101
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Teitelbaum R, Glatman-Freedman A, Chen B, Robbins JB, Unanue E, Casadevall A, Bloom BR. A mAb recognizing a surface antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhances host survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:15688-93. [PMID: 9861031 PMCID: PMC28105 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.26.15688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine mAbs reactive with the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were assayed for their ability to affect the course of infection in mice challenged with virulent organisms. An IgG3 mAb (9d8) specific for arabinomannan and reactive with purified antigen from a clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis conferred partial protection on mice after respiratory challenge (30-60% survival >75 days; P = 0.05). Control mice pretreated with an irrelevant mAb of the same isotype succumbed to tuberculosis within 30 days. Mice with gene disruptions in interferon gamma and major histocompatibility complex Class II also were partially protected from challenge. The protective mAb was neither bactericidal nor inhibitory of infection or bacterial replication. Nevertheless, it profoundly altered the nature of the granulomas in the infected lungs. Mice treated with mAb 9d8 and challenged with M. tuberculosis localized the pathogen within granuloma centers, suggesting that the mAb conferred protection by enhancing a cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Teitelbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10064, USA
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102
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Decken K, Köhler G, Palmer-Lehmann K, Wunderlin A, Mattner F, Magram J, Gately MK, Alber G. Interleukin-12 is essential for a protective Th1 response in mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 1998; 66:4994-5000. [PMID: 9746609 PMCID: PMC108620 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.10.4994-5000.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the roles of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and the IL-12-dependent Th1 response in resistance to Cryptococcus neoformans, we have established a chronic infection model in wild-type mice and in mice with targeted disruptions of the genes for the IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 subunits (IL-12p35(-/-) and IL-12p40(-/-) mice, respectively) as well as in mice with a targeted disruption of the IL-4 gene. Long-term application of exogenous IL-12 prevented death of infected wild-type mice for the entire period of the experiment (up to 180 days) but did not resolve the infection. Infected IL-12p35(-/-) and IL-12p40(-/-) mice died significantly earlier than infected wild-type mice, whereas infection of IL-4-deficient mice led to prolonged survival. Interestingly, infected IL-12p40(-/-) mice died earlier and developed higher organ burdens than IL-12p35(-/-) mice, which, for the first time in an infection model, suggests a protective role of the IL-12p40 subunit independent of the IL-12 heterodimer. The fungal organ burdens of IL-4-deficient mice and IL-12-treated wild-type mice were significantly reduced compared to those of untreated wild-type mice and IL-12-deficient mice. Histopathological analysis revealed reduction of the number of granulomatous lesions following treatment with IL-12. Susceptibility of both IL-12p35(-/-) and IL-12p40(-/-) mice was associated with marginal production of gamma interferon and elevated levels of IL-4 from CD4(+) T cells, which indicates Th2 polarization in the absence of IL-12, whereas wild-type mice developed a Th1 response. Taken together, our data emphasize the essential role of IL-12 for protective Th1 responses against C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Decken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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103
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Lambros MP, Schafer F, Blackstock R, Murphy JW. Liposomes, a potential immunoadjuvant and carrier for a cryptococcal vaccine. J Pharm Sci 1998; 87:1144-8. [PMID: 9724568 DOI: 10.1021/js9704184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mice immunized with a cryptococcal culture filtrate antigen (CneF) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) develop an anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response (CMI). CMI is detected by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions and by enhanced clearance of Cryptococcus neoformans from infected tissues. The objective of this research was to evaluate anticryptococcal DTH reactivity and clearance of cryptococci from groups of mice immunized with CneF encapsulated into liposomes (CneF-liposome) and compare the results to results from mice immunized with CneF-CFA. CBA/J mice were injected subcutaneously with vaccines or control formulations (saline-liposome or saline-CFA). Six days later the mice were footpad tested to assess their DTH response to CneF or the animals were challenged intravenously with 10(5) viable C. neoformans to determine clearance of infection. Clearance was evaluated 7 days later by enumeration of cryptococcal colony forming units (CFU) in lungs, spleens, livers, and brains of the infected mice. The CneF-liposome formulation induced a positive anticryptococcal DTH response and elicited increased clearance of C. neoformans from tissues as compared to mice treated with saline-liposome. Even though the CneF-liposome preparation did not induce as strong of a DTH response or as much protection as did CneF-CFA, our results indicate that liposomes are promising carriers for immunization with cryptococcal antigen and that such immunization can provide some protection to subsequent infection with C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Lambros
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190, USA
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104
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Glatman-Freedman A, Casadevall A. Serum therapy for tuberculosis revisited: reappraisal of the role of antibody-mediated immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11:514-32. [PMID: 9665981 PMCID: PMC88894 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.11.3.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifty years after the introduction of the first effective antimicrobial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, this pathogen continues to be a tremendous public health problem. The rise in the number of resistant strains and the difficulties involved in the therapy of tuberculosis in immunocompromised AIDS patients have renewed the interest in the development of effective vaccines. To evaluate whether a potential vaccine against tuberculosis could prevent infection by eliciting a protective antibody response, we reviewed the history of antibody-mediated immunity against tuberculosis. Review of the literature of the past 100 years demonstrates that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that antibody-mediated immunity can modify the course of infection in certain situations. Based on our findings and on what is known in other systems, we propose that the role of antibody-mediated immunity to M. tuberculosis be reexamined, using advanced technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Glatman-Freedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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105
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Casadevall A, Cleare W, Feldmesser M, Glatman-Freedman A, Goldman DL, Kozel TR, Lendvai N, Mukherjee J, Pirofski LA, Rivera J, Rosas AL, Scharff MD, Valadon P, Westin K, Zhong Z. Characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody to Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide that is a candidate for human therapeutic studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1437-46. [PMID: 9624491 PMCID: PMC105619 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.6.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/1998] [Accepted: 04/01/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) 18B7 [immunoglobulin G1(kappa)] is in preclinical development for treatment of Cryptococcus neoformans infections. In anticipation of its use in humans, we defined the serological and biological properties of MAb 18B7 in detail. Structural comparison to the related protective MAb 2H1 revealed conservation of the antigen binding site despite several amino acid differences. MAb 18B7 was shown by immunofluorescence and agglutination studies to bind to all four serotypes of C. neoformans, opsonize C. neoformans serotypes A and D, enhance human and mouse effector cell antifungal activity, and activate the complement pathway leading to deposition of complement component 3 (C3) on the cryptococcal capsule. Administration of MAb 18B7 to mice led to rapid clearance of serum cryptococcal antigen and deposition in the liver and spleen. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that MAb 18B7 bound to capsular glucuronoxylomannan in infected mouse tissues. No reactivity of MAb 18B7 with normal human, rat, or mouse tissues was detected. The results show that both the variable and constant regions of MAb 18B7 are biologically functional and support the use of this MAb in human therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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106
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Abstract
The view that antibody-mediated protection is unimportant against intracellular pathogens is not supported by the literature. In fact, there is convincing evidence that antibody can protect against many important intracellular pathogens. The challenge now is to identify antigens that elicit protective antibodies, use them in vaccine design and understand how humoral and cellular immune mechanisms cooperate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casadevall
- Dept of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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107
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Yuan RR, Spira G, Oh J, Paizi M, Casadevall A, Scharff MD. Isotype switching increases efficacy of antibody protection against Cryptococcus neoformans infection in mice. Infect Immun 1998; 66:1057-62. [PMID: 9488395 PMCID: PMC108015 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.3.1057-1062.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The isotype and epitope specificities of antibodies both contribute to the efficacy of antibodies that mediate immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans, but the relationship between these properties is only partially understood. In this study, we analyzed the efficacy of protection of two sets of immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype switch variants from two IgG3 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which are either not protective or disease enhancing, depending on the mouse model used. The two IgG3 MAbs 3E5 and 4H3 have different epitope specificities. Protection experiments were done with A/JCr mice infected intravenously with C. neoformans and administered with 3E5 IgG3 and its IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b switch variants. These experiments revealed that IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG2a were each more effective than IgG3. For 4H3 IgG3 and its IgG1 and IgG2b switch variants, the relative efficacy was IgG2b > IgG1 >> IgG3. The combination of 3E5 IgG3 and 4H3 IgG3 was more deleterious than either IgG3 alone. All IgG isotypes were opsonic for mouse bronchoalveolar cells, with the relative efficacy being IgG2b > IgG2a > IgG1 > IgG3. These results (i) confirm that a nonprotective IgG3 MAb can be converted to a protective MAb by isotype switching, (ii) indicate that the efficacy of protection of an IgG1 MAb can be increased by isotype switching to another subclass, (iii) show that protective and nonprotective IgG MAbs are opsonic, and (iv) provide additional evidence for the concept that the efficacy of the antibody response to C. neoformans is dependent on the type of MAb elicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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108
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Yuan R, Clynes R, Oh J, Ravetch JV, Scharff MD. Antibody-mediated modulation of Cryptococcus neoformans infection is dependent on distinct Fc receptor functions and IgG subclasses. J Exp Med 1998; 187:641-8. [PMID: 9463414 PMCID: PMC2212141 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.4.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/1997] [Revised: 12/16/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coupling of an antibody response to effector cells through the Fc region of antibodies is a fundamental objective of effective vaccination. We have explored the role of the Fc receptor system in a murine model of Cryptococcus neoformans protection by infecting mice deleted for the common gamma chain of FcRs. Passive administration of an IgG1 mAb protects FcRgamma+/- mice infected with C. neoformans, but fails to protect FcRgamma-/- mice, indicating that the gamma chain acting through FcgammaRI and/or III is essential for IgG1-mediated protection. In contrast, passive administration of an IgG3 mAb with identical specificity resulted in enhanced pathogenicity in gamma chain-deficient and wild-type mice. In vitro studies with isolated macrophages demonstrate that IgG1-, IgG2a-, and IgG2b-opsonized C. neoformans are not phagocytosed or arrested in their growth in the absence of the FcRgamma chain. In contrast, opsonization of C. neoformans by IgG3 does not require the presence of the gamma chain or of FcRII, and the internalization of IgG3-treated organisms does not arrest fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
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109
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Pirofski LA, Casadevall A. Use of licensed vaccines for active immunization of the immunocompromised host. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11:1-26. [PMID: 9457426 PMCID: PMC121373 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.11.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The latter part of the 20th century has witnessed an unprecedented rise in the number of individuals with impaired immunity. This is primarily attributable to the increased development and use of antineoplastic therapy for malignancies, organ and bone marrow transplantation, and the AIDS epidemic. Individuals with impaired immunity are often at increased risk for infections, and they can experience more severe and complicated courses of infection. The lack of therapy for a variety of viruses and the rise in antimicrobial resistance of many pathogens have focused attention on vaccination to prevent infectious diseases. The efficacy of most licensed vaccines has been established in immunocompetent hosts. However, there is also considerable experience with most vaccines in those with impaired immunity. We reviewed the use of licensed live, inactivated, and polysaccharide vaccines in this group, and several themes emerged: (i) most vaccines are less immunogenic in those with impaired immunity than in normal individuals; (ii) live vaccines are generally contraindicated in this group; and (iii) the efficacy of many commonly used vaccines has not been established in people with impaired immunity. This review suggests that for most vaccines there are little or no efficacy data in those with impaired immunity but their use in this patient group is generally safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Pirofski
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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110
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Abstract
A variety of pathological conditions, including impaired immune function, is believed to underlie host susceptibility to fungal infections and to determine both the severity and the characteristic of the associated pathology. Although the redundancy and the interdependence of antifungal responses may not favor the proper dissection and appreciation of individual effector mechanisms, the T helper type 1/type 2 paradigm of acquired immunity to fungi is proving essential for a better understanding of the host response from a regulatory perspective. The recent understanding of the importance of the different T helper cell subsets in fungal infections and the increasing appreciation of the reciprocal regulation between the innate, humoral, and adaptive immune systems in the development of optimal antimicrobial immunity have offered us new clues which may lead to an understanding of T cell dependent immunity to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Romani
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122, Perugia, Italy.
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