101
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Podzelinska K, Latimer R, Bhattacharya A, Vining LC, Zechel DL, Jia Z. Chloramphenicol biosynthesis: the structure of CmlS, a flavin-dependent halogenase showing a covalent flavin-aspartate bond. J Mol Biol 2010; 397:316-31. [PMID: 20080101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol is a halogenated natural product bearing an unusual dichloroacetyl moiety that is critical for its antibiotic activity. The operon for chloramphenicol biosynthesis in Streptomyces venezuelae encodes the chloramphenicol halogenase CmlS, which belongs to the large and diverse family of flavin-dependent halogenases (FDH's). CmlS was previously shown to be essential for the formation of the dichloroacetyl group. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of CmlS determined at 2.2 A resolution, revealing a flavin monooxygenase domain shared by all FDHs, but also a unique 'winged-helix' C-terminal domain that creates a T-shaped tunnel leading to the halogenation active site. Intriguingly, the C-terminal tail of this domain blocks access to the halogenation active site, suggesting a structurally dynamic role during catalysis. The halogenation active site is notably nonpolar and shares nearly identical residues with Chondromyces crocatus tyrosyl halogenase (CndH), including the conserved Lys (K71) that forms the reactive chloramine intermediate. The exception is Y350, which could be used to stabilize enolate formation during substrate halogenation. The strictly conserved residue E44, located near the isoalloxazine ring of the bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, is optimally positioned to function as a remote general acid, through a water-mediated proton relay, which could accelerate the reaction of the chloramine intermediate during substrate halogenation, or the oxidation of chloride by the FAD(C4alpha)-OOH intermediate. Strikingly, the 8alpha carbon of the FAD cofactor is observed to be covalently attached to D277 of CmlS, a residue that is highly conserved in the FDH family. In addition to representing a new type of flavin modification, this has intriguing implications for the mechanism of FDHs. Based on the crystal structure and in analogy to known halogenases, we propose a reaction mechanism for CmlS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Podzelinska
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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102
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Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:165-237. [DOI: 10.1039/b906091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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103
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Nett M, Ikeda H, Moore BS. Genomic basis for natural product biosynthetic diversity in the actinomycetes. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1362-84. [PMID: 19844637 PMCID: PMC3063060 DOI: 10.1039/b817069j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The phylum Actinobacteria hosts diverse high G + C, Gram-positive bacteria that have evolved a complex chemical language of natural product chemistry to help navigate their fascinatingly varied lifestyles. To date, 71 Actinobacteria genomes have been completed and annotated, with the vast majority representing the Actinomycetales, which are the source of numerous antibiotics and other drugs from genera such as Streptomyces, Saccharopolyspora and Salinispora . These genomic analyses have illuminated the secondary metabolic proficiency of these microbes – underappreciated for years based on conventional isolation programs – and have helped set the foundation for a new natural product discovery paradigm based on genome mining. Trends in the secondary metabolomes of natural product-rich actinomycetes are highlighted in this review article, which contains 199 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nett
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans-Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Haruo Ikeda
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 228-8555, Japan.
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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104
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Snyder S, Treitler D. Et2SBr⋅SbCl5Br: An Effective Reagent for Direct Bromonium-Induced Polyene Cyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7899-903. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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105
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Snyder S, Treitler D. Et2SBr⋅SbCl5Br: An Effective Reagent for Direct Bromonium-Induced Polyene Cyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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106
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Li Y, Müller R. Non-modular polyketide synthases in myxobacteria. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1850-1857. [PMID: 19586645 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Myxobacteria are prolific producers of a wide variety of secondary metabolites. The vast majority of these compounds are complex polyketides which are biosynthesised by multimodular polyketide synthases (PKSs). In contrast, few myxobacterial metabolites isolated to date are derived from non-modular PKSs, in particular type III PKSs. This review reports our progress on the characterisation of type III PKSs in myxobacteria. We also summarize current knowledge on bacterial type III PKSs, with a special focus on the evolutionary relationship between plant and bacterial enzymes. The biosynthesis of a quinoline alkaloid in Stigmatella aurantiaca by a non-modular PKS is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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107
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Saleh O, Haagen Y, Seeger K, Heide L. Prenyl transfer to aromatic substrates in the biosynthesis of aminocoumarins, meroterpenoids and phenazines: the ABBA prenyltransferase family. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1728-1738. [PMID: 19559450 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic prenyltransferases transfer prenyl moieties onto aromatic acceptor molecules, catalyzing an electrophilic substitution of the aromatic ring under formation of carbon-carbon bonds. They give rise to an astounding diversity of primary and secondary metabolites in plants, fungi and bacteria. This review describes a recently discovered family of aromatic prenyltransferases. The structure of these enyzmes shows a type of beta/alpha fold with antiparallel beta strands. Due to the alpha-beta-beta-alpha architecture of this fold, this group of enzymes was designated as ABBA prenyltransferases. They lack the (N/D)DxxD motif which is characteristic for many other prenyltransferases. At present, 14 genes with sequence similarity to ABBA prenyltransferases can be identified in the database. A phylogenetic analysis of these genes separates them into two clades. One of them comprises the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate 3-dimethylallyltransferases CloQ and NovQ involved in aminocoumarin antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces strains, as well as four genes of unknown function from fungal genomes. The other clade comprises genes involved in the biosynthesis of prenylated naphthoquinones and prenylated phenazines in different streptomycetes. ABBA prenyltransferases are soluble biocatalysts which can easily be obtained as homogeneous proteins in significant amounts. Their substrates are accommodated in a surprisingly spacious central cavity which explains their promiscuity for different aromatic substrates. Therefore, the enzymes of this family represent attractive tools for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orwah Saleh
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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108
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Kalaitzis JA, Lauro FM, Neilan BA. Mining cyanobacterial genomes for genes encoding complex biosynthetic pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1447-65. [PMID: 19844640 DOI: 10.1039/b817074f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A Kalaitzis
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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109
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Abstract
In nature, halogenation is a strategy used to increase the biological activity of secondary metabolites, compounds that are often effective as drugs. However, halides are not particularly reactive unless they are activated, typically by oxidation. The pace of discovery of new enzymes for halogenation is increasing, revealing new metalloenzymes, flavoenzymes, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent enzymes and others that catalyse halide oxidation using dioxygen, hydrogen peroxide and hydroperoxides, or that promote nucleophilic halide addition reactions.
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110
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Gulder TAM, Moore BS. Chasing the treasures of the sea - bacterial marine natural products. Curr Opin Microbiol 2009; 12:252-60. [PMID: 19481972 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial marine natural products are an important source of novel lead structures for drug discovery. The cytotoxic properties of many of these secondary metabolites are of particular interest for the development of new anticancer agents. Tremendous advances in marine molecular biology, genome sequencing, and bioinformatics have paved the way to fully exploit the biomedical potential of marine bacterial products. In addition, unique biosynthetic enzymes discovered from bacteria from the sea have begun to emerge as powerful biocatalysts in medicinal chemistry and total synthesis. The increasingly interdisciplinary field of marine natural product chemistry thus strongly impacts future developments in medicine, chemistry, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A M Gulder
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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111
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Detection, distribution, and organohalogen compound discovery implications of the reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent halogenase gene in major filamentous actinomycete taxonomic groups. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4813-20. [PMID: 19447951 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02958-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Halogenases have been shown to play a significant role in biosynthesis and introducing the bioactivity of many halogenated secondary metabolites. In this study, 54 reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH(2))-dependent halogenase gene-positive strains were identified after the PCR screening of a large collection of 228 reference strains encompassing all major families and genera of filamentous actinomycetes. The wide distribution of this gene was observed to extend to some rare lineages with higher occurrences and large sequence diversity. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses revealed that strains containing highly homologous halogenases tended to produce halometabolites with similar structures, and halogenase genes are likely to propagate by horizontal gene transfer as well as vertical inheritance within actinomycetes. Higher percentages of halogenase gene-positive strains than those of halogenase gene-negative ones contained polyketide synthase genes and/or nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes or displayed antimicrobial activities in the tests applied, indicating their genetic and physiological potentials for producing secondary metabolites. The robustness of this halogenase gene screening strategy for the discovery of particular biosynthetic gene clusters in rare actinomycetes besides streptomycetes was further supported by genome-walking analysis. The described distribution and phylogenetic implications of the FADH(2)-dependent halogenase gene present a guide for strain selection in the search for novel organohalogen compounds from actinomycetes.
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112
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Winter JM, Moore BS. Exploring the chemistry and biology of vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:18577-81. [PMID: 19363038 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r109.001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature has developed an exquisite array of methods to introduce halogen atoms into organic compounds. Most of these enzymes are oxidative and require either hydrogen peroxide or molecular oxygen as a cosubstrate to generate a reactive halogen atom for catalysis. Vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases contain a vanadate prosthetic group and utilize hydrogen peroxide to oxidize a halide ion into a reactive electrophilic intermediate. These metalloenzymes have a large distribution in nature, where they are present in macroalgae, fungi, and bacteria, but have been exclusively characterized in eukaryotes. In this minireview, we highlight the chemistry and biology of vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases from fungi and marine algae and the emergence of new bacterial members that extend the biological function of these poorly understood halogenating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M Winter
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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113
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Snyder SA, Tang ZY, Gupta R. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)-Napyradiomycin A1 via Asymmetric Chlorination of an Isolated Olefin. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:5744-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9014716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
| | - Zhen-Yu Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
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114
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Genes and enzymes involved in bacterial isoprenoid biosynthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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115
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Wagner C, El Omari M, König GM. Biohalogenation: nature's way to synthesize halogenated metabolites. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:540-553. [PMID: 19245259 DOI: 10.1021/np800651m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products are widely distributed in nature, some of them showing potent biological activities. Incorporation of halogen atoms in drug leads is a common strategy to modify molecules in order to vary their bioactivities and specificities. Chemical halogenation, however, often requires harsh reaction conditions and results in unwanted byproduct formation. It is thus of great interest to investigate the biosynthesis of halogenated natural products and the biotechnological potential of halogenating enzymes. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview on the current knowledge concerning biological halogenations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wagner
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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116
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Xiao Y, Machacek M, Lee K, Kuzuyama T, Liu P. Prenyltransferase substrate binding pocket flexibility and its application in isoprenoid profiling. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:913-7. [PMID: 19668852 DOI: 10.1039/b902370d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This communication explores prenyltransferase substrate binding pocket flexibility to tag and enrich isoprenoids using affinity-based purification for metabolomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, MA 02215, USA
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117
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Heide L. Prenyl transfer to aromatic substrates: genetics and enzymology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:171-9. [PMID: 19299193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic prenyltransferases catalyze the transfer of prenyl moieties to aromatic acceptor molecules and give rise to an astounding diversity of primary and secondary metabolites in plants, fungi and bacteria. Significant progress has been made in the biochemistry and genetics of this heterogeneous group of enzymes in the past years. After 30 years of extensive research on plant prenylflavonoid biosynthesis, finally the first aromatic prenyltransferases involved in the formation of these compounds have been cloned. In bacteria, investigations of the newly discovered family of ABBA prenyltransferases revealed a novel type of protein fold, the PT barrel. In fungi, a group of closely related indole prenyltransferase was found to carry out aromatic prenylations with different substrate specificity and regiospecificity, and to catalyze both regular and reverse prenylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Heide
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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118
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Winter JM, Jansma AL, Handel TM, Moore BS. Formation of the pyridazine natural product azamerone by biosynthetic rearrangement of an aryl diazoketone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:767-70. [PMID: 19072974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M Winter
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
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119
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Abstract
Simple halogen substituents frequently afford key structural features that account for the potency and selectivity of natural products, including antibiotics and hormones. For example, when a single chlorine atom on the antibiotic vancomycin is replaced by hydrogen, the resulting antibacterial activity decreases by up to 70% (HarrisC. M.; KannanR.; KopeckaH.; HarrisT. M.1985, 107, 6652−6658). This Account analyzes how structure underlies mechanism in halogenases, the molecular machines designed by nature to incorporate halogens into diverse substrates.
Traditional synthetic methods of integrating halogens into complex molecules are often complicated by a lack of specificity and regioselectivity. Nature, however, has developed a variety of elegant mechanisms for halogenating specific substrates with both regio- and stereoselectivity. An improved understanding of the biological routes toward halogenation could lead to the development of novel synthetic methods for the creation of new compounds with enhanced functions. Already, researchers have co-opted a fluorinase from the microorganism Streptomyces cattleya to produce 18F-labeled molecules for use in positron emission tomography (PET) (DengH.; CobbS. L.; GeeA. D.; LockhartA.; MartarelloL.; McGlincheyR. P.; O’HaganD.; OnegaM.2006, 652−654). Therefore, the discovery and characterization of naturally occurring enzymatic halogenation mechanisms has become an active area of research. The catalogue of known halogenating enzymes has expanded from the familiar haloperoxidases to include oxygen-dependent enzymes and fluorinases. Recently, the discovery of a nucleophilic halogenase that catalyzes chlorinations has expanded the repertoire of biological halogenation chemistry (DongC.; HuangF.; DengH.; SchaffrathC.; SpencerJ. B.; O’HaganD.; NaismithJ. H.2004, 427, 561−56514765200). Structural characterization has provided a basis toward a mechanistic understanding of the specificity and chemistry of these enzymes. In particular, the latest crystallographic snapshots of active site architecture and halide binding sites have provided key insights into enzyme catalysis. Herein is a summary of the five classes of halogenases, focusing on the three most recently discovered: flavin-dependent halogenases, non-heme iron-dependent halogenases, and nucleophilic halogenases. Further, the potential roles of halide-binding sites in determining halide selectivity are discussed, as well as whether or not binding-site composition is always a seminal factor for selectivity. Expanding our understanding of the basic chemical principles that dictate the activity of the halogenases will advance both biology and chemistry. A thorough mechanistic analysis will elucidate the biological principles that dictate specificity, and the application of those principles to new synthetic techniques will expand the utility of halogenations in small-molecule development.
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120
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Winter J, Jansma A, Handel T, Moore B. Formation of the Pyridazine Natural Product Azamerone by Biosynthetic Rearrangement of an Aryl Diazoketone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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121
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Neumann CS, Fujimori DG, Walsh CT. Halogenation strategies in natural product biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:99-109. [PMID: 18291314 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Halogenation is a frequent modification of secondary metabolites and can play a significant role in establishing the bioactivity of a compound. Enzymatic halogenation through oxidative mechanisms is the most common route to these metabolites, though direct halogenation via halide anion incorporation is also known to proceed through both enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms of these transformations, highlight applications of this knowledge, and propose future opportunities and challenges for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Neumann
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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122
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Tello M, Kuzuyama T, Heide L, Noel JP, Richard SB. The ABBA family of aromatic prenyltransferases: broadening natural product diversity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008; 65:1459-63. [PMID: 18322648 PMCID: PMC2861910 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-7579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Tello
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - T. Kuzuyama
- Biotechnology Research Centre, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657 Japan
| | - L. Heide
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - J. P. Noel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - S. B. Richard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
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123
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Motohashi K, Sue M, Furihata K, Ito S, Seto H. Terpenoids Produced by Actinomycetes: Napyradiomycins from Streptomyces antimycoticus NT17. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:595-601. [PMID: 18271555 DOI: 10.1021/np070575a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Napyradiomycin SR ( 1), 16-dechloro-16-hydroxynapyradiomycin C2 ( 2), 18-hydroxynapyradiomycin A1 ( 3), 18-oxonapyradiomycin A1 ( 4), 16-oxonapyradiomycin A2 ( 5), 7-demethyl SF2415A3 ( 6), 7-demethyl A80915B ( 7), and ( R)-3-chloro-6-hydroxy-8-methoxy-alpha-lapachone ( 8) were isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces antimycoticus NT17. These compounds are derivatives of the napyradiomycins isolated previously from Chainia rubra or Streptomyces aculeolatus. The structures of the new compounds, some of which exhibit antibacterial activities, were established by comparing their NMR data with data of related known compounds. The unique structure of 1, containing a highly strained ring, was established by NMR and was confirmed by X-ray analysis. Two of the compounds are C-16 stereoisomers of napyradiomycin A2 and are named napyradiomycins A2a ( 9a) and A2b ( 9b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Motohashi
- Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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124
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The evolution of gene collectives: How natural selection drives chemical innovation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:4601-8. [PMID: 18216259 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709132105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA sequencing has become central to the study of evolution. Comparing the sequences of individual genes from a variety of organisms has revolutionized our understanding of how single genes evolve, but the challenge of analyzing polygenic phenotypes has complicated efforts to study how genes evolve when they are part of a group that functions collectively. We suggest that biosynthetic gene clusters from microbes are ideal candidates for the evolutionary study of gene collectives; these selfish genetic elements evolve rapidly, they usually comprise a complete pathway, and they have a phenotype-a small molecule-that is easy to identify and assay. Because these elements are transferred horizontally as well as vertically, they also provide an opportunity to study the effects of horizontal transmission on gene evolution. We discuss known examples to begin addressing two fundamental questions about the evolution of biosynthetic gene clusters: How do they propagate by horizontal transfer? How do they change to create new molecules?
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125
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Zhang W, Watanabe K, Wang CCC, Tang Y. Investigation of early tailoring reactions in the oxytetracycline biosynthetic pathway. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25717-25. [PMID: 17631493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703437200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines are aromatic polyketides biosynthesized by bacterial type II polyketide synthases. The amidated tetracycline backbone is biosynthesized by the minimal polyketide synthases and an amidotransferase homologue OxyD. Biosynthesis of the key intermediate 6-methylpretetramid requires two early tailoring steps, which are cyclization of the linearly fused tetracyclic scaffold and regioselective C-methylation of the aglycon. Using a heterologous host (CH999)/vector pair, we identified the minimum set of enzymes from the oxytetracycline biosynthetic pathway that is required to afford 6-methylpretetramid in vivo. Only two cyclases (OxyK and OxyN) are necessary to completely cyclize and aromatize the amidated tetracyclic aglycon. Formation of the last ring via C-1/C-18 aldol condensation does not require a dedicated fourth-ring cyclase, in contrast to the biosynthetic mechanism of other tetracyclic aromatic polyketides, such as daunorubicin and tetracenomycin. Acetyl-derived polyketides do not undergo spontaneous fourth-ring cyclization and form only anthracene carboxylic acids as demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. OxyF was identified to be the C-6 C-methyltransferase that regioselectively methylates pretetramid to yield 6-methylpretetramid. Reconstitution of 6-methylpretetramid in a heterologous host sets the stage for a more systematic investigation of additional tetracycline downstream tailoring enzymes and is a key step toward the engineered biosynthesis of tetracycline analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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