101
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Blackwell SE, Holmes EA. Modifying interpretation and imagination in clinical depression: A single case series using cognitive bias modification. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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102
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Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Schweizer S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2010; 30:217-37. [PMID: 20015584 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3099] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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103
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104
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Dai Q, Feng Z. Deficient inhibition of return for emotional faces in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:921-32. [PMID: 19394388 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a commonly-occurred mental disorder. Researchers have highlighted the attentional bias of depressive disorders, although results have been mixed. The cue-target task has often been used to explore attentional bias; a particular phenomenon revealed by such studies is the inhibition of return (IOR). However, cue-target task has seldom been used so far in the study of depressed patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the IOR phenomenon in depressed individuals in cue-target task using emotional faces as cues. Control participants who had never suffered depression (NC), participants who had experienced at least two depressive episodes in their lives but were currently remitted (RMD), and participants diagnosed with a current major depressive disorder (MDD), were recruited using BDI, BAI, HDRS and DSM-IV as tools. Seventeen participants in each group completed a cue-target task in a behavioral experiment that comprised three kinds of experimental condition, two cue types and four face types. Each participant also completed a simpler cue-target task in an event-related potential (ERP) experiment. In cue-target task, a target appeared after a cue and the participant responded to its location. In the behavioral experiment, it was found that when the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was 14 ms, the NC and RMD participants had IOR effects for all faces and MDD participants for angry and sad faces. When the SOA was 250 ms, all three groups all had cue validity for sad faces but the effect was much more marked for the MDD group. When the SOA was 750 ms, the NC participants had an IOR effect for sad faces, the RMD participants had cue validity for angry, happy and sad faces, and the MDD participants had cue validity for sad faces and an IOR effect for angry faces. In the ERP experiment, the NC participants showed bigger P3 amplitude for happy cue compared with the other groups, smaller P1 amplitude for happy faces in the invalid cue condition than for other faces, smaller P1 amplitude for sad faces in the valid cue condition than for happy faces, bigger P3 amplitude for happy faces in the valid cue condition compared with MDD participants, and bigger P3 amplitude for sad faces in the invalid cue condition compared with other groups. The RMD participants had larger P3 amplitude for sad cue than for other faces, larger P3 amplitude for happy faces in the valid cue condition compared with MDD participants, and smaller P3 amplitude for sad faces in the invalid cue condition compared with NC participants. The MDD participants had larger P1 amplitude for sad cue compared with other groups, larger P3 amplitude for sad cue than for other face cues, smaller P3 amplitude for sad faces in the invalid cue condition compared with NC participants, and smaller P3 amplitude for happy faces in the valid cue condition compared with other groups. It can be concluded that the MDD participants had cue validity and deficient IOR for negative stimuli. The deficient inhibition of negative stimuli renders them unable to eliminate the interference of negative stimuli and causes the maintenance and development of depression. The RMD participants had cue validity and deficient IOR for both positive and negative stimuli, which enables them to perceive positive and negative stimuli sufficiently and to maintain emotional balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Dai
- Educational Center of Mental Health, Third Military Medical University, Chong qing 400038, China
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105
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Self-report and Cognitive Processing Measures of Depressive Thinking Predict Subsequent Major Depressive Disorder. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-009-9237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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106
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Moreira P, Beutler LE, Gonçalves OF. Narrative change in psychotherapy: differences between good and bad outcome cases in cognitive, narrative, and prescriptive therapies. J Clin Psychol 2009; 64:1181-94. [PMID: 18726926 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the relationship between changes in the patients' narratives and therapeutic outcomes. Two patients were selected from three psychotherapeutic models (cognitive, narrative, and prescriptive therapies), one with good therapeutic outcome and the other with bad therapeutic outcome. Sessions from the initial, middle, and final phases for each patient were evaluated in terms of narrative structural coherence, process complexity, and content diversity. Differences between patients' total narrative production were found at the end of the therapeutic process. Good outcome cases presented a higher statistically significant total narrative change than poor outcome cases.
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107
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Holmes EA, Lang TJ, Moulds ML, Steele AM. Prospective and positive mental imagery deficits in dysphoria. Behav Res Ther 2008; 46:976-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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108
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Maestas KL, Amidon A, Baum ES, Chrisman JG, Durham JA, Rooney SB, Rude SS, Swann WB. Partner Devaluation is Associated with Depression Symptoms Among Depression–Vulnerable Women with Low Self–Esteem. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2008.27.6.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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109
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Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: a cognitive science and developmental perspective. Clin Psychol Rev 2007; 28:759-82. [PMID: 18068882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We summarize and integrate research on cognitive vulnerability to depression among children and adolescents. We first review prospective longitudinal studies of the most researched cognitive vulnerability factors (attributional style, dysfunctional attitudes, and self-perception) and depression among youth. We next review research on information processing biases in youth. We propose that the integration of these two literatures will result in a more adequate test of cognitive vulnerability models. Last, we outline a program of research addressing methodological, statistical, and scientific limitations in the cognitive vulnerability literature.
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110
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Abstract
Attentional biases for emotional stimuli and general orienting processes were examined in bipolar disorder, using a modified dot-probe task with a spatial cueing paradigm incorporated in it. Bipolar patients in a euthymic state (i.e., remission), bipolar patients in a mildly depressed state, and non-psychiatric controls participated. General orienting results showed that within the patient group as a whole, measures of depressed mood were positively associated with a relative inability to disengage attention. Attentional bias results showed that bipolar patients in a mildly depressed state, in comparison with controls, directed their attention away from depression-related words and positive words. The bias away from positive words was equally present in both patient groups and part of a trait effect, demonstrated by the comparison of patients in a euthymic state and controls. The bias away from depression-related words was mood state-dependent and within the patient group as a whole correlated negatively with measures of depressed mood. It is proposed that biases for emotional stimuli are related to the transition of mood states, characteristic for bipolar disorder.
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111
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Beevers CG, Meyer B. I Feel Fine but the Glass is Still Half Empty: Thought Suppression Biases Information Processing Despite Recovery from a Dysphoric Mood State. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-006-9108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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112
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Luxton DD, Ingram RE, Wenzlaff RM. Uncertain Self–Esteem and Future Thinking in Depression Vulnerability. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2006.25.8.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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113
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Abstract
Much research indicates that attempts to suppress thoughts lead to increased accessibility of those thoughts, especially when additional cognitive load is present. On the premise that hypnosis may permit more effective management of cognitive load, it was hypothesized that hypnosis may enhance more effective thought suppression. The present research examined whether the obstacle of cognitive load could be bypassed using hypnosis to facilitate successful thought suppression. Thirty-nine high and 40 low hypnotizable participants were hypnotized and received either a suppression instruction or no instruction for a memory of an embarrassing experience and subsequently completed a sentence-unscrambling task that indexed accessibility of embarrassing thoughts. Whereas lows instructed to suppress displayed a delayed increase in suppressed thoughts, highs did not. These findings support the proposition that hypnosis facilitates thought suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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114
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Gortner EM, Rude SS, Pennebaker JW. Benefits of expressive writing in lowering rumination and depressive symptoms. Behav Ther 2006; 37:292-303. [PMID: 16942980 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression-vulnerable college students (with both elevated prior depressive symptoms and low current depressive symptoms) wrote on 3 consecutive days in either an expressive writing or a control condition. As predicted, participants scoring above the median on the suppression scale of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003) showed significantly lower depression symptoms at the 6-month assessment when they wrote in the expressive writing versus the control condition. Additional analyses revealed that treatment benefits were mediated by changes in the Brooding but not the Reflection scale of the Ruminative Response Scale (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991). A "booster" writing session predicted to enhance treatment benefits failed to have a significant effect.
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115
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Dalgleish T, Yiend J. The effects of suppressing a negative autobiographical memory on concurrent intrusions and subsequent autobiographical recall in dysphoria. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006; 115:467-473. [PMID: 16866587 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.115.3.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Depressed individuals endeavor to suppress intrusive thoughts and memories as a form of mood control. Two predictions from this literature were examined. The 1st was that attempts to suppress a preselected negative memory during a stream-of-consciousness (SOC) task in dysphoric individuals, relative to a no-suppress condition, would lead to relatively speeded access to other negative but not positive memories on a subsequent cue-word recall task. No such effects were predicted for nondysphoric controls. The 2nd prediction was that, across all participants who were asked to suppress memories, higher levels of depressed mood would be associated with more intrusions of the to-be-suppressed memory during the SOC and that this association would be stronger than the comparable relation in participants who were not asked to suppress memories. Results support both predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Dalgleish
- Emotion Research Group, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit
| | - Jenny Yiend
- Emotion Research Group, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit
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116
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117
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Bouhuys AL, Bos EH, Geerts E, van Os TWDP, Ormel J. The association between levels of cortisol secretion and fear perception in patients with remitted depression predicts recurrence. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006; 194:478-84. [PMID: 16840843 DOI: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000228502.52864.ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the association between cortisol secretion and fear perception in remitted patients to identify mechanisms underlying risk for recurrence of depression. We hypothesized that the stronger the association between cortisol secretion and fear perception in persons with remitted depression, the more recurrence would be experienced. We also investigated whether high levels of cortisol and fear perception per se predict more recurrence. These effects were assumed to be stronger in women than in men. In a prospective design, we investigated 77 outpatients with remitted depression and related the association between their 24-hour urinary free cortisol secretion and fear perception (from ambiguous faces and from vocal expressions) to recurrence of depression within 2 years. We applied Cox regression models, partial correlations, and Fisher z tests. In 21 patients, depression recurred. Irrespective the channel of perception (eye or ear), the interaction between fear perception and cortisol secretion was significantly related to recurrence of depression. Patients high or low on both variables are more at risk. This increased risk was also reflected by a significant association between cortisol secretion and facial fear perception, but only among subjects who experienced recurrence. A trend in the same direction was found for vocal fear perception. Fear perception and cortisol secretion per se did not predict recurrence. No gender differences were found. The association between cortisol secretion and fear perception (probably indicative for altered fear circuits in the brain) constitutes a mechanism underlying risk for recurrence of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette L Bouhuys
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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118
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Koster EHW, De Raedt R, Goeleven E, Franck E, Crombez G. Mood-congruent attentional bias in dysphoria: maintained attention to and impaired disengagement from negative information. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 5:446-55. [PMID: 16366748 DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Attentional bias to negative information has been proposed to be a cognitive vulnerability factor for the development of depression. In 2 experiments, the authors examined mood-congruent attentional bias in dysphoria. In both experiments, dysphoric and nondysphoric participants performed an attentional task with negative, positive, and neutral word cues preceding a target. Targets appeared either at the same or at the opposite location of the cue. Overall, results indicate that dysphoric participants show maintained attention for negative words at longer stimulus presentations, which is probably caused by impaired attentional disengagement from negative words. Furthermore, nondysphoric participants maintain their attention more strongly to positive words. These results are discussed in relation to recent developments in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression.
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119
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Borton JLS, Markowitz LJ, Dieterich J. Effects of Suppressing Negative Self–Referent Thoughts on Mood and Self–Esteem. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.24.2.172.62269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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120
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Lynch TR, Cheavens JS, Morse JQ, Rosenthal MZ. A model predicting suicidal ideation and hopelessness in depressed older adults: the impact of emotion inhibition and affect intensity. Aging Ment Health 2004; 8:486-97. [PMID: 15724830 DOI: 10.1080/13607860412331303775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to begin a preliminary examination of constructs theorized to be related to suicidal behavior by testing a model of the influence of both temperament and emotion regulation on suicidal ideation and hopelessness in a sample of depressed older adults. The model was evaluated using structural equation modeling procedures in a sample of depressed, older adults. Findings supported a temporally predictive model in which negative affect intensity and reactivity lead to emotion inhibition, operationalized as ambivalence over emotional expression and thought suppression, which in turn lead to increased presence of suicidal predictors, operationalized as hopelessness and suicidal ideation. These results suggest that suicide prevention efforts in older adults may be improved by targeting emotion inhibition in treatment, especially among affectively intense and reactive older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704, USA.
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121
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Wenzlaff RM, Meier J, Salas DM. Thought suppression and memory biases during and after depressive moods. Cogn Emot 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/02699930143000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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