101
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Sharma S, Wang J, Cortes Gomez E, Taggart RT, Baysal BE. Mitochondrial complex II regulates a distinct oxygen sensing mechanism in monocytes. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1328-1339. [PMID: 28204537 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial complex II (succinate dehydrogenase; SDH) genes predispose to paraganglioma tumors that show constitutive activation of hypoxia responses. We recently showed that SDHB mRNAs in hypoxic monocytes gain a stop codon mutation by APOBEC3A-mediated C-to-U RNA editing. Here, we test the hypothesis that inhibition of complex II facilitates hypoxic gene expression in monocytes using an integrative experimental approach. By RNA sequencing, we show that specific inhibition of complex II by atpenin A5 in normoxic conditions mimics hypoxia and induces hypoxic transcripts as well as APOBEC3A-mediated RNA editing in human monocytes. Myxothiazol, a complex III inhibitor, has similar effects in normoxic monocytes. Atpenin A5 partially inhibits oxygen consumption, and neither hypoxia nor atpenin A5 in normoxia robustly stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in primary monocytes. Several earlier studies in transformed cell lines suggested that normoxic stabilization of HIF-1α explains the persistent expression of hypoxic genes upon complex II inactivation. On the contrary, we find that atpenin A5 antagonizes the stabilization of HIF-1α and reduces hypoxic gene expression in transformed cell lines. Accordingly, compound germline heterozygosity of mouse Sdhb/Sdhc/Sdhd null alleles blunts chronic hypoxia-induced increases in hemoglobin levels, an adaptive response mainly regulated by HIF-2α. In contrast, atpenin A5 or myxothiazol does not reduce hypoxia-induced gene expression or RNA editing in monocytes. These results reveal a novel role for mitochondrial respiratory inhibition in induction of the hypoxic transcriptome in monocytes and suggest that inhibition of complex II activates a distinct hypoxia signaling pathway in a cell-type specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Eduardo Cortes Gomez
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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102
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Fan F, Hamada MS, Li N, Li GQ, Luo CX. Multiple Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis cinerea from Greenhouse Strawberries in Hubei Province, China. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:601-606. [PMID: 30677353 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-16-1227-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two hundred and forty isolates of Botrytis cinerea were collected during the early summer of 2012 and 2013 from strawberry greenhouses in 10 locations in Hubei Province and examined for sensitivity to five fungicides, most of which were commonly used to control this fungus. High frequency of resistance to carbendazim (Car, 63.63%) and cyprodinil (Cyp, 42.42%) was detected. Boscalid-resistant (BosR) isolates were detected for the first time in China, whereas no fludioxonil-resistant isolates were identified. Dual resistance to carbendazim and diethofencarb (Die) was also detected. There were six phenotypes of resistance profile (i.e., CarRDieSBosSCypS, CarRDieRBosSCypS, CarRDieSBosSCypR, CarRDieSBosRCypS, CarRDieRBosSCypR, and CarRDieSBosRCypR). CarRDieSBosSCypS and CarRDieSBosSCypR were the most common phenotypes, occurring at eight and seven locations, respectively. After 10 successive transfers on fungicide-free potato dextrose agar, tested resistant isolates retained levels of resistance similar to or comparative with the initial generation, indicating the stability of these resistances. Fitness evaluations based on investigation of mycelial growth, osmotic sensitivity, sporulation in vitro and in vivo, and virulence revealed the uncompromising fitness in resistant isolates, except that decreased virulence was observed in BosR isolates. The molecular basis of carbendazim, diethofencarb, and boscalid resistance was investigated. Results showed that all 13 sequenced carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the mutation E198V or E198A in the β-tubulin gene and the five isolates with dual resistance to carbendazim and diethofencarb showed the mutation E198K in the same gene. BosR isolates possessed the H272R mutation in succinate dehydrogenase subunit B gene. The results achieved in this study challenge the current management strategies for B. cinerea, which largely depend on applications of these fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fan
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - M S Hamada
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, and Pesticides Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - N Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - G Q Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - C X Luo
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University
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103
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Zhang Y, Avalos JL. Traditional and novel tools to probe the mitochondrial metabolism in health and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 9. [PMID: 28067471 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism links energy production to other essential cellular processes such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition to producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source, mitochondria are responsible for the synthesis of a myriad of important metabolites and cofactors such as tetrahydrofolate, α-ketoacids, steroids, aminolevulinic acid, biotin, lipoic acid, acetyl-CoA, iron-sulfur clusters, heme, and ubiquinone. Furthermore, mitochondria and their metabolism have been implicated in aging and several human diseases, including inherited mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Therefore, there is great interest in understanding mitochondrial metabolism and the complex relationship it has with other cellular processes. A large number of studies on mitochondrial metabolism have been conducted in the last 50 years, taking a broad range of approaches. In this review, we summarize and discuss the most commonly used tools that have been used to study different aspects of the metabolism of mitochondria: ranging from dyes that monitor changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and pharmacological tools to study respiration or ATP synthesis, to more modern tools such as genetically encoded biosensors and trans-omic approaches enabled by recent advances in mass spectrometry, computation, and other technologies. These tools have allowed the large number of studies that have shaped our current understanding of mitochondrial metabolism. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1373. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1373 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - José L Avalos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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104
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Tuz K, Li C, Fang X, Raba DA, Liang P, Minh DDL, Juárez O. Identification of the Catalytic Ubiquinone-binding Site of Vibrio cholerae Sodium-dependent NADH Dehydrogenase: A NOVEL UBIQUINONE-BINDING MOTIF. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3039-3048. [PMID: 28053088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium-dependent NADH dehydrogenase (Na+-NQR) is a key component of the respiratory chain of diverse prokaryotic species, including pathogenic bacteria. Na+-NQR uses the energy released by electron transfer between NADH and ubiquinone (UQ) to pump sodium, producing a gradient that sustains many essential homeostatic processes as well as virulence factor secretion and the elimination of drugs. The location of the UQ binding site has been controversial, with two main hypotheses that suggest that this site could be located in the cytosolic subunit A or in the membrane-bound subunit B. In this work, we performed alanine scanning mutagenesis of aromatic residues located in transmembrane helices II, IV, and V of subunit B, near glycine residues 140 and 141. These two critical glycine residues form part of the structures that regulate the site's accessibility. Our results indicate that the elimination of phenylalanine residue 211 or 213 abolishes the UQ-dependent activity, produces a leak of electrons to oxygen, and completely blocks the binding of UQ and the inhibitor HQNO. Molecular docking calculations predict that UQ interacts with phenylalanine 211 and pinpoints the location of the binding site in the interface of subunits B and D. The mutagenesis and structural analysis allow us to propose a novel UQ-binding motif, which is completely different compared with the sites of other respiratory photosynthetic complexes. These results are essential to understanding the electron transfer pathways and mechanism of Na+-NQR catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Tuz
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and
| | - Chen Li
- Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616
| | - Xuan Fang
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and
| | | | | | - David D L Minh
- Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616
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105
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Chew EGY, Ho BSY, Ramasamy S, Dawson T, Tennakoon C, Liu X, Leong WMS, Yang SYS, Lim SYD, Jaffar H, Hillmer AM, Bigliardi-Qi M, Bigliardi PL. Comparative transcriptome profiling provides new insights into mechanisms of androgenetic alopecia progression. Br J Dermatol 2016; 176:265-269. [PMID: 27239811 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E G Y Chew
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - B S-Y Ho
- Experimental Dermatology Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - S Ramasamy
- Experimental Dermatology Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - T Dawson
- Human Hair and Commensal Microbiome Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - C Tennakoon
- College of Information Technology, UAE University, PO Box 17551, Al Ain, U.A.E
| | - X Liu
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - W M S Leong
- National University of Singapore, YLL School of Medicine, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - S Y S Yang
- National University of Singapore, YLL School of Medicine, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - S Y D Lim
- National University of Singapore, YLL School of Medicine, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - H Jaffar
- National University of Singapore, YLL School of Medicine, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - A M Hillmer
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - M Bigliardi-Qi
- Experimental Dermatology Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - P L Bigliardi
- Experimental Dermatology Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.,National University of Singapore, YLL School of Medicine, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
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106
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Hungler A, Momin A, Diederichs K, Arold ST. ContaMiner and ContaBase: a webserver and database for early identification of unwantedly crystallized protein contaminants. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:2252-2258. [PMID: 27980519 PMCID: PMC5140001 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716014965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Solving the phase problem in protein X-ray crystallography relies heavily on the identity of the crystallized protein, especially when molecular replacement (MR) methods are used. Yet, it is not uncommon that a contaminant crystallizes instead of the protein of interest. Such contaminants may be proteins from the expression host organism, protein fusion tags or proteins added during the purification steps. Many contaminants co-purify easily, crystallize and give good diffraction data. Identification of contaminant crystals may take time, since the presence of the contaminant is unexpected and its identity unknown. A webserver (ContaMiner) and a contaminant database (ContaBase) have been established, to allow fast MR-based screening of crystallographic data against currently 62 known contaminants. The web-based ContaMiner (available at http://strube.cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/contaminer/) currently produces results in 5 min to 4 h. The program is also available in a github repository and can be installed locally. ContaMiner enables screening of novel crystals at synchrotron beamlines, and it would be valuable as a routine safety check for 'crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis' publications. Thus, in addition to potentially saving X-ray crystallographers much time and effort, ContaMiner might considerably lower the risk of publishing erroneous data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Hungler
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Center for Computational Bioscience Research (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaque Momin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Center for Computational Bioscience Research (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kay Diederichs
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, M647, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan, T. Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Center for Computational Bioscience Research (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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107
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Rehfus A, Miessner S, Achenbach J, Strobel D, Bryson R, Stammler G. Emergence of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor resistance of Pyrenophora teres in Europe. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:1977-1988. [PMID: 26823120 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Net blotch caused by Pyrenophora teres is an important disease of barley worldwide. In addition to strobilurins (quinone ouside inhibitors) and azoles (demethylation inhibitors), succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) are very effective fungicides for net blotch control. Recently, SDHI-resistant isolates have been found in the field. Intensive sensitivity monitoring programmes across Europe were carried out to investigate the situation concerning SDHI resistance in P. teres. RESULTS The first isolates with a lower sensitivity to SDHIs registered in barley were found in Germany in 2012 and carried the B-H277Y substitution in the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme. In 2013 and 2014, a significant increase in isolates with lower SDHI sensitivity was detected mainly in France and Germany, and the range of target-site mutations increased. Most of the resistant isolates carried the C-G79R substitution, which exhibits a strong impact on all SDHIs in microtitre tests. All SDHIs tested were shown to be cross-resistant. Other substitutions are gaining in importance, e.g. C-N75S in France and D-D145G in Germany. So far, no double mutants in SDH genes have been detected. Glasshouse tests showed that SDHI-resistant isolates were still controlled by the SDHI fluxapyroxad when applied preventively. To date, most isolates with C-G79R substitution have not simultaneously carried the F129L change in cytochrome b, which causes resistance towards QoI fungicides at low to moderate levels. CONCLUSION Several target-site mutations in the genes of subunits SDH-B, SDH-C and SDH-D with different impact on SDHI fungicides were detected. The pattern of mutations varied from year to year and between different regions. Strict resistance management strategies are recommended to maintain SDHIs as effective tools for net blotch control, especially in areas with low frequencies of resistant isolates. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rosie Bryson
- BASF SE, Agricultural Centre, Limburgerhof, Germany
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108
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Ngo HX, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Green KD. A complex game of hide and seek: the search for new antifungals. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:1285-1306. [PMID: 27766140 PMCID: PMC5067021 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00222f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections directly affect millions of people each year. In addition to the invasive fungal infections of humans, the plants and animals that comprise our primary food source are also susceptible to diseases caused by these eukaryotic microbes. The need for antifungals, not only for our medical needs, but also for use in agriculture and livestock causes a high demand for novel antimycotics. Herein, we provide an overview of the most commonly used antifungals in medicine and agriculture. We also present a summary of the recent progress (from 2010-2016) in the discovery/development of new agents against fungal strains of medical/agricultural relevance, as well as information related to their biological activity, their mode(s) of action, and their mechanism(s) of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy X. Ngo
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. Fax: 859-257-7585; Tel: 859-218-1686
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. Fax: 859-257-7585; Tel: 859-218-1686
| | - Keith D. Green
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. Fax: 859-257-7585; Tel: 859-218-1686
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109
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Song Y, Zhang Z, Chen L, He L, Lu H, Ren Y, Mu W, Liu F. Baseline Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea to the Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Isopyrazam and Efficacy of this Fungicide. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:1314-1320. [PMID: 30686199 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-15-1220-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isopyrazam is a new broad-spectrum, foliar-absorbed and -translocated succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide. In this study, 159 Botrytis cinerea isolates collected from different geographical regions of Shandong Province of China were characterized for baseline sensitivity to isopyrazam. Furthermore, the protective and curative activity of isopyrazam on strawberry fruit and the control efficacy in the field were also determined. In contrast to its mycelial growth, the spore germination of B. cinerea was inhibited completely by lower concentrations of isopyrazam, about 1 μg ml-1 on yeast-peptone-acetate medium. Frequency distributions of isopyrazam 50% effective concentration (EC50) values were unimodal curves, with mean EC50 values of 0.07 ± 0.04 (standard deviation) and 0.68 ± 0.36 μg ml-1 for the inhibition of spore germination and mycelial growth, respectively. In addition, there was no positive multiple resistance between isopyrazam and other classes of botryticides such as diethofencarb, iprodione, pyrimethanil, or SYP-Z048. In field trials conducted during 2014 and 2015, isopyrazam used at a concentration of active ingredient at 150 and 200 g ha-1 provided a control efficacy ranging from 76.7 to 87.8% on leaves and from 81.5 to 90.7% on fruit. These results suggest that isopyrazam has the potential to play an important role in the management of gray mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Song
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqun Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, P.R. China
| | - Lele Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests
| | - Leiming He
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests
| | - Hongbao Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests
| | - Yupeng Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests
| | - Wei Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests
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110
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Haeri HH, Bogeski I, Gulaboski R, Mirceski V, Hoth M, Kappl R. An EPR and DFT study on the primary radical formed in hydroxylation reactions of 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1158424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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111
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Zafreen L, Walker-Kopp N, Huang LS, Berry E. In-vitro, SDH5-dependent flavinylation of immobilized human respiratory complex II flavoprotein. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 604:47-56. [PMID: 27296776 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Complex II (Succinate: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) has a covalently bound FAD cofactor in its largest subunit (SDHA), which accepts electrons from oxidation of succinate during catalysis. The mechanism of flavin attachment, and factors involved, have not been fully elucidated. The recent report of an assembly factor SDH5 (SDHAF2, SDHE) required for flavinylation (Hao et al., 2009 Science 325, 1139-1142) raises the prospect of achieving flavinylation in a completely defined system, which would facilitate elucidation of the precise role played by SDH5 and other factors. At this time that goal has not been achieved, and the actual function of SDH5 is still unknown. We have developed a procedure for in-vitro flavinylation of recombinant human apo-SDHA, immobilized on Ni-IMAC resin by a His tag, in a chemically defined medium. In this system flavinylation has a pH optimum of 6.5 and is completely dependent on added SDH5. The results suggest that FAD interacts noncovalently with SDHA in the absence of SDH5. This system will be useful in understanding the process of flavinylation of SDHA and the role of SDH5 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lala Zafreen
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Walker-Kopp
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Li-Shar Huang
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Edward Berry
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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112
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Krautwald S, Nilewski C, Mori M, Shiomi K, Ōmura S, Carreira EM. Bioisosteric Exchange of Csp3 -Chloro and Methyl Substituents: Synthesis and Initial Biological Studies of Atpenin A5 Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4049-53. [PMID: 26891236 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric synthesis and initial biological studies of two analogues of a naturally occurring chlorinated antifungal agent, atpenin A5, are described. These analogues were selected on the basis of Cl→CH3 or H3 C→Cl exchanges in the side-chain of atpenin A5. The interchange of chloro and methyl substituents led to complex II inhibitors with equal IC50 values. This suggests that Cl↔Me bioisosteric exchange can be realized in aliphatic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Krautwald
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Nilewski
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mihoko Mori
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuro Shiomi
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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113
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Krautwald S, Nilewski C, Mori M, Shiomi K, Ōmura S, Carreira EM. Bioisosteric Exchange of Csp3
-Chloro and Methyl Substituents: Synthesis and Initial Biological Studies of Atpenin A5 Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Krautwald
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian Nilewski
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Mihoko Mori
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Kazuro Shiomi
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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114
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Hancock CN, Liu W, Alvord WG, Phang JM. Co-regulation of mitochondrial respiration by proline dehydrogenase/oxidase and succinate. Amino Acids 2015; 48:859-872. [PMID: 26660760 PMCID: PMC4752965 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Proline dehydrogenase/oxidase (PRODH/POX) is a mitochondrial protein critical to multiple stress pathways. Because of the roles of PRODH/POX in signaling, and its shared localization to the mitochondrial inner membrane with the electron transport chain (ETC), we investigated whether there was a direct relationship between PRODH/POX and regulation of the ETC. We found that PRODH/POX binds directly to CoQ1 and that CoQ1-dependent PRODH/POX activity required functional Complex III and Complex IV. PRODH/POX supported respiration in living cells during nutrient stress; however, expression of PRODH/POX resulted in an overall decrease in respiratory fitness. Effects on respiratory fitness were inhibited by DHP and NAC, indicating that these effects were mediated by PRODH/POX-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. PRODH/POX expression resulted in a dose-dependent down-regulation of Complexes I–IV of the ETC, and this effect was also mitigated by the addition of DHP and NAC. We found that succinate was an uncompetitive inhibitor of PRODH/POX activity, inhibited ROS generation by PRODH/POX, and alleviated PRODH/POX effects on respiratory fitness. The findings demonstrate novel cross-talk between proline and succinate respiration in vivo and provide mechanistic insights into observations from previous animal studies. Our results suggest a potential regulatory loop between PRODH/POX and succinate in regulation of mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad N Hancock
- Metabolism and Cancer Susceptibility Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 538, Rm. 144, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Wei Liu
- Metabolism and Cancer Susceptibility Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 538, Rm. 144, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - W Gregory Alvord
- Data Management Services, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - James M Phang
- Metabolism and Cancer Susceptibility Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 538, Rm. 144, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
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115
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Mechanism of Action of ME1111, a Novel Antifungal Agent for Topical Treatment of Onychomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:873-80. [PMID: 26596944 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01790-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existing treatment options for onychomycosis, there remains a strong demand for potent topical medications. ME1111 is a novel antifungal agent that is active against dermatophytes, has an excellent ability to penetrate human nails, and is being developed as a topical agent for onychomycosis. In the present study, we investigated its mechanism of action. Trichophyton mentagrophytes mutants with reduced susceptibility to ME1111 were selected in our laboratory, and genome sequences were determined for 3 resistant mutants. The inhibitory effect on a candidate target was evaluated by a spectrophotometric enzyme assay using mitochondrial fractions. Point mutations were introduced into candidate genes by a reverse genetics approach. Whole-genome analysis of the 3 selected mutants revealed point mutations in the structural regions of genes encoding subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (complex II). All of the laboratory-generated resistant mutants tested harbored a mutation in one of the subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SdhB, SdhC, or SdhD). Most of the mutants showed cross-resistance to carboxin and boscalid, which are succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors. ME1111 strongly inhibited the succinate-2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol reductase reaction in Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC50s] of 0.029 and 0.025 μg/ml, respectively) but demonstrated only moderate inhibition of the same reaction in human cell lines. Furthermore, the target protein of ME1111 was confirmed by the introduction of point mutations causing the amino acid substitutions in SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD found in the laboratory-generated resistant mutants, which resulted in reduced susceptibility to ME1111. Thus, ME1111 is a novel inhibitor of the succinate dehydrogenase of Trichophyton species, and its mechanism of action indicates its selective profile.
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116
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Wang Y, Duan Y, Wang J, Zhou M. A new point mutation in the iron-sulfur subunit of succinate dehydrogenase confers resistance to boscalid in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:653-61. [PMID: 25441450 PMCID: PMC6638386 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Research has established that mutations in highly conserved amino acids of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex in various fungi confer SDH inhibitor (SDHI) resistance. For Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, a necrotrophic fungus with a broad host range and a worldwide distribution, boscalid resistance has been attributed to the mutation H132R in the highly conserved SdhD subunit protein of the SDH complex. In our previous study, however, only one point mutation, A11V in SdhB (GCA to GTA change in SdhB), was detected in S. sclerotiorum boscalid-resistant (BR) mutants. In the current study, replacement of the SdhB gene in a boscalid-sensitive (BS) S. sclerotiorum strain with the mutant SdhB gene conferred resistance. Compared with wild-type strains, BR and GSM (SdhB gene in the wild-type strain replaced by the mutant SdhB gene) mutants were more sensitive to osmotic stress, lacked the ability to produce sclerotia and exhibited lower expression of the pac1 gene. Importantly, the point mutation was not located in the highly conserved sequence of the iron-sulfur subunit of SDH. These results suggest that resistance based on non-conserved vs. conserved protein domains differs in mechanism. In addition to increasing our understanding of boscalid resistance in S. sclerotiorum, the new information will be useful for the development of alternative antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
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117
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Planas-Iglesias J, Dwarakanath H, Mohammadyani D, Yanamala N, Kagan VE, Klein-Seetharaman J. Cardiolipin Interactions with Proteins. Biophys J 2015; 109:1282-94. [PMID: 26300339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipins (CL) represent unique phospholipids of bacteria and eukaryotic mitochondria with four acyl chains and two phosphate groups that have been implicated in numerous functions from energy metabolism to apoptosis. Many proteins are known to interact with CL, and several cocrystal structures of protein-CL complexes exist. In this work, we describe the collection of the first systematic and, to the best of our knowledge, the comprehensive gold standard data set of all known CL-binding proteins. There are 62 proteins in this data set, 21 of which have nonredundant crystal structures with bound CL molecules available. Using binding patch analysis of amino acid frequencies, secondary structures and loop supersecondary structures considering phosphate and acyl chain binding regions together and separately, we gained a detailed understanding of the general structural and dynamic features involved in CL binding to proteins. Exhaustive docking of CL to all known structures of proteins experimentally shown to interact with CL demonstrated the validity of the docking approach, and provides a rich source of information for experimentalists who may wish to validate predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Planas-Iglesias
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Himal Dwarakanath
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dariush Mohammadyani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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118
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Kluckova K, Sticha M, Cerny J, Mracek T, Dong L, Drahota Z, Gottlieb E, Neuzil J, Rohlena J. Ubiquinone-binding site mutagenesis reveals the role of mitochondrial complex II in cell death initiation. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1749. [PMID: 25950479 PMCID: PMC4669690 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory complex II (CII, succinate dehydrogenase, SDH) inhibition can induce cell death, but the mechanistic details need clarification. To elucidate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation upon the ubiquinone-binding (Qp) site blockade, we substituted CII subunit C (SDHC) residues lining the Qp site by site-directed mutagenesis. Cell lines carrying these mutations were characterized on the bases of CII activity and exposed to Qp site inhibitors MitoVES, thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA) and Atpenin A5. We found that I56F and S68A SDHC variants, which support succinate-mediated respiration and maintain low intracellular succinate, were less efficiently inhibited by MitoVES than the wild-type (WT) variant. Importantly, associated ROS generation and cell death induction was also impaired, and cell death in the WT cells was malonate and catalase sensitive. In contrast, the S68A variant was much more susceptible to TTFA inhibition than the I56F variant or the WT CII, which was again reflected by enhanced ROS formation and increased malonate- and catalase-sensitive cell death induction. The R72C variant that accumulates intracellular succinate due to compromised CII activity was resistant to MitoVES and TTFA treatment and did not increase ROS, even though TTFA efficiently generated ROS at low succinate in mitochondria isolated from R72C cells. Similarly, the high-affinity Qp site inhibitor Atpenin A5 rapidly increased intracellular succinate in WT cells but did not induce ROS or cell death, unlike MitoVES and TTFA that upregulated succinate only moderately. These results demonstrate that cell death initiation upon CII inhibition depends on ROS and that the extent of cell death correlates with the potency of inhibition at the Qp site unless intracellular succinate is high. In addition, this validates the Qp site of CII as a target for cell death induction with relevance to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kluckova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Sticha
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Cerny
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Mracek
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Dong
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Z Drahota
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - E Gottlieb
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Neuzil
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Rohlena
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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119
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Vega B, Dewdney MM. Sensitivity of Alternaria alternata from Citrus to Boscalid and Polymorphism in Iron-Sulfur and in Anchored Membrane Subunits of Succinate Dehydrogenase. PLANT DISEASE 2015; 99:231-239. [PMID: 30699560 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-14-0374-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Boscalid, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI), was registered in 2011 to control Alternaria brown spot (ABS) of citrus, caused by Alternaria alternata. In this study, the effect of boscalid on mycelial growth, conidial germination, and resazurin reduction was established in a subset of 16 sensitive isolates using three different media. Conidial germination and mycelial growth inhibition were not suppressed even at higher concentrations of boscalid, although effective concentration to inhibit 50% growth (EC50) values were established with each method. Resazurin reduction produced the lowest EC50 values and was selected for further sensitivity tests. In total, 419 isolates, never exposed to boscalid and collected from Florida tangerine orchards between 1996 to 2012, were tested for boscalid sensitivity. The sensitivity distribution was a unimodal curve with a mean EC50 value of 0.60 μg/ml and a range of 0.07 to 5.84 μg/ml. The molecular characterization of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) genes were also determined in a subset of 15 isolates, exhibiting great variability in boscalid sensitivity, by cloning and sequencing the sdhB, sdhC, and sdhD genes. Sequence comparisons of the SDH complex revealed the presence of mutations in 14 of 15 isolates. In total, 21 mutations were identified. Double and multiple mutations were observed in SDHC and SDHD, respectively. In SDHB, 4 mutations were observed while, in SDHC and SDHD, 5 and 12 mutations were detected, respectively. No mutations were found in the highly conserved histidine residues at positions 277 in SDHB, 134 in SDHC, and 133 in SDHD, typically observed in SDHI-resistant isolates. Our findings suggest that A. alternata populations from Florida are sensitive to boscalid and it could be used in ABS spray programs. Boscalid resistance is currently not a problem, although further monitoring for resistance is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Vega
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850
| | - Megan M Dewdney
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850
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120
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Xiong L, Shen YQ, Jiang LN, Zhu XL, Yang WC, Huang W, Yang GF. Succinate Dehydrogenase: An Ideal Target for Fungicide Discovery. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1204.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
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121
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Cheng H, Shen YQ, Pan XY, Hou YP, Wu QY, Yang GF. Discovery of 1,2,4-triazole-1,3-disulfonamides as dual inhibitors of mitochondrial complex II and complex III. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00215j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,2,4-Triazole-1,3-disulfonamide derivatives as dual function inhibitors of mitochondrial complex II (SQR) and complex III (cyt bc1) were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Yan-Qing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Xia-Yan Pan
- Department of Pesticide Science
- College of Plant Protection
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ping Hou
- Department of Pesticide Science
- College of Plant Protection
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- P. R. China
| | - Qiong-You Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
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122
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The influence of oxygen limitation for the production of succinic acid with recombinant strains of Yarrowia lipolytica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1675-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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123
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Kinetic evidence against partitioning of the ubiquinone pool and the catalytic relevance of respiratory-chain supercomplexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15735-40. [PMID: 25331896 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413855111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In mitochondria, four respiratory-chain complexes drive oxidative phosphorylation by sustaining a proton-motive force across the inner membrane that is used to synthesize ATP. The question of how the densely packed proteins of the inner membrane are organized to optimize structure and function has returned to prominence with the characterization of respiratory-chain supercomplexes. Supercomplexes are increasingly accepted structural entities, but their functional and catalytic advantages are disputed. Notably, substrate "channeling" between the enzymes in supercomplexes has been proposed to confer a kinetic advantage, relative to the rate provided by a freely accessible, common substrate pool. Here, we focus on the mitochondrial ubiquinone/ubiquinol pool. We formulate and test three conceptually simple predictions of the behavior of the mammalian respiratory chain that depend on whether channeling in supercomplexes is kinetically important, and on whether the ubiquinone pool is partitioned between pathways. Our spectroscopic and kinetic experiments demonstrate how the metabolic pathways for NADH and succinate oxidation communicate and catalyze via a single, universally accessible ubiquinone/ubiquinol pool that is not partitioned or channeled. We reevaluate the major piece of contrary evidence from flux control analysis and find that the conclusion of substrate channeling arises from the particular behavior of a single inhibitor; we explain why different inhibitors behave differently and show that a robust flux control analysis provides no evidence for channeling. Finally, we discuss how the formation of respiratory-chain supercomplexes may confer alternative advantages on energy-converting membranes.
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124
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125
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Melin F, Noor MR, Pardieu E, Boulmedais F, Banhart F, Cecchini G, Soulimane T, Hellwig P. Investigating the thermostability of succinate: quinone oxidoreductase enzymes by direct electrochemistry at SWNTs-modified electrodes and FTIR spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:3572-9. [PMID: 25139263 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Succinate: quinone reductases (SQRs) are the enzymes that couple the oxidation of succinate and the reduction of quinones in the respiratory chain of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Herein, we compare the temperature-dependent activity and structural stability of two SQRs, the first from the mesophilic bacterium Escherichia coli and the second from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus, using a combined electrochemical and infrared spectroscopy approach. Direct electron transfer was achieved with full membrane protein complexes at single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-modified electrodes. The possible structural factors that contribute to the temperature-dependent activity of the enzymes and, in particular, to the thermostability of the Thermus thermophilus SQR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Melin
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, Chimie de la Matière Complexe (UMR 7140), Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
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126
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Mitochondrial ROS and involvement of Bcl-2 as a mitochondrial ROS regulator. Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt A:39-48. [PMID: 24954615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the major intracellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While excessive mitochondrial ROS (mitoROS) production induces cell injury and death, there is accumulating evidence that non-toxic low levels of mitoROS could serve as important signaling molecules. Therefore, maintenance of mitoROS at physiological levels is crucial for cell homeostasis as well as for survival and proliferation. This review describes the various mechanisms that keep mitoROS in check, with particular focus on the role of the onco-protein Bcl-2 in redox regulation. In addition to its canonical anti-apoptotic activity, Bcl-2 has been implicated in mitoROS regulation by its effect on mitochondrial complex IV activity, facilitating the mitochondrial incorporation of GSH and interaction with the small GTPase-Rac1 at the mitochondria. We also discuss some of the plausible mechanism(s) which allows Bcl-2 to sense and respond to the fluctuations in mitoROS.
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127
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Lalève A, Fillinger S, Walker AS. Fitness measurement reveals contrasting costs in homologous recombinant mutants of Botrytis cinerea resistant to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 67:24-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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128
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Five Carboxin-Resistant Mutants Exhibited Various Responses to Carboxin and Related Fungicides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:181-4. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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129
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DeCoursey TE, Hosler J. Philosophy of voltage-gated proton channels. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20130799. [PMID: 24352668 PMCID: PMC3899857 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, voltage-gated proton channels are considered from a mainly teleological perspective. Why do proton channels exist? What good are they? Why did they go to such lengths to develop several unique hallmark properties such as extreme selectivity and ΔpH-dependent gating? Why is their current so minuscule? How do they manage to be so selective? What is the basis for our belief that they conduct H(+) and not OH(-)? Why do they exist in many species as dimers when the monomeric form seems to work quite well? It is hoped that pondering these questions will provide an introduction to these channels and a way to logically organize their peculiar properties as well as to understand how they are able to carry out some of their better-established biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. DeCoursey
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University, 1750 West Harrison, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jonathan Hosler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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130
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Anderson RF, Shinde SS, Hille R, Rothery RA, Weiner JH, Rajagukguk S, Maklashina E, Cecchini G. Electron-transfer pathways in the heme and quinone-binding domain of complex II (succinate dehydrogenase). Biochemistry 2014; 53:1637-46. [PMID: 24559074 PMCID: PMC3985935 DOI: 10.1021/bi401630m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Single electron transfers have been
examined in complex II (succinate:ubiquinone
oxidoreductase) by the method of pulse radiolysis. Electrons are introduced
into the enzyme initially at the [3Fe–4S] and ubiquinone sites
followed by intramolecular equilibration with the b heme of the enzyme. To define thermodynamic and other controlling
parameters for the pathways of electron transfer in complex II, site-directed
variants were constructed and analyzed. Variants at SdhB-His207 and
SdhB-Ile209 exhibit significantly perturbed electron transfer between
the [3Fe–4S] cluster and ubiquinone. Analysis of the data using
Marcus theory shows that the electronic coupling constants for wild-type
and variant enzyme are all small, indicating that electron transfer
occurs by diabatic tunneling. The presence of the ubiquinone is necessary
for efficient electron transfer to the heme, which only slowly equilibrates
with the [3Fe–4S] cluster in the absence of the quinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Anderson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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131
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Zhu XL, Xiong L, Li H, Song XY, Liu JJ, Yang GF. Computational and Experimental Insight into the Molecular Mechanism of Carboxamide Inhibitors of Succinate-Ubquinone Oxidoreductase. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1512-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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132
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Avenot HF, van den Biggelaar H, Morgan DP, Moral J, Joosten M, Michailides TJ. Sensitivities of Baseline Isolates and Boscalid-Resistant Mutants of Alternaria alternata from Pistachio to Fluopyram, Penthiopyrad, and Fluxapyroxad. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:197-205. [PMID: 30708745 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-13-0459-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of Alternaria alternata to boscalid, the first succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide labeled on pistachio, has become a common occurrence in California pistachio orchards and affects the performance of this fungicide. In this study, we established the baseline sensitivities of A. alternata to the new SDHIs fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad and assessed their cross resistance patterns with boscalid. Examination of the effective fungicide concentration that inhibits mycelial growth to 50% relative to the control (EC50) for 50 baseline isolates revealed that the majority were sensitive to boscalid, penthiopyrad, fluopyram, and fluxapyroxad. Analysis of EC50 values for boscalid for 117 A. alternata isolates originating from boscalid-exposed orchards showed that 44, 3, 1, and 69 isolates had sensitive, reduced sensitivity, moderately resistant, and highly resistant boscalid phenotypes, respectively. Molecular investigation of the occurrence of known SDH mutations showed that, among the 69 isolates highly resistant to boscalid, 44, 2, 14, and 1 isolates possessed the mutations leading to the H277Y, H277R, H134R, and H133R amino acid substitutions in AaSDHB, AaSDHB, AaSDHC, and AaSDHD subunits, respectively. Some SDHB or SDHC mutants displayed highly sensitive, sensitive, or reduced sensitivity phenotypes toward penthiopyrad or fluxapyroxad, whereas other had low, moderate, or high levels of resistance to these fungicides. In contrast, all the SDHB mutants were sensitive to fluopyram, while 10, 5, and 1 SDHC mutants had sensitive, reduced sensitivity, and moderately resistant fluopyram phenotypes, respectively. The SDHD mutant had reduced sensitivity to fluopyram and penthiopyrad but was highly resistant to fluxapyroxad. The discrepancies of cross-resistance patterns between SDHIs suggest that their binding sites in complex II may differ slightly and that additional mechanisms of resistance to these compounds are likely involved. Ultimately, the findings of this study should lead to the rational and sustained deployment of new SDHIs in Alternaria late blight spray programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Avenot
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier 93648
| | - H van den Biggelaar
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - D P Morgan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier
| | - J Moral
- Departmento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University
| | - T J Michailides
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier
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133
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Electron Transport in the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain. THE STRUCTURAL BASIS OF BIOLOGICAL ENERGY GENERATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8742-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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134
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Mráček T, Holzerová E, Drahota Z, Kovářová N, Vrbacký M, Ješina P, Houštěk J. ROS generation and multiple forms of mammalian mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:98-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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135
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Lalève A, Gamet S, Walker AS, Debieu D, Toquin V, Fillinger S. Site-directed mutagenesis of the P225, N230 and H272 residues of succinate dehydrogenase subunit B fromBotrytis cinereahighlights different roles in enzyme activity and inhibitor binding. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:2253-66. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Lalève
- INRA; UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; Avenue Lucien Brétignières F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Stéphanie Gamet
- BAYER SAS; BayerCropScience; Impasse Pierre Baizet F-69009 Lyon France
| | - Anne-Sophie Walker
- INRA; UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; Avenue Lucien Brétignières F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Danièle Debieu
- INRA; UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; Avenue Lucien Brétignières F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Valérie Toquin
- BAYER SAS; BayerCropScience; Impasse Pierre Baizet F-69009 Lyon France
| | - Sabine Fillinger
- INRA; UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; Avenue Lucien Brétignières F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
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136
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Sun F, Zhou Q, Pang X, Xu Y, Rao Z. Revealing various coupling of electron transfer and proton pumping in mitochondrial respiratory chain. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:526-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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137
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Singh PK, Sarwar M, Maklashina E, Kotlyar V, Rajagukguk S, Tomasiak TM, Cecchini G, Iverson TM. Plasticity of the quinone-binding site of the complex II homolog quinol:fumarate reductase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24293-301. [PMID: 23836905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.487082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory processes often use quinone oxidoreduction to generate a transmembrane proton gradient, making the 2H(+)/2e(-) quinone chemistry important for ATP synthesis. There are a variety of quinones used as electron carriers between bioenergetic proteins, and some respiratory proteins can functionally interact with more than one quinone type. In the case of complex II homologs, which couple quinone chemistry to the interconversion of succinate and fumarate, the redox potentials of the biologically available ubiquinone and menaquinone aid in driving the chemical reaction in one direction. In the complex II homolog quinol:fumarate reductase, it has been demonstrated that menaquinol oxidation requires at least one proton shuttle, but many of the remaining mechanistic details of menaquinol oxidation are not fully understood, and little is known about ubiquinone reduction. In the current study, structural and computational studies suggest that the sequential removal of the two menaquinol protons may be accompanied by a rotation of the naphthoquinone ring to optimize the interaction with a second proton shuttling pathway. However, kinetic measurements of site-specific mutations of quinol:fumarate reductase variants show that ubiquinone reduction does not use the same pathway. Computational docking of ubiquinone followed by mutagenesis instead suggested redundant proton shuttles lining the ubiquinone-binding site or from direct transfer from solvent. These data show that the quinone-binding site provides an environment that allows multiple amino acid residues to participate in quinone oxidoreduction. This suggests that the quinone-binding site in complex II is inherently plastic and can robustly interact with different types of quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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138
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Berdugo CA, Mahlein AK, Steiner U, Dehne HW, Oerke EC. Sensors and imaging techniques for the assessment of the delay of wheat senescence induced by fungicides. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:677-689. [PMID: 32481140 DOI: 10.1071/fp12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Near-range and remote sensing techniques are excellent alternatives to destructive methods for measuring beneficial effects of fungicides on plant physiology. Different noninvasive sensors and imaging techniques have been used and compared to measure the effects of three fungicidal compounds (bixafen, fluoxastrobin and prothioconazole) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) physiology under disease-free conditions in the greenhouse. Depending on the fungicidal treatment, changes in green leaf area and yield parameters were observed. Chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves was useful for measuring differences in the effective quantum yield of PSII. Reflectance measurements of wheat leaves were highly sensitive to changes in plant vitality. The spectral vegetation indices were useful for determining the differences among treatments in terms of leaf senescence, pigments and water content. The analysis of ear and leaf surface temperature was reliable for detecting effects of fungicides on plant senescence. Using nondestructive sensors, it was possible to assess a delay in senescence of wheat due to fungicide application. Furthermore, it was deduced that sensors and imaging methods are useful tools to estimate the effects of fungicides on wheat physiology. Physiological parameters measured by the sensors were actually more sensitive than yield parameters to assess the effect caused by fungicide application on wheat physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Andres Berdugo
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Mahlein
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steiner
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heinz-Wilhelm Dehne
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Erich-Christian Oerke
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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139
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Siebels I, Dröse S. Q-site inhibitor induced ROS production of mitochondrial complex II is attenuated by TCA cycle dicarboxylates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:1156-64. [PMID: 23800966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of complex II (succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) on the mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been underestimated for a long time. However, recent studies with intact mitochondria revealed that complex II can be a significant source of ROS. Using submitochondrial particles from bovine heart mitochondria as a system that allows the precise setting of substrate concentrations we could show that mammalian complex II produces ROS at subsaturating succinate concentrations in the presence of Q-site inhibitors like atpenin A5 or when a further downstream block of the respiratory chain occurred. Upon inhibition of the ubiquinone reductase activity, complex II produced about 75% hydrogen peroxide and 25% superoxide. ROS generation was attenuated by all dicarboxylates that are known to bind competitively to the substrate binding site of complex II, suggesting that the oxygen radicals are mainly generated by the unoccupied flavin site. Importantly, the ROS production induced by the Q-site inhibitor atpenin A5 was largely unaffected by the redox state of the Q pool and the activity of other respiratory chain complexes. Hence, complex II has to be considered as an independent source of mitochondrial ROS in physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Siebels
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Intensive-Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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140
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Cheng VWT, Tran QM, Boroumand N, Rothery RA, Maklashina E, Cecchini G, Weiner JH. A conserved lysine residue controls iron-sulfur cluster redox chemistry in Escherichia coli fumarate reductase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:1141-7. [PMID: 23711795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli respiratory complex II paralogs succinate dehydrogenase (SdhCDAB) and fumarate reductase (FrdABCD) catalyze interconversion of succinate and fumarate coupled to quinone reduction or oxidation, respectively. Based on structural comparison of the two enzymes, equivalent residues at the interface between the highly homologous soluble domains and the divergent membrane anchor domains were targeted for study. This included the residue pair SdhB-R205 and FrdB-S203, as well as the conserved SdhB-K230 and FrdB-K228 pair. The close proximity of these residues to the [3Fe-4S] cluster and the quinone binding pocket provided an excellent opportunity to investigate factors controlling the reduction potential of the [3Fe-4S] cluster, the directionality of electron transfer and catalysis, and the architecture and chemistry of the quinone binding sites. Our results indicate that both SdhB-R205 and SdhB-K230 play important roles in fine tuning the reduction potential of both the [3Fe-4S] cluster and the heme. In FrdABCD, mutation of FrdB-S203 did not alter the reduction potential of the [3Fe-4S] cluster, but removal of the basic residue at FrdB-K228 caused a significant downward shift (>100mV) in potential. The latter residue is also indispensable for quinone binding and enzyme activity. The differences observed for the FrdB-K228 and Sdh-K230 variants can be attributed to the different locations of the quinone binding site in the two paralogs. Although this residue is absolutely conserved, they have diverged to achieve different functions in Frd and Sdh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W T Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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141
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Chen F, Liu X, Chen S, Schnabel E, Schnabel G. Characterization of Monilinia fructicola Strains Resistant to Both Propiconazole and Boscalid. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:645-651. [PMID: 30722204 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-12-0924-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2011 and 2012, significant brown rot disease caused by Monilinia fructicola was observed in a peach orchard in Spartanburg County, SC, despite preharvest fungicide applications of demethylation inhibitor (DMI), quinone outside inhibitor (QoI), and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides. All 22 isolates obtained in 2011 from this orchard were sensitive to the QoI fungicide, azoxystrobin, and the methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicide, thiophanate-methyl. Five were resistant to the DMI fungicide, propiconazole, and were selected, together with five propiconazole-sensitive isolates, for further investigations. One of the 10 isolates was resistant to propiconazole but sensitive to the SDHI fungicide, boscalid (EC50 = 0.42 μg/ml), 3 were resistant to propiconazole with intermediate sensitivity to boscalid (EC50 0.72 to 2.1 μg/ml); 2 were sensitive to propiconazole with intermediate sensitivity to boscalid; 3 were sensitive to propiconazole but resistant to boscalid (EC50 ≥ 2.1 μg/ml); and 1 (isolate MD22) was resistant to both propiconazole and boscalid. Disease incidence on detached fruit treated with formulated propiconazole or boscalid was significantly higher for MD22 compared to a sensitive control isolate. Continued monitoring of fungicide resistance in the same orchard in 2012 revealed an increase of isolates resistant to propiconazole from 22.7% in 2011 to 34.7%, and an increase of isolates resistant to both propiconazole and boscalid from 4.5% in 2011 to 18.4%. Propiconazole resistance was always associated with the presence of the 'Mona' mobile element located upstream of the sterol 14α-demethylase (MfCYP51) gene. To investigate whether mutations in the subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme were involved in boscalid resistance, significant portions of the M. fructicola SdhA, SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD genes were cloned and analyzed for 2 sensitive, 2 boscalid-resistant, and 6 dual-resistant isolates. Although sequence variation was found among the isolates, no single change correlated with resistance. Interestingly, analysis of isolates collected from orchards in 2001 and 2002, prior to the registration of boscalid, revealed a range of sensitivities to boscalid (EC50 0.03 to 3.46 μg/ml) including boscalid-resistant isolates. The presence of boscalid-resistant isolates in the baseline population was unexpected and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - X Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - E Schnabel
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - G Schnabel
- School of Agricultural, Forest & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University
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142
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Dröse S. Differential effects of complex II on mitochondrial ROS production and their relation to cardioprotective pre- and postconditioning. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:578-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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143
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Defining a direction: electron transfer and catalysis in Escherichia coli complex II enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:668-78. [PMID: 23396003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There are two homologous membrane-bound enzymes in Escherichia coli that catalyze reversible conversion between succinate/fumarate and quinone/quinol. Succinate:ubiquinone reductase (SQR) is a component of aerobic respiratory chains, whereas quinol:fumarate reductase (QFR) utilizes menaquinol to reduce fumarate in a final step of anaerobic respiration. Although, both protein complexes are capable of supporting bacterial growth on either minimal succinate or fumarate media, the enzymes are more proficient in their physiological directions. Here we evaluate factors that may underlie this catalytic bias. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Respiratory complex II: Role in cellular physiology and disease.
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144
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Moore AL, Shiba T, Young L, Harada S, Kita K, Ito K. Unraveling the heater: new insights into the structure of the alternative oxidase. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:637-63. [PMID: 23638828 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The alternative oxidase is a membrane-bound ubiquinol oxidase found in the majority of plants as well as many fungi and protists, including pathogenic organisms such as Trypanosoma brucei. It catalyzes a cyanide- and antimycin-A-resistant oxidation of ubiquinol and the reduction of oxygen to water, short-circuiting the mitochondrial electron-transport chain prior to proton translocation by complexes III and IV, thereby dramatically reducing ATP formation. In plants, it plays a key role in cellular metabolism, thermogenesis, and energy homeostasis and is generally considered to be a major stress-induced protein. We describe recent advances in our understanding of this protein's structure following the recent successful crystallization of the alternative oxidase from T. brucei. We focus on the nature of the active site and ubiquinol-binding channels and propose a mechanism for the reduction of oxygen to water based on these structural insights. We also consider the regulation of activity at the posttranslational and retrograde levels and highlight challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Moore
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom.
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145
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Veloukas T, Markoglou AN, Karaoglanidis GS. Differential Effect of SdhB Gene Mutations on the Sensitivity to SDHI Fungicides in Botrytis cinerea. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:118-122. [PMID: 30722271 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-12-0322-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibiting (SDHI) fungicides constitute a relatively novel fungicide group used for gray mold control caused mainly by Botrytis cinerea. Shortly after registration, resistance was observed in fungal populations that correlated with several mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase complex (complex II). In the current study, 30 B. cinerea isolates possessing five different mutations at three different codons of SdhB (P225F, N230I, and H272L/R/Y) were characterized for their sensitivities to eight SDHI fungicides. The results show different sensitivities and cross-resistance patterns between structurally different SDHIs. P225F mutants were resistant in vitro to all SDHIs tested. Similarly, isolates possessing the H272L mutation were highly resistant to boscalid but showed low to moderate levels of resistance to other SDHIs. The N230I mutants were moderately resistant to boscalid, fluopyram, and fluxapyroxad and showed low resistance levels to isopyrazam, bixafen, fenfuram, benodanil, and carboxin. The H272R mutants showed moderate levels of resistance to boscalid and low resistance levels to isopyrazam, fenfuram, and carboxin but remained sensitive to fluopyram, bixafen, fluxapyroxad, and benodanil. Similarly, the H272Y showed moderate levels of resistance to boscalid and very low resistance levels to isopyrazam, bixafen, fenfuram, and carboxin but showed increased sensitivity to benodanil and fluopyram. Boscalid provided moderate to high control of H272R/Y and N230I mutants in detached fruit assays but provided little control against the H272L and P225F mutants. In contrast, fluopyram controlled H272R/Y mutants and provided moderate levels of control toward H272L, N230I, and P225F mutants. Our findings suggest that sensitivity to SDHIs may vary greatly, dependent on the point mutation in the sdhb subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Veloukas
- Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Thessaloniki, Greece
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146
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Dubos T, Pasquali M, Pogoda F, Casanova A, Hoffmann L, Beyer M. Differences between the succinate dehydrogenase sequences of isopyrazam sensitive Zymoseptoria tritici and insensitive Fusarium graminearum strains. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 105:28-35. [PMID: 24238287 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Forty-one Zymoseptoria tritici strains isolated in Luxembourg between 2009 and 2010 were highly sensitive towards the new succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) isopyrazam, with concentrations inhibiting fungal growth by 50% (EC50) ranging from 0.0281 to 4.53μM, whereas 41 Fusarium graminearum strains isolated in Europe and Northern America between 1969 and 2009 were insensitive with the average rate of inhibition converging towards 28% with increasing isopyrazam concentration. Seven isolates of both species covering the range of isopyrazam sensitivities observed in the present study were selected for the sequencing of the subunits B, C and D of the succinate dehydrogenase (sdh) gene. Predicted sdh amino acid sequences of subunits B, C and D were identical among F. graminearum strains. By comparing with fungal strains where resistance towards SDHIs was previously reported, three variations were unique to F. graminearum; B-D130N located in the iron-sulfur cluster [2Fe-2S], B-A275T located in the [3Fe-4S] cluster and an additional S at amino acid position 83-84 of sdhC, probably modifying structurally the ubiquinone binding site and therefore the biological activity of the fungicide. No variation was found among the Z. tritici strains in subunits B and D. Two variations were observed within the subunit C sequences of Z. tritici strains: C-N33T and C-N34T. The difference in EC50 values between Z. tritici strains with the NN and TT configuration was non-significant at P=0.289. Two outliers in the Z. tritici group with significantly higher EC50 values that were not related to mutations in the sdhB, sdhC, or sdhD were detected. The role of isopyrazam for the control of F. graminearum and Z. tritici in Luxembourg is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Dubos
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Département Environnement et Agro-biotechnologies, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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147
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Mráček T, Drahota Z, Houštěk J. The function and the role of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian tissues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1827:401-10. [PMID: 23220394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) is not included in the traditional textbook schemes of the respiratory chain, reflecting the fact that it is a non-standard, tissue-specific component of mammalian mitochondria. But despite its very simple structure, mGPDH is a very important enzyme of intermediary metabolism and as a component of glycerophosphate shuttle it functions at the crossroads of glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism. In this review we summarize the present knowledge on the structure and regulation of mGPDH and discuss its metabolic functions, reactive oxygen species production and tissue and organ specific roles in mammalian mitochondria at physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Mráček
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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148
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Dikanov SA. Resolving protein-semiquinone interactions by two-dimensional ESEEM spectroscopy. ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734837-00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Dikanov
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine 190 MSB, 506 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana IL 61801 USA
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149
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Wu Z, Hu D, Kuang J, Cai H, Wu S, Xue W. Synthesis and antifungal activity of N-(substituted pyridinyl)-1-methyl(phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives. Molecules 2012; 17:14205-18. [PMID: 23201640 PMCID: PMC6268469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171214205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-(substituted pyridinyl)-1-methyl(phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized. All target compounds were characterized by spectral data (¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, IR, MS) and elemental analysis and were bioassayed in vitro against three kinds of phytopathogenic fungi (Gibberella zeae, Fusarium oxysporum, Cytospora mandshurica). The results showed that some of the synthesized N-(substituted pyridinyl)-1-methyl-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamides exhibited moderate antifungal activities, among which compounds 6a, 6b and 6c displayed more than 50% inhibition activities against G. zeae at 100 µg/mL, which was better than that of the commercial fungicides carboxin and boscalid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticides and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; E-Mails: (Z.W.); (D.H.); (J.K.); (H.C.); (S.W.)
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Model animals for the study of oxidative stress from complex II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1827:588-97. [PMID: 23142169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a role of energy production and produce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially superoxide anion (O2(-)) as a byproduct of energy metabolism at the same time. O2(-) is converted from oxygen and is overproduced by excessive electron leakage from the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It is well known that mitochondrial complexes I and III in the electron transport system are the major endogenous ROS sources. We have previously demonstrated that mutations in complex II can result in excessive ROS (specifically in SDHC: G71E in Caenorhabditis elegans, I71E in Drosophila and V69E in mouse). Moreover, this results in premature death in C. elegans and Drosophila as well as tumorigenesis in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. In humans, it has been reported that mutations in SDHB, SDHC or SDHD, which are the subunits of mitochondrial complex II, often result in inherited head and neck paragangliomas (PGLs). Recently, we established Tet-mev-1 conditional transgenic mice using our uniquely developed Tet-On/Off system, which can induce the mutated SDHC gene to be equally and competitively expressed compared to the endogenous wild-type SDHC gene. These mice experienced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction that resulted in oxidative stress. The mitochondrial oxidative stress caused excessive apoptosis in several tissues leading to low-birth-weight infants and growth retardation during neonatal developmental phase in Tet-mev-1 mice. Tet-mev-1 mice also displayed precocious age-dependent corneal physiological changes, delayed corneal epithelialization, decreased corneal endothelial cells, thickened Descemet's membrane and thinning of parenchyma with corneal pathological dysfunctions such as keratitis, Fuchs' corneal dystrophy (FCD) and probably keratoconus after the normal development and growth phase. Here, we review the relationships between mitochondrial oxidative stress and phenomena in mev-1 animal models with mitochondrial complex II SDHC mutations. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Respiratory complex II: Role in cellular physiology and disease.
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