101
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Han Z, Zheng Y, Luan L, Ren Y, Wu Y. Analysis of ochratoxin A and ochratoxin B in traditional Chinese medicines by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using [13C20]-ochratoxin A as an internal standard. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4365-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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102
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Broszat M, Welle C, Wojnowski M, Ernst H, Spangenberg B. A versatile method for quantification of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in dried figs. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.23.2010.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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103
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Diana Di Mavungu J, Monbaliu S, Scippo ML, Maghuin-Rogister G, Schneider YJ, Larondelle Y, Callebaut A, Robbens J, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. LC-MS/MS multi-analyte method for mycotoxin determination in food supplements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 26:885-95. [PMID: 19680964 DOI: 10.1080/02652030902774649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A multi-analyte method for the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination of mycotoxins in food supplements is presented. The analytes included A and B trichothecenes (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin), aflatoxins (aflatoxin-B(1), aflatoxin-B(2), aflatoxin-G(1) and aflatoxin-G(2)), Alternaria toxins (alternariol, alternariol methyl ether and altenuene), fumonisins (fumonisin-B(1), fumonisin-B(2) and fumonisin-B(3)), ochratoxin A, zearalenone, beauvericin and sterigmatocystin. Optimization of the simultaneous extraction of these toxins and the sample pretreatment procedure, as well as method validation were performed on maca (Lepidium meyenii) food supplements. The results indicated that the solvent mixture ethyl acetate/formic acid (95:5, v/v) was the best compromise for the extraction of the analytes from food supplements. Liquid-liquid partition with n-hexane was applied as partial clean-up step to remove excess of co-extracted non-polar components. Further clean-up was performed on Oasis HLB cartridges. Samples were analysed using an Acquity UPLC system coupled to a Micromass Quattro Micro triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray interface operated in the positive-ion mode. Limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.3-30 ng g(-1) and 1-100 ng g(-1), respectively. Recovery yields were above 60% for most of the analytes, except for nivalenol, sterigmatocystine and the fumonisins. The method showed good precision and trueness. Analysis of different food supplements such as soy (Glycine max) isoflavones, St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), garlic (Allium sativum), Ginkgo biloba, and black radish (Raphanus niger) demonstrated the general applicability of the method. Due to different matrix effects observed in different food supplement samples, the standard addition approach was applied to perform correct quantitative analysis. In 56 out of 62 samples analysed, none of the 23 mycotoxins investigated was detected. Positive samples contained at least one of the toxins fumonisin-B(1), fumonisin-B(2), fumonisin-B(3) and ochratoxin A.
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104
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Pietri A, Rastelli S, Bertuzzi T. Ochratoxin A and aflatoxins in liquorice products. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:758-70. [PMID: 22069608 PMCID: PMC3153211 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxins (AFs) in liquorice products made in Italy was surveyed. Twenty-eight samples of dried liquorice extract and fifty-four of liquorice confectionery (liquorice content between 2 and 10%) were collected from retail outlets located in northern Italy. After extraction and purification through an immunoaffinity column, OTA and AFs were analysed using both HPLC-FLD and HPLC-MS/MS. OTA occurred in all samples of dried liquorice extract and in 61% of samples of liquorice confectionery, showing very high values for the former (mean 89.6 µg kg-1, maximum value 990.1 µg kg-1), and relatively low levels for the latter (mean 0.96 µg kg-1, maximum value 8.3 µg kg-1). The contribution of dried liquorice extract to OTA intake appears to be non-negligible for children, who are potentially high consumers. AF contamination resulted very low: AFB1 was detected only in 15.8% of samples (maximum value 7.7 µg kg-1, mean 0.38 and 0.41 µg kg-1 for dried liquorice extract and liquorice confectionery, respectively); the other AFs were not detected. To our knowledge, it is the first time that AFB1 has been detected in liquorice extract samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Pietri
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84 I-29100 Piacenza, Italy.
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105
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Mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products: Analysis, occurrence and health implications. J Adv Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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106
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Determination of ochratoxin A in liquorice products using HPLC based analytical methods. Part I: proficiency test of methods commonly used by the confectionary industry. Mycotoxin Res 2010; 26:93-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-010-0045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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107
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Espejo F, Vázquez C, Patiño B, Armada S. Ochratoxin A production in aniseed-based media by selected fungal strains and in anise fruits (Pimpinella anisum L.). Mycotoxin Res 2010; 26:75-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-010-0042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Espejo
- Quality Department, Navisa Industrial Vinícola Española SA, Ctra. de Montalbán s/n, 14550, Montilla, Córdoba, Spain,
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108
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Abstract
The majority of human food and animal feed production occurs in a highly managed agroecosystem. Management decisions include variety grown, tillage and irrigation methods and practices, fertilization, pest and disease control, harvesting methods, and storage and transportation practices. This system is generally managed for optimum returns to labor and capital investments. The spores of toxigenic fungi have ubiquitous distribution and toxigenic fungi exploit food sources when conditions of moisture and temperature are above minimums for growth. The safety margins in the agroecosystem are close and are influenced by extrinsic factors such as climatic events. Control of fungal growth is important in management of raw feedstuffs, foodstuffs, condiments-spices, botanicals, and other consumable substances as they are grown, harvested, stored, and transported. The risk factors for mycotoxin production are weather conditions during crop growth and when the crop is mature, damage to seeds before, during, and after harvest, how commodities are physically handled, the presence of weed seeds and other foreign material in grain, and how commodity moisture and temperature are managed during storage and transportation. Diversion of commodities and by-products from human consumption to animal feedstuffs can increase the risk of mycotoxicoses in animals. The toxicology of selected toxigenic fungi and the mycotoxins they produce are reviewed.
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109
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A rapid lateral flow test for the determination of total type B fumonisins in maize. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1309-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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110
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Selouane A, Bouya D, Lebrihi A, Decock C, Bouseta A. Impact of some environmental factors on growth and production of ochratoxin A of/by Aspergillus tubingensis, A. niger, and A. carbonarius isolated from Moroccan grapes. J Microbiol 2009; 47:411-9. [PMID: 19763414 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of temperature, water activity (aw), incubation time, and their combinations on radial growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) production of/by eight Aspergillus niger aggregate strains (six A. tubingensis and two A. niger) and four A. carbonarius isolated from Moroccan grapes were studied. Optimal conditions for the growth of most studied strains were shown to be at 25 degrees C and 0.95 aw. No growth was observed at 10 degrees C regardless of the water activity and isolates. The optimal temperature for OTA production was in the range of 25 degrees C-30 degrees C for A. carbonarius and 30 degrees C-37 degrees C for A. niger aggregate. The optimal aw for toxin production was 0.95-0.99 for A. carbonarius and 0.90-0.95 for A. niger aggregate. Mean OTA concentration produced by all the isolates of A. niger aggregate tested at all sampling times shows that maximum amount of OTA (0.24 microg/g) was produced at 37 degrees C and 0.90 aw. However, for A. carbonarius, mean maximum amounts of OTA (0.22 microg/g) were observed at 25 degrees C and 0.99 aw. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of all single factors (aw, isolate, temperature and incubation time) and their interactions on growth and OTA production were highly significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atar Selouane
- Laboratoire d'Agroalimentaire et Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, UFR de Biochimie Appliquée et Sciences Alimentaires, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, B.P. 1796 Atlas Fès 30000, Morocco
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111
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Reddy KRN, Abbas HK, Abel CA, Shier WT, Oliveira CAF, Raghavender CR. Mycotoxin contamination of commercially important agricultural commodities. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540903092050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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112
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Zahn M, Jeong ML, Wang D, Trinh T, Fay B, Ma W. Product-specific sample clean-up and HPLC analysis of aflatoxins for a dietary product. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2009; 20:335-337. [PMID: 19425113 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A sample clean-up procedure has been developed for a complex dietary ingredient, Unigen Inc. (Lacey, WA, USA) product A (a proprietary mixture of Scutellaria baicalensis and Acacia catechu extracts), for the determination of aflatoxins by HPLC. OBJECTIVE To develop an appropriate sample specific clean-up procedure that removes interferences from the sample for the determination of total aflatoxins B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2) at or lower than 20 ppb by HPLC. METHODOLOGY The sample specific clean-up procedure was developed based on the modification of AOAC method 990.33. RESULTS Coextract interferences were removed with the clean-up procedure. The recovery of total aflatoxins was 70% with RSD about 2%; the LOD and LOQ were 1.6 and 5.2 ppb, respectively, for total aflatoxins; the linearity R(2) > 0.99. None of the samples tested showed the presence of detectable aflatoxins. CONCLUSION The modified clean-up method was effective to remove coextract interferences from Unigen product A samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zahn
- Unigen Inc., 2660 Willamette Drive NE, Lacey, WA 98516, USA
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113
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Determination of aflatoxins in food samples by automated on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4416-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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114
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Razak MFA, Aidoo KE, Candlish AGG. Mixed herbs drugs: inhibitory effect on growth of the endogenous mycoflora and aflatoxin production. Mycopathologia 2008; 167:273-86. [PMID: 18991016 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Twenty commercial mixed herbal drugs were examined for mycological profile. Aspergillus species were the predominant fungi found in the drugs. Other fungi harboured in the drugs with less frequency were Paecilomyces species, Eurotium species, Monascus species, Acremonium species, Penicillium species, Cladosporium species, Scopulariopsis species, Phialophora species and Fonseceae species. Fungal count was between 1.0 log(10) CFU and 2.4 log(10) CFU per gram of sample. When the drugs were incubated in 85% humidity at 25 degrees C, fungal colonies grew on only two of the drugs. The mixed herbal drugs were extracted with water and the extracts were used to grow Aspergillus parasiticus. All extracts reduced aflatoxin B(1) and aflatoxin G(1) production by 62-97%. All but two of the extracts reduced aflatoxin B(2) and aflatoxin G(2) production by 39-95%. It can be concluded that the commercial powdered mixed herbal drugs contained low number of endogenous fungi, and these drugs are inhibitory to the growth of its endogenous fungi and aflatoxins production by aflatoxigenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Fuat Abd Razak
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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115
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Pruett ST, Bushnev A, Hagedorn K, Adiga M, Haynes CA, Sullards MC, Liotta DC, Merrill AH. Biodiversity of sphingoid bases ("sphingosines") and related amino alcohols. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1621-39. [PMID: 18499644 PMCID: PMC2444003 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r800012-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
"Sphingosin" was first described by J. L. W. Thudichum in 1884 and structurally characterized as 2S,3R,4E-2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol in 1947 by Herb Carter, who also proposed the designation of "lipides derived from sphingosine as sphingolipides." This category of amino alcohols is now known to encompass hundreds of compounds that are referred to as sphingoid bases and sphingoid base-like compounds, which vary in chain length, number, position, and stereochemistry of double bonds, hydroxyl groups, and other functionalities. Some have especially intriguing features, such as the tail-to-tail combination of two sphingoid bases in the alpha,omega-sphingoids produced by sponges. Most of these compounds participate in cell structure and regulation, and some (such as the fumonisins) disrupt normal sphingolipid metabolism and cause plant and animal disease. Many of the naturally occurring and synthetic sphingoid bases are cytotoxic for cancer cells and pathogenic microorganisms or have other potentially useful bioactivities; hence, they offer promise as pharmaceutical leads. This thematic review gives an overview of the biodiversity of the backbones of sphingolipids and the broader field of naturally occurring and synthetic sphingoid base-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Pruett
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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