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Dupuy M, Radavelli-Bagatini S, Zhong L, Dalla Via J, Zhu K, Blekkenhorst LC, Bondonno NP, Linneberg A, Bellinge JW, Schultz C, Courtney W, Prince RL, Hodgson JM, Lewis JR, Sim M. Vitamin K1 intake is associated with lower risk for all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in community-dwelling older Australian women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:1189-1197. [PMID: 38342722 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Assessing the relationship between vitamin K1 intakes, using region-specific food databases, with both all-cause, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality warrants further investigation to inform future preventative strategies. Consequently, we examined the aforementioned associations in the Perth Longitudinal Study of Ageing Women (PLSAW). METHODS AND RESULTS 1436 community-dwelling older Australian women (mean ± SD age 75.2 ± 2.7 years) completed a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline (1998). Vitamin K1 intake was calculated based on an Australian vitamin K food database, supplemented with published data. All-cause and CVD mortality data was obtained from linked health records. Associations were examined using restricted cubic splines within Cox-proportional hazard models, adjusted for a range of cardiovascular and lifestyle related risk factors. Over 15 years of follow-up, 601 (41.9%) women died, with 236 deaths (16.4%) due to CVD. Compared to women with the lowest vitamin K1 intakes (Quartile 1, median 49.1 μg/day), those with the highest intakes (Quartile 4, median 119.3 μg/day) had lower relative hazards for all-cause mortality (HR 0.66 95%CI 0.51-0.86) and CVD mortality (HR 0.61 95%CI 0.41-0.92). A plateau in the inverse association was observed from vitamin K1 intakes of approximately ≥80 μg/day. CONCLUSION Higher vitamin K1 intakes were associated with lower risk for both all-cause and CVD mortality in community-dwelling older women, independent of CVD related risk factors. A higher intake of vitamin K1 rich foods, such as leafy green vegetables, may support cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana Dupuy
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simone Radavelli-Bagatini
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Liezhou Zhong
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jack Dalla Via
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kun Zhu
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicola P Bondonno
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; The Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Centre for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jaime W Bellinge
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carl Schultz
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - William Courtney
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard L Prince
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marc Sim
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Mrštná K, Matoušová K, Krčmová LK, Carazo A, Pourová J, Mladěnka P, Matysová L, Švec F. Analysis of vitamin K 1 and major K 2 variants in rat/human serum and lipoprotein fractions by a rapid, simple, and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464548. [PMID: 38043166 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the various forms of vitamin K, which are involved in coagulation and other physiological processes in humans, is challenging and no standardized method is yet available. Therefore, a reliable and practical method was developed to quantify vitamin K levels in serum and additionally in lipoprotein fractions to clarify its distribution. The LC-MS/MS method for the determination of vitamin K1 and the three main isoforms of vitamin K2 (MK-4, MK-7, MK-9) was combined with a gradient ultracentrifugation technique to allow the separation of lipoprotein fractions. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a Kinetex™ C18 column using a mobile phase consisting mainly of methanol. The target analytes were detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The separation of all four substances was achieved after a simple sample preparation technique based on miniaturized liquid-liquid extraction. Our method of only 8.5 min revealed the levels of the major forms of vitamin K in 59 human and 12 rat sera and confirmed our hypothesis that vitamin K is primarily (about 50 %) found in the high-density lipoprotein fraction. The median concentrations of vitamin K1, MK-4, MK-7, and MK-9 were found to be 1.19, 2.98, 0.43, and < 0.71 nmol/L in human serum and 1.74, 6.75, less than 0.2, and less than 0.5 nmol/L in rat serum, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Mrštná
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Matoušová
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Alejandro Carazo
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pourová
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Matysová
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Hau JL, Schleicher L, Herdan S, Simon J, Seifert J, Fritz G, Steuber J. Functionality of the Na +-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase and quinol:fumarate reductase from Prevotella bryantii inferred from homology modeling. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:32. [PMID: 38127130 PMCID: PMC10739449 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Members of the family Prevotellaceae are Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacteria found in animal and human microbiota. In Prevotella bryantii, the Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR) and quinol:fumarate reductase (QFR) interact using menaquinone as electron carrier, catalyzing NADH:fumarate oxidoreduction. P. bryantii NQR establishes a sodium-motive force, whereas P. bryantii QFR does not contribute to membrane energization. To elucidate the possible mode of function, we present 3D structural models of NQR and QFR from P. bryantii to predict cofactor-binding sites, electron transfer routes and interaction with substrates. Molecular docking reveals the proposed mode of menaquinone binding to the quinone site of subunit NqrB of P. bryantii NQR. A comparison of the 3D model of P. bryantii QFR with experimentally determined structures suggests alternative pathways for transmembrane proton transport in this type of QFR. Our findings are relevant for NADH-dependent succinate formation in anaerobic bacteria which operate both NQR and QFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jann-Louis Hau
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lena Schleicher
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- HoLMiR-Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Leonore-Blosser-Reisen-Weg 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Herdan
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- HoLMiR-Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Leonore-Blosser-Reisen-Weg 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Simon
- Microbial Energy Conservation and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jana Seifert
- HoLMiR-Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Leonore-Blosser-Reisen-Weg 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 8, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter Fritz
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Steuber
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
- HoLMiR-Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Leonore-Blosser-Reisen-Weg 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Huijboom L, Tempelaars M, Fan M, Zhu Y, Boeren S, van der Linden E, Abee T. l-tyrosine modulates biofilm formation of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104072. [PMID: 37080258 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a food-borne pathogen capable of producing biofilms. Following analysis of biofilm formation by B. cereus ATCC 14579 transposon mutants in defined medium (DM), a deletion mutant of bc2939 (Δbc2939) was constructed that showed decreased crystal violet biofilm staining and biofilm cell counts. In addition, Δbc2939 also produced smaller colony biofilms with lower cell counts and loss of wrinkly morphology. The bc2939 gene encodes for Prephenate dehydrogenase, which converts Prephenate to 4-Hydroxy-phenylpyruvate (4-HPPA) in the l-tyrosine branch of the Shikimate pathway. While growth of the mutant and WT in DM was similar, addition of l-tyrosine was required to restore WT-like (colony) biofilm formation. Comparative proteomics showed reduced expression of Tyrosine-protein kinase/phosphatase regulators and extracellular polysaccharide cluster 1 (EPS1) proteins, aerobic electron transfer chain cytochrome aa3/d quinol oxidases, and iso-chorismate synthase involved in menaquinone synthesis in DM grown mutant biofilm cells, while multiple oxidative stress-related catalases and superoxide dismutases were upregulated. Performance in shaking cultures showed a 100-fold lower concentration of menaquinone-7 and reduction in cell counts of DM grown Δbc2939 indicating increased oxygen sensitivity. Combining all results, points to an important role of Tyrosine-modulated EPS1 production and menaquinone-dependent aerobic respiration in B. cereus ATCC 14579 (colony) biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Huijboom
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Tempelaars
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mingzhen Fan
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Yourong Zhu
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708, WE, the Netherlands.
| | - Erik van der Linden
- Laboratory of Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Li C, Liang C, Kong Z, Su Y, Ren W, Dong H, Wu Y, Yang N, Liu R, Wu J, Zheng Y. Determination of Vitamin K1, MK-4, MK-7, and D Levels in Human Serum of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Women Based on High Stability LC-MS/MS: MK-7 May Be a New Marker of Bone Metabolism. Ann Nutr Metab 2023; 79:334-342. [PMID: 37253343 DOI: 10.1159/000531065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin K (VK) as well as vitamin D (VD) plays an important role in osteoporosis. Vitamin K1 (VK1), vitamin K2 (VK2, menaquinone-4 (MK-4), and menaquinone-7 (MK-7)) are significant for the metabolism of skeletal muscle. 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3) reflect circulating VD levels. More sensitive measurements remain to be developed. In the present study, a new high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of VK1, VK2 (MK-4 and MK-7), as well as 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 levels in human serum. METHODS We developed a simple LC-MS/MS method for the determination of VK1, MK-4, MK-7, 25(OH)D2, and 25(OH)D3 levels in human serum and validated the method in a study cohort of 200 patients divided into the premenopausal women group and postmenopausal osteoporosis patient group. RESULTS The overall precision (coefficient of variation) ranged from 2.66 to 10.11% in the specified working range (0.05-5 ng/mL) for VK1, MK-4, and MK-7. Serum VK1, MK-4, and MK-7 levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were 1.187 ± 0.094 ng/mL, 0.058 ± 0.009 ng/mL, and 0.885 ± 0.064 ng/mL, respectively (mean ± standard deviation). Serum VK1, MK-4, and MK-7 levels in premenopausal women were 1.143 ± 0.103 ng/mL, 0.028 ± 0.003 ng/mL, and 1.553 ± 0.226 ng/mL, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were 0.757 ± 0.056 ng/mL and 11.72 ± 0.632 ng/mL, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 levels in premenopausal were 1.793 ± 0.575 ng/mL and 12.42 ± 1.069 ng/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION A new LC-MS/MS method for determination of serum VK and VD levels was evaluated and validated. MK-7 in plasma decreased earlier than VD in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients. MK-7 status is significantly associated with osteoporosis and could be considered a predictable biomarker in the diagnosis of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiying Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China,
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Ziqing Kong
- Hangzhou Calibra Diagnostics Co., LTD, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huiran Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- Hangzhou Calibra Diagnostics Co., LTD, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nana Yang
- Beijing Health Biotechnology Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichen Liu
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., LTD., Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
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Calisto F, Todorovic S, Louro RO, Pereira MM. Exploring substrate interaction in respiratory alternative complex III from Rhodothermus marinus. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2023; 1864:148983. [PMID: 37127243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2023.148983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rhodothermus marinus is a thermohalophilic organism that has optimized its microaerobic metabolism at 65 °C. We have been exploring its respiratory chain and observed the existence of a quinone:cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex, named Alternative Complex III, structurally different from the bc1 complex. In the present work, we took profit from nanodiscs and liposomes technology to investigate ACIII activity in membrane-mimicking systems. In addition, we studied the interaction of ACIII with menaquinone, its potential electron acceptors (HiPIP and cytochrome c) and the caa3 oxygen reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Calisto
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Smilja Todorovic
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica - António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo O Louro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica - António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuela M Pereira
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Linden M, Flegler A, Feuereisen MM, Weber F, Lipski A, Schieber A. Effects of flavonoids on membrane adaptation of food-associated bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2023; 1865:184137. [PMID: 36746312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of naringenin and the biflavonoids amentoflavone and tetrahydroamentoflavone on select bacterial lipids (carotenoids, fatty acids, and menaquinones) and membrane fluidity based on Laurdan generalized polarization were investigated. For this purpose, the pigment-forming food-associated microorganisms Staphylococcus xylosus (DSM 20266T and J70), Staphylococcus carnosus DSM 20501T, and Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341 and J3) were studied. The results suggest an envelope stress response by microorganisms due to flavonoids and an employment of adaptive mechanisms using carotenoids, fatty acids, and menaquinones. The flavonoid monomer naringenin impacted carotenoids, fatty acids, menaquinones, and membrane fluidity. Naringenin significantly influenced the carotenoid profile, particularly by an increase in the relative proportion of 4,4'-diaponeurosporenoic acid in Staphylococcus xylosus. Amentoflavone caused changes mainly in the membrane of Micrococcus luteus and decreased the menaquinone content. Tetrahydroamentoflavone mainly affected the carotenoids in the investigated strains. The noticeably different CCS value of tetrahydroamentoflavone compared to naringenin and amentoflavone revealed further insights into the structure-dependent effects of flavonoids. This study provides valuable insights into the response of pigment-forming food-associated microorganisms to naringenin, amentoflavone, and tetrahydroamentoflavone, which is important for the targeted and safe application of the latter as natural preservatives and useful for further research on the mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Linden
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Flegler
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelle M Feuereisen
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Weber
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - André Lipski
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schieber
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Berg K, Hegde P, Pujari V, Brinkmann M, Wilkins DZ, Parish T, Crick DC, Aldrich CC. SAR study of piperidine derivatives as inhibitors of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate isoprenyltransferase (MenA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115125. [PMID: 36682292 PMCID: PMC9975056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The electron transport chain (ETC) in the cell membrane consists of a series of redox complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to acceptors and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+) across a membrane. This process generates proton motive force which is used to produce ATP and a myriad of other functions and is essential for the long-term survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative organism of tuberculosis (TB), under the hypoxic conditions present within infected granulomas. Menaquinone (MK), an important carrier molecule within the mycobacterial ETC, is synthesized de novo by a cluster of enzymes known as the classic/canonical MK biosynthetic pathway. MenA (1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate prenyltransferase), the antepenultimate enzyme in this pathway, is a verified target for TB therapy. In this study, we explored structure-activity relationships of a previously discovered MenA inhibitor scaffold, seeking to improve potency and drug disposition properties. Focusing our campaign upon three molecular regions, we identified two novel inhibitors with potent activity against MenA and Mtb (IC50 = 13-22 μM, GIC50 = 8-10 μM). These analogs also displayed substantially improved pharmacokinetic parameters and potent synergy with other ETC-targeting agents, achieving nearly complete sterilization of Mtb in combination therapy within two weeks in vivo. These new inhibitors of MK biosynthesis present a promising new strategy to curb the continued spread of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Berg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Pooja Hegde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Venugopal Pujari
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Marzena Brinkmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - David Z Wilkins
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Dean C Crick
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Lee SM, Jeong EG, Jeong YI, Rha SH, Kim SE, An WS. Omega-3 fatty acid and menaquinone-7 combination are helpful for aortic calcification prevention, reducing osteoclast area of bone and Fox0 expression of muscle in uremic rats. Ren Fail 2022; 44:1873-1885. [PMID: 36632744 PMCID: PMC9848285 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2142140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopenia, sarcopenia, and vascular calcification (VC) are prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease and often coexist. In the absence of proven therapies, it is necessary to develop therapeutic or preventive nutrients supplementation for osteopenia, sarcopenia, and VC. The present study investigated the effect of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) on osteopenia, sarcopenia, and VC in adenine and low-protein diet-induced uremic rats. METHODS Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 0.75% adenine and 2.5% protein for three weeks. Rats were randomly divided into four groups that were fed diets containing 2.5% protein for four weeks: adenine control (0.9% saline), omega-3 FA (300 mg/kg/day), MK-7 (50 µg/kg/day), and omega-3 FA/MK-7. Von Kossa staining for aortic calcification assessment was performed. Osteoclast surface/bone surface ratio (OcS/BS) of bone and muscle fiber were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) immunohistochemical staining was done in the aorta and bone. Molecules related with sarcopenia were analyzed using western blotting. RESULTS Compared to the normal control, OcS/BS and aortic calcification, and OPG staining in the aorta and bone were significantly increased in the adenine controls. OPG staining and aortic calcification progressed the least in the group supplemented with both omega-3 FA/MK-7. In the adenine controls, the regular arrangement of muscle fiber was severely disrupted, and inflammatory cell infiltration was more prominent. These findings were reduced after combined supplementation with omega-3 FA/MK-7. Furthermore, decreased mammalian target of rapamycin and increased Forkhead box protein 1 expression was significantly restored by combined supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Combined nutrients supplementation with omega-3 FA and MK-7 may be helpful for aortic VC prevention, reducing osteoclast activation and improving sarcopenia-related molecules in adenine and low-protein diet induced uremic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Mi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu Gene Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu In Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hee Rha
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk An
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Won Suk An Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, 3Ga-1, Dongdaesin-Dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-715, Republic of Korea
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10
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Abou-Hamdan A, Mahler R, Grossenbacher P, Biner O, Sjöstrand D, Lochner M, Högbom M, von Ballmoos C. Functional design of bacterial superoxide:quinone oxidoreductase. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2022; 1863:148583. [PMID: 35671795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The superoxide anion - molecular oxygen reduced by a single electron - is produced in large amounts by enzymatic and adventitious reactions. It can perform a range of cellular functions, including bacterial warfare and iron uptake, signalling and host immune response in eukaryotes. However, it also serves as precursor for more deleterious species such as the hydroxyl anion or peroxynitrite and defense mechanisms to neutralize superoxide are important for cellular health. In addition to the soluble proteins superoxide dismutase and superoxide reductase, recently the membrane embedded diheme cytochrome b561 (CybB) from E. coli has been proposed to act as a superoxide:quinone oxidoreductase. Here, we confirm superoxide and cellular ubiquinones or menaquinones as natural substrates and show that quinone binding to the enzyme accelerates the reaction with superoxide. The reactivity of the substrates is in accordance with the here determined midpoint potentials of the two b hemes (+48 and -23 mV / NHE). Our data suggest that the enzyme can work near the diffusion limit in the forward direction and can also catalyse the reverse reaction efficiently under physiological conditions. The data is discussed in the context of described cytochrome b561 proteins and potential physiological roles of CybB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Abou-Hamdan
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roman Mahler
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Grossenbacher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Biner
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dan Sjöstrand
- Stockholm center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Lochner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Högbom
- Stockholm center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph von Ballmoos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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11
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Dunlop E, Jakobsen J, Jensen MB, Arcot J, Qiao L, Cunningham J, Black LJ. Vitamin K content of cheese, yoghurt and meat products in Australia. Food Chem 2022; 397:133772. [PMID: 35907393 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is vital for normal blood coagulation, and may influence bone, neurological and vascular health. Data on the vitamin K content of Australian foods are limited, preventing estimation of vitamin K intakes in the Australian population. We measured phylloquinone (PK) and menaquinone (MK) -4 to -10 in cheese, yoghurt and meat products (48 composite samples from 288 primary samples) by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry. At least one K vitamer was found in every sample. The greatest mean (± standard deviation for foods sampled in multiple cities) concentrations of PK (4.9 µg/100 g), MK-4 (58 ± 9 µg/100 g) and MK-9 (8 ± 2 µg/100 g) were found in lamb liver, chicken leg meat and Cheddar cheese, respectively. Cheddar cheese (1.1 ± 0.3 µg/100 g) and cream cheese (1.0 µg/100 g) contained MK-5. MK-8 was found in Cheddar cheese only (4 ± 2 µg/100 g). As the K vitamer profile and concentrations appear to vary considerably by geographical location, Australia needs a vitamin K food composition dataset that is representative of foods consumed in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Dunlop
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Jette Jakobsen
- Research Group for Bioactives - Analysis and Application, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Marie Bagge Jensen
- Research Group for Bioactives - Analysis and Application, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jayashree Arcot
- Food and Health, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Judy Cunningham
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Lucinda J Black
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
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12
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Anand P, Akhter Y. A review on enzyme complexes of electron transport chain from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as promising drug targets. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:474-494. [PMID: 35613677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is a universal process occurring in all life forms. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), energy production is carried out in two possible ways, oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and substrate-level phosphorylation. Mtb is an obligate aerobic bacterium, making it dependent on OxPhos for ATP synthesis and growth. Mtb inhabits varied micro-niches during the infection cycle, outside and within the host cells, which alters its primary metabolic pathways during the pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss cellular respiration in the context of the mechanism and structural importance of the proteins and enzyme complexes involved. These protein-protein complexes have been proven to be essential for Mtb virulence as they aid the bacteria's survival during aerobic and hypoxic conditions. ATP synthase, a crucial component of the electron transport chain, has been in the limelight, as a prominent drug target against tuberculosis. Likewise, in this review, we have explored other protein-protein complexes of the OxPhos pathway, their functional essentiality, and their mechanism in Mtb's diverse lifecycle. The review summarises crucial target proteins and reported inhibitors of the electron transport chain pathway of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Anand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India.
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13
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Choi SR, Narayanasamy P. Synthesis, optimization, in vitro and in vivo study of bicyclic substituted amine as MenA inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128203. [PMID: 34139327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) plays essential role in the electron transport chain (ETC), suggesting MK biosynthesis enzymes as potential targets for drug development. Previously, we demonstrated that Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is susceptible to naphthol-based compounds which were developed by mimicking demethylmenaquinone, a product of MenA enzymatic reaction. Here, a series of new MenA inhibitors (4-19) were synthesized and evaluated as MenA inhibitors in this study. The inhibitors were designed to improve growth inhibitory activity against MRSA. Among the MenA inhibitors, bicyclic substituted amine 3 showed MIC of 3 µg/mL, and alkenyl substituted amine 11 showed MIC of 8 µg/mL against USA300. Regrowth of MRSA was observed on addition of MK when exposed to 8 µg/mL of inhibitor 11, supporting inhibition of MK biosynthesis. However, inhibitor 11 did not show efficacy in treating USA300 infected C. elegans up to 25 µg/mL concentration. However, all infected C. elegans survived when exposed to a bicyclic substituted amine 3. Hence, a bicyclic substituted amine was tested in mice for tolerability and biodistribution and observed 100% tolerable and high level of compound accumulation in lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Prabagaran Narayanasamy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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14
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Wu J, Li W, Zhao SG, Qian SH, Wang Z, Zhou MJ, Hu WS, Wang J, Hu LX, Liu Y, Xue ZL. Site-directed mutagenesis of the quorum-sensing transcriptional regulator SinR affects the biosynthesis of menaquinone in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:113. [PMID: 34098969 PMCID: PMC8183045 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Menaquinone (MK-7) is a highly valuable vitamin K2 produced by Bacillus subtilis. Common static metabolic engineering approaches for promoting the production of MK-7 have been studied previously. However, these approaches caused an accumulation of toxic substances and reduced product yield. Hence, dynamic regulation by the quorum sensing (QS) system is a promising method for achieving a balance between product synthesis and cell growth. Results In this study, the QS transcriptional regulator SinR, which plays a significant role in biofilm formation and MK production simultaneously, was selected, and its site-directed mutants were constructed. Among these mutants, sinR knock out strain (KO-SinR) increased the biofilm biomass by 2.8-fold compared to the wild-type. SinRquad maximized the yield of MK-7 (102.56 ± 2.84 mg/L). To decipher the mechanism of how this mutant regulates MK-7 synthesis and to find additional potential regulators that enhance MK-7 synthesis, RNA-seq was used to analyze expression changes in the QS system, biofilm formation, and MK-7 synthesis pathway. The results showed that the expressions of tapA, tasA and epsE were up-regulated 9.79-, 0.95-, and 4.42-fold, respectively. Therefore, SinRquad formed more wrinkly and smoother biofilms than BS168. The upregulated expressions of glpF, glpk, and glpD in this biofilm morphology facilitated the flow of glycerol through the biofilm. In addition, NADH dehydrogenases especially sdhA, sdhB, sdhC and glpD, increased 1.01-, 3.93-, 1.87-, and 1.11-fold, respectively. The increased expression levels of NADH dehydrogenases indicated that more electrons were produced for the electron transport system. Electrical hyperpolarization stimulated the synthesis of the electron transport chain components, such as cytochrome c and MK, to ensure the efficiency of electron transfer. Wrinkly and smooth biofilms formed a network of interconnected channels with a low resistance to liquid flow, which was beneficial for the uptake of glycerol, and facilitated the metabolic flux of four modules of the MK-7 synthesis pathway. Conclusions In this study, we report for the first time that SinRquad has significant effects on MK-7 synthesis by forming wrinkly and smooth biofilms, upregulating the expression level of most NADH dehydrogenases, and providing higher membrane potential to stimulate the accumulation of the components in the electron transport system. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01603-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Shi-Guang Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Sen-He Qian
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Meng-Jie Zhou
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Wen-Song Hu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Liu-Xiu Hu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Wuhu Zhanghengchun Medicine CO., LTD, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China. .,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China. .,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China.
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15
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Fujii S, Miura T, Oikawa T, Qin XY, Kojima S, Kagechika H. Design, synthesis and antitumor activity of phthalazine-1,4-dione-based menaquinone analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 43:128065. [PMID: 33915257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
New chemotherapeutics are needed to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and menaquinones, homologs of vitamin K consisting of a 1,4-naphthoquinone core and a (poly)isoprene chain, are potential candidates. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of phthalazine-1,4-dione-based menaquinone analogs. Among them, compounds bearing the intact isoprene chain exhibited selective antiproliferative activity towards HCC cell line JHH7, as compared with normal hepatocytes. The geranyl derivative 10 showed submicromolar potency, and might be a promising lead compound for anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Fujii
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Oikawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Xian-Yang Qin
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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16
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Flegler A, Kombeitz V, Lipski A. Menaquinone-mediated regulation of membrane fluidity is relevant for fitness of Listeria monocytogenes. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3353-60. [PMID: 33871675 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen with the ability to grow at low temperatures down to − 0.4 °C. Maintaining cytoplasmic membrane fluidity by changing the lipid membrane composition is important during growth at low temperatures. In Listeria monocytogenes, the dominant adaptation effect is the fluidization of the membrane by shortening of fatty acid chain length. In some strains, however, an additional response is the increase in menaquinone content during growth at low temperatures. The increase of this neutral lipid leads to fluidization of the membrane and thus represents a mechanism that is complementary to the fatty acid-mediated modification of membrane fluidity. This study demonstrated that the reduction of menaquinone content for Listeria monocytogenes strains resulted in significantly lower resistance to temperature stress and lower growth rates compared to unaffected control cultures after growth at 6 °C. Menaquinone content was reduced by supplementation with aromatic amino acids, which led to a feedback inhibition of the menaquinone synthesis. Menaquinone-reduced Listeria monocytogenes strains showed reduced bacterial cell fitness. This confirmed the adaptive function of menaquinones for growth at low temperatures of this pathogen.
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17
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Raj DS, Kottaisamy CPD, Hopper W, Sankaran U. Identification of immucillin analogue natural compounds to inhibit Helicobacter pylori MTAN through high throughput virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:22. [PMID: 33786292 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract One in every two humans is having Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in stomach causing gastric ulcer. Emergence of several drugs in eliminating H. pylori has paved way for emergence of multidrug resistance in them. This resistance is thriving and thereby necessitating the need of a potent drug. Identifying a potential target for medication is crucial. Bacterial 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-enosyl homocysteine nucleosidase (MTAN) is a multifunctional enzyme that controls seven essential metabolic pathways. It functions as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of the N-ribosidic bond of adenosine-based metabolites: S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA), 5'-deoxyadenosine (5'-DOA), and 6-amino-6-deoxyfutalosine. H. pylori unlike other bacteria and humans utilises an alternative pathway for menaquinone synthesis. It utilises Futosiline pathway for menaquinone synthesis which are obligatory component in electron transport pathway. Therefore, the enzymes functioning in this pathway represent them-self as a point of attack for new medications. We targeted MTAN protein of H. pylori to find out a potent natural hit to inhibit its growth. A comparative analysis was made with potent H. pylori MTAN (HpMTAN) known inhibitor, 5'-butylthio-DADMe-Immucillin-A (BuT-DADMe-ImmA) and ZINC natural subset database. Optimized ligands from the ZINC natural database were virtually screened using ligand based pharmacophore hypothesis to obtain the most efficient and potent inhibitors for HpMTAN. The screened leads were evaluated for their therapeutic likeness. Furthermore, the ligands that passed the test were subjected for MM-GBSA with MTAN to reveal the essential features that contributes selectivity. The results showed that Van der Waals contributions play a central role in determining the selectivity of MTAN. Molecular dynamics (MD) studies were carried out for 100 ns to assess the stability of ligands in the active site. MD analysis showed that binding of ZINC00490333 with MTAN is stable compared to reference inhibitor molecule BuT-DADMe-ImmA. Among the natural inhibitors screened after various docking procedures ZINC00490333 has highest binding score for HpMTAN (- 13.987). The ZINC inhibitor was successful in reproducing the BuT-DADMe-ImmA interactions with HpMTAN. Hence we suggest that ZINC00490333 compound may represent as a good lead in designing novel potent inhibitors of HpMTAN. This in silico approach indicates the potential of this molecule for advancing a further step in gastric ulcer treatment. Graphic abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00081-2.
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Lee MH, Kim TE, Jang HW, Chun YG, Kim BK. Physical and turbidimetric properties of cholecalciferol- and menaquinone-loaded lipid nanocarriers emulsified with polysorbate 80 and soy lecithin. Food Chem 2021; 348:129099. [PMID: 33503533 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the physical and turbidimetric properties of cholecalciferol- and menaquinone-loaded lipid nanocarriers emulsified with different ratios of polysorbate 80 and soy lecithin. The lipid nanocarriers were subjected to three different heat treatments, LTLT (low temperature long time), HTST (high temperature short time), and autoclave treatments. Both cholecalciferol and menaquinone were successfully encapsulated in lipid nanocarriers and there was little loss of them during preparation. The droplet size of lipid nanocarriers emulsified with only polysorbate 80 increased and its PDI became larger than 0.3 after autoclave treatment. Moreover, 30.9% and 49.4% of cholecalciferol and menaquinone, respectively, were lost. In turbidimetric analysis, the destabilization by creaming formation in the upper layer of the lipid nanocarriers emulsified with a high polysorbate ratio was observed. However, the use of combination of both emulsifiers inhibited destabilization by flocculation as well as retained the cholecalciferol and menaquinone after all heat treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hyeock Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Won Jang
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Gi Chun
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Keun Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Wang K, Wu Q, Li Z, Reger MK, Xiong Y, Zhong G, Li Q, Zhang X, Li H, Foukakis T, Xiang T, Zhang J, Ren G. Vitamin K intake and breast cancer incidence and death: results from a prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:3370-3378. [PMID: 33277073 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Vitamin K prevents growth and metastasis of certain cancers, but there is little evidence regarding the association between dietary vitamin K and breast cancer incidence and death. We sought to examine whether intakes of total vitamin K, phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and menaquinones (MKs) (vitamin K2) may influence risks of breast cancer incidence and death in the US population. METHODS Herein, 2286 breast cancer cases and 207 breast cancer deaths were identified during 702,748 person-years of follow-up. Cox regression and competing risk regression were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) by dietary vitamin K intake quintile (Q) for risk of breast cancer incidence and mortality. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, the total MK intake was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (HR Q5 vs Q1, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.52; Ptrend, 0.01) and death from breast cancer (HR Q5 vs Q1, 1.71; 95% CI, 0.97 to 3.01; Ptrend, 0.04). Non-linear positive dose-response associations with risks of breast cancer incidence and death were found for total MKs intake (Pnon-linearity<0.05). No statistically significant associations were observed between the intake of total vitamin K and phylloquinone and breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that total MK intake was associated with an altered risk of the occurrence and death of breast cancer in the general US population. If our findings are replicated in other epidemiological studies, reducing dietary intake of menaquinones may offer a novel strategy for breast cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qianxue Wu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhuyue Li
- West China Hospital / West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael K Reger
- College of Health Professions Ferris State University, 200 Ferris Drive, VFS 300B, Big Rapids, MI, 49307, USA
| | - Yongfu Xiong
- The First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, China
| | - Guochao Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hongyuan Li
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Theodoros Foukakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17164, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center Indiana University, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, RG5118, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Hu LX, Feng JJ, Wu J, Li W, Gningue SM, Yang ZM, Wang Z, Liu Y, Xue ZL. Identification of six important amino acid residues of MenA from Bacillus subtilis natto for enzyme activity and formation of menaquinone. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 138:109583. [PMID: 32527527 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 1, 4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA) prenyltransferase (MenA) is a critical player in determining the efficiency of the menaquinone (MK) synthesis pathway and is an attractive target for the development of novel chemotherapeutics against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. However, there has been no report on structural properties or active region of MenA. To solve this challenge, we predicted the three-dimensiona structure and critical amino acid sites of MenA by bioinformatics analysis. Six amino acid sites were chosen by alligning the amino acid sequence of MenA from Bacillus subtilis natto with 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyl transferase (UbiA) from Escherichia coli, Aeropyrum pernix and Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Among them, four Asp sites located in two Asp-rich motifs (D78XXXXXD84 and D208XXXD212) were found to be indispensable amino acid residues in maintaining MenA activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of two other sites (Q67th, N74th) positively affected the catalytic activity of MenA and the MK titer. Q67R resulted in more than a 5-fold increase in specific 2-demethylmenaquinone (DMK) content (YP1/x) compared to wild-type, and the hydrophobic interaction between Cys63 and Arg67 could be the main reason according to the three-dimensional structure analysis. Moreover, a dramatic increase in specific MK content (YP2/x) was realized by co-expressing menG in EcMenA (Q67R). The results obtained could be useful not only in developing novel chemotherapeutics to combat potentially pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria, but also in regulating and optimizating E. coli mutant cultures for the efficient production of MK metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Xiu Hu
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China; Wuhu Zhanghengchun Medicine CO., LTD, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing-Jing Feng
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Sokhna Mbacke Gningue
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Zi-Ming Yang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China.
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China.
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Chen T, Xia H, Cui S, Lv X, Li X, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Liu L. Combinatorial Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway Engineering and Process Optimization for Increased Menaquinone-7 Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:762-769. [PMID: 32482943 PMCID: PMC9745656 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1912.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is an essential vitamin existing in the daily diet, and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is an important form of it. In a recent work, we engineered the synthesis modules of MK-7 in Bacillus subtilis, and the strain BS20 could produce 360 mg/l MK-7 in shake flasks, while the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, which provides the precursor isopentenyl diphosphate for MK-7 synthesis, was not engineered. In this study, we overexpressed five genes of the MEP pathway in BS20 and finally obtained a strain (BS20DFHG) with MK-7 titer of 415 mg/l in shake flasks. Next, we optimized the fermentation process parameters (initial pH, temperature and aeration) in an 8-unit parallel bioreactor system consisting of 300-ml glass vessels. Based on this, we scaled up the MK-7 production by the strain BS20DFHG in a 50-l bioreactor, and the highest MK-7 titer reached 242 mg/l. Here, we show that the engineered strain BS20DFHG may be used for the industrial production of MK-7 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 141, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Xia
- Richen Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Nantong 226000, P.R. China
| | - Shixiu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Xueliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 141, P.R. China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
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Cao S, Du X, Li P, Yuan G, Chen S, Chen W, Song X, Kuang B. A chemical screening method for menaquinone-producing strains based on HPLC-UV technology. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 172:105907. [PMID: 32240706 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite menaquinones (MKs)-4 and - 7 being known to have extensive biological activities and applications, less attention has been paid to the other MKs. Thus, to obtain a range of MKs to further explore their pharmacological activities, structure-activity relationships, and applications, a chemical screening method for MK-producing strains was established based on high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) technology. Considering that Bacillus strains have proven to be an important MK-producing bioresource, twenty-nine putative Bacillus isolates previously sought from a fermented soybean sample were used for the validation of the chemical screening method, which ultimately led to the discovery of sixteen MK-producing strains. Among them, Bacillus subtilis DC-1 presented excellent ability to produce MKs. Another, a purchased strain of B. amyloliquefaciens was discovered to be an MK-producing strain. These results indicated this screening method was simple and highly efficient for the discovery of MK-producing strains, especially those producing a range of MK structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Cao
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xia Du
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Pingyi Li
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ganjun Yuan
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Shanjun Chen
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Weiping Chen
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Song
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bingdi Kuang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Ren L, Peng C, Hu X, Han Y, Huang H. Microbial production of vitamin K2: current status and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 39:107453. [PMID: 31629792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K2, also called menaquinone, is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in blood clotting and prevention of osteoporosis. It has become a focus of research in recent years and has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review will briefly introduce the functions and applications of vitamin K2 first, after which the biosynthesis pathways and enzymes will be analyzed in-depth to highlight the bottlenecks facing the microbial vitamin K2 production on the industrial scale. Then, various strategies, including strain mutagenesis and genetic modification, different cultivation modes, fermentation and separation processes, will be summarized and discussed. The future prospects and perspectives of microbial menaquinone production will also be discussed finally.
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Sun X, Liu H, Wang P, Wang L, Ni W, Yang Q, Wang H, Tang H, Zhao G, Zheng Z. Construction of a novel MK-4 biosynthetic pathway in Pichia pastoris through heterologous expression of HsUBIAD1. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:169. [PMID: 31601211 PMCID: PMC6786277 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With a variety of physiological and pharmacological functions, menaquinone is an essential prenylated product that can be endogenously converted from phylloquinone (VK1) or menadione (VK3) via the expression of Homo sapiens UBIAD1 (HsUBIAD1). The methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, is an attractive expression system that has been successfully applied to the efficient expression of heterologous proteins. However, the menaquinone biosynthetic pathway has not been discovered in P. pastoris. Results Firstly, we constructed a novel synthetic pathway in P. pastoris for the production of menaquinone-4 (MK-4) via heterologous expression of HsUBIAD1. Then, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase constitutive promoter (PGAP) appeared to be mostsuitable for the expression of HsUBIAD1 for various reasons. By optimizing the expression conditions of HsUBIAD1, its yield increased by 4.37 times after incubation at pH 7.0 and 24 °C for 36 h, when compared with that under the initial conditions. We found HsUBIAD1 expressed in recombinant GGU-23 has the ability to catalyze the biosynthesis of MK-4 when using VK1 and VK3 as the isopentenyl acceptor. In addition, we constructed a ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-mediated multi-copy expression vector for the fusion expression of SaGGPPS and PpIDI, and the recombinant GGU-GrIG afforded higher MK-4 production, so that it was selected as the high-yield strain. Finally, the yield of MK-4 was maximized at 0.24 mg/g DCW by improving the GGPP supply when VK3 was the isopentenyl acceptor. Conclusions In this study, we constructed a novel synthetic pathway in P. pastoris for the biosynthesis of the high value-added prenylated product MK-4 through heterologous expression of HsUBIAD1 and strengthened accumulation of GGPP. This approach could be further developed and accomplished for the biosynthesis of other prenylated products, which has great significance for theoretical research and industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Sun
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Ni
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengfang Tang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Genhai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Dunovska K, Klapkova E, Sopko B, Cepova J, Prusa R. LC-MS/MS quantitative analysis of phylloquinone, menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 in the human serum of a healthy population. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7695. [PMID: 31579595 PMCID: PMC6754977 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel application of the liquid chromatography method combined with the triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantification of vitamin K1 and two forms of vitamin K2 (menaquinone-4, menaquinone-7) in human serum. Total chromatography time for each run was 9 min. Time required for the sample pretreatment procedures was approximately 4 h. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of intra-assay were 10.4%, 3.2 % and 2.3% for vitamin K1 in three levels of quality control samples; were 14.3%, 3.2% and 6.7% for menaquinone-4; and were 11.1%, 6.0% and 7.0% for menaquinone-7. The inter-assay CVs were 12.8%, 11.3% and 7.4% for vitamin K1; were 15.2%, 9.2% and 8.7% for menaquinone-4; and were 13.2%,11.1% and 7.2% for menaquinone-7. No interference was found between K1, menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7, nor any deuterated internal standards. This method was then used to determine reference values for Caucasian populations of central European origin. Samples were measured from 191 healthy volunteers (51.2 ± 16.2 years (mean ± SD)) and the values concerning K1 were 0.044-1.357 ng/mL for women and 0.030-1.214 ng/mL for men. The values for menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 did not exhibit any differences between women and men, and were 0.050-1.598 and 0.074-0.759 ng/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Dunovska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Klapkova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Sopko
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Cepova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Prusa
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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Liu Y, van Bennekom EO, Zhang Y, Abee T, Smid EJ. Long-chain vitamin K2 production in Lactococcus lactis is influenced by temperature, carbon source, aeration and mode of energy metabolism. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:129. [PMID: 31387603 PMCID: PMC6683496 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin K2 (menaquinone, MK-n) is a lipid-soluble vitamin that functions as a carboxylase co-factor for maturation of proteins involved in many vital physiological processes in humans. Notably, long-chain vitamin K2 is produced by bacteria, including some species and strains belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that play important roles in food fermentation processes. This study was performed to gain insights into the natural long-chain vitamin K2 production capacity of LAB and the factors influencing vitamin K2 production during cultivation, providing a basis for biotechnological production of vitamin K2 and in situ fortification of this vitamin in food products. Results We observed that six selected Lactococcus lactis strains produced MK-5 to MK-10, with MK-8 and MK-9 as the major MK variant. Significant diversities between strains were observed in terms of specific concentrations and titres of vitamin K2. L. lactis ssp. cremoris MG1363 was selected for more detailed studies of the impact of selected carbon sources tested under different growth conditions [i.e. static fermentation (oxygen absent, heme absent); aerobic fermentation (oxygen present, heme absent) and aerobic respiration (oxygen present, heme present)] on vitamin K2 production in M17 media. Aerobic fermentation with fructose as a carbon source resulted in the highest specific concentration of vitamin K2: 3.7-fold increase compared to static fermentation with glucose, whereas aerobic respiration with trehalose resulted in the highest titre: 5.2-fold increase compared to static fermentation with glucose. When the same strain was applied to quark fermentation, we consistently observed that altered carbon source (fructose) and aerobic cultivation of the pre-culture resulted in efficient vitamin K2 fortification in the quark product. Conclusions With this study we demonstrate that certain LAB strains can be employed for efficient production of long-chain vitamin K2. Strain selection and optimisation of growth conditions offer a viable strategy towards natural vitamin K2 enrichment of fermented foods, and to improved biotechnological vitamin K2 production processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1179-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric O van Bennekom
- BU Veterinary Drugs, RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Zhang
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eddy J Smid
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Wu WJ, Gao H, Jin JS, Ahn BY. A comparatively study of menaquinone-7 isolated from Cheonggukjang with vitamin K 1 and menaquinone-4 on osteoblastic cells differentiation and mineralization. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110540. [PMID: 31173816 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of menaquinone-7 isolated from cheonggukjang was comparatively investigated with vitamin K1 and menaquinone-4 on cell differentiation and mineralization of the osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. Results indicated that all vitamin K species significantly increased MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, cellular alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin synthesis, and calcium deposition in a dose-dependent manner. Menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 had more potent effects on calcium deposition than vitamin K1, and their effects were only partly reduced by warfarin (γ-carboxylation inhibitor) treatment, while warfarin abolished the induction activity of vitamin K1 on calcification. This suggests that vitamin K1 and K2 (menaquinone-4 & menaquinone-7) may have different mechanisms in stimulating osteoblast mineralization. In addition, the mRNA expression ratio of osteoprotegerin and the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand was also dramatically increased by treatment with vitamin K1 (62%), menaquinone-4 (247%), and menaquinone-7 (329%), suggesting that vitamin K may suppress the formation of osteoclast by up-regulating the ratio of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand in osteoblasts. These results provide compelling evidence that vitamin K1, menaquinone-4, and menaquinone-7 all can promote bone health, which might be associated with elevations in the osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand ratio.
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Villa JKD, Diaz MAN, Pizziolo VR, Martino HSD. Effect of vitamin K in bone metabolism and vascular calcification: A review of mechanisms of action and evidences. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3959-3970. [PMID: 27437760 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1211616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a public health concern associated with an increased risk of bone fractures and vascular calcification. Vitamin K presents unique benefits on these issues, although understudied. The two main forms of vitamin K are phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and menaquinone (vitamin K2). In this study, it was especially investigated the action of vitamin K2 in bones and vessels. Vitamin K2 has shown to stimulate bone formation by promoting osteoblast differentiation and carboxylation of osteocalcin, and increasing alkaline phosphatase, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth differentiation factor-15, and stanniocalcin 2 levels. Furthermore, vitamin K2 reduces the pro-apoptotic proteins Fas and Bax in osteoblasts, and decreases osteoclast differentiation by increasing osteoprotegerin and reducing the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand. In blood vessels, vitamin K2 reduces the formation of hydroxyapatite, through the carboxylation of matrix Gla protein and Gla rich protein, inhibits the apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells, by increasing growth arrest-specific gene 6, and reduces the transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells to osteoblasts. The commonly used dosage of vitamin K2 in human studies is 45 mg/day and its application can be an interesting strategy in benefitting bone and vascular health, especially to osteoporotic post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Khéde Dourado Villa
- a Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Marisa Alves Nogueira Diaz
- a Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Virgínia Ramos Pizziolo
- a Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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Liu Y, Yang ZM, Xue ZL, Wang Z, Zhao SG, Zhu LB, Hu LX, Ding XM, Su Y. Bioconversion of farnesol and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate to menaquinone by an immobilized whole-cell biocatalyst using engineered Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:215. [PMID: 29181599 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) has important applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. To increase the production rate (QP) of MK-4, we developed a straightforward biotransformation method for MK-4 synthesis directly from its precursors 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate (DHNA) and farnesol using whole cells of genetically engineered Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Results showed that MK-4 can be produced directly from farnesol and DHNA using both free and immobilized FM-D198 cells. MK-4 yield peaked at 29.85 ± 0.36 mg/L in the organic phase and 24.08 ± 0.33 mg/g DCW after 12 h of bioconversion using free cells in a two-phase conversion system. MK-4 yield reached 26.34 ± 1.35 mg/L and 17.44 ± 1.05 mg/g DCW after 8 h using immobilized cells. Although this yield was lower than that using free cells, immobilized cells can be re-used for MK-4 production via repeated-batch culture. After ten batch cultures, efficient MK-4 production was maintained at a yield of more than 20 mg/L. After optimizing the catalysis system, the MK-4 yield reached 26.91 ± 1.27 mg/L using the immobilized cells and had molar conversion rates of 58.56 and 76.90% for DHNA and farnesol, respectively.
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Mansour AG, Hariri E, Daaboul Y, Korjian S, El Alam A, Protogerou AD, Kilany H, Karam A, Stephan A, Bahous SA. Vitamin K2 supplementation and arterial stiffness among renal transplant recipients-a single-arm, single-center clinical trial. J Am Soc Hypertens 2017; 11:589-597. [PMID: 28756183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Subclinical vitamin K deficiency is prevalent among renal transplant recipients and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the association between vitamin K supplementation and improvement of arterial stiffness has not been explored in the renal transplant population. The KING trial (vitamin K2 In reNal Graft) is a single-arm study that evaluated the association between the change in vitamin K status and indices of arterial stiffness following 8 weeks of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2) supplementation (360 μg once daily) among renal transplant recipients (n = 60). Arterial stiffness was measured using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). Subclinical vitamin K deficiency was defined as plasma concentration of dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP) >500 pmol/L.At baseline, 53.3% of the study subjects had subclinical vitamin K deficiency. Supplementation was associated with a 14.2% reduction in mean cfPWV at 8 weeks (cfPWV pre-vitamin K2 = 9.8 ± 2.2 m/s vs. cfPWV post-vitamin K2 = 8.4 ± 1.5 m/s; P < .001). Mean dp-ucMGP concentrations were also significantly reduced by 55.1% following menaquinone-7 supplementation with a reduction in the prevalence of subclinical deficiency by 40% (P = .001). When controlled for age, durations of hemodialysis and transplantation, and the change in 24-hour mean arterial pressure, the improvement in arterial stiffness was independently associated with the reduction in dp-ucMGP concentration (P = .014).Among renal transplant recipients with stable graft function, vitamin K2 supplementation was associated with improvement in subclinical vitamin K deficiency and arterial stiffness. (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02517580).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Essa Hariri
- Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Yazan Daaboul
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Serge Korjian
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Andrew El Alam
- Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Athanase D Protogerou
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Research Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, "Laiko" Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Hala Kilany
- Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Byblos, Lebanon; Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Albert Karam
- Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Byblos, Lebanon; Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Antoine Stephan
- Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Byblos, Lebanon; Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sola Aoun Bahous
- Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Byblos, Lebanon; Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Liu Y, Ding XM, Xue ZL, Hu LX, Zhang NJ, Wang Z, Yang JW, Cheng Q, Chen MH, Zhang ZZ, Zheng ZM. The change of the state of cell membrane can enhance the synthesis of menaquinone in Escherichia coli. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:52. [PMID: 28197940 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) was an attractive membrane-bound intracellular chemical. To enhance its production, we tried to find the relationship between its synthesis and the state of cell membrane in producing strain. Due to non-ionic surfactant-polyoxyethylene oleyl ether (POE) and plant oil-cedar wood oil (CWO) can typically increase extracellular secretion and intracellular synthesis of MK respectively, the effect of these two substances on cell morphology, physical properties of cell membrane was investigated. Finally, two engineering strains were constructed to verify whether the state of cell membrane can enhance MK synthesis. The result showed that the edge of cells was broken when POE added in the medium. Other physical properties such as total fatty acid content decreased by 40.7% and the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids decreased from 1.58 ± 0.05 to 1.31 ± 0.04. Meanwhile, cell membrane leakage was enhanced from 7.14 to 64.31%. Different from POE group, cell membrane was intact in CWO group. Moreover, the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids increased from 1.58 ± 0.05 to 1.78 ± 0.04 and the average lipid length decreased from 16.05 ± 0.08 to 15.99 ± 0.10. Two constructed strains, especially Escherichia coli DH5α FatB, exhibited strong MK secretion ability and the extracellular MK reached 10.71 ± 0.19 mg/L. An understanding of these functionary mechanisms could not only provide a new idea for the synthesis of MK, but also provide a reference to increase the yield of intracellular membrane-bound metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, 230031, China. .,VCU Massey Cancer Center, VCU Institute of Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Xiu-Min Ding
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Liu-Xiu Hu
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Ning-Juan Zhang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Jian-Wei Yang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Ming-Hong Chen
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Zhang
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, VCU Institute of Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, 230031, China
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Vermeer C, van 't Hoofd C, Knapen MHJ, Xanthoulea S. Synthesis of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinones with higher gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity than MK-4 both in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:208-211. [PMID: 27955810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is the collective term for compounds that share a 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone ring, but differ in the side-chain at the 3-position. We synthesized novel 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives with different side chain length at the 3-position. Derivatives with C-14 and C-16 tails showed the highest in vitro bioactivity resulting in 2.5 and 2-fold higher carboxylated osteocalcin synthesis in MG63 cells than menaquinone-4 (MK-4, form of vitamin K2). Longer side chain lengths resulted in lower bioactivity. The in vivo vitamin K activity of the C-14 tail derivative was further tested in WKY rats receiving a vitamin K-deficient diet that resulted in a 40% decrease of prothrombin activity. The C-14 tail derivative was able to counteract the effects on vitamin K deficiency induced by the diet and resulted in the complete restoration of prothrombin activity. Compared to naturally occurring forms of vitamin K, synthetic vitamin K derivatives may have higher bioactivity and different pharmacological characteristics that are more favorable for use as supplements or in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees Vermeer
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 70, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Cynthia van 't Hoofd
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 70, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo H J Knapen
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 70, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Xanthoulea
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 70, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
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33
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Kokoczka R, Schuessler DL, Early JV, Parish T. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0560c is not essential for growth in vitro or in macrophages. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 102:3-7. [PMID: 28061949 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0560c, a putative benzoquinone methyl transferase, is heavily induced in response to salicylate exposure. It has some similarity to Escherichia coli UbiG, although its role in ubiquinone or menaquinone synthesis is not clear, since M. tuberculosis is not known to produce ubiquinone. We constructed an unmarked in-frame deletion of Rv0560c in M. tuberculosis to determine its role in vitro. Deletion of Rv0560c in M. tuberculosis had no effect on growth in medium containing salicylate or in its ability to grow in macrophages. In addition, no change to compound sensitivity, as determined by minimum inhibitory concentrations, for a range of compounds targeting respiration was noted. Plumbagin, ethambutol and CCCP had the same minimum bactericidal concentration against the deletion and wild-type strains. Taken together these data show that Rv0560c is dispensable under in vitro conditions in both axenic and macrophage culture and suggest that the role of Rv0560c may be in an alternate biosynthetic pathway of menaquinone which is only used under specific growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kokoczka
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, United States
| | - Dorothée L Schuessler
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, E1 2AD, UK
| | - Julie V Early
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, United States
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, United States; Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, E1 2AD, UK.
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34
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Harrington TD, Tran VN, Mohamed A, Renslow R, Biria S, Orfe L, Call DR, Beyenal H. The mechanism of neutral red-mediated microbial electrosynthesis in Escherichia coli: menaquinone reduction. Bioresour Technol 2015; 192:689-95. [PMID: 26094195 PMCID: PMC4516386 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to elucidate the mechanism of mediated microbial electrosynthesis via neutral red from an electrode to fermenting Escherichia coli cultures in a bioelectrochemical system. Chemical reduction of NAD(+) by reduced neutral red did not occur as predicted. Instead, neutral red was shown to reduce the menaquinone pool in the inner bacterial membrane. The reduced menaquinone pool altered fermentative metabolite production via the arcB redox-sensing cascade in the absence of terminal electron acceptors. When the acceptors DMSO, fumarate, or nitrate were provided, as many as 19% of the electrons trapped in the reduced acceptors were derived from the electrode. These results demonstrate the mechanism of neutral red-mediated microbial electrosynthesis during fermentation as well as how neutral red enables microbial electrosynthesis of reduced terminal electron acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Harrington
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Vi N Tran
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Abdelrhman Mohamed
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ryan Renslow
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Saeid Biria
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Lisa Orfe
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Douglas R Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Haluk Beyenal
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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35
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Puri A, Mir SR, Panda BP. Effect of sequential bio-processing conditions on the content and composition of vitamin K2 and isoflavones in fermented soy food. J Food Sci Technol 2015; 52:8228-35. [PMID: 26604398 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present research, effect of sequential addition of Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bacillus subtilis and Rhizopus oligosporus on content and composition of vitamin K2 and isoflavones in fermented soy foods have been investigated. Initially, soybeans were fermented with B. bifidum; then this fermented mass was re-fermented with co-culture of B. subtilis and R. oligosporus. The evolved sequence of microbes inoculation tended towards significantly (p < 0.5) higher enzymes levels (126.16 ± 2.23 IU/mg lipase, 36.52 ± 1.25 IU/mg phytase and 8.52 ± 1.12 IU/mg β-glucosidase); maximum menaquinone-7 production (9.3 ± 1.27 μg/g); and isoflavone content (84.64 ± 1.97 % daidzein, 99.29 ± 0.86 % genistein, 96.42 ± 1.32 % glycitein) after 72 h of solid-state fermentation. The study showed that co-fermentation of soybean with different microbes in a particular sequence can enhance nutritional value batter than the mono-culture fermentation due to the positive correlation between enzymes (lipase, phytase, β-glucosidase) levels, menaquinone-7 and soy isoflavones content.
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36
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Fujii S, Shimizu A, Takeda N, Oguchi K, Katsurai T, Shirakawa H, Komai M, Kagechika H. Systematic synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of ω-carboxylated menaquinone derivatives--Investigations on identified and putative vitamin K₂ metabolites. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2344-52. [PMID: 25858455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is an essential nutrient for blood coagulation and bone homeostasis, and also functions in many physiological processes including inflammation and cancer progression. However, the nature and activities of its metabolites remain unclear. We report here systematic synthesis of ω-carboxylated derivatives of menaquinone (vitamin K2), including previously identified metabolites 5, K acid I (10), and K acid II (12), and evaluation of their inhibitory activity toward LPS-stimulated induction of inflammatory cytokines. These results should contribute to an improved understanding of the biochemistry and pharmacology of vitamin K.
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37
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Mukherjee S, Lapidus A, Shapiro N, Cheng JF, Han J, Reddy T, Huntemann M, Ivanova N, Mikhailova N, Chen A, Palaniappan K, Spring S, Göker M, Markowitz V, Woyke T, Tindall BJ, Klenk HP, Kyrpides NC, Pati A. High quality draft genome sequence and analysis of Pontibacter roseus type strain SRC-1(T) (DSM 17521(T)) isolated from muddy waters of a drainage system in Chandigarh, India. Stand Genomic Sci 2015. [PMID: 26203325 PMCID: PMC4511580 DOI: 10.1186/1944-3277-10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pontibacter roseus is a member of genus Pontibacter family Cytophagaceae, class Cytophagia. While the type species of the genus Pontibacter actiniarum was isolated in 2005 from a marine environment, subsequent species of the same genus have been found in different types of habitats ranging from seawater, sediment, desert soil, rhizosphere, contaminated sites, solar saltern and muddy water. Here we describe the features of Pontibacter roseus strain SRC-1(T) along with its complete genome sequence and annotation from a culture of DSM 17521(T). The 4,581,480 bp long draft genome consists of 12 scaffolds with 4,003 protein-coding and 50 RNA genes and is a part of Genomic Encyclopedia of Type Strains: KMG-I project.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alla Lapidus
- T. Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bionformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia ; Algorithmic Biology Lab, St. Petersburg Academic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nicole Shapiro
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Jan-Fang Cheng
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - James Han
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Tbk Reddy
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amy Chen
- Biological Data Management and Technology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Krishna Palaniappan
- Biological Data Management and Technology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Stefan Spring
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Göker
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Victor Markowitz
- Biological Data Management and Technology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Brian J Tindall
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nikos C Kyrpides
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA ; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amrita Pati
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
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38
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Mehta AP, Abdelwahed SH, Mahanta N, Fedoseyenko D, Philmus B, Cooper LE, Liu Y, Jhulki I, Ealick SE, Begley TP. Radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes in cofactor biosynthesis: a treasure trove of complex organic radical rearrangement reactions. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3980-6. [PMID: 25477515 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.623793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this minireview, we describe the radical S-adenosylmethionine enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of thiamin, menaquinone, molybdopterin, coenzyme F420, and heme. Our focus is on the remarkably complex organic rearrangements involved, many of which have no precedent in organic or biological chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angad P Mehta
- From the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and
| | - Sameh H Abdelwahed
- From the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and
| | - Nilkamal Mahanta
- From the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and
| | - Dmytro Fedoseyenko
- From the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and
| | - Benjamin Philmus
- From the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and
| | - Lisa E Cooper
- From the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and
| | - Yiquan Liu
- From the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and
| | - Isita Jhulki
- From the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and
| | - Steven E Ealick
- the Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Tadhg P Begley
- From the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and
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39
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El Asmar MS, Naoum JJ, Arbid EJ. Vitamin k dependent proteins and the role of vitamin k2 in the modulation of vascular calcification: a review. Oman Med J 2014; 29:172-7. [PMID: 24936265 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification, a cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, is an actively regulated process involving vitamin K dependent proteins (VKDPs) among others. Vitamin K is an essential micronutrient, present in plants and animal fermented products that plays an important role as a cofactor for the post-translational γ-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in a number of proteins. These VKDPs require carboxylation to become biologically active, and they have been identified as having an active role in vascular cell migration, angiogenesis and vascular calcification. This paper will review the process of vascular calcification and delineate the role that vitamin K2 plays in the modulation of that process, through the activation of VKDPs. One such VKDP is Matrix Gla Protein (MGP), which when activated inhibits osteogenic factors, thereby inhibiting vascular and soft tissue calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph J Naoum
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Medical Center Rizk Hospital, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 11-3288, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elias J Arbid
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Medical Center Rizk Hospital, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 11-3288, Beirut, Lebanon
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40
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Yasutake Y, Kitagawa W, Hata M, Nishioka T, Ozaki T, Nishiyama M, Kuzuyama T, Tamura T. Structure of the quinoline N-hydroxylating cytochrome P450 RauA, an essential enzyme that confers antibiotic activity on aurachin alkaloids. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:105-10. [PMID: 24269679 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 RauA from Rhodococcus erythropolis JCM 6824 catalyzes the hydroxylation of a nitrogen atom in the quinolone ring of aurachin, thereby conferring strong antibiotic activity on the aurachin alkaloid. Here, we report the crystal structure of RauA in complex with its substrate, a biosynthetic intermediate of aurachin RE. Clear electron density showed that the quinolone ring is oriented parallel to the porphyrin plane of the heme cofactor, while the farnesyl chain curls into a U-shape topology and is buried inside the solvent-inaccessible hydrophobic interior of RauA. The nearest atom from the heme iron is the quinolone nitrogen (4.3Å), which is consistent with RauA catalyzing the N-hydroxylation of the quinolone ring to produce mature aurachin RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yasutake
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Wataru Kitagawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Miyako Hata
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
| | - Taiki Nishioka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Taro Ozaki
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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Singh PK, Sarwar M, Maklashina E, Kotlyar V, Rajagukguk S, Tomasiak TM, Cecchini G, Iverson TM. Plasticity of the quinone-binding site of the complex II homolog quinol:fumarate reductase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24293-301. [PMID: 23836905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.487082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory processes often use quinone oxidoreduction to generate a transmembrane proton gradient, making the 2H(+)/2e(-) quinone chemistry important for ATP synthesis. There are a variety of quinones used as electron carriers between bioenergetic proteins, and some respiratory proteins can functionally interact with more than one quinone type. In the case of complex II homologs, which couple quinone chemistry to the interconversion of succinate and fumarate, the redox potentials of the biologically available ubiquinone and menaquinone aid in driving the chemical reaction in one direction. In the complex II homolog quinol:fumarate reductase, it has been demonstrated that menaquinol oxidation requires at least one proton shuttle, but many of the remaining mechanistic details of menaquinol oxidation are not fully understood, and little is known about ubiquinone reduction. In the current study, structural and computational studies suggest that the sequential removal of the two menaquinol protons may be accompanied by a rotation of the naphthoquinone ring to optimize the interaction with a second proton shuttling pathway. However, kinetic measurements of site-specific mutations of quinol:fumarate reductase variants show that ubiquinone reduction does not use the same pathway. Computational docking of ubiquinone followed by mutagenesis instead suggested redundant proton shuttles lining the ubiquinone-binding site or from direct transfer from solvent. These data show that the quinone-binding site provides an environment that allows multiple amino acid residues to participate in quinone oxidoreduction. This suggests that the quinone-binding site in complex II is inherently plastic and can robustly interact with different types of quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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