101
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SMAD7 deficiency stimulates Müller progenitor cell proliferation during the development of the mammalian retina. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:21-32. [PMID: 28258388 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway contributes to maintain the quiescence of adult neural stem and progenitor cells in the brain. In the retina, Müller cells are discussed to represent a glial cell population with progenitor-like characteristics. Here, we aimed to investigate if elevated TGF-β signaling modulates the proliferation of Müller cells during retinal development. We generated mutant mice with a systemic, heterozygous up-regulation of TGF-β signaling by deleting its inhibitor SMAD7. We investigated apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation of Müller cells in the developing retina. We show that a heterozygous deletion of SMAD7 results in an increased proliferation of Müller cell progenitors in the central retina at postnatal day 4, the time window when Müller cells differentiate in the mouse retina. This in turn results in a thickened retina and inner nuclear layer and a higher number of differentiated Müller cells in the more developed retina. Müller cells in mutant mice contain higher amounts of nestin than those of control animals which indicates that the increase in TGF-β signaling activity during retinal development contribute to maintain some progenitor-like characteristics in Müller cells even after their differentiation period. We conclude that TGF-β signaling influences Müller cell proliferation and differentiation during retinal development.
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102
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Schäfer P, Karl MO. Prospective purification and characterization of Müller glia in the mouse retina regeneration assay. Glia 2017; 65:828-847. [PMID: 28220544 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive gliosis is an umbrella term for various glia functions in neurodegenerative diseases and upon injury. Specifically, Müller glia (MG) in some species readily regenerate retinal neurons to restore vision loss after insult, whereas mammalian MG respond by reactive gliosis-a heterogeneous response which frequently includes cell hypertrophy and proliferation. Limited regeneration has been stimulated in mammals, with a higher propensity in young MG, and in vitro compared to in vivo, but the underlying processes are unknown. To facilitate studies on the mechanisms regulating and limiting glia functions, we developed a strategy to purify glia and their progeny by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Dual-transgenic nuclear reporter mice, which label neurons and glia with red and green fluorescent proteins, respectively, have enabled MG enrichment up to 93% purity. We applied this approach to MG in a mouse retina regeneration ex vivo assay. Combined cell size and cell cycle analysis indicates that most MG hypertrophy and a subpopulation proliferates which, over time, become even larger in cell size than the ones that do not proliferate. MG undergo timed differential genomic changes in genes controlling stemness and neurogenic competence; and glial markers are downregulated. Genes that are potentially required for, or associated with, regeneration and reactive gliosis are differentially regulated by retina explant culture time, epidermal growth factor stimulation, and animal age. Thus, MG enrichment facilitates cellular and molecular studies which, in combination with the mouse retina regeneration assay, provide an experimental approach for deciphering mechanisms that possibly regulate reactive gliosis and limit regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schäfer
- TU Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Fetscherstr. 107, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Arnoldstr. 13, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Mike O Karl
- TU Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Fetscherstr. 107, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Arnoldstr. 13, Dresden, 01307, Germany
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103
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Formin like 1 expression is increased on CD4+ T lymphocytes in spontaneous autoimmune uveitis. J Proteomics 2017; 154:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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104
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Mossina A, Lukas C, Merl-Pham J, Uhl FE, Mutze K, Schamberger A, Staab-Weijnitz C, Jia J, Yildirim AÖ, Königshoff M, Hauck SM, Eickelberg O, Meiners S. Cigarette smoke alters the secretome of lung epithelial cells. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mossina
- Comprehensive; Pneumology Center (CPC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians University; Munich Germany
| | - Christina Lukas
- Comprehensive; Pneumology Center (CPC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians University; Munich Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science; Helmholtz Zentrum München; Munich Germany
| | - Franziska E. Uhl
- Department of Medicine; Vermont Lung Center (VLC); University of Vermont; Burlington VT USA
| | - Kathrin Mutze
- Comprehensive; Pneumology Center (CPC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians University; Munich Germany
| | - Andrea Schamberger
- Comprehensive; Pneumology Center (CPC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians University; Munich Germany
| | - Claudia Staab-Weijnitz
- Comprehensive; Pneumology Center (CPC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians University; Munich Germany
| | - Jie Jia
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease; Helmholtz Zentrum München; Munich Germany
| | - Ali Ö. Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease; Helmholtz Zentrum München; Munich Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive; Pneumology Center (CPC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians University; Munich Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science; Helmholtz Zentrum München; Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive; Pneumology Center (CPC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians University; Munich Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease; Helmholtz Zentrum München; Munich Germany
| | - Silke Meiners
- Comprehensive; Pneumology Center (CPC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians University; Munich Germany
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105
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Schäfer N, Grosche A, Reinders J, Hauck SM, Pouw RB, Kuijpers TW, Wouters D, Ehrenstein B, Enzmann V, Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Pauly D. Complement Regulator FHR-3 Is Elevated either Locally or Systemically in a Selection of Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:542. [PMID: 27965669 PMCID: PMC5124756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human complement factor H-related protein-3 (FHR-3) is a soluble regulator of the complement system. Homozygous cfhr3/1 deletion is a genetic risk factor for the autoimmune form of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS), while also found to be protective in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The precise function of FHR-3 remains to be fully characterized. We generated four mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for FHR-3 (RETC) without cross-reactivity to the complement factor H (FH)-family. These antibodies detected FHR-3 from human serum with a mean concentration of 1 μg/mL. FHR-3 levels in patients were significantly increased in sera from systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica but remained almost unchanged in samples from AMD or aHUS patients. Moreover, by immunostaining of an aged human donor retina, we discovered a local FHR-3 production by microglia/macrophages. The mAb RETC-2 modulated FHR-3 binding to C3b but not the binding of FHR-3 to heparin. Interestingly, FHR-3 competed with FH for binding C3b and the mAb RETC-2 reduced the interaction of FHR-3 and C3b, resulting in increased FH binding. Our results unveil a previously unknown systemic involvement of FHR-3 in rheumatoid diseases and a putative local role of FHR-3 mediated by microglia/macrophages in the damaged retina. We conclude that the local FHR-3/FH equilibrium in AMD is a potential therapeutic target, which can be modulated by our specific mAb RETC-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schäfer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Joerg Reinders
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Richard B Pouw
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diana Wouters
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Boris Ehrenstein
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach , Bad Abbach , Germany
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Diana Pauly
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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106
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The microRNA expression profile of mouse Müller glia in vivo and in vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35423. [PMID: 27739496 PMCID: PMC5064377 DOI: 10.1038/srep35423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The profile of miRNAs in mature glia is not well characterized, and most studies have been done in cultured glia. In order to identify the miRNAs in adult and young (postnatal day 11/12) Müller glia of the neural retina, we isolated the Müller glia from Rlbp-CreER: Stopf/f-tdTomato mice by means of fluorescent activated cell sorting and analyzed their miRNAs using NanoStrings Technologies®. In freshly isolated adult Müller glia, we identified 7 miRNAs with high expression levels in the glia, but very low levels in the retinal neurons. These include miR-204, miR-9, and miR-125-5p. We also found 15 miRNAs with high levels of expression in both neurons and glia, and many miRNAs that were enriched in neurons and expressed at lower levels in Müller glia, such as miR-124. We next compared miRNA expression of acutely isolated Müller glia with those that were maintained in dissociated culture for 8 and 14 days. We found that most miRNAs declined in vitro. Interestingly, some miRNAs that were not highly expressed in adult Müller glia increased in cultured cells. Our results thus show the miRNA profile of adult Müller glia and the effects of cell culture on their levels.
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107
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Amann B, Kleinwort KJH, Hirmer S, Sekundo W, Kremmer E, Hauck SM, Deeg CA. Expression and Distribution Pattern of Aquaporin 4, 5 and 11 in Retinas of 15 Different Species. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071145. [PMID: 27438827 PMCID: PMC4964518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are small integral membrane proteins with 13 members in mammals and are essential for water transport across membranes. They are found in many different tissues and cells. Currently, there are conflicting results regarding retinal aquaporin expression and subcellular localization between genome and protein analyses and among various species. AQP4, 7, 9 and 11 were described in the retina of men; whereas AQP6, 8 and 10 were earlier identified in rat retinas and AQP4, 5 and 11 in horses. Since there is a lack of knowledge regarding AQP expression on protein level in retinas of different animal models, we decided to analyze retinal cellular expression of AQP4, 5 and 11 in situ with immunohistochemistry. AQP4 was detected in all 15 explored species, AQP5 and AQP11 in 14 out of 15. Interestingly, AQP4 was unambiguously expressed in Muller glial cells, whereas AQP5 was differentially allocated among the species analyzed. AQP11 expression was Muller glial cell-specific in 50% of the animals, whereas in the others, AQP11 was detected in ganglion cell layer and at photoreceptor outer segments. Our data indicate a disparity in aquaporin distribution in retinas of various animals, especially for AQP5 and 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Amann
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Kristina J H Kleinwort
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sieglinde Hirmer
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Walter Sekundo
- Clinic for Ophthalmology, University Clinic Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Marchioninistraße 25, D-81377 München, Germany.
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Heidemannstr. 1, D-80939 München, Germany.
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Philipps University of Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.
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108
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Twiss JL, Fainzilber M. Neuroproteomics: How Many Angels can be Identified in an Extract from the Head of a Pin? Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:341-3. [PMID: 26729708 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.e116.057828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L Twiss
- From the ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208;
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- §Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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