101
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Yoon H, Laxmikanthan G, Lee J, Blaber SI, Rodriguez A, Kogot JM, Scarisbrick IA, Blaber M. Activation profiles and regulatory cascades of the human kallikrein-related peptidases. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31852-64. [PMID: 17823117 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705190200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human kallikrein (KLK)-related peptidases are the largest family of serine peptidases, comprising 15 members (KLK1-15) and with the majority (KLK4-15) being identified only within the last decade. Members of this family are associated with important diseased states (including cancer, inflammation, and neurodegeneration) and have been utilized or proposed as clinically important biomarkers or therapeutic targets of interest. All human KLKs are synthesized as prepro-forms that are proteolytically processed to secreted pro-forms via the removal of an amino-terminal secretion signal peptide. The secreted inactive pro-KLKs are then activated extracellularly to mature peptidases by specific proteolytic release of their amino-terminal propeptide. Although a key step in the regulation of KLK function, details regarding the activation of the human pro-KLKs (i.e. the KLK "activome") are unknown, to a significant extent, but have been postulated to involve "activation cascades" with other KLKs and endopeptidases. To characterize more completely the KLK activome, we have expressed from Escherichia coli individual KLK propeptides fused to the amino terminus of a soluble carrier protein. The ability of 12 different mature KLKs to process the 15 different pro-KLK peptide sequences has been determined. Various autolytic and cross-activation relationships identified using this system have subsequently been characterized using recombinant pro-KLK proteins. The results demonstrate the potential for extensive KLK activation cascades and, when combined with available data for the tissue-specific expression of the KLK family, permit the construction of specific regulatory cascades. One such tissue-specific cascade is proposed for the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4300, USA
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102
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Deraison C, Bonnart C, Lopez F, Besson C, Robinson R, Jayakumar A, Wagberg F, Brattsand M, Hachem JP, Leonardsson G, Hovnanian A. LEKTI fragments specifically inhibit KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14 and control desquamation through a pH-dependent interaction. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:3607-19. [PMID: 17596512 PMCID: PMC1951746 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-02-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
LEKTI is a 15-domain serine proteinase inhibitor whose defective expression underlies the severe autosomal recessive ichthyosiform skin disease, Netherton syndrome. Here, we show that LEKTI is produced as a precursor rapidly cleaved by furin, generating a variety of single or multidomain LEKTI fragments secreted in cultured keratinocytes and in the epidermis. The identity of these biological fragments (D1, D5, D6, D8-D11, and D9-D15) was inferred from biochemical analysis, using a panel of LEKTI antibodies. The functional inhibitory capacity of each fragment was tested on a panel of serine proteases. All LEKTI fragments, except D1, showed specific and differential inhibition of human kallikreins 5, 7, and 14. The strongest inhibition was observed with D8-D11, toward KLK5. Kinetics analysis revealed that this interaction is rapid and irreversible, reflecting an extremely tight binding complex. We demonstrated that pH variations govern this interaction, leading to the release of active KLK5 from the complex at acidic pH. These results identify KLK5, a key actor of the desquamation process, as the major target of LEKTI. They disclose a new mechanism of skin homeostasis by which the epidermal pH gradient allows precisely regulated KLK5 activity and corneodesmosomal cleavage in the most superficial layers of the stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Deraison
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U563, Toulouse, F-31300 France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S563, Toulouse, F-31400 France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Hopital Purpan, Departement de Génétique Médicale, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - Chrystelle Bonnart
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U563, Toulouse, F-31300 France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S563, Toulouse, F-31400 France
| | - Frederic Lopez
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Toulouse-Rangueil, Institut Louis Bugnard (IFR31), Toulouse, F-31400 France
| | - Celine Besson
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U563, Toulouse, F-31300 France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S563, Toulouse, F-31400 France
| | - Ross Robinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Arumugam Jayakumar
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Maria Brattsand
- **Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Dermatology and Venereology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; and
| | - Jean Pierre Hachem
- Department of Dermatology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Alain Hovnanian
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U563, Toulouse, F-31300 France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S563, Toulouse, F-31400 France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Hopital Purpan, Departement de Génétique Médicale, Toulouse, F-31000 France
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103
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Schulze-Topphoff U, Prat A, Bader M, Zipp F, Aktas O. Roles of the kallikrein/kinin system in the adaptive immune system. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 8:155-60. [PMID: 18182219 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review deals with the effects of kinins, a family of octa- to decapeptides structurally related to bradykinin (BK), in adaptive immune responses. Herein, we discuss the experimental evidence that kinins may exert influence on multiple players of the immune system (i.e. macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes), and modulate the activation, proliferation, migration and effector functions of these cells. We also give an overview of the possible impact of kinins in human autoimmune diseases and corresponding animal models, with special emphasis on autoimmune neuroinflammation and arthritis. These studies indicate a possible immunomodulatory capacity of kinins beyond our current knowledge of kinin actions regarding the vascular system, and thus the way towards future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schulze-Topphoff
- Cecilie-Vogt-Clinic for Molecular Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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104
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Fernández IS, Ständker L, Forssmann WG, Giménez-Gallego G, Romero A. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of human kallikrein 7, a serine protease of the multigene kallikrein family. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:669-72. [PMID: 17671364 PMCID: PMC2335154 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107031764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human kallikreins are a group of serine proteases of high sequence homology whose genes are grouped as a single cluster at chromosome 19. Although the physiological roles of kallikreins are generally still unknown, members of the kallikrein family have been clearly implicated in pathological situations such as cancer and psoriasis. Human kallikrein 7 (hK7) has been shown to be involved in pathological keratinization, psoriasis and ovarian cancer. In order to gain insight into the molecular structure of this protein, hK7 was crystallized after recombinant production in its folded and active form using a periplasmic secretion vector in Escherichia coli. The crystals belonged to the rhombohedral space group H32 and diffracted to 2.8 A. The phase problem was solved by molecular replacement using the mouse kallikrein-related protein neuropsin. Completion of the model and structure refinement are under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel S. Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencia de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas–CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Departamento de Ciencia de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas–CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Hannover Medical School, Center of Pharmacology, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Guillermo Giménez-Gallego
- Departamento de Ciencia de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas–CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Departamento de Ciencia de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas–CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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105
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Goetz DH, Choe Y, Hansell E, Chen YT, McDowell M, Jonsson CB, Roush WR, McKerrow J, Craik CS. Substrate Specificity Profiling and Identification of a New Class of Inhibitor for the Major Protease of the SARS Coronavirus,. Biochemistry 2007; 46:8744-52. [PMID: 17605471 DOI: 10.1021/bi0621415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease associated with a high rate of mortality. The SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has been identified as the etiological agent of the disease. Although public health procedures have been effective in combating the spread of SARS, concern remains about the possibility of a recurrence. Various approaches are being pursued for the development of efficacious therapeutics. One promising approach is to develop small molecule inhibitors of the essential major polyprotein processing protease 3Clpro. Here we report a complete description of the tetrapeptide substrate specificity of 3Clpro using fully degenerate peptide libraries consisting of all 160,000 possible naturally occurring tetrapeptides. The substrate specificity data show the expected P1-Gln P2-Leu specificity and elucidate a novel preference for P1-His containing substrates equal to the expected preference for P1-Gln. These data were then used to develop optimal substrates for a high-throughput screen of a 2000 compound small-molecule inhibitor library consisting of known cysteine protease inhibitor scaffolds. We also report the 1.8 A X-ray crystal structure of 3Clpro bound to an irreversible inhibitor. This inhibitor, an alpha,beta-epoxyketone, inhibits 3Clpro with a k3/Ki of 0.002 microM(-1) s(-1) in a mode consistent with the substrate specificity data. Finally, we report the successful rational improvement of this scaffold with second generation inhibitors. These data provide the foundation for a rational small-molecule inhibitor design effort based upon the inhibitor scaffold identified, the crystal structure of the complex, and a more complete understanding of P1-P4 substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Goetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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106
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Emami N, Diamandis EP. Human tissue kallikreins: A road under construction. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 381:78-84. [PMID: 17382920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human tissue kallikrein gene family, located at chromosome 19q13.4, is the largest contiguous family of proteases in the human genome. The locus encodes all 15 members of the family, 13 of which have been reported as potential biomarkers for several carcinomas and other non-neoplastic diseases. Kallikreins are expressed by a wide range of tissues and implicated in a number of physiological functions, including skin desquamation, semen liquefaction, neural plasticity and the regulation of blood pressure. Kallikrein function is regulated at various levels, including transcription, translation and post-translation. The proteolytic activity of kallikreins is believed to be cascade mediated and may cross-talk with other proteases. These cascades are highly regulated through a series of feedback loops, inhibitors, (auto) degradation and internal cleavage. Uncontrolled proteolytic activity of kallikreins is implicated in a large number of neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathological conditions. CONCLUSIONS As our understanding of their regulatory and functional mechanisms continues to expand, kallikreins are expected to become novel targets for the design of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashmil Emami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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107
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Diamond SL. Methods for mapping protease specificity. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:46-51. [PMID: 17157549 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The study of protease specificity provides information on active-site structure and function, protein-protein interaction, regulation of intracellular and extracellular pathways, and evolution of protease and substrate genes. Peptide libraries that include fluorogenic and binding tags are often generated by solid-phase synthesis. Even larger explorations of cleavage site preferences employ positional scanning libraries or phage display. Microarrays enable presentation of individual peptides to proteases, DNA sequences for capture of peptide nucleic acid encoded peptides, or nanodroplets containing soluble peptide sequences. These new methods continue to inform the design of chemical inhibitors and the identification of substrates of proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Diamond
- Penn Center for Molecular Discovery, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 1024 Vagelos Research Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA.
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108
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Becker-Pauly C, Höwel M, Walker T, Vlad A, Aufenvenne K, Oji V, Lottaz D, Sterchi EE, Debela M, Magdolen V, Traupe H, Stöcker W. The alpha and beta subunits of the metalloprotease meprin are expressed in separate layers of human epidermis, revealing different functions in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1115-25. [PMID: 17195012 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The zinc endopeptidase meprin (EC 3.4.24.18) is expressed in brush border membranes of intestine and kidney tubules, intestinal leukocytes, and certain cancer cells, suggesting a role in epithelial differentiation and cell migration. Here we show by RT-PCR and immunoblotting that meprin is also expressed in human skin. As visualized by immunohistochemistry, the two meprin subunits are localized in separate cell layers of the human epidermis. Meprin alpha is expressed in the stratum basale, whereas meprin beta is found in cells of the stratum granulosum just beneath the stratum corneum. In hyperproliferative epidermis such as in psoriasis vulgaris, meprin alpha showed a marked shift of expression from the basal to the uppermost layers of the epidermis. The expression patterns suggest distinct functions for the two subunits in skin. This assumption is supported by diverse effects of recombinant meprin alpha and beta on human adult low-calcium high-temperature keratinocytes. Here, beta induced a dramatic change in cell morphology and reduced the cell number, indicating a function in terminal differentiation, whereas meprin alpha did not affect cell viability, and may play a role in basal keratinocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johannes von Müller-Weg 6, Mainz, Germany.
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109
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Borgoño CA, Gavigan JA, Alves J, Bowles B, Harris JL, Sotiropoulou G, Diamandis EP. Defining the extended substrate specificity of kallikrein 1-related peptidases. Biol Chem 2007; 388:1215-25. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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110
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Debela M, Magdolen V, Grimminger V, Sommerhoff C, Messerschmidt A, Huber R, Friedrich R, Bode W, Goettig P. Crystal structures of human tissue kallikrein 4: activity modulation by a specific zinc binding site. J Mol Biol 2006; 362:1094-107. [PMID: 16950394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 07/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue kallikrein 4 (hK4) belongs to a 15-member family of closely related serine proteinases. hK4 is predominantly expressed in prostate, activates hK3/PSA, and is up-regulated in prostate and ovarian cancer. We have identified active monomers of recombinant hK4 besides inactive oligomers in solution. hK4 crystallised in the presence of zinc, nickel, and cobalt ions in three crystal forms containing cyclic tetramers and octamers. These structures display a novel metal site between His25 and Glu77 that links the 70-80 loop with the N-terminal segment. Micromolar zinc as present in prostatic fluid inhibits the enzymatic activity of hK4 against fluorogenic substrates. In our measurements, wild-type hK4 exhibited a zinc inhibition constant (IC50) of 16 microM including a permanent residual activity, in contrast to the zinc-independent mutants H25A and E77A. Since the Ile16 N terminus of wild-type hK4 becomes more accessible for acetylating agents in the presence of zinc, we propose that zinc affects the hK4 active site via the salt-bridge formed between the N terminus and Asp194 required for a functional active site. hK4 possesses an unusual 99-loop that creates a groove-like acidic S2 subsite. These findings explain the observed specificity of hK4 for the P1 to P4 substrate residues. Moreover, hK4 shows a negatively charged surface patch, which may represent an exosite for prime-side substrate recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekdes Debela
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Proteinase Research Group, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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