101
|
LIU SHENSHEN, ZHOU PU, ZHANG YANQIU. Abnormal expression of key genes and proteins in the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway of articular cartilage in a rat model of exercise-induced osteoarthritis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:1999-2006. [PMID: 26794964 PMCID: PMC4768959 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular pathogenesis of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in exercise-induced osteoarthritis (OA), 30 male healthy Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups (control, normal exercise‑induced OA and injured exercise‑induced OA groups) in order to establish the exercise‑induced OA rat model. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Runx‑2, BMP‑2, Ctnnb1, Sox‑9, collagen Ⅱ, Mmp‑13, Wnt‑3a and β‑catenin in chondrocytes were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA levels of Runx‑2, BMP‑2 and Ctnnb1 were upregulated in the normal exercise‑induced OA and injured exercise‑induced OA groups; while Runx‑2 and BMP‑2 were upregulated in the injured exercise‑induced OA group when compared with the normal exercise‑induced OA group. The protein levels of Mmp‑13, Wnt‑3a and β‑catenin were increased and collagen Ⅱ was reduced in the normal exercise‑induced OA and injured exercise‑induced OA groups. Ctnnb1, Wnt‑3a and β‑catenin, which are key genes and proteins in the canonical Wnt/β‑catenin pathway, were abnormally expressed in chondrocytes of the exercise‑induced OA rat model. Ctnnb1, β‑catenin and Wnt‑3a were suggested to participate in the pathogenesis of exercise‑induced OA by abnormally activating the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway during physical exercise due to excessive pressure. The results of the present study may provide an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of exercise-induced OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SHEN-SHEN LIU
- College of Physical Education, Langfang Teachers University, Langfang, Hebei 065000, P.R. China
| | - PU ZHOU
- College of Physical Education, Langfang Teachers University, Langfang, Hebei 065000, P.R. China
| | - YANQIU ZHANG
- Department of Physical Education, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
|
103
|
rAAV-mediated overexpression of sox9, TGF-β and IGF-I in minipig bone marrow aspirates to enhance the chondrogenic processes for cartilage repair. Gene Ther 2015; 23:247-55. [PMID: 26583804 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Administration of therapeutic gene sequences coding for chondrogenic and chondroreparative factors in bone marrow aspirates using the clinically adapted recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector may provide convenient, single-step approaches to improve cartilage repair. Here, we tested the ability of distinct rAAV constructs coding for the potent SOX9, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) candidate factors to modify marrow aspirates from minipigs to offer a preclinical large animal model system adapted for a translational evaluation of cartilage repair upon transplantation in sites of injury. Our results demonstrate that high, prolonged rAAV gene transfer efficiencies were achieved in the aspirates (up to 100% for at least 21 days) allowing to produce elevated amounts of the transcription factor SOX9 that led to increased levels of matrix synthesis and chondrogenic differentiation and of the growth factors TGF-β and IGF-I that both increased cell proliferation, matrix synthesis and chondrogenic differentiation (although to a lower level than SOX9) compared with control (lacZ) condition. Remarkably, application of the candidate SOX9 vector also led to reduced levels of hypertrophic differentiation in the aspirates, possibly by modulating the β-catenin, Indian hedgehog and PTHrP pathways. The present findings show the benefits of modifying minipig marrow concentrates via rAAV gene transfer as a future means to develop practical strategies to promote cartilage repair in a large animal model.
Collapse
|
104
|
Gou Y, Zhang T, Xu J. Transcription Factors in Craniofacial Development: From Receptor Signaling to Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:377-410. [PMID: 26589933 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial morphogenesis is driven by spatial-temporal terrains of gene expression, which give rise to stereotypical pattern formation. Transcription factors are key cellular components that control these gene expressions. They are information hubs that integrate inputs from extracellular factors and environmental cues, direct epigenetic modifications, and define transcriptional status. These activities allow transcription factors to confer specificity and potency to transcription regulation during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tingwei Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Chen J, Wang C, Lan W, Huang C, Lin M, Wang Z, Liang W, Iwamoto A, Yang X, Liu H. Gliotoxin Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6259-73. [PMID: 26445050 PMCID: PMC4626688 DOI: 10.3390/md13106259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new bioactive compounds from marine natural sources is very important in pharmacological research. Here we developed a Wnt responsive luciferase reporter assay to screen small molecule inhibitors of cancer associated constitutive Wnt signaling pathway. We identified that gliotoxin (GTX) and some of its analogues, the secondary metabolites from marine fungus Neosartorya pseufofischeri, acted as inhibitors of the Wnt signaling pathway. In addition, we found that GTX downregulated the β-catenin levels in colorectal cancer cells with inactivating mutations of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) or activating mutations of β-catenin. Furthermore, we demonstrated that GTX induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in multiple colorectal cancer cell lines with mutations of the Wnt signaling pathway. Together, we illustrated a practical approach to identify small-molecule inhibitors of the Wnt signaling pathway and our study indicated that GTX has therapeutic potential for the prevention or treatment of Wnt dependent cancers and other Wnt related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chenliang Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
- Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wenjian Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chunying Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
| | - Mengmeng Lin
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhongyang Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wanling Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Aikichi Iwamoto
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Xiangling Yang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China.
- Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Kato K, Bhattaram P, Penzo-Méndez A, Gadi A, Lefebvre V. SOXC Transcription Factors Induce Cartilage Growth Plate Formation in Mouse Embryos by Promoting Noncanonical WNT Signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1560-71. [PMID: 25761772 PMCID: PMC4540656 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Growth plates are specialized cartilage structures that ensure the elongation of most skeletal primordia during vertebrate development. They are made by chondrocytes that proliferate in longitudinal columns and then progress in a staggered manner towards prehypertrophic, hypertrophic and terminal maturation. Complex molecular networks control the formation and activity of growth plates, but remain incompletely understood. We investigated here the importance of the SoxC genes, which encode the SOX4, SOX11 and SOX12 transcription factors, in growth plates. We show that the three genes are expressed robustly in perichondrocytes and weakly in growth plate chondrocytes. SoxC(Prx1Cre) mice, which deleted SoxC genes in limb bud skeletogenic mesenchyme, were born with tiny appendicular cartilage primordia because of failure to form growth plates. In contrast, SoxC(Col2Cre) and SoxC(ATC) mice, which deleted SoxC genes primarily in chondrocytes, were born with mild dwarfism and fair growth plates. Chondrocytes in the latter mutants matured normally, but formed irregular columns, proliferated slowly and died ectopically. Asymmetric distribution of VANGL2 was defective in both SoxC(Prx1Cre) and SoxC(ATC) chondrocytes, indicating impairment of planar cell polarity, a noncanonical WNT signaling pathway that controls growth plate chondrocyte alignment, proliferation and survival. Accordingly, SoxC genes were necessary in perichondrocytes for expression of Wnt5a, which encodes a noncanonical WNT ligand required for growth plate formation, and in chondrocytes and perichondrocytes for expression of Fzd3 and Csnk1e, which encode a WNT receptor and casein kinase-1 subunit mediating planar cell polarity, respectively. Reflecting the differential strengths of the SOXC protein transactivation domains, SOX11 was more powerful than SOX4, and SOX12 interfered with the activity of SOX4 and SOX11. Altogether, these findings provide novel insights into the molecular regulation of skeletal growth by proposing that SOXC proteins act cell- and non-cell-autonomously in perichondrocytes and chondrocytes to establish noncanonical WNT signaling crosstalk essential for growth plate induction and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kato
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Pallavi Bhattaram
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Alfredo Penzo-Méndez
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Abhilash Gadi
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
She ZY, Yang WX. SOX family transcription factors involved in diverse cellular events during development. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:547-63. [PMID: 26340821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In metazoa, SOX family transcription factors play many diverse roles. In vertebrate, they are well-known regulators of numerous developmental processes. Wide-ranging studies have demonstrated the co-expression of SOX proteins in various developing tissues and that they occur in an overlapping manner and show functional redundancy. In particular, studies focusing on the HMG box of SOX proteins have revealed that the HMG box regulates DNA-binding properties, and mediates both the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of SOX proteins and their physical interactions with partner proteins. Posttranslational modifications are further implicated in the regulation of the transcriptional activities of SOX proteins. In this review, we discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the SOX-partner factor interactions and the functional modes of SOX-partner complexes during development. We particularly emphasize the representative roles of the SOX group proteins in major tissues during developmental and physiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu She
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Tsang KY, Tsang SW, Chan D, Cheah KSE. The chondrocytic journey in endochondral bone growth and skeletal dysplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:52-73. [PMID: 24677723 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The endochondral bones of the skeleton develop from a cartilage template and grow via a process involving a cascade of chondrocyte differentiation steps culminating in formation of a growth plate and the replacement of cartilage by bone. This process of endochondral ossification, driven by the generation of chondrocytes and their subsequent proliferation, differentiation, and production of extracellular matrix constitute a journey, deviation from which inevitably disrupts bone growth and development, and is the basis of human skeletal dysplasias with a wide range of phenotypic severity, from perinatal lethality to progressively deforming. This highly coordinated journey of chondrocyte specification and fate determination is controlled by a myriad of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. SOX9 is the master transcription factor that, in concert with varying partners along the way, directs the different phases of the journey from mesenchymal condensation, chondrogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, and maturation. Extracellular signals, including bone morphogenetic proteins, wingless-related MMTV integration site (WNT), fibroblast growth factor, Indian hedgehog, and parathyroid hormone-related peptide, are all indispensable for growth plate chondrocytes to align and organize into the appropriate columnar architecture and controls their maturation and transition to hypertrophy. Chondrocyte hypertrophy, marked by dramatic volume increase in phases, is controlled by transcription factors SOX9, Runt-related transcription factor, and FOXA2. Hypertrophic chondrocytes mediate the cartilage to bone transition and concomitantly face a live-or-die situation, a subject of much debate. We review recent insights into the coordination of the phases of the chondrocyte journey, and highlight the need for a systems level understanding of the regulatory networks that will facilitate the development of therapeutic approaches for skeletal dysplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Yeung Tsang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Kozhemyakina E, Lassar AB, Zelzer E. A pathway to bone: signaling molecules and transcription factors involved in chondrocyte development and maturation. Development 2015; 142:817-31. [PMID: 25715393 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Decades of work have identified the signaling pathways that regulate the differentiation of chondrocytes during bone formation, from their initial induction from mesenchymal progenitor cells to their terminal maturation into hypertrophic chondrocytes. Here, we review how multiple signaling molecules, mechanical signals and morphological cell features are integrated to activate a set of key transcription factors that determine and regulate the genetic program that induces chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation. Moreover, we describe recent findings regarding the roles of several signaling pathways in modulating the proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes in the growth plate, which is the 'engine' of bone elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kozhemyakina
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Building C-Room 305A, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew B Lassar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Building C-Room 305A, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Abstract
Due to a blood supply shortage, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-healing once damaged. Articular chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells are candidate cells for cartilage regeneration. Significant current attention is paid to improving chondrogenic differentiation capacity; unfortunately, the potential chondrogenic hypertrophy of differentiated cells is largely overlooked. Consequently, the engineered tissue is actually a transient cartilage rather than a permanent one. The development of hypertrophic cartilage ends with the onset of endochondral bone formation which has inferior mechanical properties. In this review, current strategies for inhibition of chondrogenic hypertrophy are comprehensively summarized; the impact of cell source options is discussed; and potential mechanisms underlying these strategies are also categorized. This paper aims to provide guidelines for the prevention of hypertrophy in the regeneration of cartilage tissue. This knowledge may also facilitate the retardation of osteophytes in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ruijun Cong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 10th People's Hospital of Shanghai, Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - HaiShan Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Corresponding author. Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 1072; fax: +1 304 293 7070.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Deng W, Vanderbilt DB, Lin CC, Martin KH, Brundage KM, Ruppert JM. SOX9 inhibits β-TrCP-mediated protein degradation to promote nuclear GLI1 expression and cancer stem cell properties. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1123-38. [PMID: 25632159 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.162164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group box protein SOX9 and the GLI1 transcription factor play protumorigenic roles in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). In Kras transgenic mice, each of these factors are crucial for the development of PDA precursor lesions. SOX9 transcription is directly regulated by GLI1, but how SOX9 functions downstream of GLI1 is unclear. We observed positive feedback, such that SOX9-deficient PDA cells have severely repressed levels of endogenous GLI1, attributed to loss of GLI1 protein stability. SOX9 associated with the F-box domain of the SKP1/CUL1/F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase component, β-TrCP (also known as F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A), and suppressed its association with SKP1 and GLI1, a substrate of SCF-β-TrCP. SOX9 also tethered β-TrCP within the nucleus and promoted its degradation. SOX9 bound to β-TrCP through the SOX9 C-terminal PQA/S domain that mediates transcriptional activation. Suppression of β-TrCP in SOX9-deficient PDA cells restored GLI1 levels and promoted SOX9-dependent cancer stem cell properties. These studies identify SOX9-GLI1 positive feedback as a major determinant of GLI1 protein stability and implicate β-TrCP as a latent SOX9-bound tumor suppressor with the potential to degrade oncogenic proteins in tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Deng
- The Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506
| | - Daniel B Vanderbilt
- Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Chen-Chung Lin
- The Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506
| | - Karen H Martin
- The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506
| | - Kathleen M Brundage
- The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506
| | - J Michael Ruppert
- The Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506 Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Jo A, Denduluri S, Zhang B, Wang Z, Yin L, Yan Z, Kang R, Shi LL, Mok J, Lee MJ, Haydon RC. The versatile functions of Sox9 in development, stem cells, and human diseases. Genes Dis 2014; 1:149-161. [PMID: 25685828 PMCID: PMC4326072 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox9 was first discovered in patients with campomelic dysplasia, a haploinsufficiency disorder with skeletal deformities caused by dysregulation of Sox9 expression during chondrogenesis. Since then, its role as a cell fate determiner during embryonic development has been well characterized; Sox9 expression differentiates cells derived from all three germ layers into a large variety of specialized tissues and organs. However, recent data has shown that ectoderm- and endoderm-derived tissues continue to express Sox9 in mature organs and stem cell pools, suggesting its role in cell maintenance and specification during adult life. The versatility of Sox9 may be explained by a combination of post-transcriptional modifications, binding partners, and the tissue type in which it is expressed. Considering its importance during both development and adult life, it follows that dysregulation of Sox9 has been implicated in various congenital and acquired diseases, including fibrosis and cancer. This review provides a summary of the various roles of Sox9 in cell fate specification, stem cell biology, and related human diseases. Ultimately, understanding the mechanisms that regulate Sox9 will be crucial for developing effective therapies to treat disease caused by stem cell dysregulation or even reverse organ damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jo
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sahitya Denduluri
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bosi Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400046, China
| | - Liangjun Yin
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400046, China
| | - Zhengjian Yan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400046, China
| | - Richard Kang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lewis L Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James Mok
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Bhattaram P, Penzo-Méndez A, Kato K, Bandyopadhyay K, Gadi A, Taketo MM, Lefebvre V. SOXC proteins amplify canonical WNT signaling to secure nonchondrocytic fates in skeletogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 207:657-71. [PMID: 25452386 PMCID: PMC4259807 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201405098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In skeletogenic mesenchyme, SOXC proteins enter the APC–Axin destruction complex to inhibit β-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3 and thereby synergize with canonical WNT signaling to inhibit chondrogenesis. Canonical WNT signaling stabilizes β-catenin to determine cell fate in many processes from development onwards. One of its main roles in skeletogenesis is to antagonize the chondrogenic transcription factor SOX9. We here identify the SOXC proteins as potent amplifiers of this pathway. The SOXC genes, i.e., Sox4, Sox11, and Sox12, are coexpressed in skeletogenic mesenchyme, including presumptive joints and perichondrium, but not in cartilage. Their inactivation in mouse embryo limb bud caused massive cartilage fusions, as joint and perichondrium cells underwent chondrogenesis. SOXC proteins govern these cells cell autonomously. They replace SOX9 in the adenomatous polyposis coli–Axin destruction complex and therein inhibit phosphorylation of β-catenin by GSK3. This inhibition, a crucial, limiting step in canonical WNT signaling, thus becomes a constitutive event. The resulting SOXC/canonical WNT-mediated synergistic stabilization of β-catenin contributes to efficient repression of Sox9 in presumptive joint and perichondrium cells and thereby ensures proper delineation and articulation of skeletal primordia. This synergy may determine cell fate in many processes besides skeletogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Bhattaram
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Alfredo Penzo-Méndez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Kenji Kato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Kaustav Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Abhilash Gadi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Makoto M Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Mazor M, Lespessailles E, Coursier R, Daniellou R, Best TM, Toumi H. Mesenchymal stem-cell potential in cartilage repair: an update. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2340-50. [PMID: 25353372 PMCID: PMC4302639 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage and subsequent degeneration are a frequent occurrence in synovial joints. Treatment of these lesions is a challenge because this tissue is incapable of quality repair and/or regeneration to its native state. Non-operative treatments endeavour to control symptoms and include anti-inflammatory medications, viscosupplementation, bracing, orthotics and activity modification. Classical surgical techniques for articular cartilage lesions are frequently insufficient in restoring normal anatomy and function and in many cases, it has not been possible to achieve the desired results. Consequently, researchers and clinicians are focusing on alternative methods for cartilage preservation and repair. Recently, cell-based therapy has become a key focus of tissue engineering research to achieve functional replacement of articular cartilage. The present manuscript is a brief review of stem cells and their potential in the treatment of early OA (i.e. articular cartilage pathology) and recent progress in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mazor
- IPROS, CHRO, EA4708 Orleans University, Orleans, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Han W, Wang H. Regulation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the nucleus. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
116
|
Desjardin C, Charles C, Benoist-Lasselin C, Riviere J, Gilles M, Chassande O, Morgenthaler C, Laloé D, Lecardonnel J, Flamant F, Legeai-Mallet L, Schibler L. Chondrocytes play a major role in the stimulation of bone growth by thyroid hormone. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3123-35. [PMID: 24914940 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) is required for postnatal skeletal growth. It exerts its effect by binding to nuclear receptors, TRs including TRα1 and TRβ1, which are present in most cell types. These cell types include chondrocytes and osteoblasts, the interactions of which are known to regulate endochondral bone formation. In order to analyze the respective functions of T3 stimulation in chondrocytes and osteoblasts during postnatal growth, we use Cre/loxP recombination to express a dominant-negative TRα1(L400R) mutant receptor in a cell-specific manner. Phenotype analysis revealed that inhibiting T3 response in chondrocytes is sufficient to reproduce the defects observed in hypothyroid mice, not only for cartilage maturation, but also for ossification and mineralization. TRα1(L400R) in chondrocytes also results in skull deformation. In the meantime, TRα1(L400R) expression in mature osteoblasts has no visible effect. Transcriptome analysis identifies a number of changes in gene expression induced by TRα1(L400R) in cartilage. These changes suggest that T3 normally cross talks with several other signaling pathways to promote chondrocytes proliferation, differentiation, and skeletal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Desjardin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) (C.D., J.R., M.G., C.M., D.L., J.L., L.S.), UMR1313, Biologie Intégrative et Génétique Animale, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5242 (C.C.), ENS Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Institut Imagine (C.B.-L., L.L.-G.) Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1163, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France; University of Bordeaux (O.C.), U1026, Bioingénierie Tissulaire, Bordeaux, France; and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (F.F.), Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Liu H, Chen Y, Zhou F, Jie L, Pu L, Ju J, Li F, Dai Z, Wang X, Zhou S. Sox9 regulates hyperexpression of Wnt1 and Fzd1 in human osteosarcoma tissues and cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:4795-4805. [PMID: 25197350 PMCID: PMC4152040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor that has poor prognosis. Molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression remain largely unknown. Sox9, one of the Sox family transcription factors, is closely associated with the development of a variety of malignant tumors. This study investigates the expression of Sox9, Wnt1 and Fzd1 in human osteosarcoma tissues and cells and the role of Sox9 in the proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells. Immunohistochemical analyses for Sox9, Wnt1, Fzd1, and Ki-67 proteins were performed in human primary osteosarcoma tissues from 48 patients. The small interfering RNA (siRNA) of Sox9 was transfected into human osteosarcoma MG63 cells. At 24 and 48 h after transfection with Sox9 siRNA, the expression of Wnt1 and Fzd1 was analyzed by RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence techniques. Cell proliferation was assayed by CCK-8 method, and Ki-67 protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. Results showed that the expressions of Sox9, Wnt1, Fzd1, and Ki-67 proteins in human osteosarcoma tissues were higher than those in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Hyperexpressions of Sox9, Wnt1, Fzd1, and Ki-67 proteins occurred more frequently in human osteosarcoma tissues with an advanced clinical stage (IIb/III). Sox9 siRNA reduced both mRNA and protein expression levels of Wnt1 and Fzd1, which result in the distinct inhibition of MG63 cell proliferation. Our study suggests that Sox9 siRNA inhibits the proliferation capability of human osteosarcoma cells by down-regulating the expression of Wnt1 and its receptor Fzd1, which may provide new gene targets for the clinical treatment of osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huancai Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical College, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fenghua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Jie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Leidong Pu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ju
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fengjie Li
- Department of Medicine Research Center, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical College, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Pradhan A, Olsson PE. Juvenile ovary to testis transition in zebrafish involves inhibition of ptges. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:33. [PMID: 24920039 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.119016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The sex differentiation mechanisms in zebrafish (Danio rerio) remains elusive, partly because of the absence of sex chromosomes but also because the process appears to depend on the synchrony of multiple genes and possibly environmental factors. Zebrafish gonadal development is initiated through the development of immature oocytes. Depending on multiple signaling cues, in about half of the individuals, the juvenile ovaries degenerate or undergo apoptosis to initiate testes development while the other half maintains the oogenic pathway. We have previously shown that activation of NFκB and prostaglandin synthase 2 (ptgs2) results in female-biased sex ratios. Prostaglandin synthase and prostaglandins are involved in multiple physiological functions, including cell survival and apoptosis. In the present study, we show that inhibition of ptgs2 by meloxicam results in male-biased sex ratios. On further evaluation, we observed that exposure with the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) analogue BW-245C induced SRY-box containing gene 9a (sox9a) and resulted in male-biased sex ratios. On the other hand, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment resulted in female-biased sex ratios and involved activation of NFκB and the β-catenin pathway as well as inhibition of sox9. Exposure to the β-catenin inhibitor PNU-74654 resulted in up-regulation of ptgds and male-biased sex ratios, further confirming the involvement of β-catenin in the female differentiation pathway. In this study, we show that PGD2 and PGE2 can program the gonads to either the testis or the ovary differentiation pathways, indicating that prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of zebrafish gonadal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Pradhan
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Bruun J, Kolberg M, Nesland JM, Svindland A, Nesbakken A, Lothe RA. Prognostic Significance of β-Catenin, E-Cadherin, and SOX9 in Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Large Population-Representative Series. Front Oncol 2014; 4:118. [PMID: 24904831 PMCID: PMC4033250 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust biomarkers that can precisely stratify patients according to treatment needs are in great demand. The literature is inconclusive for most reported prognostic markers for colorectal cancer (CRC). Hence, adequately reported studies in large representative series are necessary to determine their clinical potential. We investigated the prognostic value of three Wnt signaling-associated proteins, β-catenin, E-cadherin, and SOX9, in a population-representative single-hospital series of 1290 Norwegian CRC patients by performing immunohistochemical analyses of each marker using the tissue microarray technology. Loss of membranous or cytosolic β-catenin and loss of cytosolic E-cadherin protein expression were significantly associated with reduced 5-year survival in 903 patients who underwent major resection (722 evaluable tissue cores) independently of standard clinicopathological high-risk parameters. Pre-specified subgroup analyses demonstrated particular effect for stage IV patients for β-catenin membrane staining (P = 0.018; formal interaction test P = 0.025). Among those who underwent complete resection (714 patients, 568 evaluable), 5-year time-to-recurrence analyses were performed, and stage II patients with loss of cytosolic E-cadherin were identified as an independent high-risk subgroup (P = 0.020, formal interaction test was not significant). Nuclear β-catenin and SOX9 protein, regardless of intracellular location, were not associated with prognosis. In conclusion, the protein expression level of membranous or cytosolic β-catenin and E-cadherin predicts CRC patient subgroups with inferior prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarle Bruun
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Matthias Kolberg
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jahn M Nesland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Aud Svindland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Arild Nesbakken
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aker Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ragnhild A Lothe
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Bruun J, Kolberg M, Nesland JM, Svindland A, Nesbakken A, Lothe RA. Prognostic Significance of β-Catenin, E-Cadherin, and SOX9 in Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Large Population-Representative Series. Front Oncol 2014; 222:1-15. [PMID: 24904831 DOI: 10.1002/path.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust biomarkers that can precisely stratify patients according to treatment needs are in great demand. The literature is inconclusive for most reported prognostic markers for colorectal cancer (CRC). Hence, adequately reported studies in large representative series are necessary to determine their clinical potential. We investigated the prognostic value of three Wnt signaling-associated proteins, β-catenin, E-cadherin, and SOX9, in a population-representative single-hospital series of 1290 Norwegian CRC patients by performing immunohistochemical analyses of each marker using the tissue microarray technology. Loss of membranous or cytosolic β-catenin and loss of cytosolic E-cadherin protein expression were significantly associated with reduced 5-year survival in 903 patients who underwent major resection (722 evaluable tissue cores) independently of standard clinicopathological high-risk parameters. Pre-specified subgroup analyses demonstrated particular effect for stage IV patients for β-catenin membrane staining (P = 0.018; formal interaction test P = 0.025). Among those who underwent complete resection (714 patients, 568 evaluable), 5-year time-to-recurrence analyses were performed, and stage II patients with loss of cytosolic E-cadherin were identified as an independent high-risk subgroup (P = 0.020, formal interaction test was not significant). Nuclear β-catenin and SOX9 protein, regardless of intracellular location, were not associated with prognosis. In conclusion, the protein expression level of membranous or cytosolic β-catenin and E-cadherin predicts CRC patient subgroups with inferior prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarle Bruun
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Matthias Kolberg
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jahn M Nesland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Aud Svindland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Arild Nesbakken
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aker Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ragnhild A Lothe
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Burke DP, Khayyeri H, Kelly DJ. Substrate stiffness and oxygen availability as regulators of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation within a mechanically loaded bone chamber. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 14:93-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
122
|
Bond CE, Nancarrow DJ, Wockner LF, Wallace L, Montgomery GW, Leggett BA, Whitehall VLJ. Microsatellite stable colorectal cancers stratified by the BRAF V600E mutation show distinct patterns of chromosomal instability. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91739. [PMID: 24651849 PMCID: PMC3961279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRAF (V600E) mutation in colorectal cancers that are microsatellite stable (MSS) confers a poor patient prognosis, whereas BRAF mutant microsatellite-unstable (MSI) colorectal cancers have an excellent prognosis. BRAF wild type cancers are typically MSS and display chromosomal instability (CIN). CIN has not been extensively studied on a genome-wide basis in relation to BRAF mutational status in colorectal cancer. BRAF mutant/MSS (BRAFmut/MSS) cancers (n = 33) and BRAF mutant/MSI (BRAFmut/MSI) cancers (n = 30) were compared for presence of copy number aberrations (CNAs) indicative of CIN, with BRAF wild type/MSS (BRAFwt/MSS) cancers (n = 18) using Illumina CytoSNP-12 arrays. BRAFmut/MSS and BRAFwt/MSS cancers showed comparable numbers of CNAs/cancer at 32.8 and 29.8 respectively. However, there were differences in patterns of CNA length between MSS cohorts, with BRAFmut/MSS cancers having significantly greater proportions of focal CNAs compared to BRAFwt/MSS cancers (p<0.0001); whereas whole chromosomal arm CNAs were more common in BRAFwt/MSS cancers (p<0.0001). This related to a reduced average CNA length in BRAFmut/MSS compared to BRAFwt/MSS cancers (20.7 Mb vs 33.4 Mb;p<0.0001); and a smaller average percent of CIN affected genomes in BRAFmut/MSS compared to BRAFwt/MSS cancers (23.9% vs 34.9% respectively). BRAFmut/MSI cancers were confirmed to have low CNA rates (5.4/cancer) and minimal CIN-affected genomes (average of 4.5%) compared to MSS cohorts (p<0.0001). BRAFmut/MSS cancers had more frequent deletion CNAs compared to BRAFwt/MSS cancers on 6p and 17q at loci not typically correlated with colorectal cancer, and greater amplification CNAs on 8q and 18q compared to BRAFwt/MSS cancers. These results indicate that comparable rates of CIN occur between MSS subgroups, however significant differences in their patterns of instability exist, with BRAFmut/MSS cancers showing a ‘focal pattern’ and BRAFwt/MSS cancers having a ‘whole arm pattern’ of CIN. This and the genomic loci more frequently affected in BRAFmut/MSS cancers provides further evidence of the biological distinctions of this important cancer subgroup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Bond
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Derek J. Nancarrow
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leesa F. Wockner
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leanne Wallace
- Molecular Epidemiology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barbara A. Leggett
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vicki L. J. Whitehall
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Santerre C, Sourdaine P, Adeline B, Martinez AS. Cg-SoxE and Cg-β-catenin, two new potential actors of the sex-determining pathway in a hermaphrodite lophotrochozoan, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 167:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
124
|
Carré GA, Greenfield A. Characterising Novel Pathways in Testis Determination Using Mouse Genetics. Sex Dev 2014; 8:199-207. [DOI: 10.1159/000358402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
125
|
Lin X, Li J, Yin G, Zhao Q, Elias D, Lykkesfeldt AE, Stenvang J, Brünner N, Wang J, Yang H, Bolund L, Ditzel HJ. Integrative analyses of gene expression and DNA methylation profiles in breast cancer cell line models of tamoxifen-resistance indicate a potential role of cells with stem-like properties. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R119. [PMID: 24355041 PMCID: PMC4057522 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Development of resistance to tamoxifen is an important clinical issue in the treatment of breast cancer. Tamoxifen resistance may be the result of acquisition of epigenetic regulation within breast cancer cells, such as DNA methylation, resulting in changed mRNA expression of genes pivotal for estrogen-dependent growth. Alternatively, tamoxifen resistance may be due to selection of pre-existing resistant cells, or a combination of the two mechanisms. Methods To evaluate the contribution of these possible tamoxifen resistance mechanisms, we applied modified DNA methylation-specific digital karyotyping (MMSDK) and digital gene expression (DGE) in combination with massive parallel sequencing to analyze a well-established tamoxifen-resistant cell line model (TAMR), consisting of 4 resistant and one parental cell line. Another tamoxifen-resistant cell line model system (LCC1/LCC2) was used to validate the DNA methylation and gene expression results. Results Significant differences were observed in global gene expression and DNA methylation profiles between the parental tamoxifen-sensitive cell line and the 4 tamoxifen-resistant TAMR sublines. The 4 TAMR cell lines exhibited higher methylation levels as well as an inverse relationship between gene expression and DNA methylation in the promoter regions. A panel of genes, including NRIP1, HECA and FIS1, exhibited lower gene expression in resistant vs. parental cells and concurrent increased promoter CGI methylation in resistant vs. parental cell lines. A major part of the methylation, gene expression, and pathway alterations observed in the TAMR model were also present in the LCC1/LCC2 cell line model. More importantly, high expression of SOX2 and alterations of other SOX and E2F gene family members, as well as RB-related pocket protein genes in TAMR highlighted stem cell-associated pathways as being central in the resistant cells and imply that cancer-initiating cells/cancer stem-like cells may be involved in tamoxifen resistance in this model. Conclusion Our data highlight the likelihood that resistant cells emerge from cancer-initiating cells/cancer stem-like cells and imply that these cells may gain further advantage in growth via epigenetic mechanisms. Illuminating the expression and DNA methylation features of putative cancer-initiating cells/cancer stem cells may suggest novel strategies to overcome tamoxifen resistance.
Collapse
|
126
|
Liu X, Zhang B, McBride JD, Zhou K, Lee K, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Ma JX. Antiangiogenic and antineuroinflammatory effects of kallistatin through interactions with the canonical Wnt pathway. Diabetes 2013; 62:4228-38. [PMID: 23884893 PMCID: PMC3837048 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kallistatin is a member of the serine proteinase inhibitor superfamily. Kallistatin levels have been shown to be decreased in the vitreous while increased in the circulation of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Overactivation of the Wnt pathway is known to play pathogenic roles in DR. To investigate the role of kallistatin in DR and in Wnt pathway activation, we generated kallistatin transgenic (kallistatin-TG) mice overexpressing kallistatin in multiple tissues including the retina. In the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model, kallistatin overexpression attenuated ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. In diabetic kallistatin-TG mice, kallistatin overexpression ameliorated retinal vascular leakage, leukostasis, and overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and intracellular adhesion molecule. Furthermore, kallistatin overexpression also suppressed Wnt pathway activation in the retinas of the OIR and diabetic models. In diabetic Wnt reporter (BAT-gal) mice, kallistatin overexpression suppressed retinal Wnt reporter activity. In cultured retinal cells, kallistatin blocked Wnt pathway activation induced by high glucose and by Wnt ligand. Coprecipitation and ligand-binding assays both showed that kallistatin binds to a Wnt coreceptor LRP6 with high affinity (Kd = 4.5 nmol/L). These observations suggest that kallistatin is an endogenous antagonist of LRP6 and inhibitor of Wnt signaling. The blockade of Wnt signaling may represent a mechanism for its antiangiogenic and antineuroinflammatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey D. McBride
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kevin Zhou
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kyungwon Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Yueping Zhou
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
- Corresponding authors: Zuguo Liu, , and Jian-xing Ma,
| | - Jian-xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Corresponding authors: Zuguo Liu, , and Jian-xing Ma,
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Belo J, Krishnamurthy M, Oakie A, Wang R. The Role of SOX9 Transcription Factor in Pancreatic and Duodenal Development. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2935-43. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Belo
- Children's Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | | | - Amanda Oakie
- Children's Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Rennian Wang
- Children's Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Cavodeassi F. Integration of anterior neural plate patterning and morphogenesis by the Wnt signaling pathway. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:759-71. [PMID: 24115566 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wnts are essential for a multitude of processes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. The molecular structure of the Wnt pathway is extremely complex, and it keeps growing as new molecular components and novel interactions are uncovered. Recent studies have advanced our understanding on how the diverse molecular outcomes of the Wnt pathway are integrated during organ development, an integration that is also essential, although mechanistically poorly understood, during the formation of the anterior part of the nervous system, the forebrain. In this article, the author has summarized these findings and discussed their implications for forebrain development. A special emphasis has been put forth on studies performed in the zebrafish as this model system has been instrumental for our current understanding of forebrain patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cavodeassi
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Kim TM, Lee SH, Chung YJ. Clinical applications of next-generation sequencing in colorectal cancers. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6784-6793. [PMID: 24187453 PMCID: PMC3812477 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Like other solid tumors, colorectal cancer (CRC) is a genomic disorder in which various types of genomic alterations, such as point mutations, genomic rearrangements, gene fusions, or chromosomal copy number alterations, can contribute to the initiation and progression of the disease. The advent of a new DNA sequencing technology known as next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the speed and throughput of cataloguing such cancer-related genomic alterations. Now the challenge is how to exploit this advanced technology to better understand the underlying molecular mechanism of colorectal carcinogenesis and to identify clinically relevant genetic biomarkers for diagnosis and personalized therapeutics. In this review, we will introduce NGS-based cancer genomics studies focusing on those of CRC, including a recent large-scale report from the Cancer Genome Atlas. We will mainly discuss how NGS-based exome-, whole genome- and methylome-sequencing have extended our understanding of colorectal carcinogenesis. We will also introduce the unique genomic features of CRC discovered by NGS technologies, such as the relationship with bacterial pathogens and the massive genomic rearrangements of chromothripsis. Finally, we will discuss the necessary steps prior to development of a clinical application of NGS-related findings for the advanced management of patients with CRC.
Collapse
|
130
|
Loke J, Pearlman A, Radi O, Zuffardi O, Giussani U, Pallotta R, Camerino G, Ostrer H. Mutations in MAP3K1 tilt the balance from SOX9/FGF9 to WNT/β-catenin signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1073-83. [PMID: 24135036 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In-frame missense and splicing mutations (resulting in a 2 amino acid insertion or a 34 amino acid deletion) dispersed through the MAP3K1 gene tilt the balance from the male to female sex-determining pathway, resulting in 46,XY disorder of sex development. These MAP3K1 mutations mediate this balance by enhancing WNT/β-catenin/FOXL2 expression and β-catenin activity and by reducing SOX9/FGF9/FGFR2/SRY expression. These effects are mediated at multiple levels involving MAP3K1 interaction with protein co-factors and phosphorylation of downstream targets. In transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines and NT2/D1 cells transfected with wild-type or mutant MAP3K1 cDNAs under control of the constitutive CMV promoter, these mutations increased binding of RHOA, MAP3K4, FRAT1 and AXIN1 and increased phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2. Overexpressing RHOA or reducing expression of MAP3K4 in NT2/D1 cells produced phenocopies of the MAP3K1 mutations. Using siRNA knockdown of RHOA or overexpressing MAP3K4 in NT2/D1 cells produced anti-phenocopies. Interestingly, the effects of the MAP3K1 mutations were rescued by co-transfection with wild-type MAP3K4. Although MAP3K1 is not usually required for testis determination, mutations in this gene can disrupt normal development through the gains of function demonstrated in this study.
Collapse
|
131
|
Enjuanes A, Albero R, Clot G, Navarro A, Beà S, Pinyol M, Martín-Subero JI, Klapper W, Staudt LM, Jaffe ES, Rimsza L, Braziel RM, Delabie J, Cook JR, Tubbs RR, Gascoyne R, Connors JM, Weisenburger DD, Greiner TC, Chan WC, López-Guillermo A, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Campo E, Jares P. Genome-wide methylation analyses identify a subset of mantle cell lymphoma with a high number of methylated CpGs and aggressive clinicopathological features. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2852-63. [PMID: 23754783 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B-cell neoplasm with an aggressive clinical behavior characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) and cyclin D1 overexpression. To clarify the potential contribution of altered DNA methylation in the development and/or progression of MCL, we performed genome-wide methylation profiling of a large cohort of primary MCL tumors (n = 132), MCL cell lines (n = 6) and normal lymphoid tissue samples (n = 31), using the Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip. DNA methylation was compared to gene expression, chromosomal alterations and clinicopathological parameters. Primary MCL displayed a heterogeneous methylation pattern dominated by DNA hypomethylation when compared to normal lymphoid samples. A total of 454 hypermethylated and 875 hypomethylated genes were identified as differentially methylated in at least 10% of primary MCL. Annotation analysis of hypermethylated genes recognized WNT pathway inhibitors and several tumor suppressor genes as frequently methylated, and a substantial fraction of these genes (22%) showed a significant downregulation of their transcriptional levels. Furthermore, we identified a subset of tumors with extensive CpG methylation that had an increased proliferation signature, higher number of chromosomal alterations and poor prognosis. Our results suggest that a subset of MCL displays a dysregulation of DNA methylation characterized by the accumulation of CpG hypermethylation highly associated with increased proliferation that may influence the clinical behavior of the tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Enjuanes
- Genomics Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Chen Y, Yu D, Zhang C, Shang B, He H, Chen J, Zhang H, Zhao W, Wang Z, Xu X, Zhen Y, Shao RG. Lidamycin inhibits tumor initiating cells of hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7 through GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:1-8. [PMID: 23857500 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, tumor initiating cells are considered as the central role of tumorigenicity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Enediyne anticancer antibiotic lidamycin with great potential antitumor activity is currently evaluated in Phase II clinical trials. In this study, we evaluated the effect of lidamycin on tumor initiating cells of hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7 and identified the potential mechanism. Flow cytometry analysis and sorting assay, surface marker assay, sphere formation assay, and aldefluor assay were used to evaluate the effect of lidamycin on Huh7 tumor initiating cells in vitro. To investigate the potential mechanism, the activity of GSK3β/β-catenin pathway was detected by Western blot and T cell factors transcriptional activity assay. Subcutaneous tumor model in nude mice was used to observe in vivo effect of lidamycin on Huh7 cells. Lidamycin decreased the proportion of EpCAM+ cells and the expression of EpCAM protein. Lidamycin inhibited sphere formation of sorted EpCAM+ cells in 7 d, and of parental cells in three serial passages. The population of aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive cells was reduced by lidamycin. In addition, lidamycin restrained tumor volume and incidence in vivo. Lidamycin activated GSK3β, and degraded the activity of β-catenin. Consequently, transcriptional activity of β-catenin/T cell factors was decreased. In brief, these results suggest that lidamycin suppressed Huh7 tumor initiating cells via GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. These findings reveal the potential mechanism of lidamycin on tumor initiating cells and the benefit for further clinical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Oncology, MOH Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Sensiate LA, Sobreira DR, Da Veiga FC, Peterlini DJ, Pedrosa AV, Rirsch T, Joazeiro PP, Schubert FR, Collares-Buzato CB, Xavier-Neto J, Dietrich S, Alvares LE. Dact gene expression profiles suggest a role for this gene family in integrating Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways during chicken limb development. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:428-39. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Débora R. Sobreira
- Department of Histology and Embryology; State University of Campinas UNICAMP; Campinas Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Thaís Rirsch
- Department of Histology and Embryology; State University of Campinas UNICAMP; Campinas Brazil
| | - Paulo Pinto Joazeiro
- Department of Histology and Embryology; State University of Campinas UNICAMP; Campinas Brazil
| | - Frank R. Schubert
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Susanne Dietrich
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth United Kingdom
| | - Lúcia Elvira Alvares
- Department of Histology and Embryology; State University of Campinas UNICAMP; Campinas Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Panza A, Pazienza V, Ripoli M, Benegiamo G, Gentile A, Valvano MR, Augello B, Merla G, Prattichizzo C, Tavano F, Ranieri E, di Sebastiano P, Vinciguerra M, Andriulli A, Mazzoccoli G, Piepoli A. Interplay between SOX9, β-catenin and PPARγ activation in colorectal cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1853-65. [PMID: 23583560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis relies on loss of homeostasic mechanisms regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. These cell processes have been reported to be influenced independently by transcription factors activated downstream of the Wnt pathway, such as SOX9 and β-catenin, and by the nuclear receptor PPARγ. The purpose of this study was to explore the expression levels and functional link between SOX9, β-catenin and PPARγ in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). We evaluated SOX9, β-catenin and PPARγ expression levels on human CRC specimens by qPCR and immunoblot detection. We tested the hypothesis that PPARγ activation might affect SOX9 and β-catenin expression using four colon cancer cell lines (CaCo2, SW480, HCT116, and HT29 cells). In CRC tissues SOX9 resulted up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels when compared to matched normal mucosa, β-catenin resulted up-regulated at protein levels, while PPARG mRNA and PPARγ protein levels were down-regulated. A significant relationship was observed between high PPARG and SOX9 expression levels in the tumor tissue and female gender (p=0.005 and p=0.04, respectively), and between high SOX9 expression in the tumor tissue and age (p=0.04) and microsatellite instability (MSI), in particular with MSI-H (p=0.0002). Moreover, treatment with the synthetic PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone induced different changes of SOX9 and β-catenin expression and subcellular localization in the colon cancer cell lines examined. In conclusion, SOX9, β-catenin and PPARγ expression levels are deregulated in the CRC tissue, and in colon cancer cell lines ligand-dependent PPARγ activation unevenly influences SOX9 and β-catenin expression and subcellular localization, suggesting a variable mechanistic role in colon carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Panza
- Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signalling plays essential roles in embryonic development as well as tissue homoeostasis in adults. Thus abnormal regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling is linked to a variety of human diseases, including cancer, osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease. Owing to the importance of Wnt signalling in a wide range of biological fields, a better understanding of its precise mechanisms could provide fundamental insights for therapeutic applications. Although many studies have investigated the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling, our knowledge remains insufficient due to the complexity and diversity of Wnt signalling. It is generally accepted that the identification of novel regulators and their functions is a prerequisite to fully elucidating the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Recently, several novel modulators of Wnt signalling have been determined through multiple genetic and proteomic approaches. In the present review, we discuss the mechanistic regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling by focusing on the roles of these novel regulators.
Collapse
|
136
|
Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts and chondrocytes: a focus on adenosine receptors. Expert Rev Mol Med 2013; 15:e1. [PMID: 23406574 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2013.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletogenesis, either during development, post-injury or for maintenance, is a carefully coordinated process reliant on the appropriate differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Some well described, as well as a new regulator of this process (adenosine receptors), are alike in that they signal via cyclic-AMP (cAMP). This review highlights the known contribution of cAMP signalling to mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to osteoblasts and to chondrocytes. Focus has been given to how these regulators influence the commitment of the osteochondroprogenitor to these separate lineages.
Collapse
|
137
|
Wang H, He L, Ma F, Regan MM, Balk SP, Richardson AL, Yuan X. SOX9 regulates low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and T-cell factor 4 (TCF4) expression and Wnt/β-catenin activation in breast cancer. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6478-87. [PMID: 23306204 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.419184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling has identified breast cancer (BCa) subtypes, including an aggressive basal-like (BL) subtype. The molecular signals underlying the behavior observed in BL-BCa group are largely unknown, although recent results indicate a prevalent increase in Wnt/β-catenin activity. Our immunohistochemistry study confirmed that SOX9, one of the BL-BCa signature genes, was expressed by most BL-BCa, and its expression correlated with indicators of poor prognosis. Importantly, BCa gene expression profiling strongly associated SOX9 with the expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway components, LRP6 and TCF4. In cancer cell lines, SOX9 silencing reduced cell proliferation and invasion, LRP6 and TCF4 transcription, and decreased Wnt/β-catenin activation. SOX9 expression was also increased by Wnt, indicating that SOX9 is at the center of a positive feedback loop that enhances Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Consistently, SOX9 overexpression in BCa cell lines and transgenic SOX9 expression in breast epithelium caused increased LRP6 and TCF4 expression and Wnt/β-catenin activation. These results identify SOX9-mediated Wnt/β-catenin activation as one of the molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant Wnt/β-catenin activity in BCa, especially in the BL-BCa subgroup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Cucchiarini M, Orth P, Madry H. Direct rAAV SOX9 administration for durable articular cartilage repair with delayed terminal differentiation and hypertrophy in vivo. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 91:625-36. [PMID: 23149825 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct gene transfer strategies are of promising value to treat articular cartilage defects. Here, we tested the ability of a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) SOX9 vector to enhance the repair of cartilage lesions in vivo. The candidate construct was provided to osteochondral defects in rabbit knee joints vis-à-vis control (lacZ) vector treatment and to cells relevant of the repair tissue (mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes). Efficient, long-term transgene expression was noted within the lesions (up to 16 weeks) and in cells in vitro (21 days). Administration of the SOX9 vector was capable of stimulating the biological activities in vitro and over time in vivo. SOX9 treatment in vivo was well tolerated, leading to improved cartilage repair processes with enhanced production of major matrix components. Remarkably, application of rAAV SOX9 delayed premature terminal differentiation and hypertrophy in the newly formed cartilage, possible due to contrasting effects of SOX9 on RUNX2 and β-catenin osteogenic expression in this area. Most strikingly, SOX9 treatment improved the reconstitution of the subchondral bone in the defects, possibly due to an increase in RUNX2 expression in this location. These findings show the potential of direct rAAV gene delivery as an efficient tool to treat cartilage lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Venkatesan JK, Ekici M, Madry H, Schmitt G, Kohn D, Cucchiarini M. SOX9 gene transfer via safe, stable, replication-defective recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors as a novel, powerful tool to enhance the chondrogenic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2012; 3:22. [PMID: 22742415 PMCID: PMC3583131 DOI: 10.1186/scrt113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transplantation of genetically modified human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with an accurate potential for chondrogenic differentiation may be a powerful means to enhance the healing of articular cartilage lesions in patients. Here, we evaluated the benefits of delivering SOX9 (a key regulator of chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage formation) via safe, maintained, replication-defective recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector on the capability of hMSCs to commit to an adequate chondrocyte phenotype compared with other mesenchymal lineages. Methods The rAAV-FLAG-hSOX9 vector was provided to both undifferentiated and lineage-induced MSCs freshly isolated from patients to determine the effects of the candidate construct on the viability, biosynthetic activities, and ability of the cells to enter chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic differentiation programs compared with control treatments (rAAV-lacZ or absence of vector administration). Results Marked, prolonged expression of the transcription factor was noted in undifferentiated and chondrogenically differentiated cells transduced with rAAV-FLAG-hSOX9, leading to increased synthesis of major extracellular matrix components compared with control treatments, but without effect on proliferative activities. Chondrogenic differentiation (SOX9, type II collagen, proteoglycan expression) was successfully achieved in all types of cells but strongly enhanced when the SOX9 vector was provided. Remarkably, rAAV-FLAG-hSOX9 delivery reduced the levels of markers of hypertrophy, terminal and osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation in hMSCs (type I and type X collagen, alkaline phosphatise (ALP), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), and osteopontin (OP) with diminished expression of the osteoblast-related transcription factor runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2); lipoprotein lipase (LPL), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARG2)), as well as their ability to undergo proper osteo-/adipogenic differentiation. These effects were accompanied with decreased levels of β-catenin (a mediator of the Wnt signaling pathway for osteoblast lineage differentiation) and enhanced parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) expression (an inhibitor of hypertrophic maturation, calcification, and bone formation) via SOX9 treatment. Conclusions This study shows the potential benefits of rAAV-mediated SOX9 gene transfer to propagate hMSCs with an advantageous chondrocyte differentiation potential for future, indirect therapeutic approaches that aim at restoring articular cartilage defects in the human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical CenterHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Shin SH, Lee EJ, Chun J, Hyun S, Kim YI, Kang SS. The nuclear localization of glycogen synthase kinase 3β is required its putative PY-nuclear localization sequences. Mol Cells 2012; 34:375-82. [PMID: 23104438 PMCID: PMC3887767 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β), which is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family, has been shown to be crucial for cellular survival, differentiation, and metabolism. Here, we present evidence that GSK-3β is associated with the karyopherin β2 (Kap β2) (102-kDa), which functions as a substrate for transportation into the nucleus. A potential PY-NLS motif ((109)IVRLRYFFY(117)) was observed, which is similar with the consensus PY NLS motif (R/K/H)X(2-5)PY in the GSK-3β catalytic domain. Using a pull down approach, we observed that GSK-3β physically interacts with Kap β2 both in vivo and in vitro. Secondly, GSK-3β and Kap β2 were shown to be co-localized by confocal microscopy. The localization of GSK-3β to the nuclear region was disrupted by putative Kap β2 binding site mutation. Furthermore, in transient transfection assays, the Kap β2 binding site mutant induced a substantial reduction in the in vivo serine/threonine phosphorylation of GSK-3β, where- as the GSK-3β wild type did not. Thus, our observations indicated that Kap β2 imports GSK-3β through its putative PY NLS motif from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and increases its kinase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hwa Shin
- Department of Biology Education, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763,
Korea
| | - Eun Jeoung Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763,
Korea
| | - Jaesun Chun
- Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongwon 363-791,
Korea
| | - Sunghee Hyun
- Department of Pre-medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-832,
Korea
| | - Youg Il Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763,
Korea
| | - Sang Sun Kang
- Department of Biology Education, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763,
Korea
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Shung CY, Ota S, Zhou ZQ, Keene DR, Hurlin PJ. Disruption of a Sox9-β-catenin circuit by mutant Fgfr3 in thanatophoric dysplasia type II. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4628-44. [PMID: 22843502 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors are responsible for a variety of skeletal birth defects, but the underlying mechanisms responsible remain unclear. Using a mouse model of thanatophoric dysplasia type II in which FGFR3(K650E) expression was directed to the appendicular skeleton, we show that the mutant receptor caused a block in chondrocyte differentiation specifically at the prehypertrophic stage. The differentiation block led to a severe reduction in hypertrophic chondrocytes that normally produce vascular endothelial growth factor, which in turn was associated with poor vascularization of primary ossification centers and disrupted endochondral ossification. We show that the differentiation block and defects in joint formation are associated with persistent expression of the chondrogenic factor Sox9 and down-regulation of β-catenin levels and activity in growth plate chondrocytes. Consistent with these in vivo results, FGFR3(K650E) expression was found to increase Sox9 and decrease β-catenin levels and transcriptional activity in cultured mesenchymal cells. Coexpression of Fgfr3(K650E) and Sox9 in cells resulted in very high levels of Sox9 and cooperative suppression of β-catenin-dependent transcription. Fgfr3(K650E) had opposing effects on Sox9 and β-catenin protein stability with it promoting Sox9 stabilization and β-catenin degradation. Since both Sox9 overexpression and β-catenin deletion independently blocks hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes and cause chondrodysplasias similar to those caused by mutations in FGFR3, our results suggest that dysregulation of Sox9 and β-catenin levels and activity in growth plate chondrocytes is an important underlying mechanism in skeletal diseases caused by mutations in FGFR3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yi Shung
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Portland, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature 2012; 487:330-7. [PMID: 22810696 PMCID: PMC3401966 DOI: 10.1038/nature11252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6265] [Impact Index Per Article: 522.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To characterize somatic alterations in colorectal carcinoma, we conducted a genome-scale analysis of 276 samples, analysing exome sequence, DNA copy number, promoter methylation and messenger RNA and microRNA expression. A subset of these samples (97) underwent low-depth-of-coverage whole-genome sequencing. In total, 16% of colorectal carcinomas were found to be hypermutated: three-quarters of these had the expected high microsatellite instability, usually with hypermethylation and MLH1 silencing, and one-quarter had somatic mismatch-repair gene and polymerase ε (POLE) mutations. Excluding the hypermutated cancers, colon and rectum cancers were found to have considerably similar patterns of genomic alteration. Twenty-four genes were significantly mutated, and in addition to the expected APC, TP53, SMAD4, PIK3CA and KRAS mutations, we found frequent mutations in ARID1A, SOX9 and FAM123B. Recurrent copy-number alterations include potentially drug-targetable amplifications of ERBB2 and newly discovered amplification of IGF2. Recurrent chromosomal translocations include the fusion of NAV2 and WNT pathway member TCF7L1. Integrative analyses suggest new markers for aggressive colorectal carcinoma and an important role for MYC-directed transcriptional activation and repression.
Collapse
|
143
|
Sellak H, Wu S, Lincoln TM. KLF4 and SOX9 transcription factors antagonize β-catenin and inhibit TCF-activity in cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1666-75. [PMID: 22766303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional activator β-catenin is a key mediator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. β-catenin itself does not bind DNA but functions via interaction with T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid-enhancing factor (LEF) transcription factors. Thus, in the case of active Wnt signaling, β-catenin, in cooperation with TCF/LEF proteins family, activates the expression of a wide variety of genes. To date, the list of established β-catenin interacting targets is far from complete. In this study, we aimed to establish the interaction between β-catenin and transcription factors that might affect TCF activity. We took advantage of EMSA, using TCF as a probe, to screen oligonucleotides known to bind specific transcription factors that might dislodge or antagonize β-catenin/TCF binding. We found that Sox9 and KLF4 antagonize β-catenin/TCF binding in HEK293, A549, SW480, and T47D cells. This inhibition of TCF binding was concentration-dependent and correlated to the in vitro TCF-luciferase functional assays. Overexpression of Sox9 and KLF4 transcription factors in cancer cells shows a concentration-dependent reduction of TCF-luciferase as well as the TCF-binding activities. In addition, we demonstrated that both Sox9 and KLF4 interact with β-catenin in an immunoprecipitation assay and reduce its binding to TCF4. Together, these results demonstrate that Sox9 and KLF4 transcription factors antagonize β-catenin/TCF in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sellak
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Pei L, Choi JH, Liu J, Lee EJ, McCarthy B, Wilson JM, Speir E, Awan F, Tae H, Arthur G, Schnabel JL, Taylor KH, Wang X, Xu D, Ding HF, Munn DH, Caldwell C, Shi H. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveals novel epigenetic changes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Epigenetics 2012; 7:567-78. [PMID: 22534504 DOI: 10.4161/epi.20237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in CD19 (+) B-cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients and normal control samples using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). The methylation status of 1.8-2.3 million CpGs in the CLL genome was determined; about 45% of these CpGs were located in more than 23,000 CpG islands (CGIs). While global CpG methylation was similar between CLL and normal B-cells, 1764 gene promoters were identified as being differentially methylated in at least one CLL sample when compared with normal B-cell samples. Nineteen percent of the differentially methylated genes were involved in transcriptional regulation. Aberrant hypermethylation was found in all HOX gene clusters and a significant number of WNT signaling pathway genes. Hypomethylation occurred more frequently in the gene body including introns, exons, and 3'-UTRs in CLL. The NFATc1 P2 promoter and first intron was found to be hypomethylated and correlated with upregulation of both NFATc1 RNA and protein expression levels in CLL suggesting that an epigenetic mechanism is involved in the constitutive activation of NFAT activity in CLL cells. This comprehensive DNA methylation analysis will further our understanding of the epigenetic contribution to cellular dysfunction in CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Pei
- GHSU Cancer Center; Georgia Health Sciences University; Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Dy P, Wang W, Bhattaram P, Wang Q, Wang L, Ballock RT, Lefebvre V. Sox9 directs hypertrophic maturation and blocks osteoblast differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes. Dev Cell 2012; 22:597-609. [PMID: 22421045 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox9 is necessary for early chondrogenesis, but its subsequent roles in the cartilage growth plate, a highly specialized structure that drives skeletal growth and endochondral ossification, remain unclear. Using a doxycycline-inducible Cre transgene and Sox9 conditional null alleles in the mouse, we show that Sox9 is required to maintain chondrocyte columnar proliferation and generate cell hypertrophy, two key features of functional growth plates. Sox9 keeps Runx2 expression and β-catenin signaling in check and thereby inhibits not only progression from proliferation to prehypertrophy, but also subsequent acquisition of an osteoblastic phenotype. Sox9 protein outlives Sox9 RNA in upper hypertrophic chondrocytes, where it contributes with Mef2c to directly activate the major marker of these cells, Col10a1. These findings thus reveal that Sox9 remains a central determinant of the lineage fate and multistep differentiation program of growth plate chondrocytes and thereby illuminate our understanding of key molecular mechanisms underlying skeletogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dy
- Department of Cell Biology, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Abstract
Cell signaling mediated by morphogens is essential to coordinate growth and patterning, two key processes that govern the formation of a complex multi-cellular organism. During growth and patterning, cells are specified by both quantitative and directional information. While quantitative information regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, directional information is conveyed in the form of cell polarities instructed by local and global cues. Major morphogens like Wnts play critical roles in embryonic development and they are also important in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Abnormal regulation of these signaling events leads to a diverse array of devastating diseases including cancer. Wnts transduce their signals through several distinct pathways and they regulate vertebrate embryonic development by providing both quantitative and directional information. Here, taking the developing skeletal system as an example, we review our work on Wnt signaling pathways in various aspects of development. We focus particularly on our most recent findings that showed that in vertebrates, Wnt5a acts as a global cue to establishing planar cell polarity (PCP). Our work suggests that Wnt morphogens regulate development by integrating quantitative and directional information. Our work also provides important insights in disease like Robinow syndrome, brachydactyly type B1 (BDB1) and spina bifida, which can be caused by human mutations in the Wnt/PCP signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Yang
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, 49 Convent Drive, MSC 4472, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Huang Y, Zhang X, Du K, Yang F, Shi Y, Huang J, Tang T, Chen D, Dai K. Inhibition of β-catenin signaling in chondrocytes induces delayed fracture healing in mice. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:304-10. [PMID: 21818768 PMCID: PMC3690117 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate and controlled chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification play fundamental roles in the fracture healing cascade, a regenerative process involved in highly coordinated biological events, including the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. To examine the role and importance of this pathway in chondrocytes, we studied bone repair of closed tibias fractures in Col2a1-ICAT transgenic mice, in which the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is specially inhibited in chondrocytes. Radiological, histological, and histomorphometric analyses at 7, 9, 12, 14, 21, and 28 days after fracture demonstrated the bone repairs were retarded in Col2a1-ICAT transgenic mice, due to reduced and delayed cartilage formation, chondrocyte hypertrophy, and bone generation. In addition, at 5 weeks, Col2a1-ICAT transgenic mice exhibited a weak mechanical tolerance to four-point bending. Furthermore, quantitative-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of genes associated specifically with cartilage extracellular matrix formation (collagen II, collagen X, and mmp13), bone remodeling (alp, collagen I, and osteocalcin), and vascular extravagation (vegf), and transcriptional activators involved in cartilage generation and ossification (sox9 and runx2) was decreased and delayed in the fracture sites of Col2a1-ICAT transgenic mice during healing. Collectively, these results suggest that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is critical for fracture healing, especially with respect to chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification. Thus, our study provides insight into the possible mechanisms of and therapeutic targets for improving normal facture repair and the healing of non-union fractures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200025, China,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kewei Du
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Yu Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jingang Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Kerong Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200025, China,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Abstract
Wnts are conserved, secreted signaling proteins that can influence cell behavior by stabilizing β-catenin. Accumulated β-catenin enters the nucleus, where it physically associates with T-cell factor (TCF) family members to regulate target gene expression in many developmental and adult tissues. Recruitment of β-catenin to Wnt response element (WRE) chromatin converts TCFs from transcriptional repressors to activators. This review will outline the complex interplay between factors contributing to TCF repression and coactivators working with β-catenin to regulate Wnt targets. In addition, three variations of the standard transcriptional switch model will be discussed. One is the Wnt/β-catenin symmetry pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans, where Wnt-mediated nuclear efflux of TCF is crucial for activation of targets. Another occurs in vertebrates, where distinct TCF family members are associated with repression and activation, and recent evidence suggests that Wnt signaling facilitates a "TCF exchange" on WRE chromatin. Finally, a "reverse switch" mechanism for target genes that are directly repressed by Wnt/β-catenin signaling occurs in Drosophila cells. The diversity of TCF regulatory mechanisms may help to explain how a small group of transcription factors can function in so many different contexts to regulate target gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken M Cadigan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Neumann J, Bahr F, Horst D, Kriegl L, Engel J, Luque RM, Gerhard M, Kirchner T, Jung A. SOX2 expression correlates with lymph-node metastases and distant spread in right-sided colon cancer. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:518. [PMID: 22168803 PMCID: PMC3267776 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor SOX2, which is involved in the induction of pluripotent stem cells and contributes to colorectal carcinogenesis, is associated with a poor prognosis in colon cancer (CC). Furthermore, SOX2 is a repressor of the transcriptional activity of β-catenin in vitro. Since the majority of CC develop via an activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, indicated by nuclear expression of β-catenin, we wanted to investigate the expression patterns of SOX2 and β-catenin and correlate them with the occurrence of lymph node and distant metastases as indicators of malignant progression. Methods The expression of SOX2 and β-catenin was investigated in a case control study utilizing a matched pair collection (N = 114) of right-sided CCs with either corresponding distant metastases (N = 57) or without distant spread (N = 57) by applying immunohistochemistry. Results Elevated protein expression of SOX2 significantly correlated with the presence of lymph node- (p = 0.006) and distant metastases (p = 0.022). Nuclear β-catenin expression correlated significantly only with distant metastases (p = 0.001). Less than 10% of cases showed a coexpression of high levels of β-catenin and SOX2. The positivity for both markers was also associated with a very high risk for lymph-node metastases (p = 0.007) and distant spread (p = 0.028). Conclusion We demonstrated that increased expression of either SOX2 or nuclear β-catenin are associated with distant metastases in right-sided CC. Additionally, SOX2 is also associated with lymph-node metastases. These data underline the importance of stemness-associated markers for the identification of CC with high risk for distant spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Neumann
- Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Qurrat-ul-Ain, Seemab U, Nawaz S, Rashid S. Integrative analyses of conserved WNT clusters and their co-operative behaviour in human breast cancer. Bioinformation 2011; 7:339-46. [PMID: 22355234 PMCID: PMC3280488 DOI: 10.6026/97320630007339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In human, WNT gene clusters are highly conserved at specie level and associated with carcinogenesis. Among them, WNT-10A and WNT-6 genes clustered in chromosome 2q35 are homologous to WNT-10B and WNT-1 located in chromosome 12q13, respectively. In an attempt to study co-regulation, the coordinated expression of these genes was monitored in human breast cancer tissues. As compared to normal tissue, both WNT-10A and WNT-10B genes exhibited lower expression while WNT-6 and WNT-1 showed increased expression in breast cancer tissues. The co-expression pattern was elaborated by detailed phylogenetic and syntenic analyses. Moreover, the intergenic and intragenic regions for these gene clusters were analyzed for studying the transcriptional regulation. In this context, adequate conserved binding sites for SOX and TCF family of transcriptional factors were observed. We propose that SOX9 and TCF4 may compete for binding at the promoters of WNT family genes thus regulating the disease phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qurrat-ul-Ain
- National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Pathologisches Institut der LMU, Thalkirchner Str. 36, D-80337 München Germany
| | - Umair Seemab
- National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of BioSciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road Chak Shahzad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Sulaman Nawaz
- National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid
- National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|