empathy facets with the three personality pathology approaches, each modeled with general personality pathology (common factor) and specific personality pathology (residuals of indicators). RESULTS Impairments in cognitive empathy and emotional empathy for positive emotions were significantly correlated with general personality pathology. All three empathy facets were also correlated to specific personality pathology when controlling for general personality pathology, respectively. Impairments in cognitive empathy were incrementally associated with identity and empathy (personality functioning), psychoticism (pathological personality traits), and paranoid and dependent PD (DSM-5 Section II PDs). Deficits in emotional empathy for positive emotions were incrementally associated with self-direction and intimacy (personality functioning) and detachment (pathological personality traits). Impairments in emotional empathy for negative emotions were incrementally associated with antagonism (pathological personality traits) and antisocial PD (DSM-5 Section II PDs). CONCLUSION The results suggest that impairments in cognitive empathy and emotional empathy for positive emotions, but not for negative emotions, are markers of general personality pathology, while deficits in the three empathy facets are also markers for specific personality pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Ohse
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - André Kerber
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Kampe
- Department for Psychological Diagnostic, International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jil Mohr
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schierz
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Rentrop
- KBO-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum Wasserburg/Inn, Wasserburg am Inn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Dziobek
- Department of Clinical Psychology of Social Interaction, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hörz-Sagstetter
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Yik M, Sze INL, Kwok FHC, Lin SY. Mapping Chinese Personality: An Assessment of the Psychometric Properties of the NEO-PI-3 in Monolingual and Bilingual Studies. Assessment 2023; 30:2031-2049. [PMID: 36382787 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221126921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The NEO-PI-3 is a fourth-generation instrument that has been shown to improve the psychometrics and readability of its immediate precedent, the NEO-PI-R. We examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese versions of the NEO-PI-R and NEO-PI-3 using three datasets (Ns = 913, 299, 403) collected using both monolingual and bilingual designs. The Chinese NEO-PI-3 scales displayed a five-factor structure in which the facets had the highest loadings on their intended factors. The structure demonstrated strong invariance across both languages (English vs. Chinese) and gender groups, maintained high test-retest reliability, and attained slightly better internal consistency than the NEO-PI-R. We also examined the affective underpinnings of personality factors and well-being measures using the Chinese Circumplex Model of Affect. Consistent with past findings, Neuroticism and Extraversion were most related to affect, while Satisfaction with Life and Subjective Happiness shared the affective core of pleasant feelings and medium arousal. Based on these results, the Chinese NEO-PI-3 appears to be a sound instrument to measure personality in Chinese communities and to compare personality across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Yik
- Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
| | - Irene N L Sze
- Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
| | - Felity H C Kwok
- Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
| | - Shiang-Yi Lin
- Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
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Bach B, Simonsen E, Kongerslev MT, Bo S, Hastrup LH, Simonsen S, Sellbom M. ICD-11 personality disorder features in the danish general population: Cut-offs and prevalence rates for severity levels. Psychiatry Res 2023; 328:115484. [PMID: 37748238 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prevalence rates and correlates of personality disorders (PD) are relevant to health care policy and planning. OBJECTIVES To present normative data for self-reported ICD-11 personality disorder (PD) features including tentative cut-off scores and prevalence rates for severity levels along with psychosocial correlates. METHODS The Personality Disorder Severity ICD-11 (PDS-ICD-11) scale and criterion measures of impairment were administered to a social-demographically stratified sample of Danish citizens (N = 8,941) of which 3,044 delivered complete data. Item-Response Theory (IRT) was employed to indicate cut-offs based on standard deviations from the latent mean. RESULTS The unidimensionality of the PDS-ICD-11 score was supported and IRT analysis suggested norm-based thresholds at latent severity levels. Expected associations with criterion measures were found. CONCLUSION The normative data portray ICD-11 PD features in the general population and allow for interpretation of PDS-ICD-11 scores (e.g., scores of 12, 16, and 19 may indicate mild, moderate, and severe dysfunction), which may inform health care policy and planning. A total weighted prevalence of 6.9 % of the Danish general population is estimated to have clinically significant personality dysfunction, proportionally composed of Mild (4.8 %), Moderate (1.2 %), and Severe (0.9 %) levels. Future research should corroborate these findings using relevant clinical samples and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bach
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Center for Personality Disorder Research, Region Zealand, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Erik Simonsen
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Center for Personality Disorder Research, Region Zealand, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mickey T Kongerslev
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Center for Personality Disorder Research, Region Zealand, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sune Bo
- University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Mental Health Services, Region Southern Denmark, Svendborg, Denmark
| | - Lene H Hastrup
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Center for Personality Disorder Research, Region Zealand, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Simonsen
- University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Stolpegaard Psychotherapy Centre, Capital Region, Denmark
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Agius M, Agius M. Since Exposure to Mental Trauma, Especially War Trauma, Causes Personality Changes, Should Deliberate Exposure to Mental Health Trauma of Civilians Be in Itself a War Crime? Psychiatr Danub 2023; 35:136-140. [PMID: 37800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Mental trauma is a consequence of war. Here we consider whether the inflicting of such trauma, which could cause personality changes, should be considered a war crime in its own right, especially when it is civilians who are exposed to mental trauma. We make the argument based on a review of the development of personality disorders in persons exposed to mental trauma caused by war, and we make the argument that it is possible to demonstrate both physiological and anatomical changes in the brain of such persons, which could account for the observed behavioural and personality changes. Therefore we argue that deliberate exposure to Mental Health Trauma, for example by deliberate targeting of civilian areas with artillery, should be considered a war crime in its own right irrespective of whether the civilians receive physical trauma or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Agius
- Life Member of Psychiatric Studies Center (Cen.Stu.Psi.), Piazza Portici, 11, 25050 Provaglio d'Iseo (BS), Italy,
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35
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Juli R, Juli MR, Juli G, Juli L. Eating Disorders and Psychiatric Comorbidity. Psychiatr Danub 2023; 35:217-220. [PMID: 37800230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric comorbidity is present in more than 70% of people with an Eating Disorders (ED), before or during the acute state of illness or in the long-term course. These comorbidities include personality disorders (>53%), anxiety disorders (>50%), mood disorders (>40%) and substance abuse (>10%). This work aims to analyse the different treatments available for patients affected by eating disorders and other psychiatric comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Juli
- Department of Surgery and Medical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Sicily, Italy,
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36
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Bogaerts A, Luyckx K, Bastiaens T, Sleuwaegen E, Berens A, Claes L. The Self-Concept and Identity Measure in Patients with Personality Disorders: A Psychometric Evaluation and Associations With Identity Processes, Core Domains of Self-Functioning, and Personality Disorder Symptoms. Assessment 2023; 30:2184-2197. [PMID: 36594676 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221140313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As developmental and clinical research on identity has largely developed in disconnect, scholars recommend adopting a developmental psychopathology perspective on identity, which considers adaptive and pathological identity functioning. Such a perspective has also been introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD), which suggests that all personality disorders (PDs) are marked by moderate to extreme deficits in self-functioning (i.e., identity and self-direction). The present study aims to validate the Dutch Self-Concept and Identity Measure (SCIM), a 27-item self-report questionnaire that assesses consolidated identity, disturbed identity, and lack of identity, in 153 psychiatric inpatients with PDs (75.2% female; Mage = 31.73). We investigated the factor structure and reliability of the SCIM, and examined associations of SCIM scales with typical identity processes, AMPD domains of self-functioning, and symptoms of all PDs. Results indicated that a 23-item Dutch SCIM produced valid and reliable scores among patients with PDs. Furthermore, SCIM scales were significantly and differentially related to identity commitment processes, ruminative identity exploration, domains of self-functioning, and symptoms of all PDs. Moreover, findings indicated that PDs varied regarding the severity of identity impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Bogaerts
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Luyckx
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- UNIBS, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Tim Bastiaens
- University Psychiatric Centre, KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Ellen Sleuwaegen
- University Psychiatric Centre, UZA, Duffel, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Berens
- University Psychiatric Centre, UZA, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Antwerp, Belgium
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37
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Schmidt L, Pfarr JK, Meller T, Evermann U, Nenadić I. Structural connectivity of grandiose versus vulnerable narcissism as models of social dominance and subordination. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16098. [PMID: 37752194 PMCID: PMC10522767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Social dominance and subordination have been linked to fronto-limbic and fronto-thalamic networks and are related to phenotypes such as grandiose vs. vulnerable narcissistic traits. The latter have been linked to clinical features such as empathy and emotional regulation. In this study we tested the hypotheses that narcissistic traits are associated with white matter integrity in fasciculus uncinate, cingulum, and anterior thalamic radiation (ATR). We applied the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) to assess narcissistic traits in a sample of 267 psychiatrically healthy individuals. We used 3 T MRI to acquire Diffusion Tensor Imaging data for analysis with TBSS in FSL applying TFCE to test for correlations of fractional anisotropy (FA) and PNI scales. We detected a significant positive correlation of PNI total and FA in the right posterior cingulum. PNI Vulnerability was significantly correlated with FA in the left anterior and right posterior cingulum. We did not find overall correlations with PNI Grandiosity, but additional analyses showed significant effects with FA of ATR. Our results strengthen network models for narcissism underlying both personality variation and pathology. Especially associations of narcissistic vulnerability within fronto-limbic tracts suggest overlaps within neural correlates of related phenotypes like neuroticism, social subordination, and negative emotionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schmidt
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Marburg University Hospital - UKGM, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Julia-Katharina Pfarr
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tina Meller
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrika Evermann
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
- Marburg University Hospital - UKGM, Marburg, Germany.
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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38
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Kerr S, McLaren V, Cano K, Vanwoerden S, Goth K, Sharp C. Levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire 12-18 (LoPF-Q 12-18): Factor Structure, Validity, and Clinical Cut-Offs. Assessment 2023; 30:1764-1776. [PMID: 36124366 PMCID: PMC10200067 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221124340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire 12-18 (LoPF-Q 12-18) is the only self-report measure informed by the Level of Personality Functioning (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013]) Alternative Model of Personality Disorders developed for adolescents. The present investigation includes two studies evaluating the English LoPF-Q 12-18. In Study 1, single-factor and bifactor structures (unidimensional severity criterion and four specific factors: identity, self-direction, empathy, intimacy) were evaluated in an ethnically diverse community sample (N = 453; age 10-18; 57% female). Study 2 used a community control (n = 298; age 10-18; 54.4% female) and clinical sample (n = 94; age 11-18; 58.5% female) to examine reliability, validity, and clinical utility. Study 1 results supported the bifactor model, with a robust general factor and little multidimensionality caused by the group factors, suggesting an essentially unidimensional structure. Study 2 revealed good internal consistency and construct validity and provided clinical cut-offs, supporting the use of the LoPF-Q 12-18 total score in research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kirstin Goth
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Switzerland
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39
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Stone LE, Segal DL. Associations between physical health and the alternative model of personality disorders: A cross-sectional age study. Personal Ment Health 2023; 17:220-231. [PMID: 36670518 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) is a relatively new dimensional model of personality disorders (PDs) that assesses two diagnostic constructs: personality functioning and pathological personality traits. Thus far, research on the AMPD among older adults has been limited, but the research that does exist suggests limited generalizability to the unique biopsychosocial context of later life. To further examine the applicability of the AMPD to older adults, the purpose of this study was to examine relationships between the AMPD's two constructs with perceived physical health status among younger and older adult samples. Older adults (n = 222) and younger adults (n = 215) completed the Short Form-36 (SF-36), Levels of Personality Functioning Scale-Self-Report (LPFS-SR), and Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF). Correlations and Fisher's z-tests revealed significantly stronger relationships between the SF-36 with the LPFS-SR and PID-5-BF domains for older adults than younger adults. Additionally, age group significantly moderated the relationships between personality functioning and pathological personality traits and health. The stronger relationships between health and the AMPD's constructs for older adults suggest meaningful overlap between negative health outcomes and PD pathology. Future research should further investigate specific mechanisms in which personality pathology negatively impacts health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Stone
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel L Segal
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
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40
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Evans CM, Simms LJ. Do self and interpersonal dysfunction cross-sectionally mediate the association between adverse childhood experiences and personality pathology? Personal Ment Health 2023; 17:259-271. [PMID: 37395060 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Two primary limitations of research on the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and personality disorder (PD) are (1) failure to consider mechanisms of association and (2) inconsistent results due, in part, to inconsistent approaches to quantifying ACE exposure. The current study will address these limitations by examining the cross-sectional mediating role of self- and interpersonal dysfunction on the association between ACE and three PDs (antisocial, schizotypal, and borderline) using three quantifications of ACE exposure (cumulative, individual, and unique risk). Participants were 149 current or recent psychiatric patients, and data analyses were performed through estimation of a series of cross-sectional mediation models. Taken together, results suggest that (1) the association between ACE and PD is moderate, (2) self- and interpersonal dysfunction cross-sectionally mediate this association, (3) after accounting for variance shared among ACEs, associations between specific ACE subtypes and PD were negligible, (4) much of the association between ACE and PD is accounted for by general processes impacted by all forms of ACE and implicated in all forms of PD, and (5) emotional neglect may uniquely contribute to self- and interpersonal dysfunction and thereby, PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe M Evans
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Leonard J Simms
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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41
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Katar KS, Örsel S, Gündoğmuş AG. Investigation of the role of personality traits and emotion regulation on personality functioning in patients with depression/anxiety disorder. Personal Ment Health 2023; 17:232-245. [PMID: 36693422 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the dimensional assessment of personality and difficulties in emotion regulation has yet to be made clear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of personality traits and emotion regulation on personality functioning. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) and Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS) were rated for 220 patients with depression and/or anxiety disorder diagnosis and 100 healthy controls. Stepwise regression analyses (SRA) were used to find potential predictors of personality functioning, and generalized linear analyses (GLA) were used to find mediators between the traits and personality functioning. SRA results in the clinical group showed that higher depression, antagonism, difficulties in impulse control and difficulties in awareness predicted higher levels of dysfunction in personality. According to GLA results in the clinical group, the impulse subscale of DERS partially mediated the relationship between antagonism and level of impairment in personality functioning. Our results indicate that certain emotion regulation styles and personality traits play an important role in predicting personality functioning in the clinical sample of depression and anxiety patients. Future studies should focus on specific emotion dysregulation strategies and broaden the dimensional personality literature in different samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Sezer Katar
- University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Örsel
- University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Gökçen Gündoğmuş
- University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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42
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Chauhan K, Donahue J, Thompson R. The predictive validity of the DSM-5 alternative model for borderline personality disorder: Associations with coping strategies, general distress, rumination, and suicidal ideation across one year. Personal Ment Health 2023; 17:272-281. [PMID: 36919337 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) characterizes borderline personality disorder (BPD) in part as a constellation of maladaptive personality trait facets including emotional lability, anxiousness, separation insecurity, depressivity, impulsivity, risk-taking, and hostility. Previous studies have supported the construct validity of AMPD-BPD; however, research examining its predictive validity in relation to theoretically and clinically relevant constructs remains needed. The present study investigates the longitudinal relationships between AMPD-BPD and general distress, rumination, and suicidal ideation, as well as adaptive and maladaptive coping targeted in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) in a sample of participants with elevated BPD symptomology. We also examined if dysfunctional coping skill use at 9-month follow-up explained the relationship between baseline BPD traits and outcomes at 1-year. There were significant correlations between baseline trait BPD with dysfunctional coping skill use at 9-month follow-up and psychological distress and rumination at 1-year follow-up. Dysfunctional skill use exhibited a significant indirect effect in the association between trait BPD and rumination after 1 year. The findings of this study support the construct validity of AMPD-BPD that can inform treatment and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Chauhan
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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43
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Di Pierro R, Costantini G, Fanti E, Di Sarno M, Preti E, Madeddu F, Clarkin JF, Caligor E, De Panfilis C. Measurement Invariance of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory and Multimethod Examination of Narcissistic Presentations in Community and Clinical Samples. Assessment 2023; 30:1391-1406. [PMID: 35699415 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) is extensively used in recent empirical literature on pathological narcissism. However, most studies using the PNI are community-based, and no studies have used the PNI to investigate narcissistic presentations in personality disordered patients. This study investigates measurement invariance of the PNI in community participants and patients with personality disorders, and examines differences of narcissistic presentations in these samples through a multimethod approach. Results show that the PNI can be used reliably to measure and compare traits of pathological narcissism in community participants and patients with personality disorders. Personality disordered patients show higher traits reflecting vulnerable narcissism and overt manifestations of grandiose narcissism, compared with controls. Finally, network analysis indicates that traits of grandiose fantasies and entitlement rage have a central role in defining manifestations of PNI pathological narcissism, regardless of the presence of an underlying personality disorder. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Di Pierro
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
- Personality Disorders Lab, Parma-Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Emanuele Preti
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
- Personality Disorders Lab, Parma-Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Madeddu
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
- Personality Disorders Lab, Parma-Milan, Italy
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Wright AGC, Ringwald WR, Hopwood CJ, Pincus AL. On definition and description in psychopathology: Reply to Widiger et al. (2023). Am Psychol 2023; 78:716-717. [PMID: 37523288 DOI: 10.1037/amp0001172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
We reply to Wright et al.'s (2023) commentary and suggestion that personality trait models would be the preferred way to reconfigure the personality disorders (PDs). Though we agree that personality trait models are powerful descriptive tools, we highlight that they lack definitional or explanatory power, and that is why they have not been able to define or distinguish what PDs are (Hopwood, 2018; Mõttus et al., 2020; Pincus, 2011). Scientific models must do more than describe; they must define. This is why we propose a specific interpersonal model, contemporary integrative interpersonal theory, and why a generic interpersonal model has been formally adopted in psychiatric classification (e.g., International Classification of Diseases; 11th ed.; World Health Organization, 2019) but traits remain optional adjunct descriptors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aaron L Pincus
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University
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45
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Holliday R, Desai A, Edwards ER, Borges LM. Personality Disorder Diagnosis Among Justice-Involved Veterans: An Investigation of VA Using Veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:402-406. [PMID: 37040142 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Justice-involved veterans are more likely to experience myriad mental health sequelae. Nonetheless, examination of personality psychopathology among justice-involved veterans remains limited, with studies focused on males within correctional settings. We examined Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) electronic medical records for 1,534,108 (12.28% justice-involved) male and 127,230 (8.79% justice-involved) female veterans. Male and female veterans accessing VA justice-related services were both approximately three times more likely to have a personality disorder diagnosis relative to those with no history of using justice-related services. This effect persisted after accounting for VA use (both overall and mental health), age, race, and ethnicity. Augmenting and tailoring VA justice-related services to facilitate access to evidence-based psychotherapy for personality psychopathology may promote optimal recovery and rehabilitation among these veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alisha Desai
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center for Suicide Prevention
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Radetzki P, Wrath AJ, McWilliams L, Olson T, Adams S, De Souza D, Lau B, Adams GC. Exploring the Relationship Between Attachment and Pathological Personality Trait Domains in an Outpatient Psychiatric Sample. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:46-53. [PMID: 36044704 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The current study investigates the relationship between insecure attachment and pathological personality trait domains in a sample of psychiatric outpatients. Participants ( N = 150) completed measures for attachment and personality. Bivariate correlations and multiple regression analyses investigated the extent to which insecure attachment and personality pathology were associated. Insecure attachment positively correlated with overall personality pathology, with attachment anxiety having a stronger correlation than attachment avoidance. Distinct relationships emerged between attachment anxiety and negative affectivity and attachment avoidance and detachment. Insecure attachment and male sex predicted overall personality pathology, but only attachment anxiety predicted all five trait domains. Insecure attachment might be a risk factor for pathological personality traits. Assessing attachment in clinical contexts and offering attachment-based interventions could benefit interpersonal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Trevor Olson
- Kinetik Physical Rehabilitation Program, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Doss RA, Lowmaster SE. Validation of the DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure in a Community Sample. Psychiatry Res 2022; 318:114935. [PMID: 36332507 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The shift toward transdiagnostic and dimensional approaches to diagnosing mental disorders has created a need for assessment tools that efficiently measure a range of mental health symptoms and their severity. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties and diagnostic utility of the DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure (CCSM), developed by the American Psychiatric Association as a brief transdiagnostic measure of mental health symptoms, in community-dwelling adults. Participants (N = 482) completed symptom measures corresponding to CCSM domains and self-reported diagnostic criteria were used to establish DSM-5 diagnoses. The results showed CCSM domains had significant validity correlations with longer measures of the same or similar mental health constructs and overall symptom severity was associated with functional impairments and current treatment status. Several domains demonstrated moderate diagnostic efficiency for corresponding DSM-5 diagnoses. The recommended thresholds for depression, anxiety, and substance use domains showed strong sensitivity (≥ 0.83) but low specificity (range = 0.60-.73), whereas the personality functioning threshold showed low sensitivity (0.51) and excellent specificity (0.92). These results suggest CCSM domains are internally consistent and valid measures of psychopathology. Further, these findings indicate the CCSM shows promise as a screening tool for specific DSM-5 disorders in community samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Doss
- Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States
| | - Sara E Lowmaster
- Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States.
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Vanwoerden S, Franssens R, Sharp C, De Clercq B. The Development of Criterion A Personality Pathology: The Relevance of Childhood Social Functioning for Young Adult Daily Self-Functioning. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:1148-1160. [PMID: 34076800 PMCID: PMC8859861 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The DSM-5 alternative model for the diagnosis of personality disorders (AMPD) states that self- and interpersonal (Criterion A) dysfunction is necessary to diagnose a personality disorder, qualified by maladaptive personality trait profiles (Criterion B). This study tested whether childhood maladaptive personality traits predict interpersonal dysfunction during adolescence, which further predicts lower self-functioning in young adulthood. A mixed clinical-community sample of 157 10-year-olds participated for ten years. Social problems and personality traits were rated by parents at age 10 and 12. At age 20, young adults completed 14 daily ratings of self-functioning. Traits of emotional instability and disagreeableness predicted social problems and self-problems. Social problems predicted worse self-functioning in adulthood. An indirect effect of childhood narcissistic traits on higher levels of self-functioning via lower levels of social problems was found. Results are discussed in terms of their contribution to our understanding of the AMPD from a developmental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Vanwoerden
- Department of Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 402 Sterling Plaza, 201 N. Craig St., Pittsburgh, PA, 1523, USA.
| | | | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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West SJ, Chester DS. The tangled webs we wreak: Examining the structure of aggressive personality using psychometric networks. J Pers 2022; 90:762-780. [PMID: 34919275 PMCID: PMC9203597 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trait aggression is a prominent construct in the psychological literature, yet little work has sought to situate trait aggression among broader frameworks of personality. Initial evidence suggests that trait aggression may be best couched within the nomological network of the Five-Factor Model (FFM). The current work sought to locate the most appropriate home for trait aggression among the FFM. METHOD We applied a preregistered regimen of psychometric network analyses to three datasets (combined N = 2927) that contained self-reports of trait aggression and the FFM traits. RESULTS Trait aggression was highly central in the factor-level networks, which contained associations consistent with the conceptualization of this construct as a lower-order component of low agreeableness. The facet-level networks revealed that the behavioral facets of trait aggression reflected low agreeableness, but that the anger and hostility facets reflected high neuroticism. The item-level network suggested that the intent to initiate aggressive encounters was the primary bridge that empirically linked trait aggression to agreeableness. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that trait aggression is primarily a lower-order facet of agreeableness, advance our understanding of trait aggression, integrate it with broader frameworks of personality, and suggest future directions to refine this complex dispositional tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. West
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
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Garcia M, Rouchy E, Michel G. Temperament and character profiles of adolescent participants in the choking game. Arch Pediatr 2022; 29:475-479. [PMID: 36109289 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of personality traits in self-asphyxial behaviors remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to explore temperament and character profiles of youth reporting participation in the choking game using Cloninger's biopsychosocial model of personality. METHODS Data were collected among French middle-school students (N=1771) aged 9-16 years (mean age=13.0, SD=1.3) and randomly selected from 13 public establishments located in different regions of France. Logistic regression models were run to identify Cloninger's temperamental and character dimensions associated with engagement in the choking game. RESULTS Descriptive analysis revealed that participants showed high scores of novelty-seeking (Cohen's d=0.293, p<0.001) and low levels of cooperativeness (Cohen's d=0.182, p<0.01), persistence (Cohen's d=0.182, p<0.05), and reward dependence (Cohen's d=0.241, p<0.01). However, multivariate modeling indicated that only the novelty-seeking dimension tended to slightly differentiate participants from non-participants within the global sample (OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1-1.06). When we compared girls and boys, we found a slight trend in association only in boys (OR=1.04, 95% CI: 1-1.08). CONCLUSIONS Our study, which contributes to the growing literature on the psychological correlates of choking activities and is the first to investigate the potential predictive role of personality traits in this risky behavior, suggests to some extent that (a) the choking game could possibly be influenced by some temperamental characteristics, and that (b) it might not have the same function according to the gender considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garcia
- Institut de Sciences Criminelles et de la Justice (ISCJ), University of Bordeaux, France; Department of Psychology, University of Bordeaux, France.
| | - E Rouchy
- Institut de Sciences Criminelles et de la Justice (ISCJ), University of Bordeaux, France; Department of Psychology, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - G Michel
- Institut de Sciences Criminelles et de la Justice (ISCJ), University of Bordeaux, France; Department of Psychology, University of Bordeaux, France
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