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Emanuel BS, Sellinger BT, Gudas LJ, Myers JC. Localization of the human procollagen alpha 1(IV) gene to chromosome 13q34 by in situ hybridization. Am J Hum Genet 1986; 38:38-44. [PMID: 3753820 PMCID: PMC1684704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type IV (alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains) appears to be the only procollagen present in basement membranes. The structure of this protein is highly divergent from the interstitial and type V procollagens as exemplified by the interruptions in the Gly-X-Y region and unprocessed amino and carboxyl noncollagenous peptides. To expand our knowledge concerning the primary sequence of type IV and to investigate the factors influencing its unique distribution, we recently isolated cDNA clones coding for part of the human alpha 1(IV) chain. To determine if the alpha 1(IV) gene was cytologically linked to other procollagen genes that have been assigned to autosomes 17, 12, 7, and 2, overlapping clones covering 2.6 kilobases (kb) of the alpha 1(IV) mRNA were used together for in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes. Here, we show precise localization of alpha 1(IV) at the telomere of 13q, thereby defining a fifth chromosome that contains members of this large and surprisingly dispersed multigene family.
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102
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Kurkinen M, Barlow DP, Hogan BL. Tissue-specific gene expression in mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells: type IV collagen. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985; 460:267-73. [PMID: 3868951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb51174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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103
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Roguska MA, Gudas LJ. An increase in prolyl-4-hydroxylase activity occurs during the retinoic acid-induced differentiation of mouse teratocarcinoma stem cell lines F9 and P19. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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104
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Eichele G, Tickle C, Alberts BM. Studies on the mechanism of retinoid-induced pattern duplications in the early chick limb bud: temporal and spatial aspects. J Cell Biol 1985; 101:1913-20. [PMID: 4055899 PMCID: PMC2113976 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.101.5.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid causes striking digit pattern changes when it is continuously released from a bead implanted in the anterior margin of an early chick wing bud. In addition to the normal set of digits (234), extra digits form in a mirror-symmetrical arrangement, creating digit patterns such as a 432234. These retinoic acid-induced pattern duplications closely mimic those found after grafts of polarizing region cells to the same positions with regard to dose-response, timing, and positional effects. To elucidate the mechanism by which retinoic acid induces these pattern duplications, we have studied the temporal and spatial distribution of all-trans-retinoic acid and its potent analogue TTNPB in these limb buds. We find that the induction process is biphasic: there is an 8-h lag phase followed by a 6-h duplication phase, during which additional digits are irreversibly specified in the sequence digit 2, digit 3, digit 4. On average, formation of each digit seems to require between 1 and 2 h. The tissue concentrations, metabolic pattern, and spatial distribution of all-trans-retinoic acid and TTNPB in the limb rapidly reach a steady state, in which the continuous release of the retinoid is balanced by loss from metabolism and blood circulation. Pulse-chase experiments reveal that the half-time of clearance from the bud is 20 min for all-trans-retinoic acid and 80 min for TTNPB. Manipulations that change the experimentally induced steep concentration gradient of TTNPB suggest that a graded distribution of retinoid concentrations across the limb is required during the duplication phase to induce changes in the digit pattern. The extensive similarities between results obtained with retinoids and with polarizing region grafts raise the possibility that retinoic acid serves as a natural "morphogen" in the limb.
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105
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Sawhney RS, Dixit SN. Biosynthesis and in vitro translation of type IV procollagens. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 151:11-6. [PMID: 4029129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present paper describes how epithelial cells, cultured from bovine anterior lens capsule explants, synthesize and secrete procollagen type IV polypeptide chains alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV). Metabolic labeling of these cells with [14C]proline for different time intervals and subsequent analysis by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of two polypeptide chains with apparent molecular masses of 180 kDa and 170 kDa. The procollagens were bacterial-collagenase-sensitive and were specifically immunoprecipitated by antibodies raised against the 7S domain of type IV collagen. Type IV procollagen poly(A)-rich RNA was isolated from cultured lens capsule cells and translated in a reticulocyte lysate cell-free system. Two polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 152 kDa and 145 kDa were identified as procollagen type IV unmodified chains by gel electrophoresis, collagenase digestion and specific immunoprecipitation. During experiments in which cells were labeled in the presence of alpha, alpha'-bipyridyl, type IV procollagen appeared as one major band comigrating with a 145 kDa polypeptide on SDS-gel electrophoresis.
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106
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107
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Brinker JM, Gudas LJ, Loidl HR, Wang SY, Rosenbloom J, Kefalides NA, Myers JC. Restricted homology between human alpha 1 type IV and other procollagen chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:3649-53. [PMID: 2582422 PMCID: PMC397843 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.11.3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Screening of a human fibroblast cDNA library with a mouse type IV procollagen clone resulted in one 1.05-kilobase isolate that was used to identify a 1.7-kilobase clone overlapping the former by less than 150 nucleotides. EcoRII digestion revealed that the larger clone exhibited the pattern characteristic of DNA coding for a collagenous sequence. Blot hybridization to RNA from mouse F9 stem cells and from these cells treated with retinoic acid and N6, O2'-dibutyryl-cAMP showed induction of type IV mRNA. DNA sequencing and comparison of the derived amino acids with the reported protein data demonstrated that the clones encode part of the alpha 1 chain of human type IV procollagen. Alignment of alpha 1 (IV) with other human procollagens showed minimal but detectable homology. A small cluster of charged residues in the alpha chain is partially shared by type IV. In close proximity is an interruption in the alpha 1 (IV) Gly-Xaa-Yaa region corresponding to the 3' end of a unique proline-free, and therefore also less rigid, area in other collagen triple helices. Analysis of the carboxyl-terminal alpha 1 (IV) peptide showed a repeat symmetry possibly dictated by the six cysteines in each half of the structure. The position of five cysteines in addition to four tyrosine/tryptophan groups allowed a correlation to be drawn between the 3' noncollagenous type IV region and the larger, highly conserved carboxyl propeptides of other human procollagens. Such similarities in the different chains may define functional domains conserved throughout evolution.
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108
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Pihlajaniemi T, Tryggvason K, Myers JC, Kurkinen M, Lebo R, Cheung MC, Prockop DJ, Boyd CD. cDNA clones coding for the pro-alpha1(IV) chain of human type IV procollagen reveal an unusual homology of amino acid sequences in two halves of the carboxyl-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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109
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Hogan BL, Barlow DP, Kurkinen M. Reichert's membrane as a model for studying the biosynthesis and assembly of basement membrane components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985; 108:60-74. [PMID: 6569831 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720899.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The major components of Reichert's membrane (laminin, type IV procollagen, entactin and heparan sulphate proteoglycan) are all synthesized by the parietal endoderm cells of the mouse embryo. Fibronectin is found mainly on the trophoblast side of Reichert's membrane and does not appear to be a major structural component. Parietal endoderm cells are thought to differentiate and migrate as individual cells from the margins of the epithelial visceral endoderm layer. They may interact with the type IV collagen in Reichert's membrane via a surface-associated protein of Mr = 47000 known as 'colligin'. Parietal endoderm cells are a rich source of mRNAs for basement membrane components and have been used to prepare a cDNA library in the expression vectors pUC8 and pUC9 from which cDNAs for type IV collagen and laminin B chains have been isolated.
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110
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Isolation of cDNA clones for genes exhibiting reduced expression after differentiation of murine teratocarcinoma stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 1985. [PMID: 6095043 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.4.10.2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of retinoic acid, PSA-G teratocarcinoma stem cells spontaneously differentiate at a moderate frequency into fibroblast-like cells. In the presence of retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, PSA-G stem cells differentiate into parietal endoderm cells. We prepared a cDNA library from undifferentiated PSA-G teratocarcinoma stem cells; this cDNA library was then screened for gene sequences which exhibit a reduction in expression during the differentiation of these stem cells. From ca. 1,000 clones screened, eight independent sequences were isolated. The level of expression of these cloned genes decreases by 3.0-fold to more than 10-fold after differentiation of PSA-G cells into fibroblast-like cells. After treatment of either PSA-G or F9 teratocarcinoma cells with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP for 72 h, the expression of seven genes is inhibited by two- to fourfold. This decrease of clone-specific transcripts can be detected within 12 h after the addition of retinoic acid. Hybridization-selection and in vitro translation experiments identified the proteins encoded by three of the cloned genes: pST 6-23 codes for a 89,000-dalton protein, pST 7-105 codes for a 41,000-dalton protein, and pST 9-31 codes for a 34,000-dalton protein. The 89,000-dalton protein encoded by pST 6-23 is a heat shock protein. In vitro transcription experiments demonstrate that the retinoic acid-mediated decrease in pST 6-135- and pST 1-68-specific RNA occurs at the transcriptional level and that dibutyryl cyclic AMP acts posttranscriptionally to further depress the levels of these RNAs.
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111
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Loidl HR, Brinker JM, May M, Pihlajaniemi T, Morrow S, Rosenbloom J, Myers JC. Molecular cloning and carboxyl-propeptide analysis of human type III procollagen. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:9383-94. [PMID: 6096827 PMCID: PMC320468 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.24.9383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Two human cDNA libraries prepared from normal fibroblast (GM3348) and rhabdomyosarcoma (CCL136) mRNAs were screened under cross hybridization conditions with a genomic fragment coding for exons 2 and 3 of the avian type III procollagen COOH-propeptide (Yamada, Y., Mudryj, M., Sullivan, M. and deCrombrugghe, B. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 2758-2761). One cDNA clone containing a 1.12 kb insert was isolated from the CCL136 library and later used to identify a GM3348 derived clone with a 2.4 kb insert. Comparison of the human and avian type III C-terminal propeptides revealed much more divergence in the first 54 amino acids following the terminal cysteine of the triple helical region than is present in the alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) procollagen chains of these species. Analysis of poly (A+) RNA from normal human fibroblast and tumor cell lines showed that they differed greatly in the relative amounts of alpha 1(I), alpha 2(I), and alpha 1(III) mRNAs. Furthermore, as we previously reported for the alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) transcripts, multiple mRNAs also hybridize to the cloned alpha 1(III) DNA.
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112
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Barlow DP, Green NM, Kurkinen M, Hogan BL. Sequencing of laminin B chain cDNAs reveals C-terminal regions of coiled-coil alpha-helix. EMBO J 1984; 3:2355-62. [PMID: 6209134 PMCID: PMC557694 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
cDNAs for laminin B chains have been isolated from a parietal endoderm cDNA library in pUC8 and pUC9. Identification is based on: ability to direct the synthesis in Escherichia coli of polypeptides carrying laminin antigen determinants, in vitro translation of hybrid selected mRNA, and hybridization to high mol. wt. RNA differentially expressed in cells synthesizing large amounts of laminin. The plasmid pPE9 hybrid selects mRNA for the B2 (mol. wt. 185 000) chain and provides 217 residues of C-terminal amino acid sequence. The plasmids pPE386 and 49 both hybrid select mRNAs for the B1a (mol. wt. 205 000) and B1b (mol. wt. 200 000) chains. These two cDNAs are identical over much of their sequence, but pPE386 includes 133 nucleotides of 3' non-coding sequence and a poly(A) tail. Together they provide 495 residues of C-terminal amino acid sequence. Analysis of the predicted sequences reveals a striking heptad repeat, with a high probability that residues a and d are hydrophobic. Such a repeat is typical of the coiled-coil alpha-helices found in proteins such as myosin, tropomyosin and desmin (2-stranded) and fibrinogen (3-stranded).
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113
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Levine RA, LaRosa GJ, Gudas LJ. Isolation of cDNA clones for genes exhibiting reduced expression after differentiation of murine teratocarcinoma stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 1984; 4:2142-50. [PMID: 6095043 PMCID: PMC369033 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.4.10.2142-2150.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the absence of retinoic acid, PSA-G teratocarcinoma stem cells spontaneously differentiate at a moderate frequency into fibroblast-like cells. In the presence of retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, PSA-G stem cells differentiate into parietal endoderm cells. We prepared a cDNA library from undifferentiated PSA-G teratocarcinoma stem cells; this cDNA library was then screened for gene sequences which exhibit a reduction in expression during the differentiation of these stem cells. From ca. 1,000 clones screened, eight independent sequences were isolated. The level of expression of these cloned genes decreases by 3.0-fold to more than 10-fold after differentiation of PSA-G cells into fibroblast-like cells. After treatment of either PSA-G or F9 teratocarcinoma cells with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP for 72 h, the expression of seven genes is inhibited by two- to fourfold. This decrease of clone-specific transcripts can be detected within 12 h after the addition of retinoic acid. Hybridization-selection and in vitro translation experiments identified the proteins encoded by three of the cloned genes: pST 6-23 codes for a 89,000-dalton protein, pST 7-105 codes for a 41,000-dalton protein, and pST 9-31 codes for a 34,000-dalton protein. The 89,000-dalton protein encoded by pST 6-23 is a heat shock protein. In vitro transcription experiments demonstrate that the retinoic acid-mediated decrease in pST 6-135- and pST 1-68-specific RNA occurs at the transcriptional level and that dibutyryl cyclic AMP acts posttranscriptionally to further depress the levels of these RNAs.
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114
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Wang SY, Gudas LJ. Selection and characterization of F9 teratocarcinoma stem cell mutants with altered responses to retinoic acid. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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115
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dos Santos CL, Villa LL, Sonohara S, Brentani RR. Construction of a cDNA clone corresponding to mouse alpha 1(IV) procollagen. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:2035-46. [PMID: 6546618 PMCID: PMC318638 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.4.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new procedure for the synthesis of double stranded cDNA, based upon release of mRNA by "in vitro" translation, was used to clone type IV collagen. Collagen synthesizing polysomes selectively isolated from a mouse parietal yolk sac carcinoma (PYS-2) were used for translation in an heterologous cell-free system. Translation products were collagenase-sensitive and displayed an electrophoretic mobility correspondent to type IV collagen. Translation released mRNA was employed to construct a 100 base pairs long cDNA clone which hybridized to a 7,800 nucleotides long mRNA. Peptides synthesized by "in vitro" translation of hybrid selected mRNA displayed an electrophoretic mobility compatible with that of alpha 1 (IV) collagen, were sensitive to collagenase and were immunoprecipitated by anti-type IV collagen antibody.
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