1
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Alber S, Di Matteo P, Zdradzinski MD, Dalla Costa I, Medzihradszky KF, Kawaguchi R, Di Pizio A, Freund P, Panayotis N, Marvaldi L, Doron-Mandel E, Okladnikov N, Rishal I, Nevo R, Coppola G, Lee SJ, Sahoo PK, Burlingame AL, Twiss JL, Fainzilber M. PTBP1 regulates injury responses and sensory pathways in adult peripheral neurons. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi0286. [PMID: 37506203 PMCID: PMC10381954 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) is thought to be expressed only at embryonic stages in central neurons. Its down-regulation triggers neuronal differentiation in precursor and non-neuronal cells, an approach recently tested for generation of neurons de novo for amelioration of neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, PTBP1 is replaced by its paralog PTBP2 in mature central neurons. Unexpectedly, we found that both proteins are coexpressed in adult sensory and motor neurons, with PTBP2 restricted mainly to the nucleus, while PTBP1 also shows axonal localization. Levels of axonal PTBP1 increased markedly after peripheral nerve injury, and it associates in axons with mRNAs involved in injury responses and nerve regeneration, including importin β1 (KPNB1) and RHOA. Perturbation of PTBP1 affects local translation in axons, nociceptor neuron regeneration and both thermal and mechanical sensation. Thus, PTBP1 has functional roles in adult axons. Hence, caution is required before considering targeting of PTBP1 for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Alber
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Pierluigi Di Matteo
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Matthew D. Zdradzinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Irene Dalla Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Katalin F. Medzihradszky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Agostina Di Pizio
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Philip Freund
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nicolas Panayotis
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Letizia Marvaldi
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano 10043, Italy
| | - Ella Doron-Mandel
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nataliya Okladnikov
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ida Rishal
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Reinat Nevo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Pabitra K. Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Alma L. Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffery L. Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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2
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Di Pizio A, Marvaldi L, Birling MC, Okladnikov N, Dupuis L, Fainzilber M, Rishal I. A conditional null allele of Dync1h1 enables targeted analyses of dynein roles in neuronal length sensing. J Cell Sci 2022; 136:277214. [PMID: 36218033 PMCID: PMC9687604 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Size homeostasis is fundamental in biology and is particularly important for large cells such as neurons. We previously proposed a motor-dependent length-sensing mechanism wherein reductions in microtubule motor levels should accelerate neuronal growth, and validated this prediction in dynein heavy chain 1 Loa mutant (Dync1h1Loa) sensory neurons. Here we describe a new mouse model with a conditional deletion allele of exons 24-25 in Dync1h1. Homozygous Islet1-Cre deletion of Dync1h1 is embryonic lethal, but heterozygous animals (Isl1-Dync1h1+/-) survive to adulthood with approximately 50% dynein expression in targeted cells. Isl1-Dync1h1+/- sensory neurons reveal accelerated growth, as previously reported in Dync1h1Loa neurons. Moreover, Isl1-Dync1h1+/- mice show mild impairments in gait, proprioception and tactile sensation similar to Dync1h1Loa mice, confirming that specific aspects of the Loa phenotype are due to reduced dynein levels. Isl1-Dync1h1+/- mice also show delayed recovery from peripheral nerve injury, likely due to reduced injury signal delivery from axonal lesion sites. Thus, conditional deletion of Dync1h1 exons 24-25 enables targeted studies of the role of dynein in neuronal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Di Pizio
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Letizia Marvaldi
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.,Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini," Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Nataliya Okladnikov
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Luc Dupuis
- INSERM U1118, Université de Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ida Rishal
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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3
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Song DA, Alber S, Doron-Mandel E, Schmid V, Albus CA, Leitner O, Hamawi H, Oses-Prieto JA, Dezorella N, Burlingame AL, Fainzilber M, Rishal I. A New Monoclonal Antibody Enables BAR Analysis of Subcellular Importin β1 Interactomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100418. [PMID: 36180036 PMCID: PMC9630795 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Importin β1 (KPNB1) is a nucleocytoplasmic transport factor with critical roles in both cytoplasmic and nucleocytoplasmic transport, hence there is keen interest in the characterization of its subcellular interactomes. We found limited efficiency of BioID in the detection of importin complex cargos and therefore generated a highly specific and sensitive anti-KPNB1 monoclonal antibody to enable biotinylation by antibody recognition analysis of importin β1 interactomes. The monoclonal antibody recognizes an epitope comprising residues 301-320 of human KPBN1 and strikingly is highly specific for cytoplasmic KPNB1 in diverse applications, with little reaction with KPNB1 in the nucleus. Biotinylation by antibody recognition with this novel antibody revealed numerous new interactors of importin β1, expanding the KPNB1 interactome to cytoplasmic and signaling complexes that highlight potential new functions for the importins complex beyond nucleocytoplasmic transport. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD032728.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didi-Andreas Song
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stefanie Alber
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ella Doron-Mandel
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vera Schmid
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christin A. Albus
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orith Leitner
- Life Science Core Facilities, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hedva Hamawi
- Life Science Core Facilities, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Juan A. Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nili Dezorella
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alma L. Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ida Rishal
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel,For correspondence: Ida Rishal
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4
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Fainzilber M, Abraham O. Riding the rails – different modes for RNA complex transport in axons. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2664-2665. [PMID: 35662201 PMCID: PMC9165381 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.339478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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5
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Doron‐Mandel E, Koppel I, Abraham O, Rishal I, Smith TP, Buchanan CN, Sahoo PK, Kadlec J, Oses‐Prieto JA, Kawaguchi R, Alber S, Zahavi EE, Di Matteo P, Di Pizio A, Song D, Okladnikov N, Gordon D, Ben‐Dor S, Haffner‐Krausz R, Coppola G, Burlingame AL, Jungwirth P, Twiss JL, Fainzilber M. The glycine arginine-rich domain of the RNA-binding protein nucleolin regulates its subcellular localization. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107158. [PMID: 34515347 PMCID: PMC8521312 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleolin is a multifunctional RNA Binding Protein (RBP) with diverse subcellular localizations, including the nucleolus in all eukaryotic cells, the plasma membrane in tumor cells, and the axon in neurons. Here we show that the glycine arginine rich (GAR) domain of nucleolin drives subcellular localization via protein-protein interactions with a kinesin light chain. In addition, GAR sequences mediate plasma membrane interactions of nucleolin. Both these modalities are in addition to the already reported involvement of the GAR domain in liquid-liquid phase separation in the nucleolus. Nucleolin transport to axons requires the GAR domain, and heterozygous GAR deletion mice reveal reduced axonal localization of nucleolin cargo mRNAs and enhanced sensory neuron growth. Thus, the GAR domain governs axonal transport of a growth controlling RNA-RBP complex in neurons, and is a versatile localization determinant for different subcellular compartments. Localization determination by GAR domains may explain why GAR mutants in diverse RBPs are associated with neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Doron‐Mandel
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular NeuroscienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
- Present address:
Department of Biological SciencesColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Indrek Koppel
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular NeuroscienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
- Present address:
Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of TechnologyTallinnEstonia
| | - Ofri Abraham
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular NeuroscienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Ida Rishal
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular NeuroscienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Terika P Smith
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA
| | | | - Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA
| | - Jan Kadlec
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Juan A Oses‐Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Departments of Psychiatry and NeurologySemel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Stefanie Alber
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular NeuroscienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Eitan Erez Zahavi
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular NeuroscienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Pierluigi Di Matteo
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular NeuroscienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Agostina Di Pizio
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular NeuroscienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Didi‐Andreas Song
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular NeuroscienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Nataliya Okladnikov
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular NeuroscienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Dalia Gordon
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular NeuroscienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Shifra Ben‐Dor
- Bioinformatics UnitLife Sciences Core FacilitiesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | | | - Giovanni Coppola
- Departments of Psychiatry and NeurologySemel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular NeuroscienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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6
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Panayotis N, Freund PA, Marvaldi L, Shalit T, Brandis A, Mehlman T, Tsoory MM, Fainzilber M. β-sitosterol reduces anxiety and synergizes with established anxiolytic drugs in mice. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100281. [PMID: 34095883 PMCID: PMC8149471 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety and stress-related conditions represent a significant health burden in modern society. Unfortunately, most anxiolytic drugs are prone to side effects, limiting their long-term usage. Here, we employ a bioinformatics screen to identify drugs for repurposing as anxiolytics. Comparison of drug-induced gene-expression profiles with the hippocampal transcriptome of an importin α5 mutant mouse model with reduced anxiety identifies the hypocholesterolemic agent β-sitosterol as a promising candidate. β-sitosterol activity is validated by both intraperitoneal and oral application in mice, revealing it as the only clear anxiolytic from five closely related phytosterols. β-sitosterol injection reduces the effects of restraint stress, contextual fear memory, and c-Fos activation in the prefrontal cortex and dentate gyrus. Moreover, synergistic anxiolysis is observed when combining sub-efficacious doses of β-sitosterol with the SSRI fluoxetine. These preclinical findings support further development of β-sitosterol, either as a standalone anxiolytic or in combination with low-dose SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Panayotis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Philip A. Freund
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Letizia Marvaldi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Shalit
- Ilana and Pascal Mantoux Institute for Bioinformatics, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Brandis
- Life Science Core Facility, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tevie Mehlman
- Life Science Core Facility, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael M. Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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7
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Sahoo PK, Kar AN, Samra N, Terenzio M, Patel P, Lee SJ, Miller S, Thames E, Jones B, Kawaguchi R, Coppola G, Fainzilber M, Twiss JL. A Ca 2+-Dependent Switch Activates Axonal Casein Kinase 2α Translation and Drives G3BP1 Granule Disassembly for Axon Regeneration. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4882-4895.e6. [PMID: 33065005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The main limitation on axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the slow rate of regrowth. We recently reported that nerve regeneration can be accelerated by axonal G3BP1 granule disassembly, releasing axonal mRNAs for local translation to support axon growth. Here, we show that G3BP1 phosphorylation by casein kinase 2α (CK2α) triggers G3BP1 granule disassembly in injured axons. CK2α activity is temporally and spatially regulated by local translation of Csnk2a1 mRNA in axons after injury, but this requires local translation of mTor mRNA and buffering of the elevated axonal Ca2+ that occurs after axotomy. CK2α's appearance in axons after PNS nerve injury correlates with disassembly of axonal G3BP1 granules as well as increased phospho-G3BP1 and axon growth, although depletion of Csnk2a1 mRNA from PNS axons decreases regeneration and increases G3BP1 granules. Phosphomimetic G3BP1 shows remarkably decreased RNA binding in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons compared with wild-type and non-phosphorylatable G3BP1; combined with other studies, this suggests that CK2α-dependent G3BP1 phosphorylation on Ser 149 after axotomy releases axonal mRNAs for translation. Translation of axonal mRNAs encoding some injury-associated proteins is known to be increased with Ca2+ elevations, and using a dual fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) reporter assay for axonal translation, we see that translational specificity switches from injury-associated protein mRNA translation to CK2α translation with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release versus cytoplasmic Ca2+ chelation. Our results point to axoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations as a determinant for the temporal specificity of sequential translational activation of different axonal mRNAs as severed axons transition from injury to regenerative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Amar N Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nitzan Samra
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovat, Israel
| | - Marco Terenzio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovat, Israel; Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Kunigami, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
| | - Priyanka Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sharmina Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thames
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Blake Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovat, Israel
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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8
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Marvaldi L, Panayotis N, Alber S, Dagan SY, Okladnikov N, Koppel I, Di Pizio A, Song DA, Tzur Y, Terenzio M, Rishal I, Gordon D, Rother F, Hartmann E, Bader M, Fainzilber M. Importin α3 regulates chronic pain pathways in peripheral sensory
neurons. Science 2020; 369:842-846. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How is neuropathic pain regulated in peripheral sensory neurons?
Importins are key regulators of nucleocytoplasmic transport. In this study,
we found that importin α3 (also known as karyopherin subunit alpha 4) can
control pain responsiveness in peripheral sensory neurons in mice. Importin
α3 knockout or sensory neuron–specific knockdown in mice reduced
responsiveness to diverse noxious stimuli and increased tolerance to
neuropathic pain. Importin α3–bound c-Fos and importin α3–deficient neurons
were impaired in c-Fos nuclear import. Knockdown or dominant-negative
inhibition of c-Fos or c-Jun in sensory neurons reduced neuropathic pain. In
silico screens identified drugs that mimic importin α3 deficiency. These
drugs attenuated neuropathic pain and reduced c-Fos nuclear localization.
Thus, perturbing c-Fos nuclear import by importin α3 in peripheral neurons
can promote analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Marvaldi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nicolas Panayotis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Stefanie Alber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shachar Y. Dagan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nataliya Okladnikov
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Indrek Koppel
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Agostina Di Pizio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Didi-Andreas Song
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yarden Tzur
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Marco Terenzio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
| | - Ida Rishal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dalia Gordon
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Franziska Rother
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Structural and Cellular Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Enno Hartmann
- Center for Structural and Cellular Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Structural and Cellular Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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9
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Panayotis N, Fainzilber M. Hidden Figures: A Non-translated RNA Regulates Axonal Neurotrophin Signaling. Neuron 2019; 102:507-509. [PMID: 31071280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Crerar et al. (2019) found Tp53inp2 as a highly expressed RNA in sympathetic neuron axons. Strikingly, its long 3' UTR ensures that Tp53inp2 is not translated in axons, and the untranslated RNA affects neuronal growth by interacting with neurotrophin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Panayotis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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10
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Abstract
Individual cell types have characteristic sizes, suggesting that size sensing mechanisms may coordinate transcription, translation, and metabolism with cell growth rates. Two types of size-sensing mechanisms have been proposed: spatial sensing of the location or dimensions of a signal, subcellular structure or organelle; or titration-based sensing of the intracellular concentrations of key regulators. Here we propose that size sensing in animal cells combines both titration and spatial sensing elements in a dynamic mechanism whereby microtubule motor-dependent localization of RNA encoding importin β1 and mTOR, coupled with regulated local protein synthesis, enable cytoskeleton length sensing for cell growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Rishal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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11
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Koley S, Rozenbaum M, Fainzilber M, Terenzio M. Translating regeneration: Local protein synthesis in the neuronal injury response. Neurosci Res 2019; 139:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Sahoo PK, Lee SJ, Jaiswal PB, Alber S, Kar AN, Miller-Randolph S, Taylor EE, Smith T, Singh B, Ho TSY, Urisman A, Chand S, Pena EA, Burlingame AL, Woolf CJ, Fainzilber M, English AW, Twiss JL. Axonal G3BP1 stress granule protein limits axonal mRNA translation and nerve regeneration. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3358. [PMID: 30135423 PMCID: PMC6105716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical functions of intra-axonally synthesized proteins are thought to depend on regulated recruitment of mRNA from storage depots in axons. Here we show that axotomy of mammalian neurons induces translation of stored axonal mRNAs via regulation of the stress granule protein G3BP1, to support regeneration of peripheral nerves. G3BP1 aggregates within peripheral nerve axons in stress granule-like structures that decrease during regeneration, with a commensurate increase in phosphorylated G3BP1. Colocalization of G3BP1 with axonal mRNAs is also correlated with the growth state of the neuron. Disrupting G3BP functions by overexpressing a dominant-negative protein activates intra-axonal mRNA translation, increases axon growth in cultured neurons, disassembles axonal stress granule-like structures, and accelerates rat nerve regeneration in vivo. G3BP1 is RasGAP SH3 domain binding protein 1 that interacts with 48S pre-initiation complex when translation is stalled. Here, Twiss and colleagues show that neuronal G3BP1 can negatively regulate axonal mRNA translation, and inhibit axonal regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, SC, USA
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, SC, USA
| | - Poonam B Jaiswal
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University College of Medicine, Atlanta, 30322, GA, USA
| | - Stefanie Alber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Amar N Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, SC, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth E Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, SC, USA
| | - Terika Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, SC, USA
| | - Bhagat Singh
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center and Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Tammy Szu-Yu Ho
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center and Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Anatoly Urisman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94158, CA, USA
| | - Shreya Chand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94158, CA, USA
| | - Edsel A Pena
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, SC, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94158, CA, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center and Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University College of Medicine, Atlanta, 30322, GA, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, SC, USA.
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13
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Lee SJ, Oses-Prieto JA, Kawaguchi R, Sahoo PK, Kar AN, Rozenbaum M, Oliver D, Chand S, Ji H, Shtutman M, Miller-Randolph S, Taylor RJ, Fainzilber M, Coppola G, Burlingame AL, Twiss JL. hnRNPs Interacting with mRNA Localization Motifs Define Axonal RNA Regulons. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2091-2106. [PMID: 30038033 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA translation in axons enables neurons to introduce new proteins at sites distant from their cell body. mRNA-protein interactions drive this post-transcriptional regulation, yet knowledge of RNA binding proteins (RBP) in axons is limited. Here we used proteomics to identify RBPs interacting with the axonal localizing motifs of Nrn1, Hmgb1, Actb, and Gap43 mRNAs, revealing many novel RBPs in axons. Interestingly, no RBP is shared between all four RNA motifs, suggesting graded and overlapping specificities of RBP-mRNA pairings. A systematic assessment of axonal mRNAs interacting with hnRNP H1, hnRNP F, and hnRNP K, proteins that bound with high specificity to Nrn1 and Hmgb1, revealed that axonal mRNAs segregate into axon growth-associated RNA regulons based on hnRNP interactions. Axotomy increases axonal transport of hnRNPs H1, F, and K, depletion of these hnRNPs decreases axon growth and reduces axonal mRNA levels and axonal protein synthesis. Thus, subcellular hnRNP-interacting RNA regulons support neuronal growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Joon Lee
- From the ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- §Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- ¶Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Pabitra K Sahoo
- From the ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Amar N Kar
- From the ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Meir Rozenbaum
- ‖Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - David Oliver
- **Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Shreya Chand
- §Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158
| | - Hao Ji
- **Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Michael Shtutman
- **Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
| | | | - Ross J Taylor
- From the ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- ‖Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- ¶Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,‡‡Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- §Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- From the ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208;
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14
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Terenzio M, Koley S, Samra N, Rishal I, Zhao Q, Sahoo PK, Urisman A, Marvaldi L, Oses-Prieto JA, Forester C, Gomes C, Kalinski AL, Di Pizio A, Doron-Mandel E, Perry RBT, Koppel I, Twiss JL, Burlingame AL, Fainzilber M. Locally translated mTOR controls axonal local translation in nerve injury. Science 2018; 359:1416-1421. [PMID: 29567716 PMCID: PMC6501578 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
How is protein synthesis initiated locally in neurons? We found that mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) was activated and then up-regulated in injured axons, owing to local translation of mTOR messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA was transported into axons by the cell size-regulating RNA-binding protein nucleolin. Furthermore, mTOR controlled local translation in injured axons. This included regulation of its own translation and that of retrograde injury signaling molecules such as importin β1 and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3). Deletion of the mTOR 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) in mice reduced mTOR in axons and decreased local translation after nerve injury. Both pharmacological inhibition of mTOR in axons and deletion of the mTOR 3'UTR decreased proprioceptive neuronal survival after nerve injury. Thus, mRNA localization enables spatiotemporal control of mTOR pathways regulating local translation and long-range intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Terenzio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sandip Koley
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nitzan Samra
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ida Rishal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Anatoly Urisman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Letizia Marvaldi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Craig Forester
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Cynthia Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ashley L Kalinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Agostina Di Pizio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ella Doron-Mandel
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rotem Ben-Tov Perry
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Indrek Koppel
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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15
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Hervera A, De Virgiliis F, Palmisano I, Zhou L, Tantardini E, Kong G, Hutson T, Danzi MC, Perry RBT, Santos CXC, Kapustin AN, Fleck RA, Del Río JA, Carroll T, Lemmon V, Bixby JL, Shah AM, Fainzilber M, Di Giovanni S. Publisher Correction: Reactive oxygen species regulate axonal regeneration through the release of exosomal NADPH oxidase 2 complexes into injured axons. Nat Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29520084 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the version of this Article originally published, the affiliations for Roland A. Fleck and José Antonio Del Río were incorrect due to a technical error that resulted in affiliations 8 and 9 being switched. The correct affiliations are: Roland A. Fleck: 8Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Kings College London, London, UK. José Antonio Del Río: 2Cellular and Molecular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; 9Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; 10Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain. This has now been amended in all online versions of the Article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Hervera
- Molecular Neuroregeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Cellular and Molecular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco De Virgiliis
- Molecular Neuroregeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Laboratory for NeuroRegeneration and Repair, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School for Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ilaria Palmisano
- Molecular Neuroregeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luming Zhou
- Laboratory for NeuroRegeneration and Repair, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elena Tantardini
- Molecular Neuroregeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Guiping Kong
- Laboratory for NeuroRegeneration and Repair, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hutson
- Molecular Neuroregeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matt C Danzi
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rotem Ben-Tov Perry
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Celio X C Santos
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander N Kapustin
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Roland A Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, UK
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Centre, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vance Lemmon
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - John L Bixby
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ajay M Shah
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Molecular Neuroregeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Laboratory for NeuroRegeneration and Repair, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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16
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Abstract
Koppel & Fainzilber review translatomics and proteomics methods for studying protein synthesis at subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrek Koppel
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- 76100 Rehovot
- Israel
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- 76100 Rehovot
- Israel
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17
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Terenzio M, Schiavo G, Fainzilber M. Compartmentalized Signaling in Neurons: From Cell Biology to Neuroscience. Neuron 2017; 96:667-679. [PMID: 29096079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are the largest known cells, with complex and highly polarized morphologies. As such, neuronal signaling is highly compartmentalized, requiring sophisticated transfer mechanisms to convey and integrate information within and between sub-neuronal compartments. Here, we survey different modes of compartmentalized signaling in neurons, highlighting examples wherein the fundamental cell biological processes of protein synthesis and degradation, membrane trafficking, and organelle transport are employed to enable the encoding and integration of information, locally and globally within a neuron. Comparisons to other cell types indicate that neurons accentuate widely shared mechanisms, providing invaluable models for the compartmentalization and transfer mechanisms required and used by most eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Terenzio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine at UCL, London WC1N 3BG, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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18
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Perry RBT, Rishal I, Doron-Mandel E, Kalinski AL, Medzihradszky KF, Terenzio M, Alber S, Koley S, Lin A, Rozenbaum M, Yudin D, Sahoo PK, Gomes C, Shinder V, Geraisy W, Huebner EA, Woolf CJ, Yaron A, Burlingame AL, Twiss JL, Fainzilber M. Nucleolin-Mediated RNA Localization Regulates Neuron Growth and Cycling Cell Size. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1664-1676. [PMID: 27477284 PMCID: PMC4978702 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How can cells sense their own size to coordinate biosynthesis and metabolism with their growth needs? We recently proposed a motor-dependent bidirectional transport mechanism for axon length and cell size sensing, but the nature of the motor-transported size signals remained elusive. Here, we show that motor-dependent mRNA localization regulates neuronal growth and cycling cell size. We found that the RNA-binding protein nucleolin is associated with importin β1 mRNA in axons. Perturbation of nucleolin association with kinesins reduces its levels in axons, with a concomitant reduction in axonal importin β1 mRNA and protein levels. Strikingly, subcellular sequestration of nucleolin or importin β1 enhances axonal growth and causes a subcellular shift in protein synthesis. Similar findings were obtained in fibroblasts. Thus, subcellular mRNA localization regulates size and growth in both neurons and cycling cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Ben-Tov Perry
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ida Rishal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ella Doron-Mandel
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ashley L Kalinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Katalin F Medzihradszky
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marco Terenzio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Stefanie Alber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sandip Koley
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Albina Lin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Meir Rozenbaum
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dmitry Yudin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Cynthia Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Vera Shinder
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Eric A Huebner
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Avraham Yaron
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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19
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Dagan SY, Tsoory MM, Fainzilber M, Panayotis N. COLORcation: A new application to phenotype exploratory behavior models of anxiety in mice. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 270:9-16. [PMID: 27269190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral analyses in rodents have successfully delineated the function of many genes and signaling pathways in the brain. Behavioral testing uses highly defined experimental conditions to identify abnormalities in a given mouse strain or genotype. The open field (OF) is widely used to assess both locomotion and anxiety in rodents. In this test, the more a mouse explores and spend time in the center of the arena, the less anxious it is considered to be. However, the simplistic distinction between center and border substantially reduces the information content of the analysis and may fail to detect biologically meaningful differences. NEW METHOD Here we describe COLORcation, a new application for improved analyses of mouse behavior in the OF. RESULTS The application analyses animal exploration patterns in detailed spatial resolution (e.g. 10×10 bins) to provide a color-encoded heat map of mouse activity. In addition, COLORcation provides new parameters to track activity and locomotion of the test animals. We demonstrate the use of COLORcation in different experimental paradigms, including pharmacological and restraint-based induction of stress and anxiety. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) COLORcation is compatible with multiple acquisition systems, giving users the option to make the most of their raw data organized text files containing time and coordinates of animal locations as input. CONCLUSION These analyses validate the utility of the software and establish its reliability and potential as a new tool to analyze OF data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachar Y Dagan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michael M Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nicolas Panayotis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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20
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Chandran V, Coppola G, Nawabi H, Omura T, Versano R, Huebner EA, Zhang A, Costigan M, Yekkirala A, Barrett L, Blesch A, Michaelevski I, Davis-Turak J, Gao F, Langfelder P, Horvath S, He Z, Benowitz L, Fainzilber M, Tuszynski M, Woolf CJ, Geschwind DH. A Systems-Level Analysis of the Peripheral Nerve Intrinsic Axonal Growth Program. Neuron 2016; 89:956-70. [PMID: 26898779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the injured CNS in adult mammals is severely limited, yet axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regrow, albeit to a limited extent, after injury. We reasoned that coordinate regulation of gene expression in injured neurons involving multiple pathways was central to PNS regenerative capacity. To provide a framework for revealing pathways involved in PNS axon regrowth after injury, we applied a comprehensive systems biology approach, starting with gene expression profiling of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) combined with multi-level bioinformatic analyses and experimental validation of network predictions. We used this rubric to identify a drug that accelerates DRG neurite outgrowth in vitro and optic nerve outgrowth in vivo by inducing elements of the identified network. The work provides a functional genomics foundation for understanding neural repair and proof of the power of such approaches in tackling complex problems in nervous system biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendran Chandran
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Homaira Nawabi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takao Omura
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Revital Versano
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eric A Huebner
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alice Zhang
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Costigan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ajay Yekkirala
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lee Barrett
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Armin Blesch
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Izhak Michaelevski
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jeremy Davis-Turak
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fuying Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Langfelder
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Larry Benowitz
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mark Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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21
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Twiss JL, Fainzilber M. Neuroproteomics: How Many Angels can be Identified in an Extract from the Head of a Pin? Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:341-3. [PMID: 26729708 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.e116.057828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L Twiss
- From the ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208;
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- §Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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22
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Lezana JP, Dagan SY, Robinson A, Goldstein RS, Fainzilber M, Bronfman FC, Bronfman M. Axonal PPARγ promotes neuronal regeneration after injury. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:688-701. [PMID: 26446277 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PPARγ is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor best known for its involvement in adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis. PPARγ activity has also been associated with neuroprotection in different neurological disorders, but the mechanisms involved in PPARγ effects in the nervous system are still unknown. Here we describe a new functional role for PPARγ in neuronal responses to injury. We found both PPAR transcripts and protein within sensory axons and observed an increase in PPARγ protein levels after sciatic nerve crush. This was correlated with increased retrograde transport of PPARγ after injury, increased association of PPARγ with the molecular motor dynein, and increased nuclear accumulation of PPARγ in cell bodies of sensory neurons. Furthermore, PPARγ antagonists attenuated the response of sensory neurons to sciatic nerve injury, and inhibited axonal growth of both sensory and cortical neurons in culture. Thus, axonal PPARγ is involved in neuronal injury responses required for axonal regeneration. Since PPARγ is a major molecular target of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of drugs used in the treatment of type II diabetes, several pharmaceutical agents with acceptable safety profiles in humans are available. Our findings provide motivation and rationale for the evaluation of such agents for efficacy in central and peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Lezana
- Department of Physiology, Millenium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology (MINREB) and CARE Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CARE Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shachar Y Dagan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ari Robinson
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Ronald S Goldstein
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Francisca C Bronfman
- Department of Physiology, Millenium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology (MINREB) and CARE Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Bronfman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CARE Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
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23
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Abstract
The extensive lengths of neuronal processes necessitate efficient mechanisms for communication with the cell body. Neuronal regeneration after nerve injury requires new transcription; thus, long-distance retrograde signalling from axonal lesion sites to the soma and nucleus is required. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in elucidating the mechanistic basis of this system. This has included the discovery of a priming role for early calcium waves; confirmation of central roles for mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling effectors, the importin family of nucleocytoplasmic transport factors and molecular motors such as dynein; and demonstration of the importance of local translation as a key regulatory mechanism. These recent findings provide a coherent mechanistic framework for axon-soma communication in the injured nerve and shed light on the integration of cytoplasmic and nuclear transport in all eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Rishal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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24
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Perry RB, Fainzilber M. Local translation in neuronal processes-in vivotests of a “heretical hypothesis”. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:210-7. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rotem B. Perry
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
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25
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Albus CA, Rishal I, Fainzilber M. Cell length sensing for neuronal growth control. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:305-10. [PMID: 23511112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurons exhibit great size differences, and must coordinate biosynthesis rates in cell bodies with the growth needs of different lengths of axons. Classically, axon growth has been viewed mainly as a consequence of extrinsic influences. However, recent publications have proposed at least two different intrinsic axon growth-control mechanisms. We suggest that these mechanisms form part of a continuum of axon growth-control mechanisms, wherein initial growth rates are pre-programmed by transcription factor levels, and subsequent elongating growth is dependent on feedback from intrinsic length-sensing enabled by bidirectional motor-dependent oscillating signals. This model might explain intrinsic limits on elongating neuronal growth and provides a mechanistic framework for determining the connections between genome expression and cellular growth rates in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin A Albus
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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26
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Abstract
Size homeostasis is fundamental in cell biology, but it is not clear how large cells such as neurons can assess their own size or length. We examined a role for molecular motors in intracellular length sensing. Computational simulations suggest that spatial information can be encoded by the frequency of an oscillating retrograde signal arising from a composite negative feedback loop between bidirectional motor-dependent signals. The model predicts that decreasing either or both anterograde or retrograde signals should increase cell length, and this prediction was confirmed upon application of siRNAs for specific kinesin and/or dynein heavy chains in adult sensory neurons. Heterozygous dynein heavy chain 1 mutant sensory neurons also exhibited increased lengths both in vitro and during embryonic development. Moreover, similar length increases were observed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts upon partial downregulation of dynein heavy chain 1. Thus, molecular motors critically influence cell-length sensing and growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Rishal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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27
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Rishal I, Golani O, Rajman M, Costa B, Ben-Yaakov K, Schoenmann Z, Yaron A, Basri R, Fainzilber M, Galun M. WIS-NeuroMath enables versatile high throughput analyses of neuronal processes. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 73:247-56. [PMID: 23055261 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Automated analyses of neuronal morphology are important for quantifying connectivity and circuitry in vivo, as well as in high content imaging of primary neuron cultures. The currently available tools for quantification of neuronal morphology either are highly expensive commercial packages or cannot provide automated image quantifications at single cell resolution. Here, we describe a new software package called WIS-NeuroMath, which fills this gap and provides solutions for automated measurement of neuronal processes in both in vivo and in vitro preparations. Diverse image types can be analyzed without any preprocessing, enabling automated and accurate detection of neurites followed by their quantification in a number of application modules. A cell morphology module detects cell bodies and attached neurites, providing information on neurite length, number of branches, cell body area, and other parameters for each cell. A neurite length module provides a solution for images lacking cell bodies, such as tissue sections. Finally, a ganglion explant module quantifies outgrowth by identifying neurites at different distances from the ganglion. Quantification of a diverse series of preparations with WIS-NeuroMath provided data that were well matched with parallel analyses of the same preparations in established software packages such as MetaXpress or NeuronJ. The capabilities of WIS-NeuroMath are demonstrated in a range of applications, including in dissociated and explant cultures and histological analyses on thin and whole-mount sections. WIS-NeuroMath is freely available to academic users, providing a versatile and cost-effective range of solutions for quantifying neurite growth, branching, regeneration, or degeneration under different experimental paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Rishal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
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28
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Perry RBT, Doron-Mandel E, Iavnilovitch E, Rishal I, Dagan SY, Tsoory M, Coppola G, McDonald MK, Gomes C, Geschwind DH, Twiss JL, Yaron A, Fainzilber M. Subcellular knockout of importin β1 perturbs axonal retrograde signaling. Neuron 2012; 75:294-305. [PMID: 22841314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular localization of mRNA enables compartmentalized regulation within large cells. Neurons are the longest known cells; however, so far, evidence is lacking for an essential role of endogenous mRNA localization in axons. Localized upregulation of Importin β1 in lesioned axons coordinates a retrograde injury-signaling complex transported to the neuronal cell body. Here we show that a long 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) directs axonal localization of Importin β1. Conditional targeting of this 3' UTR region in mice causes subcellular loss of Importin β1 mRNA and protein in axons, without affecting cell body levels or nuclear functions in sensory neurons. Strikingly, axonal knockout of Importin β1 attenuates cell body transcriptional responses to nerve injury and delays functional recovery in vivo. Thus, localized translation of Importin β1 mRNA enables separation of cytoplasmic and nuclear transport functions of importins and is required for efficient retrograde signaling in injured axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Ben-Tov Perry
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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29
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Costa B, Kean MJ, Ast V, Knight JDR, Mett A, Levy Z, Ceccarelli DF, Badillo BG, Eils R, König R, Gingras AC, Fainzilber M. STK25 protein mediates TrkA and CCM2 protein-dependent death in pediatric tumor cells of neural origin. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29285-9. [PMID: 22782892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c112.345397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The TrkA receptor tyrosine kinase induces death in medulloblastoma cells via an interaction with the cerebral cavernous malformation 2 (CCM2) protein. We used affinity proteomics to identify the germinal center kinase class III (GCKIII) kinases STK24 and STK25 as novel CCM2 interactors. Down-modulation of STK25, but not STK24, rescued medulloblastoma cells from NGF-induced TrkA-dependent cell death, suggesting that STK25 is part of the death-signaling pathway initiated by TrkA and CCM2. CCM2 can be phosphorylated by STK25, and the kinase activity of STK25 is required for death signaling. Finally, STK25 expression in tumors is correlated with positive prognosis in neuroblastoma patients. These findings delineate a death-signaling pathway downstream of neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinases that may provide targets for therapeutic intervention in pediatric tumors of neural origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Costa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
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30
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Lavi-Itzkovitz A, Tcherpakov M, Levy Z, Itzkovitz S, Muscatelli F, Fainzilber M. Functional consequences of necdin nucleocytoplasmic localization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33786. [PMID: 22442722 PMCID: PMC3307762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Necdin, a MAGE family protein expressed primarily in the nervous system, has been shown to interact with both nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, but the mechanism of its nucleocytoplasmic transport are unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings We carried out a large-scale interaction screen using necdin as a bait in the yeast RRS system, and found a wide range of potential interactors with different subcellular localizations, including over 60 new candidates for direct binding to necdin. Integration of these interactions into a comprehensive network revealed a number of coherent interaction modules, including a cytoplasmic module connecting to necdin through huntingtin-associated protein 1 (Hap1), dynactin and hip-1 protein interactor (Hippi); a nuclear P53 and Creb-binding-protein (Crebbp) module, connecting through Crebbp and WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1 (Wwtr1); and a nucleocytoplasmic transport module, connecting through transportins 1 and 2. We validated the necdin-transportin1 interaction and characterized a sequence motif in necdin that modulates karyopherin interaction. Surprisingly, a D234P necdin mutant showed enhanced binding to both transportin1 and importin β1. Finally, exclusion of necdin from the nucleus triggered extensive cell death. Conclusions/Significance These data suggest that necdin has multiple roles within protein complexes in different subcellular compartments, and indicate that it can utilize multiple karyopherin-dependent pathways to modulate its localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Lavi-Itzkovitz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marianna Tcherpakov
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zehava Levy
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francoise Muscatelli
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, INSERM U901, Parc Scientifique de Luminy BP 13, Marseille, France
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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31
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Ben-Yaakov K, Dagan SY, Segal-Ruder Y, Shalem O, Vuppalanchi D, Willis DE, Yudin D, Rishal I, Rother F, Bader M, Blesch A, Pilpel Y, Twiss JL, Fainzilber M. Axonal transcription factors signal retrogradely in lesioned peripheral nerve. EMBO J 2012; 31:1350-63. [PMID: 22246183 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde axonal injury signalling stimulates cell body responses in lesioned peripheral neurons. The involvement of importins in retrograde transport suggests that transcription factors (TFs) might be directly involved in axonal injury signalling. Here, we show that multiple TFs are found in axons and associate with dynein in axoplasm from injured nerve. Biochemical and functional validation for one TF family establishes that axonal STAT3 is locally translated and activated upon injury, and is transported retrogradely with dynein and importin α5 to modulate survival of peripheral sensory neurons after injury. Hence, retrograde transport of TFs from axonal lesion sites provides a direct link between axon and nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Ben-Yaakov
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Ben-Tov Perry
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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33
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Abstract
Interest in the mechanisms of subcellular localization of mRNAs and the effects of localized translation has increased over the last decade. Polarized eukaryotic cells transport mRNA-protein complexes to subcellular sites, where translation of the mRNAs can be regulated by physiological stimuli. The long distances separating distal neuronal processes from their cell body have made neurons a useful model system for dissecting mechanisms of mRNA trafficking. Both the dendritic and axonal processes of neurons have been shown to have protein synthetic capacity and the diversity of mRNAs discovered in these processes continues to increase. Localized translation of mRNAs requires a co-ordinated effort by the cell body to target both mRNAs and necessary translational machinery into distal sites, as well as temporal control of individual mRNA translation. In addition to altering protein composition locally at the site of translation, some of the proteins generated in injured nerves retrogradely signal to the cell body, providing both temporal and spatial information on events occurring at distant subcellular sites.
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34
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Abstract
Isolation of pure axonal cytoplasm (axoplasm) from peripheral nerve is crucial for biochemical studies of many biological processes. In this article, we demonstrate and describe a protocol for axoplasm isolation from adult rat sciatic nerve based on the following steps: (1) dissection of nerve fascicles and separation of connective tissue; (2) incubation of short segments of nerve fascicles in hypotonic medium to release myelin and lyse non-axonal structures; and (3) extraction of the remaining axon-enriched material. Proteomic and biochemical characterization of this preparation has confirmed a high degree of enrichment for axonal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Rishal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
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35
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Fainzilber M, VanHook AM. Science Signaling
Podcast: 20 July 2010. Sci Signal 2010. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.3131pc15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Network redundancies lend robustness to the neuronal injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Annalisa M. VanHook
- Associate Online Editor of Science Signaling, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20005, USA
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36
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Michaelevski I, Segal-Ruder Y, Rozenbaum M, Medzihradszky KF, Shalem O, Coppola G, Horn-Saban S, Ben-Yaakov K, Dagan SY, Rishal I, Geschwind DH, Pilpel Y, Burlingame AL, Fainzilber M. Signaling to transcription networks in the neuronal retrograde injury response. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra53. [PMID: 20628157 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Retrograde signaling from axon to soma activates intrinsic regeneration mechanisms in lesioned peripheral sensory neurons; however, the links between axonal injury signaling and the cell body response are not well understood. Here, we used phosphoproteomics and microarrays to implicate approximately 900 phosphoproteins in retrograde injury signaling in rat sciatic nerve axons in vivo and approximately 4500 transcripts in the in vivo response to injury in the dorsal root ganglia. Computational analyses of these data sets identified approximately 400 redundant axonal signaling networks connected to 39 transcription factors implicated in the sensory neuron response to axonal injury. Experimental perturbation of individual overrepresented signaling hub proteins, including Abl, AKT, p38, and protein kinase C, affected neurite outgrowth in sensory neurons. Paradoxically, however, combined perturbation of Abl together with other hub proteins had a reduced effect relative to perturbation of individual proteins. Our data indicate that nerve injury responses are controlled by multiple regulatory components, and suggest that network redundancies provide robustness to the injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhak Michaelevski
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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37
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Abstract
The trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases supports survival and differentiation in the nervous system. Paradoxically it has also been shown that members of the trk family can induce cell death in pediatric tumor cells of neuronal origin. Moreover, TrkA and TrkC serve as good prognostic indicators in neuroblastoma and medulloblatoma, respectively. Although the possible linkage between these observations was intriguing, until recently there was limited insight on the mechanisms involved. Recent findings suggest that TrkA might influence neuronal cell death through stimulation of p75 cleavage. An alternative p75-independent mechanism was suggested by a newly discovered interaction between TrkA and CCM2 (the protein product of the gene cerebral cavernous malformation 2). Coexpression of CCM2 with TrkA induces cell death in medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma cells, and CCM2 expression levels correlate with those of TrkA and with good prognosis in neuroblastoma patients. Thus, mechanistic clues to the enigma of trk-induced cell death have begun to emerge. Detailed elucidation of these mechanisms and their in vivo physiological significance will be of keen interest for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liraz Harel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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38
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Rishal I, Fainzilber M. Retrograde signaling in axonal regeneration. Exp Neurol 2010; 223:5-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Ziegler L, Segal-Ruder Y, Coppola G, Reis A, Geschwind D, Fainzilber M, Goldstein RS. A human neuron injury model for molecular studies of axonal regeneration. Exp Neurol 2010; 223:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Rishal I, Michaelevski I, Rozenbaum M, Shinder V, Medzihradszky KF, Burlingame AL, Fainzilber M. Axoplasm isolation from peripheral nerve. Dev Neurobiol 2010; 70:126-33. [PMID: 19885832 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Localized changes in the composition of axonal cytoplasm (axoplasm) are critical for many biological processes, including axon guidance, responses to injury, neurite outgrowth, and axon-glia interactions. Biochemical and molecular studies of these mechanisms have been heavily focused on in vitro systems because of the difficulty of obtaining subcellular extracts from mammalian tissues in vivo. As in vitro systems might not replicate the in vivo situation, reliable methods of axoplasm extraction from whole nerve would be helpful for mechanistic studies on axons. Here we develop and evaluate a new procedure for preparation of axoplasm from rat peripheral nerve, based on incubation of separated short segements of nerve fascicles in hypotonic medium to separate myelin and lyse nonaxonal structures, followed by extraction of the remaining axon-enriched material. We show that this new procedure reduces serum and glial cell contamination and facilitates proteomic analyses of axonal contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Rishal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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41
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Michaelevski I, Medzihradszky KF, Lynn A, Burlingame AL, Fainzilber M. Axonal transport proteomics reveals mobilization of translation machinery to the lesion site in injured sciatic nerve. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 9:976-87. [PMID: 19955087 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900369-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of the molecular mechanisms underlying responses to nerve injury have highlighted the importance of axonal transport systems. To obtain a comprehensive view of the protein ensembles associated with axonal transport in injured axons, we analyzed the protein compositions of axoplasm concentrated at ligatures following crush injury of rat sciatic nerve. LC-MS/MS analyses of iTRAQ-labeled peptides from axoplasm distal and proximal to the ligation sites revealed protein ensembles transported in both anterograde and retrograde directions. Variability of replicates did not allow straightforward assignment of proteins to functional transport categories; hence, we performed principal component analysis and factor analysis with subsequent clustering to determine the most prominent injury-related transported proteins. This strategy circumvented experimental variability and allowed the extraction of biologically meaningful information from the quantitative neuroproteomics experiments. 299 proteins were highlighted by principal component analysis and factor analysis, 145 of which correlate with retrograde and 154 of which correlate with anterograde transport after injury. The analyses reveal extensive changes in both anterograde and retrograde transport proteomes in injured peripheral axons and emphasize the importance of RNA binding and translational machineries in the axonal response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhak Michaelevski
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
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42
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Harel L, Costa B, Tcherpakov M, Zapatka M, Oberthuer A, Hansford LM, Vojvodic M, Levy Z, Chen ZY, Lee FS, Avigad S, Yaniv I, Shi L, Eils R, Fischer M, Brors B, Kaplan DR, Fainzilber M. CCM2 Mediates Death Signaling by the TrkA Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. Neuron 2009; 63:585-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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Abstract
Injury to nerve axons induces diverse responses in neuronal cell bodies, some of which are influenced by the distance from the site of injury. This suggests that neurons have the capacity to estimate the distance of the injury site from their cell body. Recent work has shown that the molecular motor dynein transports importin-mediated retrograde signaling complexes from axonal lesion sites to cell bodies, raising the question whether dynein-based mechanisms enable axonal distance estimations in injured neurons? We used computer simulations to examine mechanisms that may provide nerve cells with dynein-dependent distance assessment capabilities. A multiple-signals model was postulated based on the time delay between the arrival of two or more signals produced at the site of injury–a rapid signal carried by action potentials or similar mechanisms and slower signals carried by dynein. The time delay between the arrivals of these two types of signals should reflect the distance traversed, and simulations of this model show that it can indeed provide a basis for distance measurements in the context of nerve injuries. The analyses indicate that the suggested mechanism can allow nerve cells to discriminate between distances differing by 10% or more of their total axon length, and suggest that dynein-based retrograde signaling in neurons can be utilized for this purpose over different scales of nerves and organisms. Moreover, such a mechanism might also function in synapse to nucleus signaling in uninjured neurons. This could potentially allow a neuron to dynamically sense the relative lengths of its processes on an ongoing basis, enabling appropriate metabolic output from cell body to processes. Neurons have extremely long axonal processes that can reach lengths of up to 1 meter in human peripheral nerves. The neuronal cell body response to nerve injury is dependent on signals carried by molecular motors from the lesion site in the axon. The distance between the injury site and the cell body influences the type of response, suggesting that neurons must be able to estimate the distance of an axonal injury site, although how they do this is unknown. We have used a computational approach to model intracellular distance measurement after nerve injury. The models show the feasibility of a mechanism based on a rapid, near instantaneous, signal carried by action potentials in the nerve, followed by multiple slower signals carried on molecular motors. Such a mechanism can enable a neuron to discriminate between distances as close as 10% of total axon length. The model provides insights on retrograde injury signaling in neurons, including the biological relevance of the mechanism over different scales of nerves and organisms. Moreover, if similar mechanisms function in synapse to nucleus signaling in uninjured neurons, this could enable estimation of relative process lengths, thus guiding metabolic output from cell bodies to axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naaman Kam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Pilpel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Perry RBT, Fainzilber M. Nuclear transport factors in neuronal function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:600-6. [PMID: 19409503 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Active nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules requires soluble transport carriers of the importin/karyopherin superfamily. Although the nuclear transport machinery is essential in all eukaryotic cells, neurons must also mobilise importins and associated proteins to overcome unique spatiotemporal challenges. These include switches in importin alpha subtype expression during neuronal differentiation, localized axonal synthesis of importin beta1 to coordinate a retrograde injury signaling complex on axonal dynein, and trafficking of regulatory and signaling molecules from synaptic terminals to cell bodies. Targeting of RNAs encoding critical components of the importins complex and the Ran system to axons allows sophisticated local regulation of the system for mobilization upon need. Finally, a number of importin family members have been associated with mental or neurodegenerative diseases. The extended roles recently discovered for importins in the nervous system might also be relevant in non-neuronal cells, and the localized modes of importin regulation in neurons offer new avenues to interrogate their cytoplasmic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Ben-Tov Perry
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Twiss JL, Fainzilber M. Ribosomes in axons--scrounging from the neighbors? Trends Cell Biol 2009; 19:236-43. [PMID: 19359177 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Decades of controversy regarding ribosome occurrence in axons are finally coalescing to a realization that the protein synthesis machinery is recruited and activated in both central and peripheral axons during development and in adult peripheral axons upon injury. Exciting recent findings indicate that ribosome recruitment to axons occurs via lateral transfer from glial cells, a mechanism that could be part of a continuum of intercellular communication systems including tunneling nanotubes and exosomes. Such transcellular interactions could have crucial roles in nervous system functions and will provide new avenues for research into long-standing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L Twiss
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
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46
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Abstract
The GTPase Ran is best known for its crucial roles in the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport in interphase cells and in the organization of the spindle apparatus during mitosis. A flurry of recent reports has now implicated Ran in diverse cytoplasmic events, including trafficking of an ephrin receptor homolog in nematode oocytes, control of neurite outgrowth in Drosophila and mammalian neurons, and retrograde signaling in nerve axons after injury. Striking findings suggest that the guanine-nucleotide state of Ran can be regulated by local translation of the Ran-binding protein RanBP1 in axons, and that an additional Ran-binding protein, RanBP10, can act as a microtubule-binding cytoplasmic guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Ran (RanGEF) in megakaryocytes. Thus, the Ran GTPase system can act as a spatial regulator of importin-dependent transport and signaling in distal cytoplasm, and as a regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics at sites that are distant from the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Yudin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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47
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Abstract
The cell body of a lesioned neuron must receive accurate and timely information on the site and extent of axonal damage, in order to mount an appropriate response. Specific mechanisms must therefore exist to transmit such information along the length of the axon from the lesion site to the cell body. Three distinct types of signals have been postulated to underlie this process, starting with injury-induced discharge of axon potentials, and continuing with two distinct types of retrogradely transported macromolecular signals. The latter includes, on the one hand, an interruption of the normal supply of retrogradely transported trophic factors from the target, and, on the other hand, activated proteins originating from the injury site. This chapter reviews the progress on understanding the different mechanistic aspects of the axonal response to injury, and how the information is conveyed from the injury site to the cell body to initiate regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Ben-Yaakov
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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48
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Fainzilber M. European grants: a lifeline in poorly funded countries. Nature 2008; 455:285. [DOI: 10.1038/455285d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Yudin D, Hanz S, Yoo S, Iavnilovitch E, Willis D, Gradus T, Vuppalanchi D, Segal-Ruder Y, Ben-Yaakov K, Hieda M, Yoneda Y, Twiss JL, Fainzilber M. Localized regulation of axonal RanGTPase controls retrograde injury signaling in peripheral nerve. Neuron 2008; 59:241-52. [PMID: 18667152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral sensory neurons respond to axon injury by activating an importin-dependent retrograde signaling mechanism. How is this mechanism regulated? Here, we show that Ran GTPase and its associated effectors RanBP1 and RanGAP regulate the formation of importin signaling complexes in injured axons. A gradient of nuclear RanGTP versus cytoplasmic RanGDP is thought to be fundamental for the organization of eukaryotic cells. Surprisingly, we find RanGTP in sciatic nerve axoplasm, distant from neuronal cell bodies and nuclei, and in association with dynein and importin-alpha. Following injury, localized translation of RanBP1 stimulates RanGTP dissociation from importins and subsequent hydrolysis, thereby allowing binding of newly synthesized importin-beta to importin-alpha and dynein. Perturbation of RanGTP hydrolysis or RanBP1 blockade at axonal injury sites reduces the neuronal conditioning lesion response. Thus, neurons employ localized mechanisms of Ran regulation to control retrograde injury signaling in peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Yudin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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Fainzilber M. Introduction: Translating development—From bench to bedside with molecular neurobiology. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:1129-32. [PMID: 17514717 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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