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Kowal-Bielecka O, Kowal K, Distler O, Gay S. Mechanisms of Disease: leukotrienes and lipoxins in scleroderma lung disease--insights and potential therapeutic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:43-51. [PMID: 17203008 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Scleroderma interstitial lung disease (SLD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic sclerosis. Although the pathogenesis of SLD is not clear, excessive fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration are the main histologic features of this disorder. Leukotrienes and lipoxins are two functionally different classes of lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids. Leukotrienes are potent proinflammatory mediators and directly and indirectly stimulate fibroblast chemotaxis, proliferation, and collagen synthesis. Lipoxins counter-regulate the proinflammatory actions of leukotrienes and activate resolution of the inflammatory response. In addition, lipoxins inhibit growth-factor-induced fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Studies using bronchoalveolar lavage have revealed that there is an overproduction of proinflammatory and profibrotic leukotrienes in the lungs of patients with SLD, and that leukotriene levels correlate with inflammatory indices within the lungs. Moreover, the increased levels of leukotrienes in these patients are not balanced by an upregulation of anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic lipoxins. Unopposed actions of leukotrienes might, therefore, induce chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs of SLD patients. Accordingly, pharmacologic correction of a leukotriene-lipoxin imbalance using leukotriene inhibitors or lipoxin analogs might be a new approach to the treatment of SLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otylia Kowal-Bielecka
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Medical University in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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102
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Early SB, Barekzi E, Negri J, Hise K, Borish L, Steinke JW. Concordant modulation of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor expression by IL-4 and IFN-gamma on peripheral immune cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 36:715-20. [PMID: 17272825 PMCID: PMC2720145 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0252oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid can be metabolized to form a group of compounds known as the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT) that bind to one of two receptors to mediate their actions. On circulating cells, expression of the leukotriene receptors is low, but in inflamed tissue the receptor number is dramatically increased. We hypothesized that the cytokine milieu present during inflammation can increase receptor expression on infiltrating immune cells. Various cell populations were purified from peripheral blood and stimulated in vitro with cytokines characteristic of allergic inflammatory disorders, and CysLT receptor expression was measured using quantitative PCR analysis, Western blot, and flow cytometry. IL-4, but not IL-13, was able to significantly induce mRNA and protein levels for both CysLT receptor 1 and 2 from T cells and B cells. CysLT2 receptor expression was also significantly increased in monocytes and eosinophils after IL-4 stimulation. Surprisingly, CysLT2 receptor expression was increased in monocytes, T cells, and B cells when IFN-gamma was used as the stimulus. Factors involved in eosinophil growth and survival were tested for their ability to alter CysLT receptor expression. These results support the concept that cytokines increase expression of both receptors on lymphocytes and granulocytes, allowing these cells to be more responsive to secreted leukotrienes at sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brandon Early
- Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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103
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Austen KF. Additional functions for the cysteinyl leukotrienes recognized through studies of inflammatory processes in null strains. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2007; 83:182-7. [PMID: 17481553 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the cysteinyl leukotrienes, initially termed, slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, were viewed entirely as effectors of smooth muscle constriction of bronchial airways to impair air flow and of microvasculature to evoke a plasma leak. The development of mice with targeted disruption of the synthesis of the cysteinyl leukotrienes or of their receptor-mediated action has within the last 5 years uncovered new functions in chronic inflammation and in regulation of the adaptive immune response. As innate host responses precede antigen presentation and then follow antigen specific recognition, it is not surprising that we find that the cysteinyl leukotrienes are implicated in both afferent and efferent cell-based immune responses, chronic inflammatory cell responses, and, as originally recognized, in acute smooth muscle constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Frank Austen
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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104
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Rubin P, Mollison KW. Pharmacotherapy of diseases mediated by 5-lipoxygenase pathway eicosanoids. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2007; 83:188-97. [PMID: 17481554 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory eicosanoids generated by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism are now known to have at least 6 receptors: OXE, which recognizes 5-HETE and 5-oxo-ETE; a putative receptor recognizing a potent 5-oxo-ETE metabolite, FOG(7); the LTB(4) receptors, BLT1 and BLT2; the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, CysLT(1) and CysLT(2), which recognize leukotrienes LTC(4), LTD(4), LTE(4) and LTF(4). The 5-LO pathway is activated in many diseases and invokes inflammatory responses not affected by glucocorticoids, but therapy with selective BLT1 or CysLT(1) antagonists in asthma has met with variable success. Studies show that 5-LO pathway eicosanoids are not primary mediators in all cases of asthma, but may be especially important in severe persistent asthma, aspirin- and exercise-induced asthma, allergic rhinitis, COPD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, atherosclerosis, atopic dermatitis, acne and ischemia-related organ injury. These disorders appear to involve multiple 5-LO pathway eicosanoids and receptor subtypes, suggesting that inhibition of the pathway at the level of 5-LO may be necessary for maximal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rubin
- Critical Therapeutics, Inc., 60 Westview Street, Lexington, MA 02421, USA.
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105
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Fang SH, Zhou Y, Chu LS, Zhang WP, Wang ML, Yu GL, Peng F, Wei EQ. Spatio-temporal expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-2 mRNA in rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2007; 412:78-83. [PMID: 17196746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) induce inflammatory responses mediated by activating CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) receptors. We have recently reported that CysLT(1) receptor expression is increased in rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia and the increased expression is spatio-temporally related to acute neuronal injury and late astrocyte proliferation. Here we report spatio-temporal expression of CysLT(2) receptor mRNA in rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia induced by 30min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. We found that the neuron density was gradually decreased or disappeared in the ischemic core and boundary zone during 14 days after reperfusion, and the astrocyte population in the boundary zone was increased 3-14 days after reperfusion. In the ischemic core, the expression of CysLT(2) receptor mRNA was increased at 6, 12 and 24h and then recovered at 3, 7 and 14 days after reperfusion. In the boundary zone, the expression was significantly increased 3, 7 and 14 days after reperfusion. The results suggest that CysLT(2) receptor may be related to the acute neuronal injury and late astrocyte proliferation in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Hua Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 388, Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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106
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Failla M, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Gili E, Muià C, Sortino M, Crimi N, Caputi AP, Cuzzocrea S, Vancheri C. Pharmacological inhibition of leukotrienes in an animal model of bleomycin-induced acute lung injury. Respir Res 2006; 7:137. [PMID: 17118201 PMCID: PMC1676006 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes are increased locally in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, a role for these arachidonic acid metabolites has been thoroughly characterized in the animal bleomycin model of lung fibrosis by using different gene knock-out settings. We investigated the efficacy of pharmacological inhibition of leukotrienes activity in the development of bleomycin-induced lung injury by comparing the responses in wild-type mice with mice treated with zileuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor and MK-571, a cys-leukotrienes receptor antagonist. Mice were subjected to intra-tracheal administration of bleomycin or saline and were assigned to receive either MK-571 at 1 mg/Kg or zileuton at 50 mg/Kg daily. One week after bleomycin administration, BAL cell counts, lung histology with van Gieson for collagen staining and immunohistochemical analysis for myeloperoxidase, IL-1 and TNF-α were performed. Following bleomycin administration both MK-571 and zileuton treated mice exhibited a reduced degree of lung damage and inflammation when compared to WT mice as shown by the reduction of:(i) loss of body weight, (ii) mortality rate, (iii) lung infiltration by neutrophils (myeloperoxidase activity, BAL total and differential cell counts), (iv) lung edema, (v) histological evidence of lung injury and collagen deposition, (vi) lung myeloperoxidase, IL-1 and TNF-α staining. This is the first study showing that the pharmacological inhibition of leukotrienes activity attenuates bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice. Given our results as well as those coming from genetic studies, it might be considered meaningful to trial this drug class in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, a disease that still represents a major challenge to medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Failla
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Medicine, Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Centro per lo Studio e il Trattamento dei Neurolesi Lungodegenti, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Centro per lo Studio e il Trattamento dei Neurolesi Lungodegenti, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisa Gili
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Medicine, Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Muià
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Centro per lo Studio e il Trattamento dei Neurolesi Lungodegenti, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariangela Sortino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Crimi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Medicine, Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Achille P Caputi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Centro per lo Studio e il Trattamento dei Neurolesi Lungodegenti, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Centro per lo Studio e il Trattamento dei Neurolesi Lungodegenti, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carlo Vancheri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Medicine, Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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107
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Yoshisue H, Kirkham-Brown J, Healy E, Holgate ST, Sampson AP, Davies DE. Cysteinyl leukotrienes synergize with growth factors to induce proliferation of human bronchial fibroblasts. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 119:132-40. [PMID: 17208594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) are potent asthma-related mediators that function through their G protein-coupled receptors, cys-LT receptor type 1 (CysLT1R) and cys-LT receptor type 2 (CysLT2R). OBJECTIVE Because many G protein-coupled receptors transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through metalloprotease-mediated ligand shedding, we investigated the effects of cys-LTs on signal transduction and proliferation of bronchial fibroblasts. METHODS Human bronchial fibroblasts were grown from biopsy specimens of healthy subjects. Mitogenesis was assessed on the basis of tritiated methylthymidine incorporation. RESULTS Leukotriene (LT) D(4) alone did not increase mitogenesis but dose-dependently increased thymidine incorporation and cell proliferation in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF). The enhancement was not prevented by CysLT1R antagonists (MK-571 and montelukast) or by a dual antagonist (BAY u9773), which is consistent with the lack of detectable mRNA for CysLT1R and CysLT2R in bronchial fibroblasts. LTD(4) did not cause EGFR transphosphorylation nor was the synergism blocked by the metalloprotease inhibitor GM6001. The EGFR-selective kinase inhibitor AG1478 suppressed the synergy between LTD(4) and EGF but had no effect on synergistic interactions of LTD(4) with other receptor tyrosine kinase growth factors. The effect of LTD(4) involved a pertussis toxin-sensitive and protein kinase C-mediated intracellular pathway, leading to sustained growth factor-dependent phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt). CONCLUSION Cys-LTs do not transactivate EGFR but have a broader capability to synergize with receptor tyrosine kinase pathways. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS This study implies a critical role of cys-LTs in airway fibrosis in asthma and other chronic airway diseases, which might not be blocked by therapy with current LT receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Yoshisue
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, UK.
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108
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Peters-Golden M, Gleason MM, Togias A. Cysteinyl leukotrienes: multi-functional mediators in allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:689-703. [PMID: 16776669 PMCID: PMC1569601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of inflammatory lipid mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid by a variety of cells, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages. This article reviews the data for the role of CysLTs as multi-functional mediators in allergic rhinitis (AR). We review the evidence that: (1) CysLTs are released from inflammatory cells that participate in AR, (2) receptors for CysLTs are located in nasal tissue, (3) CysLTs are increased in patients with AR and are released following allergen exposure, (4) administration of CysLTs reproduces the symptoms of AR, (5) CysLTs play roles in the maturation, as well as tissue recruitment, of inflammatory cells, and (6) a complex inter-regulation between CysLTs and a variety of other inflammatory mediators exists.
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109
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Jiang Y, Kanaoka Y, Feng C, Nocka K, Rao S, Boyce JA. Cutting Edge: Interleukin 4-Dependent Mast Cell Proliferation Requires Autocrine/Intracrine Cysteinyl Leukotriene-Induced Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2755-9. [PMID: 16920908 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive mastocytosis (RM) in epithelial surfaces is a consistent Th2-associated feature of allergic disease. RM fails to develop in mice lacking leukotriene (LT) C4 synthase (LTC4S), which is required for cysteinyl leukotriene (cys-LT) production. We now report that IL-4, which induces LTC4S expression by mast cells (MCs), requires cys-LTs, the cys-LT type 1 receptor (CysLT1), and Gi proteins to promote MC proliferation. LTD4 (10-1000 nM) enhanced proliferation of human MCs in a CysLT1-dependent, pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. LTD4-induced phosphorylation of ERK required transactivation of c-kit. IL-4-driven comitogenesis was likewise sensitive to pertussis toxin or a CysLT1-selective antagonist and was attenuated by treatment with leukotriene synthesis inhibitors. Mouse MCs lacking LTC4S or CysLT1 showed substantially diminished IL-4-induced comitogenesis. Thus, IL-4 induces proliferation in part by inducing LTC4S and cys-LT generation, which causes CysLT1 to transactivate c-kit in RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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110
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Sheng WW, Li CT, Zhang WP, Yuan YM, Hu H, Fang SH, Zhang L, Wei EQ. Distinct roles of CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors in oxygen glucose deprivation-induced PC12 cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:19-25. [PMID: 16756959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes are involved in ischemic brain injury, and their receptors (CysLT(1) and CysLT(2)) have been cloned. To clarify which subtype mediates the ischemic neuronal injury, we performed permanent transfection to increase CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) receptor expressions in PC12 cells. Oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell death was detected by Hoechst 33258 and propidium iodide fluorescent staining as well as by flow cytometry. OGD induced late phase apoptosis mainly and necrosis minimally. Over-expression of CysLT(1) receptor decreased and over-expression of CysLT(2) receptor increased OGD-induced cell death. An agonist LTD(4) (10(-7)M) also induced apoptosis, especially in CysLT(2) receptor over-expressing cells. A selective CysLT(1) receptor antagonist montelukast did not affect OGD-induced apoptosis; while non-selective CysLT receptor antagonist Bay u9773 inhibited OGD-induced apoptosis, especially in CysLT(2) receptor over-expressing cells. Thus, CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) receptors play distinct roles in OGD-induced PC12 cell death; CysLT(1) attenuates while CysLT(2) facilitates the cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, China
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111
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Kim DC, Hsu FI, Barrett NA, Friend DS, Grenningloh R, Ho IC, Al-Garawi A, Lora JM, Lam BK, Austen KF, Kanaoka Y. Cysteinyl leukotrienes regulate Th2 cell-dependent pulmonary inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4440-8. [PMID: 16547282 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Th2 cell-dependent inflammatory response is a central component of asthma, and the ways in which it is regulated is a critical question. The cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) are 5-lipoxygenase pathway products implicated in asthma, in particular, by their function as smooth muscle constrictors of airways and microvasculature. To elucidate additional roles for cys-LTs in the pathobiology of pulmonary inflammation, we used an OVA sensitization and challenge protocol with mice lacking leukotriene C(4) synthase (LTC(4)S), the terminal enzyme for cys-LT generation. Ag-induced pulmonary inflammation, characterized by eosinophil infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia with mucus hypersecretion, and accumulation and activation of intraepithelial mast cells was markedly reduced in LTC(4)S(null) mice. Furthermore, Ag-specific IgE and IgG1 in serum, Th2 cell cytokine mRNA expression in the lung, and airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine were significantly reduced in LTC(4)S(null) mice compared with wild-type controls. Finally, the number of parabronchial lymph node cells from sensitized LTC(4)S(null) mice and their capacity to generate Th2 cell cytokines ex vivo after restimulation with Ag were also significantly reduced. In contrast, delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity, a prototypic Th1 cell-dependent response, was intact in LTC(4)S(null) mice. These findings provide direct evidence of a role for cys-LTs in regulating the initiation and/or amplification of Th2 cell-dependent pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Kim
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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112
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Uzonyi B, Lötzer K, Jahn S, Kramer C, Hildner M, Bretschneider E, Radke D, Beer M, Vollandt R, Evans JF, Funk CD, Habenicht AJR. Cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor and protease-activated receptor 1 activate strongly correlated early genes in human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6326-31. [PMID: 16606835 PMCID: PMC1458877 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601223103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLT), i.e., LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, are lipid mediators derived from the 5-lipoxygenase pathway, and the cysLT receptors cysLT1-R/cysLT2-R mediate inflammatory tissue reactions. Although endothelial cells (ECs) predominantly express cysLT2-Rs, their role in vascular biology remains to be fully understood. To delineate cysLT2-R actions, we stimulated human umbilical vein EC with LTD4 and determined early induced genes. We also compared LTD4 effects with those induced by thrombin that binds to protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1. Stringent filters yielded 37 cysLT2-R- and 34 PAR-1-up-regulated genes (>2.5-fold stimulation). Most LTD4-regulated genes were also induced by thrombin. Moreover, LTD4 plus thrombin augmented gene expression when compared with each agonist alone. Strongly induced genes were studied in detail: Early growth response (EGR) and nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A transcription factors; E-selectin; CXC ligand 2; IL-8; a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1 motif 1 (ADAMTS1); Down syndrome critical region gene 1 (DSCR1); tissue factor (TF); and cyclooxygenase 2. Transcripts peaked at approximately 60 min, were unaffected by a cysLT1-R antagonist, and were superinduced by cycloheximide. The EC phenotype was markedly altered: LTD4 induced de novo synthesis of EGR1 protein and EGR1 localized in the nucleus; LTD4 up-regulated IL-8 formation and secretion; and LTD4 raised TF protein and TF-dependent EC procoagulant activity. These data show that cysLT2-R activation results in a proinflammatory EC phenotype. Because LTD4 and thrombin are likely to be formed concomitantly in vivo, cysLT2-R and PAR-1 may cooperate to augment vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dörte Radke
- *Institute for Vascular Medicine aud
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, e. V. Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Vollandt
- Institute for Medical Statistics, Computer Sciences, and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller University, Bachstrasse 18, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jilly F. Evans
- Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Drive, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Colin D. Funk
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, Queens University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
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113
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Charbeneau RP, Peters-Golden M. Eicosanoids: mediators and therapeutic targets in fibrotic lung disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 108:479-91. [PMID: 15896193 DOI: 10.1042/cs20050012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common end-stage sequella of a number of acute and chronic lung diseases. Current concepts of pathogenesis implicate dysregulated interactions between epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells. Although investigative efforts have documented important roles for cytokines and growth factors in the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung diseases, these observations have not as yet been translated into efficacious therapies, and there is a pressing need for new pathogenetic insights and therapeutic approaches for these devastating disorders. Eicosanoids are lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid, the most studied of which are the prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Although they are primarily known for their roles in asthma, pain, fever and vascular responses, present evidence indicates that eicosanoids exert relevant effects on immune/inflammatory, as well as structural, cells pertinent to fibrogenesis. In general, leukotrienes promote, whereas prostaglandin E(2) opposes, fibrogenic responses. An imbalance of eicosanoids also exists in pulmonary fibrosis, which favours the production of leukotrienes over prostaglandin E(2). This review highlights the role of this imbalance in the evolution of fibrotic lung disease, discusses the mechanisms by which it may arise and considers approaches for therapeutic targeting of eicosanoids in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Charbeneau
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA
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114
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Yu GL, Wei EQ, Wang ML, Zhang WP, Zhang SH, Weng JQ, Chu LS, Fang SH, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Zhang LH. Pranlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist, protects against chronic ischemic brain injury and inhibits the glial scar formation in mice. Brain Res 2005; 1053:116-25. [PMID: 16051204 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2005] [Revised: 06/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported the neuroprotective effect of pranlukast (ONO-1078), a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 (CysLT1) antagonist, on cerebral ischemia in rats and mice. In this study, we further determined whether the effect of pranlukast is long lasting and related to the formation of a glial scar in cerebral ischemic mice. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After ischemia, pranlukast (0.1 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days. Neurological deficits and sensorimotor function were determined during 70 days after ischemia. Brain lesion and glial scar formation were detected at the end of the experiment. Pranlukast did not reduce mortality, but significantly improved neurological deficits and promoted sensorimotor recovery during 70 days. At the end of the experiment, pranlukast significantly reduced lesion volume, and increased neuron densities in the cortex and hippocampal CA1 region in the ischemic hemispheres. Importantly, pranlukast also remarkably reduced the thickness of a scar wall in the ischemic hemispheres. These findings indicate that pranlukast has a long-lasting protective effect on focal cerebral ischemia in mice, and inhibit the ischemia-induced glial scar formation, providing further evidence of the therapeutic potential of pranlukast in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang 310031, China
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Hu H, Chen G, Zhang JM, Zhang WP, Zhang L, Ge QF, Yao HT, Ding W, Chen Z, Wei EQ. Distribution of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 in human traumatic brain injury and brain tumors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:685-90. [PMID: 15916734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the distribution of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CysLT2), one of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, in human brains with traumatic injury and tumors. METHODS Brain specimens were obtained from patients who underwent brain surgery. CysLT2 in brain tissues was examined using immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS CysLT2 was expressed in the smooth muscle cells (not in the endothelial cells) of arteries and veins. CysLT2 was also expressed in the granulocytes in both vessels and in the brain parenchyma. In addition, CysLT2 was detected in neuron- and glial-appearing cells in either the late stages of traumatic injury or in the area surrounding the tumors. Microvessels regenerated 8 d after trauma and CysLT2 expression was recorded in their endothelial cells. CONCLUSION CysLT2 is distributed in vascular smooth muscle cells and granulocytes, and brain trauma and tumor can induce its expression in vascular endothelial cells and in a number of other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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