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Bhat AV, Hora S, Pal A, Jha S, Taneja R. Stressing the (Epi)Genome: Dealing with Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1273-1292. [PMID: 28816066 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Growing evidence indicates cross-talk between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and several key epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNAs in normal physiology and human pathologies including cancer. This review focuses on how ROS-induced oxidative stress, metabolic intermediates, and epigenetic processes influence each other in various cancers. Recent Advances: ROS alter chromatin structure and metabolism that impact the epigenetic landscape in cancer cells. Several site-specific DNA methylation changes have been identified in different cancers and are discussed in the review. We also discuss the interplay of epigenetic enzymes and miRNAs in influencing malignant transformation in an ROS-dependent manner. CRITICAL ISSUES Loss of ROS-mediated signaling mostly by epigenetic regulation may promote tumorigenesis. In contrast, augmented oxidative stress because of high ROS levels may precipitate epigenetic alterations to effect various phases of carcinogenesis. We address both aspects in the review. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Several drugs targeting ROS are under various stages of clinical development. Recent analysis of human cancers has revealed pervasive deregulation of the epigenetic machinery. Thus, a better understanding of the cross-talk between ROS and epigenetic alterations in cancer could lead to the identification of new drug targets and more effective treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay V Bhat
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Shainan Hora
- 2 Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Ananya Pal
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- 2 Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Reshma Taneja
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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102
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Abstract
The concept of cell signaling in the context of nonenzyme-assisted protein modifications by reactive electrophilic and oxidative species, broadly known as redox signaling, is a uniquely complex topic that has been approached from numerous different and multidisciplinary angles. Our Review reflects on five aspects critical for understanding how nature harnesses these noncanonical post-translational modifications to coordinate distinct cellular activities: (1) specific players and their generation, (2) physicochemical properties, (3) mechanisms of action, (4) methods of interrogation, and (5) functional roles in health and disease. Emphasis is primarily placed on the latest progress in the field, but several aspects of classical work likely forgotten/lost are also recollected. For researchers with interests in getting into the field, our Review is anticipated to function as a primer. For the expert, we aim to stimulate thought and discussion about fundamentals of redox signaling mechanisms and nuances of specificity/selectivity and timing in this sophisticated yet fascinating arena at the crossroads of chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Marcus J. C. Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Jesse R. Poganik
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Yimon Aye
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, New York, 10065, USA
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103
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Oliva R, Jansen B, Benscheidt F, Sandbichler AM, Egg M. Nuclear magnetic resonance affects the circadian clock and hypoxia-inducible factor isoforms in zebrafish. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1498194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Oliva
- Institute of Zoology, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianca Jansen
- Institute of Zoology, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Margit Egg
- Institute of Zoology, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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104
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Breitenbach M, Rinnerthaler M, Weber M, Breitenbach-Koller H, Karl T, Cullen P, Basu S, Haskova D, Hasek J. The defense and signaling role of NADPH oxidases in eukaryotic cells : Review. Wien Med Wochenschr 2018; 168:286-299. [PMID: 30084091 PMCID: PMC6132560 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-018-0640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This short review article summarizes what is known clinically and biochemically about the seven human NADPH oxidases. Emphasis is put on the connection between mutations in the catalytic and regulatory subunits of Nox2, the phagocyte defense enzyme, with syndromes like chronic granulomatous disease, as well as a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. These arise paradoxically from a lack of reactive oxygen species production needed as second messengers for immune regulation. Both Nox2 and the six other human NADPH oxidases display signaling functions in addition to the functions of these enzymes in specialized biochemical reactions, for instance, synthesis of the hormone thyroxine. NADPH oxidases are also needed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells for the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in times of stress or developmental changes, such as pseudohyphae formation. The article shows that in certain cancer cells Nox4 is also involved in the re-structuring of the actin cytoskeleton, which is required for cell mobility and therefore for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuela Weber
- Department of Bioscienes, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Karl
- Department of Bioscienes, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Paul Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Sukaniya Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Dana Haskova
- Laboratory of Cell Reproduction, Institute of Microbiology of AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Hasek
- Laboratory of Cell Reproduction, Institute of Microbiology of AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
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105
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Sánchez-Rubio F, Fernández-Santos MR, Castro-Vázquez L, García-Álvarez O, Maroto-Morales A, Soler AJ, Martínez-Pastor F, Garde JJ. Cinnamtannin B-1, a novel antioxidant for sperm in red deer. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 195:44-52. [PMID: 29776697 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamtannin B-1 (CNB-1) is a naturally occurring trimeric A-type proanthocyanidin contained in several plants such as cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). It is considered to be a potent antioxidant. The protective effect of CNB-1 against oxidative stress was assessed in red deer epididymal sperm incubated at 37 °C. Cryopreserved sperm from six stags were thawed, pooled and extended to 400 × 106 sperm/ml in BGM (bovine gamete medium). After being aliquoted, the samples were supplemented with different concentrations of CNB-1 (0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/mL), with or without induced oxidative stress (100 μM Fe2+/ascorbate). The samples were evaluated after 0, 2 and 4 h of incubation at 37 °C. This experiment was replicated six times. Spermmotility (CASA), viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, acrosomal status, lipoperoxidation (C11 BODIPY 581/591), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA status (TUNEL) were assessed. After 4 h of incubation, CNB-1 prevented the deleterious effects of oxidative stress, thus improved sperm progressivity and velocity (P<0.05). Furthermore, 1 and 10 μM CNB-1 improved sperm linearity, even when compared to those samples that had not been subjected to oxidative stress (P<0.05). The greatest concentration, 100 μM, prevented sperm lipoperoxidation and reduced ROS production in samples subjected to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sánchez-Rubio
- SaBio IREC (CSIC - UCLM - JCCM), Albacete, Spain; Servicio de Farmacia. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete. GAI. Albacete, Spain
| | - M R Fernández-Santos
- SaBio IREC (CSIC - UCLM - JCCM), Albacete, Spain; Faculty of Pharmacy (UCLM), Albacete, Spain.
| | | | - O García-Álvarez
- Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | | | - A J Soler
- SaBio IREC (CSIC - UCLM - JCCM), Albacete, Spain
| | - F Martínez-Pastor
- Department of Molecular Biology (Cell Biology) and Institute for Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), University of León, León, Spain
| | - J J Garde
- SaBio IREC (CSIC - UCLM - JCCM), Albacete, Spain
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106
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Montezano AC, De Lucca Camargo L, Persson P, Rios FJ, Harvey AP, Anagnostopoulou A, Palacios R, Gandara ACP, Alves-Lopes R, Neves KB, Dulak-Lis M, Holterman CE, de Oliveira PL, Graham D, Kennedy C, Touyz RM. NADPH Oxidase 5 Is a Pro-Contractile Nox Isoform and a Point of Cross-Talk for Calcium and Redox Signaling-Implications in Vascular Function. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e009388. [PMID: 29907654 PMCID: PMC6220544 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH Oxidase 5 (Nox5) is a calcium-sensitive superoxide-generating Nox. It is present in lower forms and higher mammals, but not in rodents. Nox5 is expressed in vascular cells, but the functional significance remains elusive. Given that contraction is controlled by calcium and reactive oxygen species, both associated with Nox5, we questioned the role of Nox5 in pro-contractile signaling and vascular function. METHODS AND RESULTS Transgenic mice expressing human Nox5 in a vascular smooth muscle cell-specific manner (Nox5 mice) and Rhodnius prolixus, an arthropod model that expresses Nox5 endogenoulsy, were studied. Reactive oxygen species generation was increased systemically and in the vasculature and heart in Nox5 mice. In Nox5-expressing mice, agonist-induced vasoconstriction was exaggerated and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was impaired. Vascular structural and mechanical properties were not influenced by Nox5. Vascular contractile responses in Nox5 mice were normalized by N-acetylcysteine and inhibitors of calcium channels, calmodulin, and endoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptors, but not by GKT137831 (Nox1/4 inhibitor). At the cellular level, vascular changes in Nox5 mice were associated with increased vascular smooth muscle cell [Ca2+]i, increased reactive oxygen species and nitrotyrosine levels, and hyperphosphorylation of pro-contractile signaling molecules MLC20 (myosin light chain 20) and MYPT1 (myosin phosphatase target subunit 1). Blood pressure was similar in wild-type and Nox5 mice. Nox5 did not amplify angiotensin II effects. In R. prolixus, gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction was blunted by Nox5 silencing, but not by VAS2870 (Nox1/2/4 inhibitor). CONCLUSIONS Nox5 is a pro-contractile Nox isoform important in redox-sensitive contraction. This involves calcium-calmodulin and endoplasmic reticulum-regulated mechanisms. Our findings define a novel function for vascular Nox5, linking calcium and reactive oxygen species to the pro-contractile molecular machinery in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrik Persson
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roberto Palacios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Caroline P Gandara
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rheure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Karla B Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Dulak-Lis
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chet E Holterman
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pedro Lagerblad de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Kennedy
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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107
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Nisimoto Y, Ogawa H, Kadokawa Y, Qiao S. NADPH oxidase 4 function as a hydrogen peroxide sensor. J Biochem 2018; 163:489-501. [PMID: 29365138 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nox4, a member of the NADPH- and oxygen-dependent oxidoreductases that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), is widely expressed and constitutively active. To understand better its function and regulation, specific mutations in the Nox4 dehydrogenase (DH) domain were examined for effects on Nox4 oxidase activity. Transfection of His6-tagged Nox4 increased the amount of p22phox subunit in HEK293 cells, and a higher level of the heterodimer was observed in the nucleus-enriched fraction (NEF). NEF from Nox4-expressing HEK293 cells exhibited oxygen and H2O2 concentration-dependent NADPH oxidation rate. In Nox4-expressing cells, NEF and its partially purified form, the Nox4(P437H) mutant almost completely lost its oxidase activity, while Nox4(C546S), Nox4(C546L) or/and (C547L) had a significantly decreased rate of ROS production. The NADPH-dependent reduction of cytochrome c or cytochrome b5 by purified Nox4 DH domain was found regulated by the H2O2 concentration, and C546L and C547L mutants showed lower rates of the hemeprotein reduction. These conserved Cys residues in the DH domain respond to the cytosolic H2O2 concentration to regulate Nox4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Nisimoto
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life and Health Science, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Ogawa
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kadokawa
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Shanlou Qiao
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life and Health Science, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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108
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Ma MW, Wang J, Dhandapani KM, Wang R, Brann DW. NADPH oxidases in traumatic brain injury - Promising therapeutic targets? Redox Biol 2018; 16:285-293. [PMID: 29571125 PMCID: PMC5952873 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Despite intense investigation, no neuroprotective agents for TBI have yet translated to the clinic. Recent efforts have focused on identifying potential therapeutic targets that underlie the secondary TBI pathology that evolves minutes to years following the initial injury. Oxidative stress is a key player in this complex cascade of secondary injury mechanisms and prominently contributes to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a family of enzymes whose unique function is to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Human post-mortem and animal studies have identified elevated NOX2 and NOX4 levels in the injured brain, suggesting that these two NOXs are involved in the pathogenesis of TBI. In support of this, NOX2 and NOX4 deletion studies have collectively revealed that targeting NOX enzymes can reduce oxidative stress, attenuate neuroinflammation, promote neuronal survival, and improve functional outcomes following TBI. In addition, NOX inhibitor studies have confirmed these findings and demonstrated an extended critical window of efficacious TBI treatment. Finally, the translational potential, caveats, and future directions of the field are highlighted and discussed throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry W Ma
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Darrell W Brann
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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109
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Kiyohara T, Miyano K, Kamakura S, Hayase J, Chishiki K, Kohda A, Sumimoto H. Differential cell surface recruitment of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidases Nox1, Nox2 and Nox5: The role of the small GTPase Sar1. Genes Cells 2018; 23:480-493. [PMID: 29718541 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane glycoproteins, synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), generally reach the Golgi apparatus in COPII-coated vesicles en route to the cell surface. Here, we show that the bona fide nonglycoprotein Nox5, a transmembrane superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase, is transported to the cell surface in a manner resistant to co-expression of Sar1 (H79G), a GTP-fixed mutant of the small GTPase Sar1, which blocks COPII vesicle fission from the ER. In contrast, Sar1 (H79G) effectively inhibits ER-to-Golgi transport of glycoproteins including the Nox5-related oxidase Nox2. The trafficking of Nox2, but not that of Nox5, is highly sensitive to over-expression of syntaxin 5 (Stx5), a t-SNARE required for COPII ER-to-Golgi transport. Thus, Nox2 and Nox5 mainly traffic via the Sar1/Stx5-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively. Both participate in Nox1 trafficking, as Nox1 advances to the cell surface in two differentially N-glycosylated forms, one complex and one high mannose, in a Sar1/Stx5-dependent and -independent manner, respectively. Nox2 and Nox5 also can use both pathways: a glycosylation-defective mutant Nox2 is weakly recruited to the plasma membrane in a less Sar1-dependent manner; N-glycosylated Nox5 mutants reach the cell surface in part as the complex form Sar1-dependently, albeit mainly as the high-mannose form in a Sar1-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kiyohara
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kei Miyano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kamakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junya Hayase
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanako Chishiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Kohda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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110
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Habashy WS, Milfort MC, Rekaya R, Aggrey SE. Expression of genes that encode cellular oxidant/antioxidant systems are affected by heat stress. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:389-394. [PMID: 29619655 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress causes critical molecular dysfunction that affects productivity in chickens. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat stress (HS) on the expression of select genes in the oxidation/antioxidation machinery in the liver of chickens. Chickens at 14 days of age were randomly assigned to two treatment groups and kept under either a constant normal temperature (25 °C) or high temperature (35 °C) in individual cages for 12 days. mRNA expression of Nrf2, oxidants NADPH(NOX): [NOX1, NOX2, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5 and DUOX2], and antioxidants [SOD1, CAT, GR, GPx1, NQO1] in the liver were analyzed at 1 and 12 days post-HS. We show that, HS changes the mRNA expression of oxidants thereby increasing cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, persistent HS up-regulates SOD which converts superoxides to hydrogen peroxide. We further demonstrated the dynamic relationship between catalase, GSH peroxidase (GPx) and NADPH under both acute and chronic heat stress. The pentose phosphate pathway could be important under HS since it generates NADPH which serves as a cofactor for GPx. Also, methionine, a precursor of cysteine has been shown to have reducing properties and thereby makes for an alternative fuel for redox processes. Genes in the ROS and antioxidant generation pathways may provide insight into nutritional intervention strategies, especially the use of methionine and/or cysteine when birds are suffering from heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid S Habashy
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Al-Behira, Egypt
| | - Marie C Milfort
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Romdhane Rekaya
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Samuel E Aggrey
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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111
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction underlines a multitude of pathologies; however, studies are scarce that rescue the mitochondria for cellular resuscitation. Exploration into the protective role of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and its mitochondrial functions respective to cardiomyocyte death are in need of further investigation. TFAM is a gene regulator that acts to mitigate calcium mishandling and ROS production by wrapping around mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) complexes. TFAM's regulatory functions over serca2a, NFAT, and Lon protease contribute to cardiomyocyte stability. Calcium- and ROS-dependent proteases, calpains, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are abundantly found upregulated in the failing heart. TFAM's regulatory role over ROS production and calcium mishandling leads to further investigation into the cardioprotective role of exogenous TFAM. In an effort to restabilize physiological and contractile activity of cardiomyocytes in HF models, we propose that TFAM-packed exosomes (TFAM-PE) will act therapeutically by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, this is the first mention of exosomal delivery of transcription factors in the literature. Here we elucidate the role of TFAM in mitochondrial rescue and focus on its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- George H Kunkel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Centre, 1216, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Centre, 1216, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Centre, 1216, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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112
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Gelsolin-Cu/ZnSOD interaction alters intracellular reactive oxygen species levels to promote cancer cell invasion. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52832-52848. [PMID: 27391159 PMCID: PMC5288152 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin-binding protein, gelsolin, is a well known regulator of cancer cell invasion. However, the mechanisms by which gelsolin promotes invasion are not well established. As reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to promote cancer cell invasion, we investigated on the hypothesis that gelsolin-induced changes in ROS levels may mediate the invasive capacity of colon cancer cells. Herein, we show that increased gelsolin enhances the invasive capacity of colon cancer cells, and this is mediated via gelsolin's effects in elevating intracellular superoxide (O2.-) levels. We also provide evidence for a novel physical interaction between gelsolin and Cu/ZnSOD, that inhibits the enzymatic activity of Cu/ZnSOD, thereby resulting in a sustained elevation of intracellular O2.-. Using microarray data of human colorectal cancer tissues from Gene Omnibus, we found that gelsolin gene expression positively correlates with urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), an important matrix-degrading protease invovled in cancer invasion. Consistent with the in vivo evidence, we show that increased levels of O2.- induced by gelsolin overexpression triggers the secretion of uPA. We further observed reduction in invasion and intracellular O2.- levels in colon cancer cells, as a consequence of gelsolin knockdown using two different siRNAs. In these cells, concurrent repression of Cu/ZnSOD restored intracellular O2.- levels and rescued invasive capacity. Our study therefore identified gelsolin as a novel regulator of intracellular O2.- in cancer cells via interacting with Cu/ZnSOD and inhibiting its enzymatic activity. Taken together, these findings provide insight into a novel function of gelsolin in promoting tumor invasion by directly impacting the cellular redox milieu.
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113
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Yahyapour R, Motevaseli E, Rezaeyan A, Abdollahi H, Farhood B, Cheki M, Rezapoor S, Shabeeb D, Musa AE, Najafi M, Villa V. Reduction–oxidation (redox) system in radiation-induced normal tissue injury: molecular mechanisms and implications in radiation therapeutics. Clin Transl Oncol 2018; 20:975-988. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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114
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Ghanbari H, Keshtgar S, Kazeroni M. Inhibition of the CatSper Channel and NOX5 Enzyme Activity Affects the Functions of the Progesterone-Stimulated Human Sperm. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 43:18-25. [PMID: 29398748 PMCID: PMC5775990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium are necessary for sperm function. NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) is a membrane enzyme which produces ROS. This enzyme is dependent on calcium for its activity. We investigated the importance of NOX5 and an important calcium channel (CatSper) on sperm function. METHODS This laboratory in-vitro study was done in Shiraz, Iran, 2016. Normal semen samples (n=24) were washed and diluted to 20×106 sperm/mL. The diluted samples were divided into 8 groups, containing Ham's F-10 (control group), 2 µM of NNC (CatSper channel inhibitor), 1 µM DPI (NOX5 inhibitor), and NNC+DPI. The other 4 groups were the same as the 1st ones, except that they contained 1 µM of progesterone. Motility assessment was done by VT-Sperm 3.1. Acrosome status was monitored with acrosome-specific FITC-PSA using fluorescent microscopy. Sperm viability was assessed by Eosin Y. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16 software. The comparison between the groups was done using the one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey. A P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The percentage of motile sperm, sperm velocity, and viability decreased significantly in the groups containing NNC. DPI reduced sperm progressive motility only in the progesterone-stimulated condition. Progesterone induced acrosome reaction, but this effect was inhibited by NNC and DPI. CONCLUSION CatSper had a prominent role in the motility, acrosome reaction, and viability of the human sperm. The function of NOX5 was important only in the stimulated sperm. We conclude that CatSper has a more prominent role than NOX5 activity. The functional relation between NOX5 and CatSper is not clear but is very probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Ghanbari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Keshtgar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence: Sara Keshtgar, PhD; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zand Blvd., Postal Code: 71348-45794, Shiraz, Iran Tel/Fax: +98 71 32302026
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NADPH Oxidase Deficiency: A Multisystem Approach. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4590127. [PMID: 29430280 PMCID: PMC5753020 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4590127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a complex system able to recognize a wide variety of host agents, through different biological processes. For example, controlled changes in the redox state are able to start different pathways in immune cells and are involved in the killing of microbes. The generation and release of ROS in the form of an “oxidative burst” represent the pivotal mechanism by which phagocytic cells are able to destroy pathogens. On the other hand, impaired oxidative balance is also implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory complications, which may affect the function of many body systems. NADPH oxidase (NOX) plays a pivotal role in the production of ROS, and the defect of its different subunits leads to the development of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). The defect of the different NOX subunits in CGD affects different organs. In this context, this review will be focused on the description of the effect of NOX2 deficiency in different body systems. Moreover, we will also focus our attention on the novel insight in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency and inflammation-related manifestations and on the protective role of NOX2 deficiency against the development of atherosclerosis.
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Pai WY, Lo WY, Hsu T, Peng CT, Wang HJ. Angiotensin-(1-7) Inhibits Thrombin-Induced Endothelial Phenotypic Changes and Reactive Oxygen Species Production via NADPH Oxidase 5 Downregulation. Front Physiol 2017; 8:994. [PMID: 29375391 PMCID: PMC5770656 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: The angiotensin-(1-7)/angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/Mas receptor axis counter-regulates the detrimental effects of angiotensin II. Beneficial effects of angiotensin-(1-7), including anti-inflammation, oxidative stress reduction, and anti-thrombosis, have been reported. Previous studies documented that ramipril decreased thrombin generation in human hypertension and that the anti-thrombotic effects of captopril and losartan were angiotensin-(1-7)-dependent, suggesting an interaction between thrombin and angiotensin-(1-7). However, it is not clear whether angiotensin-(1-7) can alleviate the endothelial phenotypic changes induced by thrombin. We have previously documented cytoskeleton remodeling, cell adhesion, and cell migration as dominant altered phenotypes in thrombin-stimulated human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). In this study, we investigated whether angiotensin-(1-7) can modulate thrombin-induced phenotypic changes. Furthermore, we investigated whether NAPDH oxidase 5 (Nox5)-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a significant role in angiotensin-(1-7)-mediated phenotypic changes. Methods: HAECs were pretreated with 100 nM angiotensin-(1-7) for 1 h, followed by stimulation with 2 units/mL thrombin for different times. Immunofluorescent assay, monocyte adhesion assay, wound-healing assay, ROS assay, real-time PCR, Western blotting, and Nox5 siRNA transfection were conducted. HAECs were pretreated with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to determine whether thrombin-induced phenotypic changes depended on ROS production. Results: Angiotensin-(1-7) prevented thrombin-induced actin cytoskeleton derangements, monocyte adhesion, and migratory impairment. Nox5 siRNA transfection confirmed that thrombin-induced Nox5 expression stimulated ROS production and increased HO-1/NQO-1/ICAM-1/VCAM-1 gene expression, all of which were decreased by angiotensin-(1-7). Phenotypic changes induced by thrombin were prevented by NAC pretreatment. Conclusion: Angiotensin-(1-7) prevents actin cytoskeleton derangement, monocyte adhesion, and migration impairment induced by thrombin via downregulation of ROS production. In addition, thrombin-induced Nox5 expression is involved in the production of ROS, and angiotensin-(1-7) decreases ROS through its inhibitory effect on Nox5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Pai
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Lo
- Cardiovascular and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Todd Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tien Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Joe Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Antony S, Jiang G, Wu Y, Meitzler JL, Makhlouf HR, Haines DC, Butcher D, Hoon DS, Ji J, Zhang Y, Juhasz A, Lu J, Liu H, Dahan I, Konate M, Roy KK, Doroshow JH. NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5)-induced reactive oxygen signaling modulates normoxic HIF-1α and p27 Kip1 expression in malignant melanoma and other human tumors. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2643-2662. [PMID: 28762556 PMCID: PMC5675809 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in signaling cascades that regulate cancer cell proliferation. To evaluate and validate NOX5 expression in human tumors, we screened a broad range of tissue microarrays (TMAs), and report substantial overexpression of NOX5 in malignant melanoma and cancers of the prostate, breast, and ovary. In human UACC-257 melanoma cells that possesses high levels of functional endogenous NOX5, overexpression of NOX5 resulted in enhanced cell growth, increased numbers of BrdU positive cells, and increased γ-H2AX levels. Additionally, NOX5-overexpressing (stable and inducible) UACC-257 cells demonstrated increased normoxic HIF-1α expression and decreased p27Kip1 expression. Similarly, increased normoxic HIF-1α expression and decreased p27Kip1 expression were observed in stable NOX5-overexpressing clones of KARPAS 299 human lymphoma cells and in the human prostate cancer cell line, PC-3. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous NOX5 in UACC-257 cells resulted in decreased cell growth, decreased HIF-1α expression, and increased p27Kip1 expression. Likewise, in an additional human melanoma cell line, WM852, and in PC-3 cells, transient knockdown of endogenous NOX5 resulted in increased p27Kip1 and decreased HIF-1α expression. Knockdown of endogenous NOX5 in UACC-257 cells resulted in decreased Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation, signaling pathways known to modulate p27Kip1 levels. In summary, our findings suggest that NOX5 expression in human UACC-257 melanoma cells could contribute to cell proliferation due, in part, to the generation of high local concentrations of extracellular ROS that modulate multiple pathways that regulate HIF-1α and networks that signal through Akt/GSK3β/p27Kip1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Antony
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Guojian Jiang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Jennifer L. Meitzler
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Hala R. Makhlouf
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Diana C. Haines
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMaryland
| | - Donna Butcher
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMaryland
| | - Dave S. Hoon
- Department of Molecular OncologyJohn Wayne Cancer InstituteSanta MonicaCalifornia
| | - Jiuping Ji
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Agnes Juhasz
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Jiamo Lu
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Han Liu
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Iris Dahan
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Mariam Konate
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Krishnendu K. Roy
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - James H. Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
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Belarbi K, Cuvelier E, Destée A, Gressier B, Chartier-Harlin MC. NADPH oxidases in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:84. [PMID: 29132391 PMCID: PMC5683583 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive movement neurodegenerative disease associated with a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. Oxidative stress, a condition that occurs due to imbalance in oxidant and antioxidant status, is thought to play an important role in dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases are multi-subunit enzymatic complexes that generate reactive oxygen species as their primary function. Increased immunoreactivities for the NADPH oxidases catalytic subunits Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 have been reported in the brain of PD patients. Furthermore, knockout or genetic inactivation of NADPH oxidases exert a neuroprotective effect and reduce detrimental aspects of pathology in experimental models of the disease. However, the connections between NADPH oxidases and the biological processes believed to contribute to neuronal death are not well known. This review provides a comprehensive summary of our current understanding about expression and physiological function of NADPH oxidases in neurons, microglia and astrocytes and their pathophysiological roles in PD. It summarizes the findings supporting the role of both microglial and neuronal NADPH oxidases in cellular disturbances associated with PD such as neuroinflammation, alpha-synuclein accumulation, mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction or disruption of the autophagy-lysosome system. Furthermore, this review highlights different steps that are essential for NADPH oxidases enzymatic activity and pinpoints major obstacles to overcome for the development of effective NADPH oxidases inhibitors for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Belarbi
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Elodie Cuvelier
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alain Destée
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Bernard Gressier
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France. .,Inserm UMR S-1172 Team "Early stages of Parkinson's Disease", 1 Place de Verdun, 59006, Lille, France.
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Abstract
Transmembrane NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes have been so far only characterized in eukaryotes. In most of these organisms, they reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and, depending on the presence of additional domains, are called NOX or dual oxidases (DUOX). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide, have been traditionally considered accidental toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism. However, during the last decade it has become evident that both O2•− and H2O2 are key players in complex signaling networks and defense. A well-studied example is the production of O2•− during the bactericidal respiratory burst of phagocytes; this production is catalyzed by NOX2. Here, we devised and applied a novel algorithm to search for additional NOX genes in genomic databases. This procedure allowed us to discover approximately 23% new sequences from bacteria (in relation to the number of NOX-related sequences identified by the authors) that we have added to the existing eukaryotic NOX family and have used to build an expanded phylogenetic tree. We cloned and overexpressed the identified nox gene from Streptococcus pneumoniae and confirmed that it codes for an NADPH oxidase. The membrane of the S. pneumoniae NOX protein (SpNOX) shares many properties with its eukaryotic counterparts, such as affinity for NADPH and flavin adenine dinucleotide, superoxide dismutase and diphenylene iodonium inhibition, cyanide resistance, oxygen consumption, and superoxide production. Traditionally, NOX enzymes in eukaryotes are related to functions linked to multicellularity. Thus, the discovery of a large family of NOX-related enzymes in the bacterial world brings up fascinating questions regarding their role in this new biological context. NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes have not yet been reported in bacteria. Here, we carried out computational and experimental studies to provide the first characterization of a prokaryotic NOX. Out of 996 prokaryotic proteins showing NOX signatures, we initially selected, cloned, and overexpressed four of them. Subsequently, and based on preliminary testing, we concentrated our efforts on Streptococcus SpNOX, which shares many biochemical characteristics with NOX2, the referent model of NOX enzymes. Our work makes possible, for the first time, the study of pure forms of this important family of enzymes, allowing for biophysical and molecular characterization in an unprecedented way. Similar advances regarding other membrane protein families have led to new structures, further mechanistic studies, and the improvement of inhibitors. In addition, biological functions of these newly described bacterial enzymes will be certainly discovered in the near future.
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NOX5 and p22phox are 2 novel regulators of human monocytic differentiation into dendritic cells. Blood 2017; 130:1734-1745. [PMID: 28830888 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-746347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of professional antigen-presenting cells and are key cells of the immune system, acquiring different phenotypes in accordance with their localization during the immune response. A subset of inflammatory DCs is derived from circulating monocytes (Mo) and has a key role in inflammation and infection. The pathways controlling Mo-DC differentiation are not fully understood. Our objective was to investigate the possible role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form oxidases (NOXs) in Mo-DC differentiation. In this study, we revealed that Mo-DC differentiation was inhibited by NOX inhibitors and reactive oxygen species scavengers. We show that the Mo-DC differentiation was dependent on p22phox, and not on gp91phox/NOX2, as shown by the reduced Mo-DC differentiation observed in chronic granulomatous disease patients lacking p22phox. Moreover, we revealed that NOX5 expression was strongly increased during Mo-DC differentiation, but not during Mo-macrophage differentiation. NOX5 was expressed in circulating myeloid DC, and at a lower level in plasmacytoid DC. Interestingly, NOX5 was localized at the outer membrane of the mitochondria and interacted with p22phox in Mo-DC. Selective inhibitors and small interfering RNAs for NOX5 indicated that NOX5 controlled Mo-DC differentiation by regulating the JAK/STAT/MAPK and NFκB pathways. These data demonstrate that the NOX5-p22phox complex drives Mo-DC differentiation, and thus could be critical for immunity and inflammation.
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The emerging role of NADPH oxidase NOX5 in vascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:981-990. [PMID: 28473473 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a consequence of up-regulation of pro-oxidant enzyme-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and concomitant depletion of antioxidants. Elevated levels of ROS act as an intermediate and are the common denominator for various diseases including diabetes-associated macro-/micro-vascular complications and hypertension. A range of enzymes are capable of generating ROS, but the pro-oxidant enzyme family, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs), are the only enzymes known to be solely dedicated to ROS generation in the vascular tissues, kidney, aortas and eyes. While there is convincing evidence for a role of NOX1 in vascular and eye disease and for NOX4 in renal injury, the role of NOX5 in disease is less clear. Although NOX5 is highly up-regulated in humans in disease, it is absent in rodents. Thus, so far it has not been possible to study NOX5 in traditional mouse or rat models of disease. In the present review, we summarize and critically analyse the emerging evidence for a pathophysiological role of NOX5 in disease including the expression, regulation and molecular and cellular mechanisms which have been demonstrated to be involved in NOX5 activation.
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Gatliff J, East DA, Singh A, Alvarez MS, Frison M, Matic I, Ferraina C, Sampson N, Turkheimer F, Campanella M. A role for TSPO in mitochondrial Ca 2+ homeostasis and redox stress signaling. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2896. [PMID: 28640253 PMCID: PMC5520880 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein TSPO localizes on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Systematically overexpressed at sites of neuroinflammation it is adopted as a biomarker of brain conditions. TSPO inhibits the autophagic removal of mitochondria by limiting PARK2-mediated mitochondrial ubiquitination via a peri-organelle accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we describe that TSPO deregulates mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling leading to a parallel increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ pools that activate the Ca2+-dependent NADPH oxidase (NOX) thereby increasing ROS. The inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by TSPO is a consequence of the phosphorylation of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC1) by the protein kinase A (PKA), which is recruited to the mitochondria, in complex with the Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3). Notably, the neurotransmitter glutamate, which contributes neuronal toxicity in age-dependent conditions, triggers this TSPO-dependent mechanism of cell signaling leading to cellular demise. TSPO is therefore proposed as a novel OMM-based pathway to control intracellular Ca2+ dynamics and redox transients in neuronal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Gatliff
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Daniel A East
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Regina Elena-National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Aarti Singh
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Maria Soledad Alvarez
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Michele Frison
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ivana Matic
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘TorVergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Ferraina
- Regina Elena-National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘TorVergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Natalie Sampson
- Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘TorVergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy
- University College London Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK
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Human sperm Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates acrosome reaction, oxidative stress markers, and sperm parameters in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in infertile men. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017; 34:1067-1077. [PMID: 28550386 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-017-0957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in human spermatozoa and to assess sperm parameters, oxidative stress markers, and acrosome reaction in response to the stimulation of TLR4 by its ligand, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as a major endotoxin of Gram-negative bacteria. METHODS Our study was carried out in 73 sperm samples from patients undergoing semen analysis for couple infertility investigations. The studied patients were divided into three groups: normozoospermic fertile patients (n = 13), patients with abnormal and leukospermic semen (n = 13), and patients with abnormal and non-leukospermic semen (n = 47). TLR4 expression in human spermatozoa was initially analyzed by western blot. Sperm samples were incubated in the presence of LPS (200 ng/ml) for 18 h. Then, sperm motility and vitality were evaluated by microscopic observation and oxidative stress markers as malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl groups (CG) were spectrophotometrically assessed in neat and selected sperm. A triple-stain technique was also performed to evaluate acrosome reaction in 15 sperm samples from infertile patients. RESULTS TLR4 expression was confirmed in human spermatozoa with a molecular weight of 69 kDa. In the normozoospermic group, no significant differences in sperm parameters and oxidative stress markers were shown after incubation with LPS in neat and selected sperms. Regarding samples from the non-leukospermic group, LPS reduced spermatozoa motility and vitality rates in selected sperm (P = 0.003; P = 0.004, respectively). A significant increase of MDA and CG levels was also detected (P = 0.01; P = 0.02, respectively). However, only the MDA levels were significantly increased (P = 0.01) in neat LPS-stimulated sperm. The same results were shown within the leukospermic group. The comparison between the two groups, leukospermic and non-leukospermic, in selected sperms showed a more important LPS effect in the leukospermic group significantly on motility and MDA rates (P = 0.006; P = 0.009, respectively). Furthermore, a significant decrease in reacted spermatozoa rate was detected in response to LPS in selected sperm samples from infertile men (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that human spermatozoa express TLR4 and respond to LPS stimulation with alterations in viability, motility, and the acrosome reaction implicating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in sperm samples from infertile patients.
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Prieto-Bermejo R, Hernández-Hernández A. The Importance of NADPH Oxidases and Redox Signaling in Angiogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6020032. [PMID: 28505091 PMCID: PMC5488012 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have to cope with the constant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although the excessive production of ROS might be deleterious for cell biology, there is a plethora of evidence showing that moderate levels of ROS are important for the control of cell signaling and gene expression. The family of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NADPH oxidases or Nox) has evolved to produce ROS in response to different signals; therefore, they fulfil a central role in the control of redox signaling. The role of NADPH oxidases in vascular physiology has been a field of intense study over the last two decades. In this review we will briefly analyze how ROS can regulate signaling and gene expression. We will address the implication of NADPH oxidases and redox signaling in angiogenesis, and finally, the therapeutic possibilities derived from this knowledge will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Prieto-Bermejo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain.
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Hyeok Jung J, Young Kim J. Electromagnetic field (10 Hz, 1 mT) protects mesenchymal stem cells from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cell death by reducing intracellular Ca 2+ and reactive oxygen species. J Appl Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Gandara ACP, Torres A, Bahia AC, Oliveira PL, Schama R. Evolutionary origin and function of NOX4-art, an arthropod specific NADPH oxidase. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:92. [PMID: 28356077 PMCID: PMC5372347 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH oxidases (NOX) are ROS producing enzymes that perform essential roles in cell physiology, including cell signaling and antimicrobial defense. This gene family is present in most eukaryotes, suggesting a common ancestor. To date, only a limited number of phylogenetic studies of metazoan NOXes have been performed, with few arthropod genes. In arthropods, only NOX5 and DUOX genes have been found and a gene called NOXm was found in mosquitoes but its origin and function has not been examined. In this study, we analyzed the evolution of this gene family in arthropods. A thorough search of genomes and transcriptomes was performed enabling us to browse most branches of arthropod phylogeny. RESULTS We have found that the subfamilies NOX5 and DUOX are present in all arthropod groups. We also show that a NOX gene, closely related to NOX4 and previously found only in mosquitoes (NOXm), can also be found in other taxonomic groups, leading us to rename it as NOX4-art. Although the accessory protein p22-phox, essential for NOX1-4 activation, was not found in any of the arthropods studied, NOX4-art of Aedes aegypti encodes an active protein that produces H2O2. Although NOX4-art has been lost in a number of arthropod lineages, it has all the domains and many signature residues and motifs necessary for ROS production and, when silenced, H2O2 production is considerably diminished in A. aegypti cells. CONCLUSIONS Combining all bioinformatic analyses and laboratory work we have reached interesting conclusions regarding arthropod NOX gene family evolution. NOX5 and DUOX are present in all arthropod lineages but it seems that a NOX2-like gene was lost in the ancestral lineage leading to Ecdysozoa. The NOX4-art gene originated from a NOX4-like ancestor and is functional. Although no p22-phox was observed in arthropods, there was no evidence of neo-functionalization and this gene probably produces H2O2 as in other metazoan NOX4 genes. Although functional and present in the genomes of many species, NOX4-art was lost in a number of arthropod lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Paiva Gandara
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - André Torres
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Bahia
- Instituto de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Schama
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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127
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von Leden RE, Yauger YJ, Khayrullina G, Byrnes KR. Central Nervous System Injury and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase: Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Targets. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:755-764. [PMID: 27267366 PMCID: PMC5335782 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) includes both traumatic brain and spinal cord injury (TBI and SCI, respectively). These injuries, which are heterogeneous and, therefore, difficult to treat, result in long-lasting functional, cognitive, and behavioral deficits. Severity of injury is determined by multiple factors, and is largely mediated by the activity of the CNS inflammatory system, including the primary CNS immune cells, microglia. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes is a primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key inflammatory mediators after CNS injury. ROS play a central role in inflammation, contributing to cytokine translation and release, microglial polarization and activation, and clearance of damaged tissue. NOX has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target in CNS trauma, as inhibition of this enzyme family modulates inflammatory cell response and ROS production. The purpose of this review is to understand how the different NOX enzymes function and what role they play in the scope of CNS trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young J. Yauger
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kimberly R. Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
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128
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Kovacs L, Su Y. Redox-Dependent Calpain Signaling in Airway and Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in COPD. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:139-160. [PMID: 29047085 PMCID: PMC7036267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-dependent cytosolic, neutral, thiol endopeptidases, calpains, perform limited cleavage of their substrates thereby irreversibly changing their functions. Calpains have been shown to be involved in several physiological processes such as cell motility, proliferation, cell cycle, signal transduction, and apoptosis. Overactivation of calpain or mutations in the calpain genes contribute to a number of pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and lung diseases. High concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) originated from cigarette smoke or released by numerous cell types such as activated inflammatory cells and other respiratory cells cause oxidative and nitrosative stress contributing to the pathogenesis of COPD. RONS and calpain play important roles in the development of airway and pulmonary vascular remodeling in COPD. Published data show that increased RONS production is associated with increased calpain activation and/or elevated calpain protein level, leading to epithelial or endothelial barrier dysfunction, neovascularization, lung inflammation, increased smooth muscle cell proliferation, and deposition of extracellular matrix protein. Further investigation of the redox-dependent calpain signaling may provide future targets for the prevention and treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Kovacs
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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129
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Easo SL, Mohanan PV. Toxicological evaluation of dextran stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Biointerphases 2016; 11:04B302. [PMID: 27629807 PMCID: PMC5035300 DOI: 10.1116/1.4962268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles present an attractive choice for carcinogenic cell destruction via hyperthermia treatment due to its small size and magnetic susceptibility. Dextran stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (DIONPs) synthesized and characterized for this purpose were used to evaluate its effect on cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress response in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. In the absence of efficient internalization and perceptible apoptosis, DIONPs were still capable of inducing significant levels of reactive oxygen species formation shortly after exposure. Although these particles did not cause any genotoxic effect, they enhanced the expression of a few relevant oxidative stress and antioxidant defense related genes, accompanied by an increase in the glutathione peroxidase activity. These results indicate that under the tested conditions, DIONPs induced only minimal levels of oxidative stress in lymphocytes. Understanding the biological interaction of DIONPs, the consequences as well as the associated mechanisms in vitro, together with information obtained from systemic studies, could be expected to advance the use of these particles for further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeja Liza Easo
- Division of Toxicology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - Parayanthala Valappil Mohanan
- Division of Toxicology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala, India
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130
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Wilson A, Yakovlev VA. Cells redox environment modulates BRCA1 expression and DNA homologous recombination repair. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:190-201. [PMID: 27771433 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer development and progression have been linked to oxidative stress, a condition characterized by unbalanced increase in ROS and RNS production. The main endogenous initiators of the redox imbalance in cancer cells are defective mitochondria, elevated NOX activity, and uncoupled NOS3. Traditionally, most attention has been paid to direct oxidative damage to DNA by certain ROS. However, increase in oxidative DNA lesions does not always lead to malignancy. Hence, additional ROS-dependent, pro-carcinogenic mechanisms must be important. Our recent study demonstrated that Tyr nitration of PP2A stimulates its activity and leads to downregulation of BRCA1 expression. This provides a mechanism for chromosomal instability essential for tumor progression. In the present work, we demonstrated that inhibition of ROS production by generating mitochondrial-electron-transport-deficient cell lines (ρ0 cells) or by inhibition of NOX activity with a selective peptide inhibitor significantly reduced PP2A Tyr nitration and its activity in different cancer cell lines. As a result of the decreased PP2A activity, BRCA1 expression was restored along with a significantly enhanced level of DNA HRR. We used TCGA database to analyze the correlation between expressions of the NOX regulatory subunits, NOS isoforms, and BRCA1 in the 3 cancer research studies: breast invasive carcinoma, ovarian cystadenocarcinoma, and lung adenocarcinoma. TCGA database analysis demonstrated that the high expression levels of most of the NOX regulatory subunits responsible for stimulation of NOX1-NOX4 were associated with significant downregulation of BRCA1 expression.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Chromosomal Instability
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Databases, Genetic
- Electron Transport
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- NADPH Oxidase 1/genetics
- NADPH Oxidase 1/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Oxidative Stress
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/genetics
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Recombinational DNA Repair
- Signal Transduction
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Vasily A Yakovlev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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131
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Cifuentes-Pagano ME, Meijles DN, Pagano PJ. Nox Inhibitors & Therapies: Rational Design of Peptidic and Small Molecule Inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 21:6023-35. [PMID: 26510437 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666151029112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-related diseases underlie many if not all of the major leading causes of death in United States and the Western World. Thus, enormous interest from both academia and pharmaceutical industry has been placed on the development of agents which attenuate oxidative stress. With that in mind, great efforts have been placed in the development of inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (Nox), the major enzymatic source of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in many cells and tissue. The regulation of a catalytically active Nox enzyme involves numerous protein-protein interactions which, in turn, afford numerous targets for inhibition of its activity. In this review, we will provide an updated overview of the available Nox inhibitors, both peptidic and small molecules, and discuss the body of data related to their possible mechanisms of action and specificity towards each of the various isoforms of Nox. Indeed, there have been some very notable successes. However, despite great commitment by many in the field, the need for efficacious and well-characterized, isoform-specific Nox inhibitors, essential for the treatment of major diseases as well as for delineating the contribution of a given Nox in physiological redox signalling, continues to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick J Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 12th Floor, Room E1247, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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132
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Gupta SC, Singh R, Asters M, Liu J, Zhang X, Pabbidi MR, Watabe K, Mo YY. Regulation of breast tumorigenesis through acid sensors. Oncogene 2016; 35:4102-11. [PMID: 26686084 PMCID: PMC6450404 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The low extracellular pH in the microenvironment has been shown to promote tumor growth and metastasis; however, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Particularly, little is known how the tumor cell senses the acidic signal to activate the acidosis-mediated signaling. In this study, we show that breast cancer cells express acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1), a proton-gated cation channel primarily expressed in the nervous system. RNA interference, knockout and rescue experiments demonstrate a critical role for ASIC1 in acidosis-induced reactive oxidative species and NF-κB activation, two key events for tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, ASIC1 is required for acidosis-mediated signaling through calcium influx. We show that as a cytoplasmic membrane protein, ASIC1 is also associated with mitochondria, suggesting that ASIC1 may regulate mitochondrial calcium influx. Importantly, interrogation of the Cancer Genome Atlas breast invasive carcinoma data set indicates that alterations of ASIC1 alone or combined with other 4 ASIC genes are significantly correlated with poor patient survival. Furthermore, ASIC1 inhibitors cause a significant reduction of tumor growth and tumor load. Together, these results suggest that ASIC1 contributes to breast cancer pathogenesis in response to acidic tumor microenvironments, and ASIC1 may serve as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Gupta
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - R Singh
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - M Asters
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - J Liu
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - X Zhang
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - M R Pabbidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - K Watabe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Y-Y Mo
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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133
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Han CY. Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species on Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue. Diabetes Metab J 2016; 40:272-9. [PMID: 27352152 PMCID: PMC4995181 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2016.40.4.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity resulting from the delivery of an excess amount of energy to adipose tissue from glucose or free fatty acids is associated with insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated as contributors to both the onset and the progression of insulin resistance. ROS can be generated by overloading the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system, and also by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX) produced by either adipocytes, which only produce NOX4, or by macrophages, which produce mainly NOX2. The source of the ROS might differ in the early, intermediate and late stages of obesity, switching from NOX4-dependence in the early phases to NOX2-dependence, in the intermediate phase, and transiting to mitochondria-dependence later in the time course of obesity. Thus, depending on the stage of obesity, ROS can be generated by three distinct mechanisms: i.e., NOX4, NOX2, and mitochondria. In this review, we will discuss whether NOX4-, NOX2-, and/or mitochondria-derived ROS is/are causal in the onset of adipocyte insulin resistance as obesity progresses. Moreover, we will review the pathophysiological roles of NOX4, NOX2, and mitochondria-derived ROS on adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yeop Han
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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134
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Chen F, Yin C, Dimitropoulou C, Fulton DJR. Cloning, Characteristics, and Functional Analysis of Rabbit NADPH Oxidase 5. Front Physiol 2016; 7:284. [PMID: 27486403 PMCID: PMC4950256 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nox5 was the last member of the Nox enzyme family to be identified. Functionally distinct from the other Nox isoforms, our understanding of its physiological significance has been hampered by the absence of Nox5 in mouse and rat genomes. Nox5 is present in the genomes of other species such as the rabbit that have broad utility as models of cardiovascular disease. However, the mRNA sequence, characteristics, and functional analysis of rabbit Nox5 has not been fully defined and were the goals of the current study. Methods: Rabbit Nox5 was amplified from rabbit tissue, cloned, and sequenced. COS-7 cells were employed for expression and functional analysis via Western blotting and measurements of superoxide. We designed and synthesized miRNAs selectively targeting rabbit Nox5. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of rabbit Nox5 were aligned with those of putative rabbit isoforms (X1, X2, X3, and X4). A phylogenetic tree was generated based on the mRNA sequence for Nox5 from rabbit and other species. Results: Sequence alignment revealed that the identified rabbit Nox5 was highly conserved with the predicted sequence of rabbit Nox5. Cell based experiments reveal that rabbit Nox5 was robustly expressed and produced superoxide at rest and in a calcium and PMA-dependent manner that was susceptible to superoxide dismutase and the flavoprotein inhibitor, DPI. miRNA-1 was shown to be most effective in down-regulating the expression of rabbit Nox5. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between rabbit and armadillo Nox5. Rabbit Nox5 was relatively closely related to human Nox5, but lies in a distinct cluster. Conclusion: Our study establishes the suitability of the rabbit as a model organism to further our understanding of the role of Nox5 in cardiovascular and other diseases and provides new information on the genetic relationship of Nox5 genes in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, China; Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta UniversityAugusta, GA, USA
| | - Caiyong Yin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University Augusta, GA, USA
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135
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Petrushanko IY, Lobachev VM, Kononikhin AS, Makarov AA, Devred F, Kovacic H, Kubatiev AA, Tsvetkov PO. Oxidation of Са2+-Binding Domain of NADPH Oxidase 5 (NOX5): Toward Understanding the Mechanism of Inactivation of NOX5 by ROS. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158726. [PMID: 27391469 PMCID: PMC4938588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NOX5 protein, one of the most active generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays an important role in many processes, including regulation of cell growth, death and differentiation. Because of its central role in ROS generation, it needs to be tightly regulated to guarantee cellular homeostasis. Contrary to other members of NADPH-oxidases family, NOX5 has its own regulatory calcium-binding domain and thus could be activated directly by calcium ions. While several mechanisms of activation have been described, very little is known about the mechanisms that could prevent the overproduction of ROS by NOX5. In the present study using calorimetric methods and circular dichroism we found that oxidation of cysteine and methionine residues of NOX5 decreases binding of Ca2+ ions and perturbs both secondary and tertiary structure of protein. Our data strongly suggest that oxidation of calcium-binding domain of NOX5 could be implicated in its inactivation, serving as a possible defense mechanism against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Yu Petrushanko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir M. Lobachev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey S. Kononikhin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Francois Devred
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, CRO2 UMR_S 911, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Kovacic
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, CRO2 UMR_S 911, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Aslan A. Kubatiev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, RAMS, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Philipp O. Tsvetkov
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, CRO2 UMR_S 911, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille, France
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, RAMS, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
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136
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Accetta R, Damiano S, Morano A, Mondola P, Paternò R, Avvedimento EV, Santillo M. Reactive Oxygen Species Derived from NOX3 and NOX5 Drive Differentiation of Human Oligodendrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:146. [PMID: 27313511 PMCID: PMC4889614 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules that mediate stress response, apoptosis, DNA damage, gene expression and differentiation. We report here that differentiation of oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelin forming cells in the CNS, is driven by ROS. To dissect the OL differentiation pathway, we used the cell line MO3-13, which display the molecular and cellular features of OL precursors. These cells exposed 1-4 days to low levels of H2O2 or to the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate (PMA) increased the expression of specific OL differentiation markers: the specific nuclear factor Olig-2, and Myelin Basic Protein (MBP), which was processed and accumulated selectively in membranes. The induction of differentiation genes was associated with the activation of ERK1-2 and phosphorylation of the nuclear cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB). PKC mediates ROS-induced differentiation because PKC depletion or bis-indolyl-maleimide (BIM), a PKC inhibitor, reversed the induction of differentiation markers by H2O2. H2O2 and PMA increased the expression of membrane-bound NADPH oxidases, NOX3 and NOX5. Selective depletion of these proteins inhibited differentiation induced by PMA. Furthermore, NOX5 silencing down regulated NOX3 mRNA levels, suggesting that ROS produced by NOX5 up-regulate NOX3 expression. These data unravel an elaborate network of ROS-generating enzymes (NOX5 to NOX3) activated by PKC and necessary for differentiation of OLs. Furthermore, NOX3 and NOX5, as inducers of OL differentiation, represent novel targets for therapies of demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis, associated with impairment of OL differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Accetta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Damiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Morano
- Laboratori di Ricerca Preclinica e Traslazionale, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Paolo Mondola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Paternò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico V Avvedimento
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Santillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
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137
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Gibhardt CS, Zimmermann KM, Zhang X, Belousov VV, Bogeski I. Imaging calcium and redox signals using genetically encoded fluorescent indicators. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:55-64. [PMID: 27142890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcium and redox signals are presently established as essential regulators of many cellular processes. Nevertheless, we are still far from fully understanding the physiological and pathological importance of these universal second messengers. It is becoming increasingly apparent that many cellular functions are not regulated by global changes in the abundance of Ca(2+) ions and/or reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), but by the formation of transient local micro-domains or by signaling limited to a particular cellular compartment. Therefore, it is essential to identify and quantify Ca(2+) and redox signals in single cells with a high spatial and temporal resolution. The best tools for this purpose are the genetically encoded fluorescent indicators (GEFI). These protein sensors can be targeted into different cellular compartments, feature different colors, can be used to establish transgenic animal models, and are relatively inert to the cellular environment. Based on the chemical properties of Ca(2+) and ROS/RNS, currently more sensors exist for the detection of Ca(2+)- than for redox signals. Here, we shortly describe the most popular genetically encoded fluorescent Ca(2+) and redox indicators, discuss advantages and disadvantages based on our experience, show examples of different applications, and thus provide a brief guide that will help scientists choose the right combination of Ca(2+) and redox sensors to answer specific scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Gibhardt
- Department of Biophysics, CIPMM, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Katharina M Zimmermann
- Department of Biophysics, CIPMM, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, CIPMM, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Ivan Bogeski
- Department of Biophysics, CIPMM, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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138
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Duong CN, Kim JY. Exposure to electromagnetic field attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced microglial cell death by reducing intracellular Ca(2+) and ROS. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:195-201. [PMID: 26882219 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1136851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this research was to demonstrate the protective effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure on the human microglial cell line, HMO6, against ischemic cell death induced by in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Materials and methods HMO6 cells were cultured for 4 h under OGD with or without exposure to EMF with different combinations of frequencies and intensities (10, 50, or 100 Hz/1 mT and 50 Hz/0.01, 0.1, or 1 mT). Cell survival, intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured. Results OGD caused significant HMO6 cell death as well as elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) and ROS levels. Among different combinations of EMF frequencies and intensities, 50 Hz/1 mT EMF was the most potent to attenuate OGD-induced cell death and intracellular Ca(2+) and ROS levels. A significant but less potent protective effect was also found at 10 Hz/1 mT, whereas no protective effect was found at other combinations of EMF. A xanthine oxidase inhibitor reversed OGD-induced ROS production and cell death, while NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial respiration chain complex II inhibitors did not affect cell death. Conclusions 50 Hz/1 mT EMF protects human microglial cells from OGD-induced cell death by interfering with OGD-induced elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) and ROS levels, and xanthine oxidase is one of the main mediators involved in OGD-induced HMO6 cell death. Non-invasive treatment of EMF radiation may be clinically useful to attenuate hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Nguyen Duong
- a Department of Life Science , Gachon University , Seongnam , Kyeonggi-Do , Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- a Department of Life Science , Gachon University , Seongnam , Kyeonggi-Do , Korea
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139
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Jahan S, Ain QU, Ullah H. Therapeutic effects of quercetin against bisphenol A induced testicular damage in male Sprague Dawley rats. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2016; 62:114-24. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2015.1115139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Jahan
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Qurat Ul Ain
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hizb Ullah
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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140
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Aitken RJ, Gibb Z, Baker MA, Drevet J, Gharagozloo P. Causes and consequences of oxidative stress in spermatozoa. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:1-10. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatozoa are highly vulnerable to oxidative attack because they lack significant antioxidant protection due to the limited volume and restricted distribution of cytoplasmic space in which to house an appropriate armoury of defensive enzymes. In particular, sperm membrane lipids are susceptible to oxidative stress because they abound in significant amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Susceptibility to oxidative attack is further exacerbated by the fact that these cells actively generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in order to drive the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation associated with sperm capacitation. However, this positive role for ROS is reversed when spermatozoa are stressed. Under these conditions, they default to an intrinsic apoptotic pathway characterised by mitochondrial ROS generation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase activation, phosphatidylserine exposure and oxidative DNA damage. In responding to oxidative stress, spermatozoa only possess the first enzyme in the base excision repair pathway, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase. This enzyme catalyses the formation of abasic sites, thereby destabilising the DNA backbone and generating strand breaks. Because oxidative damage to sperm DNA is associated with both miscarriage and developmental abnormalities in the offspring, strategies for the amelioration of such stress, including the development of effective antioxidant formulations, are becoming increasingly urgent.
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141
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Chen F, Haigh S, Yu Y, Benson T, Wang Y, Li X, Dou H, Bagi Z, Verin AD, Stepp DW, Csanyi G, Chadli A, Weintraub NL, Smith SME, Fulton DJR. Nox5 stability and superoxide production is regulated by C-terminal binding of Hsp90 and CO-chaperones. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:793-805. [PMID: 26456056 PMCID: PMC4751585 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that orchestrates the folding and stability of proteins that regulate cellular signaling, proliferation and inflammation. We have previously shown that Hsp90 controls the production of reactive oxygen species by modulating the activity of Noxes1-3 and 5, but not Nox4. The goal of the current study was to define the regions on Nox5 that bind Hsp90 and determine how Hsp90 regulates enzyme activity. In isolated enzyme activity assays, we found that Hsp90 inhibitors selectively decrease superoxide, but not hydrogen peroxide, production. The addition of Hsp90 alone only modestly increases Nox5 enzyme activity but in combination with the co-chaperones, Hsp70, HOP, Hsp40, and p23 it robustly stimulated superoxide, but not hydrogen peroxide, production. Proximity ligation assays reveal that Nox5 and Hsp90 interact in intact cells. In cell lysates using a co-IP approach, Hsp90 binds to Nox5 but not Nox4, and the degree of binding can be influenced by calcium-dependent stimuli. Inhibition of Hsp90 induced the degradation of full length, catalytically inactive and a C-terminal fragment (aa398-719) of Nox5. In contrast, inhibition of Hsp90 did not affect the expression levels of N-terminal fragments (aa1-550) suggesting that Hsp90 binding maintains the stability of C-terminal regions. In Co-IP assays, Hsp90 was bound only to the C-terminal region of Nox5. Further refinement using deletion analysis revealed that the region between aa490-550 mediates Hsp90 binding. Converse mapping experiments show that the C-terminal region of Nox5 bound to the M domain of Hsp90 (aa310-529). In addition to Hsp90, Nox5 bound other components of the foldosome including co-chaperones Hsp70, HOP, p23 and Hsp40. Silencing of HOP, Hsp40 and p23 reduced Nox5-dependent superoxide. In contrast, increased expression of Hsp70 decreased Nox5 activity whereas a mutant of Hsp70 failed to do so. Inhibition of Hsp90 results in the loss of higher molecular weight complexes of Nox5 and decreased interaction between monomers. Collectively these results show that the C-terminal region of Nox5 binds to the M domain of Hsp90 and that the binding of Hsp90 and select co-chaperones facilitate oligomerization and the efficient production of superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029 China; Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
| | - Steven Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Yanfang Yu
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Tyler Benson
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Yusi Wang
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Xueyi Li
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Huijuan Dou
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Zsolt Bagi
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Alexander D Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - David W Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Gabor Csanyi
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Ahmed Chadli
- Cancer Research Center, Molecular Chaperones Program, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Susan M E Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw GA 30152, USA
| | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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142
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Immunohistochemical localization of Nox in mouse circumvallate papillae. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:550-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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143
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Casas AI, Dao VTV, Daiber A, Maghzal GJ, Di Lisa F, Kaludercic N, Leach S, Cuadrado A, Jaquet V, Seredenina T, Krause KH, López MG, Stocker R, Ghezzi P, Schmidt HHHW. Reactive Oxygen-Related Diseases: Therapeutic Targets and Emerging Clinical Indications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1171-85. [PMID: 26583264 PMCID: PMC4657512 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been associated with different disease states. Most attempts to validate and exploit these associations by chronic antioxidant therapies have provided disappointing results. Hence, the clinical relevance of ROS is still largely unclear. RECENT ADVANCES We are now beginning to understand the reasons for these failures, which reside in the many important physiological roles of ROS in cell signaling. To exploit ROS therapeutically, it would be essential to define and treat the disease-relevant ROS at the right moment and leave physiological ROS formation intact. This breakthrough seems now within reach. CRITICAL ISSUES Rather than antioxidants, a new generation of protein targets for classical pharmacological agents includes ROS-forming or toxifying enzymes or proteins that are oxidatively damaged and can be functionally repaired. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Linking these target proteins in future to specific disease states and providing in each case proof of principle will be essential for translating the oxidative stress concept into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Casas
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - V Thao-Vi Dao
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Daiber
- 2 2nd Medical Department, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center , Mainz, Germany
| | - Ghassan J Maghzal
- 3 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova , Italy .,5 Neuroscience Institute , CNR, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sonia Leach
- 6 Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- 7 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- 8 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Seredenina
- 8 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl H Krause
- 8 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuela G López
- 9 Teofilo Hernando Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine. Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland Stocker
- 3 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- 6 Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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144
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Violi F, Pignatelli P. Clinical Application of NOX Activity and Other Oxidative Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease: A Critical Review. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:514-32. [PMID: 24382131 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The oxidative stress theory of atherosclerosis is based on the assumption that the production of reactive oxidant species (ROS) by blood, as well as resident cells of the artery wall, elicits the formation of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL), which, in turn, promotes a series of inflammatory responses, ultimately leading to atherosclerotic plaque. This theory prompted the development of new laboratory methodologies that aimed at assessing the relationship between oxidative stress and clinical progression of human atherosclerosis. CRITICAL ISSUES Markers assessing the oxidation of phospholipid and protein components of LDL were among the first to be developed. Clinical trials included cross-sectional as well as retrospective and prospective studies that, however, provided equivocal results. Thus, clear evidence that oxidative biomarkers add more to the risk stratification by common atherosclerotic risk factors is still lacking. RECENT ADVANCES More recently, the analysis of oxidative stress focused on enzymatic pathways generating ROS, such as NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Experimental and clinical studies suggest that both enzymes may be implicated in promoting atherosclerotic disease. Novel laboratory methodologies have been, therefore, developed to study NADPH oxidase and MPO in patients with stable atherosclerosis as well as in patients with acute coronary and cerebro-vascular syndromes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review will analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the current methodology to study these enzymes in human atherosclerosis with particular regard to their clinical application in several settings of cardiovascular disease. Clinical methodology and results of previous studies with regard to markers of LDL oxidation have also been reviewed as a useful background for the future development of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Violi
- I Clinica Medica , Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- I Clinica Medica , Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rome, Italy
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Altenhöfer S, Radermacher KA, Kleikers PWM, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW. Evolution of NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors: Selectivity and Mechanisms for Target Engagement. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:406-27. [PMID: 24383718 PMCID: PMC4543484 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress, an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production versus consumption, may be involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases. The only known enzymes solely dedicated to ROS generation are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases with their catalytic subunits (NOX). After the clinical failure of most antioxidant trials, NOX inhibitors are the most promising therapeutic option for diseases associated with oxidative stress. RECENT ADVANCES Historical NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and diphenylene iodonium, are un-specific and not isoform selective. Novel NOX inhibitors stemming from rational drug discovery approaches, for example, GKT137831, ML171, and VAS2870, show improved specificity for NADPH oxidases and moderate NOX isoform selectivity. Along with NOX2 docking sequence (NOX2ds)-tat, a peptide-based inhibitor, the use of these novel small molecules in animal models has provided preliminary in vivo evidence for a pathophysiological role of specific NOX isoforms. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss whether novel NOX inhibitors enable reliable validation of NOX isoforms' pathological roles and whether this knowledge supports translation into pharmacological applications. Modern NOX inhibitors have increased the evidence for pathophysiological roles of NADPH oxidases. However, in comparison to knockout mouse models, NOX inhibitors have limited isoform selectivity. Thus, their use does not enable clear statements on the involvement of individual NOX isoforms in a given disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of isoform-selective NOX inhibitors and biologicals will enable reliable validation of specific NOX isoforms in disease models other than the mouse. Finally, GKT137831, the first NOX inhibitor in clinical development, is poised to provide proof of principle for the clinical potential of NOX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Altenhöfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim A Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela W M Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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146
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Seredenina T, Demaurex N, Krause KH. Voltage-Gated Proton Channels as Novel Drug Targets: From NADPH Oxidase Regulation to Sperm Biology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:490-513. [PMID: 24483328 PMCID: PMC4543398 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Voltage-gated proton channels are increasingly implicated in cellular proton homeostasis. Proton currents were originally identified in snail neurons less than 40 years ago, and subsequently shown to play an important auxiliary role in the functioning of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases. Molecular identification of voltage-gated proton channels was achieved less than 10 years ago. Interestingly, so far, only one gene coding for voltage-gated proton channels has been identified, namely hydrogen voltage-gated channel 1 (HVCN1), which codes for the HV1 proton channel protein. Over the last years, the first picture of putative physiological functions of HV1 has been emerging. RECENT ADVANCES The best-studied role remains charge and pH compensation during the respiratory burst of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX). Strong evidence for a role of HV1 is also emerging in sperm biology, but the relationship with the sperm NOX5 remains unclear. Probably in many instances, HV1 functions independently of NOX: for example in snail neurons, basophils, osteoclasts, and cancer cells. CRITICAL ISSUES Generally, ion channels are good drug targets; however, this feature has so far not been exploited for HV1, and hitherto no inhibitors compatible with clinical use exist. However, there are emerging indications for HV1 inhibitors, ranging from diseases with a strong activation of the phagocyte NOX (e.g., stroke) to infertility, osteoporosis, and cancer. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Clinically useful HV1-active drugs should be developed and might become interesting drugs of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Seredenina
- 1 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Medical Faculty , Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Demaurex
- 2 Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva University Medical Faculty , Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- 1 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Medical Faculty , Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland .,3 Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
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147
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the latest novel developments in renal NADPH oxidase 5 (Nox5) biology, with an emphasis not only on diabetic nephropathy but also on many of the other renal disease contexts in which oxidative stress is implicated. RECENT FINDINGS Nox-derived reactive oxygen species have been shown to contribute to a wide variety of renal diseases, particularly in the settings of chronic renal disease such as diabetic nephropathy. Although much emphasis has been placed on the role of NADPH oxidase 4 in this setting, a growing body of work continues to uncover the key roles for other Nox family members, not only in diabetic kidney disease, but also in a diverse array of renal pathological conditions. The most recently identified member of the Nox family, Nox5, has for the most part been overlooked in renal disease, partly owing to its absence from the rodent genome. New evidence suggests that Nox5 may be a contributing factor in glomerulopathies and altered tubular physiology. Furthermore, Nox5 appears to harbor a significant number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms that alter its enzymatic activity. SUMMARY Given the unique structure and expression pattern of Nox5, it may prove to be an attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of renal disease.
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148
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Park Y, Stanley DW, Kim Y. Eicosanoids up-regulate production of reactive oxygen species by NADPH-dependent oxidase in Spodoptera exigua phagocytic hemocytes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 79:63-72. [PMID: 26071791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoids mediate cellular immune responses in insects, including phagocytosis of invading microbes. Phagocytosis entails two major steps, the internalization of microbes and the subsequent killing of them via formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we posed the hypothesis that eicosanoids mediate ROS production by activating NADPH-dependent oxidase (NOX) and tested the idea in the model insect, Spodoptera exigua. A NOX gene (we named SeNOX4) was identified and cloned, yielding a full open reading frame encoding 547 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 63,410Da and an isoelectric point at 9.28. A transmembrane domain and a large intracellular domain containing NADPH and FAD-binding sites were predicted. Phylogenetic analysis indicated SeNOX4 clusters with other NOX4 genes. SeNOX4 was expressed in all life stages except eggs, and exclusively in hemocytes. Bacterial challenge and, separately, arachidonic acid (AA, a precursor of eicosanoid biosynthesis) injection increased its expression. The internalization step was assessed by counting hemocytes engulfing fluorescence-labeled bacteria. The phagocytic behavior was inhibited by dsRNA suppression of SeNOX4 expression and, separately by dexamethasone (DEX, a specific inhibitor of eicosanoid biosynthesis) treatments. However, injecting AA to dsSeNOX4-treated larvae did not rescue the phagocytic activity. Hemocytic ROS production increased following bacterial challenge, which was sharply reduced in dsSeNOX4-treated, and separately, in DEX-treated larvae. AA partially reversed the suppressed ROS production in dsSeNOX4-treated larvae. Treating larvae with either the ROS-suppressing dsSeNOX4 construct or DEX rendered experimental larvae unable to inhibit bacterial proliferation in their hemocoels. We infer that eicosanoids mediate ROS production during phagocytosis by inducing expression of SeNOX4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Park
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - David W Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, 1503 Providence Rd., Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
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Carnesecchi S, Rougemont AL, Doroshow JH, Nagy M, Mouche S, Gumy-Pause F, Szanto I. The NADPH oxidase NOX5 protects against apoptosis in ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma cell lines. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:22-29. [PMID: 25797883 PMCID: PMC7735533 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key modulators of apoptosis and carcinogenesis. One of the important sources of ROS is NADPH oxidases (NOXs). The isoform NOX5 is highly expressed in lymphoid tissues, but it has not been detected in any common Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines. In diverse, nonlymphoid malignant cells NOX5 exerts an antiapoptotic effect. Apoptosis suppression is the hallmark feature of a rare type of lymphoma, termed anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALK(+)) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), and a major factor in the therapy resistance and relapse of ALK(+) ALCL tumors. We applied RT-PCR and Western blot analysis to detect NOX5 expression in three ALK(+) ALCL cell lines (Karpas-299, SR-786, SUP-M2). We investigated the role of NOX5 in apoptosis by small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing and chemical inhibition of NOX5 using FACS analysis and examining caspase 3 cleavage in Karpas-299 cells. We used immunohistochemistry to detect NOX5 in ALK(+) ALCL pediatric tumors. NOX5 mRNA was uniquely detected in ALK(+) ALCL cells, whereas cell lines of other lymphoma classes were devoid of NOX5. Transfection of NOX5-specific siRNA and chemical inhibition of NOX5 abrogated calcium-induced superoxide production and increased caspase 3-mediated apoptosis in Karpas-299 cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed focal NOX5 reactivity in pediatric ALK(+) ALCL tumor cells. These results indicate that NOX5-derived ROS contribute to apoptosis blockage in ALK(+) ALCL cell lines and suggest NOX5 as a potential pharmaceutical target to enhance apoptosis and thus to suppress tumor progression and prevent relapse in pediatric ALK(+) ALCL patients that resist classical therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carnesecchi
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism and; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - J H Doroshow
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Nagy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - S Mouche
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism and
| | - F Gumy-Pause
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology Unit, CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - I Szanto
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism and; Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Superoxide-Generating Nox5α Is Functionally Required for the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Induced Cell Transformation Phenotype. J Virol 2015; 89:9080-9. [PMID: 26109726 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00983-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and transforms T cells in vitro. To our knowledge, the functional role of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating NADPH oxidase 5 (Nox5) in HTLV-1 transformation remains undefined. Here, we found that Nox5α expression was upregulated in 88% of 17 ATL patient samples but not in normal peripheral blood T cells. Upregulation of the Nox5α variant was transcriptionally sustained by the constitutive Janus family tyrosine kinase (Jak)-STAT5 signaling pathway in interleukin-2 (IL-2)-independent HTLV-1-transformed cell lines, including MT1 and MT2, whereas it was transiently induced by the IL-2-triggered Jak-STAT5 axis in uninfected T cells. A Nox inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium, and antioxidants such as N-acetyl cysteine blocked proliferation of MT1 and MT2 cells. Ablation of Nox5α by small interfering RNAs abrogated ROS production, inhibited cellular activities, including proliferation, migration, and survival, and suppressed tumorigenicity in immunodeficient NOG mice. The findings suggest that Nox5α is a key molecule for redox-signal-mediated maintenance of the HTLV-1 transformation phenotype and could be a potential molecular target for therapeutic intervention in cancer development. IMPORTANCE HTLV-1 is the first human oncogenic retrovirus shown to be associated with ATL. Despite the extensive study over the years, the mechanism underlying HTLV-1-induced cell transformation is not fully understood. In this study, we addressed the expression and function of ROS-generating Nox family genes in HTLV-1-transformed cells. Our report provides the first evidence that the upregulated expression of Nox5α is associated with the pathological state of ATL peripheral blood mononuclear cells and that Nox5α is an integral component of the Jak-STAT5 signaling pathway in HTLV-1-transformed T cells. Nox5α-derived ROS are critically involved in the regulation of cellular activities, including proliferation, migration, survival, and tumorigenicity, in HTLV-1-transformed cells. These results indicate that Nox5α-derived ROS are functionally required for maintenance of the HTLV-1 transformation phenotype. The finding provides new insight into the redox-dependent mechanism of HTLV-1 transformation and raises an intriguing possibility that Nox5α serves as a potential molecular target to treat HTLV-1-related leukemia.
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