101
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Putative Origins of Cell-Free DNA in Humans: A Review of Active and Passive Nucleic Acid Release Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218062. [PMID: 33137955 PMCID: PMC7662960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Through various pathways of cell death, degradation, and regulated extrusion, partial or complete genomes of various origins (e.g., host cells, fetal cells, and infiltrating viruses and microbes) are continuously shed into human body fluids in the form of segmented cell-free DNA (cfDNA) molecules. While the genetic complexity of total cfDNA is vast, the development of progressively efficient extraction, high-throughput sequencing, characterization via bioinformatics procedures, and detection have resulted in increasingly accurate partitioning and profiling of cfDNA subtypes. Not surprisingly, cfDNA analysis is emerging as a powerful clinical tool in many branches of medicine. In addition, the low invasiveness of longitudinal cfDNA sampling provides unprecedented access to study temporal genomic changes in a variety of contexts. However, the genetic diversity of cfDNA is also a great source of ambiguity and poses significant experimental and analytical challenges. For example, the cfDNA population in the bloodstream is heterogeneous and also fluctuates dynamically, differs between individuals, and exhibits numerous overlapping features despite often originating from different sources and processes. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the determining variables that impact the properties of cfDNA is crucial, however, thus far, is largely lacking. In this work we review recent and historical research on active vs. passive release mechanisms and estimate the significance and extent of their contribution to the composition of cfDNA.
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102
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Kim IA, Hur JY, Kim HJ, Lee SE, Kim WS, Lee KY. Liquid biopsy using extracellular vesicle-derived DNA in lung adenocarcinoma. J Pathol Transl Med 2020; 54:453-461. [PMID: 33027851 PMCID: PMC7674759 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2020.08.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood liquid biopsy has emerged as a way of overcoming the clinical limitations of repeat biopsy by testing for the presence of acquired resistance mutations to therapeutic agents. Despite its merits of repeatability and non-invasiveness, this method is currently only used as a supplemental test due to a relatively low sensitivity rate of 50%–60%, and cannot replace tissue biopsy. The circulating tumor DNAs used in blood liquid biopsies are passive products of fragmented DNA with a short half-life released following tumor cell death; the low sensitivity seen with liquid blood biopsy results from this instability, which makes increasing the sensitivity of this test fundamentally difficult. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are ideal carriers of cancer biomarkers, as cancer cells secret an abundance of EVs, and the contents of tumor cell-originated EVs reflect the molecular and genetic composition of parental cells. In addition, EV-derived DNAs (EV DNAs) consist of large-sized genomic DNAs and tumor-specific oncogenic mutant DNAs. For these reasons, liquid biopsy using EV DNA has the potential to overcome issues arising from tissue shortages associated with small biopsies, which are often seen in lung cancer patients, and the biopsy product can be used in other diagnostic methods, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation testing and next-generation sequencing (NGS). A higher sensitivity can be achieved when EV DNAs obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) are used rather than those from blood. BALF, when obtained close to the tumor site, is a promising liquid biopsy tool, as it enables the gathering of both cellular and non-cellular fractions of the tumor microenvironment, and provides increased diagnostic sensitivity when compared to blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Ae Kim
- Precision Medicine Lung Cancer Center, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Young Hur
- Precision Medicine Lung Cancer Center, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Joung Kim
- Precision Medicine Lung Cancer Center, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan Seop Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kye Young Lee
- Precision Medicine Lung Cancer Center, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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103
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Negahdaripour M, Owji H, Eskandari S, Zamani M, Vakili B, Nezafat N. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs): discovery, functions, applications, detection methods and various engineered forms. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:371-394. [PMID: 32945228 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1825677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-created delivery systems of proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids, and means of extracellular communication. Though sEVs were initially considered to be the waste disposal mechanism, today they are at the forefront of research with different biological and pathological functions. Such EVs play a key role in the immunoregulation, CNS development, nervous system physiology, mammary gland development, induction of immunosuppression in pregnancy, the developmental signaling pathways, regeneration of different tissues, inflammation, angiogenesis, coagulation, apoptosis, stem cell differentiation, and extracellular matrix turnover. AREAS COVERED SEVs contribute to the pathogenesis of different cancers and the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases, infections, as well as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Expert Opinion: There is no exact classification for EVs; however, according to size, density, morphological features, content, and biogenesis, they can be categorized into three major classes: microvesicles (ectosomes or microparticles), apoptotic bodies, and sEVs. SEVs, as an important class of EVs, have a crucial role in distinct biological functions. Moreover, shedding light on different structural and molecular aspects of sEV has led to their application in various therapeutic, diagnostic, and drug delivery fields. In this review, we have endeavored to elaborate on different aspects of EVs, especially sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hajar Owji
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Eskandari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Zamani
- Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Vakili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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104
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Circulating Cell-Free Nucleic Acids: Main Characteristics and Clinical Application. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186827. [PMID: 32957662 PMCID: PMC7555669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy recently became a very promising diagnostic method that has several advantages over conventional invasive methods. Liquid biopsy may serve as a source of several important biomarkers including cell-free nucleic acids (cf-NAs). Cf-DNA is widely used in prenatal testing in order to characterize fetal genetic disorders. Analysis of cf-DNA may provide information about the mutation profile of tumor cells, while cell-free non-coding RNAs are promising biomarker candidates in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Many of these markers have the potential to help clinicians in therapy selection and in the follow-up of patients. Thus, cf-NA-based diagnostics represent a new path in personalized medicine. Although several reviews are available in the field, most of them focus on a limited number of cf-NA types. In this review, we give an overview about all known cf-NAs including cf-DNA, cf-mtDNA and cell-free non-coding RNA (miRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, piRNA, YRNA, and vtRNA) by discussing their biogenesis, biological function and potential as biomarker candidates in liquid biopsy. We also outline possible future directions in the field.
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105
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Logozzi M, Mizzoni D, Di Raimo R, Fais S. Exosomes: A Source for New and Old Biomarkers in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2566. [PMID: 32916840 PMCID: PMC7565506 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical oncology needs reliable tumor biomarkers to allow a follow-up of tumor patients who do not necessarily need invasive approaches. To date, the existing biomarkers are not sufficiently reliable, and many of them have generated more problems than facilitating the commitment of clinical oncologists. Over the last decades, a broad family of extracellular vesicles, with size ranging between micro to nano, has been raised as a new hope for potential sources of new tumor biomarkers. However, while knowledge in the field is increasing, we do not currently have definitive information allowing a clinical use of extracellular vesicles in cancer clinics. Recent evidence provides new perspective in clinical oncology, based on data showing that circulating nanovesicles called exosomes may represent a valuable source of tumor biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the existing clinical data supporting a key role of exosomes as a source of tumor biomarkers, including proteins and miRNAs, but also discuss the importance of the expression of known tumor biomarkers when expressed on exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.L.); (D.M.); (R.D.R.)
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106
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Martellucci S, Orefice NS, Angelucci A, Luce A, Caraglia M, Zappavigna S. Extracellular Vesicles: New Endogenous Shuttles for miRNAs in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186486. [PMID: 32899898 PMCID: PMC7555972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) represent a heterogeneous population of membranous cell-derived structures, including cargo-oriented exosomes and microvesicles. EVs are functionally associated with intercellular communication and play an essential role in multiple physiopathological conditions. Shedding of EVs is frequently increased in malignancies and their content, including proteins and nucleic acids, altered during carcinogenesis and cancer progression. EVs-mediated intercellular communication between tumor cells and between tumor and stromal cells can modulate, through cargo miRNA, the survival, progression, and drug resistance in cancer conditions. These consolidated suggestions and EVs’ stability in bodily fluids have led to extensive investigations on the potential employment of circulating EVs-derived miRNAs as tumor biomarkers and potential therapeutic vehicles. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge about circulating EVs-miRNAs in human cancer and the application limits of these tools, discussing their clinical utility and challenges in functions such as in biomarkers and instruments for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Martellucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Nicola Salvatore Orefice
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-608-262-21-89
| | - Adriano Angelucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Amalia Luce
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.L.); (M.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.L.); (M.C.); (S.Z.)
- Biogem Scarl, Institute of Genetic Research, Laboratory of Precision and Molecular Oncology, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
| | - Silvia Zappavigna
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.L.); (M.C.); (S.Z.)
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107
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Mary B, Ghoroghi S, Hyenne V, Goetz JG. Live tracking of extracellular vesicles in larval zebrafish. Methods Enzymol 2020; 645:243-275. [PMID: 33565975 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Formerly considered as insignificant cell debris, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potent mediators of cell-cell communication, both in proximity and at distance from the producing cell. EVs are transported in body fluids and can be internalized by specific distant cells to ultimately deliver a functional message. Despite their striking importance in many physiological and pathological contexts, the exact mechanisms by which EVs impose local and distant modifications of the microenvironment in vivo remain to be fully understood. We realized that some conceptual gaps are direct consequences of the difficulty to visualize the shuttling and targeting of EVs in real time in vivo. The zebrafish larvae offered attractive features for live tracking of EVs, within circulating fluids. Here, we describe the experimental procedures that we have built for dissecting the dissemination of EVs at high spatio-temporal resolution in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mary
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Shima Ghoroghi
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Hyenne
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; CNRS, SNC 5055, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.
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108
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Emerging Insights on the Biological Impact of Extracellular Vesicle-Associated ncRNAs in Multiple Myeloma. Noncoding RNA 2020; 6:ncrna6030030. [PMID: 32764460 PMCID: PMC7549345 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna6030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from both tumor cells and the cells of the bone marrow microenvironment contribute to the pathobiology of multiple myeloma (MM). Recent studies on the mechanisms by which EVs exert their biological activity have indicated that the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) cargo is key in mediating their effect on MM development and progression. In this review, we will first discuss the role of EV-associated ncRNAs in different aspects of MM pathobiology, including proliferation, angiogenesis, bone disease development, and drug resistance. Finally, since ncRNAs carried by MM vesicles have also emerged as a promising tool for early diagnosis and therapy response prediction, we will report evidence of their potential use as clinical biomarkers.
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109
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Apoptotic exosome-like vesicles regulate endothelial gene expression, inflammatory signaling, and function through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12562. [PMID: 32724121 PMCID: PMC7387353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent endothelial injury promotes maladaptive responses by favoring the release of factors leading to perturbation in vascular homeostasis and tissue architecture. Caspase-3 dependent death of microvascular endothelial cells leads to the release of unique apoptotic exosome-like vesicles (ApoExo). Here, we evaluate the impact of ApoExo on endothelial gene expression and function in the context of a pro-apoptotic stimulus. Endothelial cells exposed to ApoExo differentially express genes involved in cell death, inflammation, differentiation, and cell movement. Endothelial cells exposed to ApoExo showed inhibition of apoptosis, improved wound closure along with reduced angiogenic activity and reduced expression of endothelial markers consistent with the first phase of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (endoMT). ApoExo interaction with endothelial cells also led to NF-κB activation. NF-κB is known to participate in endothelial dysfunction in numerous diseases. Silencing NF-κB reversed the anti-apoptotic effect and the pro-migratory state and prevented angiostatic properties and CD31 downregulation in endothelial cells exposed to ApoExo. This study identifies vascular injury-derived extracellular vesicles (ApoExo) as novel drivers of NF-κB activation in endothelial cells and demonstrates the pivotal role of this signaling pathway in coordinating ApoExo-induced functional changes in endothelial cells. Hence, targeting ApoExo-mediated NF-κB activation in endothelial cells opens new avenues to prevent endothelial dysfunction.
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110
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Malkin EZ, Bratman SV. Bioactive DNA from extracellular vesicles and particles. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:584. [PMID: 32719324 PMCID: PMC7385258 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and particles (EPs) have recently emerged as active carriers of molecular biomarkers and mediators of intercellular communication. While most investigations have focused exclusively on the protein, lipid and RNA constituents of these extracellular entities, EV/EP DNA remains poorly understood, despite DNA being found in association with virtually all EV/EP populations. The functional potential of EV/EP DNA has been proposed in a number of pathological states, including malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the effectiveness of cell-free DNA as the biomarker of choice in emerging liquid biopsy applications highlights the role that EV/EP DNA may play as a novel disease biomarker. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of EV/EP DNA studies conducted to date, with a particular focus on the roles of EV/EP DNA as a functional mediator and molecular biomarker in various pathologic states. We also review what is currently known about the origins, structure, localisation and distribution of EV/EP DNA, highlighting current controversies as well as opportunities for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Z Malkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott V Bratman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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111
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Chang X, Fang L, Bai J, Wang Z. Characteristics and Changes of DNA in Extracellular Vesicles. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1486-1493. [PMID: 32551866 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been known to carry multiple bioactive molecules, including lipids, mRNA/miRNA, and proteins. However, recent studies show that specific DNAs are also packed into EVs secreted by various cells, which are considered as powerful markers for diagnosis and prognosis of disease. DNAs in EVs are derived from parental cells, representing the mutation and even spanning of the whole genomic DNA of parental cells. Interestingly, increasing numbers of studies have found that the genetic materials in different EVs are not only universal but also random and different, which may be related to the size of EVs. In this review, we discuss the different characteristics of DNAs in EVs and the rules of their variation. We hope our review will trigger the continuing exploration of the origins, characteristics, and variations of DNAs in EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liaoqiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhibiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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112
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Varderidou-Minasian S, Lorenowicz MJ. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in tissue repair: challenges and opportunities. Theranostics 2020; 10:5979-5997. [PMID: 32483432 PMCID: PMC7254996 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are important players in tissue homeostasis and regeneration owing to their immunomodulatory potential and release of trophic factors that promote healing. They have been increasingly used in clinical trials to treat multiple conditions associated with inflammation and tissue damage such as graft versus host disease, orthopedic injuries and cardiac and liver diseases. Recent evidence demonstrates that their beneficial effects are derived, at least in part, from their secretome. In particular, data from animal models and first-in-man studies indicate that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can exert similar therapeutic potential as their cells of origin. MSC-EVs are membranous structures loaded with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, which play an important role in cell-cell communication and may represent an attractive alternative for cell-based therapy. In this article we summarize recent advances in the use of MSC-EVs for tissue repair. We highlight several isolation and characterization approaches used to enrich MSC-derived EVs. We discuss our current understanding of the relative contribution of the MSC-EVs to the immunomodulatory and regenerative effects mediated by MSCs and MSC secretome. Finally we highlight the challenges and opportunities, which come with the potential use of MSC-EVs as cell free therapy for conditions that require tissue repair.
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113
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Saari H, Turunen T, Lõhmus A, Turunen M, Jalasvuori M, Butcher SJ, Ylä-Herttuala S, Viitala T, Cerullo V, Siljander PRM, Yliperttula M. Extracellular vesicles provide a capsid-free vector for oncolytic adenoviral DNA delivery. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1747206. [PMID: 32363012 PMCID: PMC7178890 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1747206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been showcased as auspicious candidates for delivering therapeutic cargo, including oncolytic viruses for cancer treatment. Delivery of oncolytic viruses in EVs could provide considerable advantages, hiding the viruses from the immune system and providing alternative entry pathways into cancer cells. Here we describe the formation and viral cargo of EVs secreted by cancer cells infected with an oncolytic adenovirus (IEVs, infected cell-derived EVs) as a function of time after infection. IEVs were secreted already before the lytic release of virions and their structure resembled normally secreted EVs, suggesting that they were not just apoptotic fragments of infected cells. IEVs were able to carry the viral genome and induce infection in other cancer cells. As such, the role of EVs in the life cycle of adenoviruses may be an important part of a successful infection and may also be harnessed for cancer- and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Saari
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiia Turunen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andres Lõhmus
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Turunen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Jalasvuori
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Sarah J. Butcher
- Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia R. M. Siljander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- EV-group, EV-core Unit, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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114
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LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. Exosomes as a Multicomponent Biomarker Platform in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:767-774. [PMID: 32307267 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease that is associated with genetic aberrations and subsequent cellular and noncellular host responses. Tumors harbor diverse cell types that engage in a dynamic interplay to sustain cancer-specific signaling networks. A component of such cellular communication is the production and exchange of various types of extracellular vesicle (EV). Exosomes are small EVs with growing recognition for their role in cancer progression and resistance to therapy. The unique biogenesis of exosomes, their ubiquitous production by all cell types, and their biological features in liquid biopsies have generated excitement for their potential as cancer biomarkers. Here, we discuss the challenges and utility of exosomes as multiparameter biomarker platforms for the detection of cancer. Exosomes reflect heterogeneous biological changes associated with growing tumors, potentially offering a more comprehensive assessment of cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S LeBleu
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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115
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Liam CK, Liam YS, Wong CK. Extracellular vesicle-based EGFR genotyping in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:168-171. [PMID: 32420055 PMCID: PMC7225147 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2020.03.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Kin Liam
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yong-Sheng Liam
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Kuan Wong
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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116
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Crescitelli R, Lässer C, Jang SC, Cvjetkovic A, Malmhäll C, Karimi N, Höög JL, Johansson I, Fuchs J, Thorsell A, Gho YS, Olofsson Bagge R, Lötvall J. Subpopulations of extracellular vesicles from human metastatic melanoma tissue identified by quantitative proteomics after optimized isolation. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1722433. [PMID: 32128073 PMCID: PMC7034452 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1722433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of extracellular vesicle (EV) studies conducted to date have been performed on cell lines with little knowledge on how well these represent the characteristics of EVs in vivo. The aim of this study was to establish a method to isolate and categorize subpopulations of EVs isolated directly from tumour tissue. First we established an isolation protocol for subpopulations of EVs from metastatic melanoma tissue, which included enzymatic treatment (collagenase D and DNase). Small and large EVs were isolated with differential ultracentrifugation, and these were further separated into high and low-density (HD and LD) fractions. All EV subpopulations were then analysed in depth using electron microscopy, Bioanalyzer®, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and quantitative mass spectrometry analysis. Subpopulations of EVs with distinct size, morphology, and RNA and protein cargo could be isolated from the metastatic melanoma tissue. LD EVs showed an RNA profile with the presence of 18S and 28S ribosomal subunits. In contrast, HD EVs had RNA profiles with small or no peaks for ribosomal RNA subunits. Quantitative proteomics showed that several proteins such as flotillin-1 were enriched in both large and small LD EVs, while ADAM10 were exclusively enriched in small LD EVs. In contrast, mitofilin was enriched only in the large EVs. We conclude that enzymatic treatments improve EV isolation from dense fibrotic tissue without any apparent effect on molecular or morphological characteristics. By providing a detailed categorization of several subpopulations of EVs isolated directly from tumour tissues, we might better understand the function of EVs in tumour biology and their possible use in biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Crescitelli
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Su Chul Jang
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aleksander Cvjetkovic
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Malmhäll
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nasibeh Karimi
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna L Höög
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iva Johansson
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Fuchs
- Proteomic Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Thorsell
- Proteomic Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - R Olofsson Bagge
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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117
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Zhou K, Guo S, Li F, Sun Q, Liang G. Exosomal PD-L1: New Insights Into Tumor Immune Escape Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:569219. [PMID: 33178688 PMCID: PMC7593554 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.569219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a classical immune checkpoint molecule, PD-L1 on the surface of tumor cells plays a pivotal role in tumor immunosuppression, primarily by inhibiting the antitumor activities of T cells by binding to its receptor PD-1. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have demonstrated unprecedented promise in treating various human cancers with impressive efficacy. However, a significant portion of cancer patients remains less responsive. Therefore, a better understanding of PD-L1-mediated immune escape is imperative. PD-L1 can be expressed on the surface of tumor cells, but it is also found to exist in extracellular forms, such as on exosomes. Recent studies have revealed the importance of exosomal PD-L1 (ExoPD-L1). As an alternative to membrane-bound PD-L1, ExoPD-L1 produced by tumor cells also plays an important regulatory role in the antitumor immune response. We review the recent remarkable findings on the biological functions of ExoPD-L1, including the inhibition of lymphocyte activities, migration to PD-L1-negative tumor cells and immune cells, induction of both local and systemic immunosuppression, and promotion of tumor growth. We also discuss the potential implications of ExoPD-L1 as a predictor for disease progression and treatment response, sensitive methods for detection of circulating ExoPD-L1, and the novel therapeutic strategies combining the inhibition of exosome biogenesis with PD-L1 blockade in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijian Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Guo,
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guoxin Liang
- Cancer Therapy Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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118
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Hur JY, Lee JS, Kim IA, Kim HJ, Kim WS, Lee KY. Extracellular vesicle-based EGFR genotyping in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from treatment-naive non-small cell lung cancer patients. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2019; 8:1051-1060. [PMID: 32010582 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2019.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EV) have been proven to contain double-stranded DNA reflecting the mutational status of the parental tumor cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which can be translated into clinically useful EV-based liquid biopsy for Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genotyping using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from tumor site. Methods Patients subjected for an initial lung cancer work-up underwent bronchoscopy and BALF was obtained from tumor site. After isolating EVs from BALF by ultracentrifugation, EV-derived DNA (EV DNA) was extracted for subsequent EGFR genotyping performed through peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-mediated Real-Time PCR. The sensitivity, specificity, and concordance rate of BALF EV-based EGFR genotyping were calculated in comparison to tissue genotyping. Results The average sensitivity and specificity of BALF EV-based EGFR genotyping were 76% and 87%, respectively, while the sensitivity significantly increased as the stage progressed. Especially, in stage IV, BALF EV-based EGFR typing identified all tissue-proven EGFR mutant cases (n=31) and detected 6 additional mutant cases. The concordance rate was 79% in stage I, 100% in stage II, 74% in stage III, and 92% in stage IV. As TNM stage advanced, especially in the presence of metastasis, concordance rate significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusions The use of BALF for the collection of EV DNA in lung cancer patients resulted in a highly accurate diagnosis. The establishment of a fast and reliable method to identify target genes using EV DNA illustrated that it can overcome the problems of low sensitivity and instability in using cell-free DNA (cfDNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Hur
- Precision Medicine Lung Cancer Center, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sik Lee
- Precision Medicine Lung Cancer Center, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ae Kim
- Precision Medicine Lung Cancer Center, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Joung Kim
- Precision Medicine Lung Cancer Center, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Seop Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Young Lee
- Precision Medicine Lung Cancer Center, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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