101
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Wolf JS, Soble JJ, Ratliff TL, Clayman RV. Ureteral Cell Cultures. I. Characterization and Cellular Interactions. J Urol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)65750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Stuart Wolf
- From the Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jon J. Soble
- From the Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy L. Ratliff
- From the Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ralph V. Clayman
- From the Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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102
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Grow DR, Coddington CC, Hsiu JG, Mikich Y, Hodgen GD. Role of hypoestrogenism or sex steroid antagonism in adhesion formation after myometrial surgery in primates**Prize Paper, The Society of Reproductive Surgeons; presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of The American Fertility Society, San Antonio, Texas, November 5 to 10, 1994. Fertil Steril 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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103
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Izumi S, Slayden OD, Rubin JS, Brenner RM. Keratinocyte growth factor and its receptor in the rhesus macaque placenta during the course of gestation. Placenta 1996; 17:123-35. [PMID: 8730882 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(96)80005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is synthesized and secreted exclusively by mesenchymal cells, and acts through its receptor (KGFR) to stimulate epithelial proliferation. In vivo, KGF and KGFR comprise a mesenchymal-epithelial cell paracrine system that can mediate epithelial cell mitosis. In preliminary work, we noted that KGF was expressed in the rhesus monkey placenta, and we now report on the expression of placental KGF and KGFR mRNAs during the course of gestation in this species. In-situ hybridization revealed that during early gestation, KGF mRNA was strongly expressed in placental mesenchymal cells. These cells, which were also immunoreactive for vimentin, were mainly located on the periphery of the mesenchymal cores of both anchoring and floating villi. KGFR mRNA was expressed in the adjacent trophoblastic epithelium, which was immunoreactive for cytokeratin. In-situ hybridization revealed that KGF mRNA expression was very high in the youngest placentae (34-days gestation) and decreased gradually to minimal levels by late gestation (157 days). Northern blot analysis indicated also that the KGF MRNA signal was strongest in early gestation samples and weakest by late gestation. Analysis for KGFR mRNA by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique showed that KGFR mRNA expression could be detected at all stages. However, in-situ hybridization indicated that KGFR mRNA expression was highest in early gestation placentae and least in the oldest placentae. Autoradiographs of frozen sections of placenta that had been incubated with [125I]KGF to detect receptor binding showed that grain density over the trophoblast was highest in the youngest and least in the oldest placentae. PCNA and Ki-67 expression followed this same temporal trend. We conclude that the KGF/KGFR system may be important in proliferation of the placental trophoblast during early- to mid-pregnancy in rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Izumi
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton 97006, USA
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104
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Canatan H, Chang WY, Sugimoto Y, Shidaifat F, Kulp SK, Brueggemeier RW, Lin YC. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF/FGF-7) has a paracrine role in canine prostate: molecular cloning of mRNA encoding canine KGF. DNA Cell Biol 1996; 15:247-54. [PMID: 8634153 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1996.15.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
cDNA encoding the canine keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) was cloned from normal canine prostate tissue. The authentic canine KGF cDNA sequence, 686 bp in length, spans the protein-coding region and 88 bp of the 5' and 19 bp of the 3' untranslated regions of canine KGF. The predicted amino acid sequence of canine KGF is composed of 194 amino acid residues. Canine KGF exhibits highest homology with the human KGF cDNA and amino acid sequences (95.8% and 97.4%, respectively), while it demonstrates the lowest homology with the rat sequences at 88.0% and 92.3%, respectively. The degrees of homology with mouse cDNA and amino acid sequences are 91.8% and 95.9%, respectively. By using RNase protection assay, KGF was shown to be expressed in normal prostate tissues of both mature and young (5-month-old) dogs. In vitro, the recombinant canine KGF has mitogenic activity on cultured canine epithelial cells, whereas it has no effect on cultured canine prostatic stromal cells. This novel canine KGF cDNA may be a valuable tool in the study of human benign prostatic hyperplasia using the canine prostatic as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Canatan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210-1092, USA
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105
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Behrens P, Meissner C, Hopfer H, Schümann J, Tan MI, Ellerbrake N, Strunck E, Vollmer G. Laminin mediates basement membrane induced differentiation of HEC 1B endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. Biochem Cell Biol 1996; 74:875-86. [PMID: 9164656 DOI: 10.1139/o96-093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies on endometrial carcinogenesis have been hampered by limited differentiation of the cells in culture. Using the endometrial carcinoma cell lines HEC 1B and its subclone HEC 1B(L), we established and characterized cell culture conditions that preserve a more differentiated state of the tumor cells. Randomly seeded HEC 1B(L) cells, if grown in a serum-free defined medium on top of a reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel), within a few hours assembled themselves to web-like structures. In a thick layer of Matrigel, they showed an even more pronounced morphological differentiation. Functionally, two additional secretory proteins, about 31 and 77 kDa in size, became apparent as a response to matrigel. To further investigate the regulatory role of the extracellular matrix in the process of in vitro differentiation of endometrial adenocarcinoma cells, we addressed two specific problems. First, we investigated if the capacity of in vitro differentiation is a specific feature of HEC 1B(L) cells or if it is common to all endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. Second, we tried to identify the Matrigel component(s) responsible for in vitro differentiation. The assembly of HEC 1B and HEC 1B(L) cells into spatially organized web-like structures and the expression of the 77 kDa protein were thereby used as an assay. All endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines tested to a variable degree formed web-like structures on Matrigel. Although the pattern of de novo synthesized secretory proteins changed as a response to Matrigel, only HEC 1A, HEC 1B, HEC 1B(L), and Ishikawa cells responded to culture on Matrigel by an increased expression of the 77 kDa protein. Functionally, polyclonal anti-laminin antibodies, but not anti-collagen type IV antibodies, disrupted formation of web-like structures by HEC 1B cells. The laminin-specific peptides YIGSR and SIKVAV but none of the RGD-peptides RGDS, GRGDSP, or GRADSP affected the three-dimensional assembly of these cells in vitro. Both anti-laminin antibodies and laminin-specific peptides suppressed Matrigel-induced formation of the 77-kDa secretory protein by HEC 1B cells. These findings suggest the involvement of laminin in the in vitro differentiation of the HEC 1B endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line. In a mechanistic view, laminin appears to play a crucial role in the regulation of this in vitro differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Behrens
- Institut für Biochemische Endokrinologie, Medizinische Universität, Lübeck, Germany
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106
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Ehara H, Koji T, Deguchi T, Yoshii A, Nakano M, Nakane PK, Kawada Y. Expression of estrogen receptor in diseased human prostate assessed by non-radioactive in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Prostate 1995; 27:304-13. [PMID: 7501542 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990270603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To understand the role of estrogen in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, expressions of estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA and ER protein by in situ hybridization and by immunohistochemistry, respectively, were investigated in human prostatic tissues. In non-malignant region, ER mRNA and ER protein were found in cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively, of stromal cells, but not in glandular epithelial and basal cells. In benign regions, ER mRNA/ER protein positive cells were found in fibromyoadenomatous and myoadenomatous hyperplasia, but not in adenomatous hyperplasia. A striking feature was periacinar arrangement of ER mRNA/ER protein positive stromal cells in all prostate carcinoma treated with androgen withdrawal. The ER mRNA/ER protein positive cells were immunohistochemically identified as fibroblasts, myoblasts, and smooth muscle cells. These results indicate that stromal cells are the primary target of estrogen in prostate, and that androgen withdrawal upregulates the expression of ER gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ehara
- Department of Urology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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107
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Marchese C, Chedid M, Dirsch OR, Csaky KG, Santanelli F, Latini C, LaRochelle WJ, Torrisi MR, Aaronson SA. Modulation of keratinocyte growth factor and its receptor in reepithelializing human skin. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1369-76. [PMID: 7595207 PMCID: PMC2192199 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.5.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the expression and distribution of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) (FGF-7) and its receptor (KGFR) during reepithelialization of human skin. KGF mRNA levels increased rapidly by 8-10-fold and remained elevated for several days. In contrast, KGFR transcript levels decreased early but were significantly elevated by 8-9 d. A KGF-immunoglobulin G fusion protein (KGF-HFc), which specifically and sensitively detects the KGFR, localized the receptor to differentiating keratinocytes of control epidermis, but revealed a striking decrease in receptor protein expression during the intermediate period of reepithelization. Suramin, which blocked KGF binding and stripped already bound KGF from its receptor, failed to unmask KGFRs in tissue sections from the intermediate phase of wound repair. The absence of KGFR protein despite increased KGFR transcript levels implies functional receptor downregulation in the presence of increased KGF. This temporal modulation of KGF and KGFRs provides strong evidence for the functional involvement of KGF in human skin reepithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marchese
- National Institute for Cancer Research, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy
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108
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Tsuji M, Dimov VB, Yoshida T. In vivo expression of monokine and inducible nitric oxide synthase in experimentally induced pulmonary granulomatous inflammation. Evidence for sequential production of interleukin-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1995; 147:1001-15. [PMID: 7573346 PMCID: PMC1871024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the temporal pattern and localization of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in lung tissue undergoing foreign body granuloma formation. Pulmonary granulomas were induced by the intratracheal injection of dextran beads into genetically high granuloma responder, carrying Bcgs (BALB/c), and low responder, carrying Bcgr (C3H/HeJ and DBA/2), mice. There was a pattern of sequential expression of these molecules in BALB/c mice. Thus, interleukin-1 alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase were induced mostly in the cells accumulated around the beads and also in some bronchiolar epithelial cells during the early phase (1 to 3 days), whereas tumor necrosis factor-alpha was induced in the cells around the beads at the later resolution phase (3 to 7 days). By contrast, in low responder mice, an increase in the expression of interleukin-1 alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase was detected in lung macrophages as well as in alveolar cells and bronchiolar epithelial cells on day 1, but that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was not detected throughout the period. These results together with our previous findings on cytokine activity in granuloma extract suggest that interleukin-1 and nitric oxide produced by recruited macrophages may take part in the early, macrophage-dependent phase of granuloma formation whereas tumor necrosis factor-alpha may be more crucial as a mediator responsible for the difference in innate resistance or susceptibility to granuloma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsuji
- Tokyo Institute for Immunopharmacology, Inc., Japan
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109
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Peehl DM, Rubin JS. Keratinocyte growth factor: an androgen-regulated mediator of stromal-epithelial interactions in the prostate. World J Urol 1995; 13:312-7. [PMID: 8581003 DOI: 10.1007/bf00185975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family are important growth-regulatory elements. Of the FGFs, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) appears to have unique properties that implicate it as a paracrine factor in the prostate. Two KGF transcripts (approximately to 2.4 and 5.0 kb) encode a protein of approximately 22 kDa. In contrast to several other members of the FGF family, KGF has a signal peptide and is actively secreted. Cellular response to KGF is mediated by a specific receptor that is transcribed from an alternately spliced variant of the FGF type 2 receptor (FGFR-2). KGF transcripts have been detected in prostatic tissues and in stromal cells cultured from rat and human prostates as well as in a variety of stromal cells derived from other organs. Prostatic epithelial cells and numerous other types of epithelial cells are targets of KGF's mitogenic activity. Several factors involved in wound healing regulate the expression of KGF, but androgen regulation of KGF is of greatest relevance to the role of KGF in the prostate. Current efforts to localize and manipulate KGF activity in vivo should reveal the significance of KGF expression and function in the prostate and in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5118, USA
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110
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Immunohistochemical Detection of Progesterone Receptors and the Correlation with Ki-67 Labeling Indices in Paraffin-embedded Sections of Meningiomas. Neurosurgery 1995. [DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199509000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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111
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Nagashima G, Aoyagi M, Wakimoto H, Tamaki M, Ohno K, Hirakawa K. Immunohistochemical detection of progesterone receptors and the correlation with Ki-67 labeling indices in paraffin-embedded sections of meningiomas. Neurosurgery 1995; 37:478-82; discussion 483. [PMID: 7501113 DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199509000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Female sex steroids may play a role in the proliferation of meningiomas. We investigated the progesterone receptor (PgR) immunoreactivities and the Ki-67 labeling indices in the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of meningiomas from 39 patients. After autoclave pretreatment of the sections (which were immersed in a citrate buffer), the sections were incubated with the monoclonal antibody for the PgR and the MIB-1 monoclonal antibody for the Ki-67 antigen. In the meningiomas studied, the immunoreactivity for the PgR was moderately to strongly positive in 51%, weakly positive in 21%, and negative in 28%. The nuclear staining for the PgR was clear, and no tumors were positive for the estrogen receptor. The Ki-67 labeling indices of the PgR-positive meningiomas (mean +/- standard deviation, 2.35 +/- 2.12%) were significantly lower than those of the PgR-negative meningiomas (6.53 +/- 4.83%) (P < 0.05). Two meningiomas that had recurred more than once showed high Ki-67 labeling indices and negative immunostaining for the PgR. These findings indicate that the PgR status may be closely related to the growth potentials of the meningiomas. Our results confirm that the immunodetection of the PgR and the Ki-67 antigen on the paraffin sections of meningiomas provides a practical tool for estimating the biological behavior of the meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nagashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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112
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Finch PW, Cunha GR, Rubin JS, Wong J, Ron D. Pattern of keratinocyte growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor receptor expression during mouse fetal development suggests a role in mediating morphogenetic mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. Dev Dyn 1995; 203:223-40. [PMID: 7655084 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1002030210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells are required for the induction of epithelial development during mammalian organogenesis. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a mesenchymally derived mitogen with specific activity for epithelial cells, suggesting that it may play a role in mediating these interactions. To further evaluate this hypothesis, in situ hybridization was used to examine the spatial distribution of KGF and KGF receptor (KGFR) transcripts during organogenesis and limb formation in mouse embryos (days 14.5 through 16.5). To facilitate this aim, mouse KGF cDNA clones were isolated. There was extensive identity between the deduced mouse KGF protein sequence and that of its human and rat cognates, indicating that this gene has been highly conserved during mammalian evolution. In addition, mouse KGF protein was purified from fibroblasts and demonstrated to be structurally and functionally similar to human KGF protein. For organs within the integumental, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems, whose development is dependent upon mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, KGF mRNA was detected in mesenchymal cells, while epithelial cells expressed transcripts for the KGFR, KGF and KGFR mRNA was also expressed in certain other tissues such as perichondrium, cartilage of developing bones, developing skeletal muscle, and visceral smooth muscle whose development is not regulated by mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. KGF expression was also detected in tissues isolated from human embryos, suggesting similar functions for KGF in human development. Taken together, our results suggest that KGF plays an important role in mediating mesenchymal-epithelial interactions during organogenesis, but may also have other developmental functions in tissues not governed by such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Finch
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA
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113
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Rubin JS, Bottaro DP, Chedid M, Miki T, Ron D, Cunha GR, Finch PW. Keratinocyte growth factor as a cytokine that mediates mesenchymal-epithelial interaction. EXS 1995; 74:191-214. [PMID: 8527895 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9070-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a member of the heparin-binding fibroblast growth factor family (FGF-7) with a distinctive pattern of target-cell specificity. Studies performed in cell culture suggested that KGF was mitogenically active only on epithelial cells, though from a variety of tissues. In contrast, KGF was produced solely by cells of mesenchymal origin, leading to the hypothesis that it might function as a paracrine mediator of mesenchymal-epithelial communication. Biochemical analysis and molecular cloning established that the KGF receptor (KGFR) was a tyrosine kinase isoform encoded by the fgfr-2 gene. Many detailed investigations of KGF and KGFR expression in whole tissue and cell lines largely substantiated the pattern initially perceived in vitro of mesenchymal and epithelial distribution, respectively. Moreover, functional assays in organ culture and in vivo and analysis of agents regulating KGF expression reinforced the idea that KGF acts predominantly on epithelial cells. While the data do not implicate a KGF autocrine loop in neoplasia, paracrine sources of factor or ligand-independent signaling by the KGFR might contribute to malignancy. Alternatively, because of its differentiation-promoting effects, KGF may retard processes that culminate in uncontrolled cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Rubin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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