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Abstract
Stem cell aging and exhaustion are considered important drivers of organismal aging. Age-associated declines in stem cell function are characterized by metabolic and epigenetic changes. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these changes will likely reveal novel therapeutic targets for ameliorating age-associated phenotypes and for prolonging human healthspan. Recent studies have shown that metabolism plays an important role in regulating epigenetic modifications and that this regulation dramatically affects the aging process. This review focuses on current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of stem cell aging, and the links between cellular metabolism and epigenetic regulation. In addition, we discuss how these interactions sense and respond to environmental stress in order to maintain stem cell homeostasis, and how environmental stimuli regulate stem cell function. Additionally, we highlight recent advances in the development of therapeutic strategies to rejuvenate dysfunctional aged stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotong Ren
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alejandro Ocampo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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102
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Navas-Enamorado I, Bernier M, Brea-Calvo G, de Cabo R. Influence of anaerobic and aerobic exercise on age-related pathways in skeletal muscle. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:39-52. [PMID: 28487241 PMCID: PMC5549001 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Navas-Enamorado
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gloria Brea-Calvo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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103
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Mitochondrial Nucleoid: Shield and Switch of the Mitochondrial Genome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8060949. [PMID: 28680532 PMCID: PMC5478868 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8060949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria preserve very complex and distinctively unique machinery to maintain and express the content of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Similar to chromosomes, mtDNA is packaged into discrete mtDNA-protein complexes referred to as a nucleoid. In addition to its role as a mtDNA shield, over 50 nucleoid-associated proteins play roles in mtDNA maintenance and gene expression through either temporary or permanent association with mtDNA or other nucleoid-associated proteins. The number of mtDNA(s) contained within a single nucleoid is a fundamental question but remains a somewhat controversial issue. Disturbance in nucleoid components and mutations in mtDNA were identified as significant in various diseases, including carcinogenesis. Significant interest in the nucleoid structure and its regulation has been stimulated in relation to mitochondrial diseases, which encompass diseases in multicellular organisms and are associated with accumulation of numerous mutations in mtDNA. In this review, mitochondrial nucleoid structure, nucleoid-associated proteins, and their regulatory roles in mitochondrial metabolism are briefly addressed to provide an overview of the emerging research field involving mitochondrial biology.
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104
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Li H, Shen L, Hu P, Huang R, Cao Y, Deng J, Yuan W, Liu D, Yang J, Gu H, Bai Y. Aging-associated mitochondrial DNA mutations alter oxidative phosphorylation machinery and cause mitochondrial dysfunctions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2266-2273. [PMID: 28559044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study generated a series of cybrids containing mitochondria of synaptosomes from mice at different ages. The following functional analysis on these cybrids revealed an age-dependent decline of mitochondrial function. To understand the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the age-related mitochondrial dysfunction, we focused on three cybrids carrying mitochondria derived from synaptosomes of the old mice that exhibited severe respiratory deficiencies. In particular, we started with a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genome by high resolution, high sensitive deep sequencing method. Compared with young control, we detected a significant accumulation of heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations. These mutations included six alterations in main control region that has been shown to regulate overall gene-expression, and four alterations in protein coding region, two of which led to significant changes in complex I subunit ND5 and complex III subunit CytB. Interestingly, a reduced mtDNA-encoded protein synthesis was associated with the changes in the main control region. Likewise, mutations in ND5 and CytB were associated with defects in assembly of respiratory complexes. Altogether, the identified age-dependent accumulation of mtDNA mutations in mouse brain likely contributes to the decline in mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Luxi Shen
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Peiqing Hu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Janice Deng
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Weihua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Danhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jifeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Haihua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Yidong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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105
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Ottoboni L, Merlini A, Martino G. Neural Stem Cell Plasticity: Advantages in Therapy for the Injured Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:52. [PMID: 28553634 PMCID: PMC5427132 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological and pathological properties of the neural germinal stem cell niche have been well-studied in the past 30 years, mainly in animals and within given limits in humans, and knowledge is available for the cyto-architectonic structure, the cellular components, the timing of development and the energetic maintenance of the niche, as well as for the therapeutic potential and the cross talk between neural and immune cells. In recent years we have gained detailed understanding of the potentiality of neural stem cells (NSCs), although we are only beginning to understand their molecular, metabolic, and epigenetic profile in physiopathology and, further, more can be invested to measure quantitatively the activity of those cells, to model in vitro their therapeutic responses or to predict interactions in silico. Information in this direction has been put forward for other organs but is still limited in the complex and very less accessible context of the brain. A comprehensive understanding of the behavior of endogenous NSCs will help to tune or model them toward a desired response in order to treat complex neurodegenerative diseases. NSCs have the ability to modulate multiple cellular functions and exploiting their plasticity might make them into potent and versatile cellular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ottoboni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Arianna Merlini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
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106
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Interleukin-7 and Immunosenescence. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4807853. [PMID: 28484723 PMCID: PMC5397725 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4807853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The age of an individual is an important, independent risk factor for many of the most common diseases afflicting modern societies. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) plays a central, critical role in the homeostasis of the immune system. Recent studies support a critical role for IL-7 in the maintenance of a vigorous healthspan. We describe the role of IL-7 and its receptor in immunosenescence, the aging of the immune system. An understanding of the role that IL-7 plays in aging may permit parsimonious preventative or therapeutic solutions for diverse conditions. Perhaps IL-7 might be used to "tune" the immune system to optimize human healthspan and longevity.
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107
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Pereira CV, Moraes CT. Current strategies towards therapeutic manipulation of mtDNA heteroplasmy. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:991-1010. [PMID: 27814659 DOI: 10.2741/4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disease is a multifactorial disorder involving both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Over the past 20 years, great progress was achieved in the field of gene editing which raised the possibility of partial or complete elimination of mutant mtDNA that causes disease phenotypes. Each cell contains thousands of copies of mtDNA which can be either wild-type (WT) or mutant, a condition called heteroplasmy. As there are multiple copies of mtDNA inside a cell, the percentage of mutant mtDNA can vary and a directional shift in the heteroplasmy ratio towards an increase of WT mtDNA copies would have therapeutic value. Gene editing tools have been adapted to translocate to mitochondria and were able to change heteroplasmy in a predictable manner. These include mitochondrial targeted restriction endonucleases, Zinc-finger nucleases, and TAL-effector nucleases. These procedures could also be adapted to reduce the levels of mutant mtDNA in embryos, offering an option to the controversial mitochondrial replacement techniques during in vitro fertilization. The current strategies to induce heteroplasmy shift of mtDNA and its implications will be comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V Pereira
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA,
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108
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishii
- Office of Health and Safety; Hokkaido University; Hokkaido Japan
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109
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Björkholm P, Ernst AM, Hagström E, Andersson SGE. Why mitochondria need a genome revisited. FEBS Lett 2016; 591:65-75. [PMID: 27928819 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we experimentally address the debate about why functional transfer of mitochondrial genes to the nucleus has been halted in some organismal groups and why cytosolic expression of mitochondrial proteins has proven remarkably difficult. By expressing all 13 human mitochondrial-encoded genes with strong mitochondrial-targeting sequences in the cytosol of human cells, we show that all proteins, except ATP8, are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These results confirm and extend previous findings based on three mitochondrial genes lacking mitochondrial-targeting sequences that also were relocated to the ER during cytosolic expression. We conclude that subcellular protein targeting constitutes a major barrier to functional transfer of mitochondrial genes to the nuclear genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Björkholm
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erik Hagström
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Siv G E Andersson
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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110
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Pyle A, Lowes H, Brennan R, Kurzawa-Akanbi M, Yarnall A, Burn D, Hudson G. Reduced mitochondrial DNA is not a biomarker of depression in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1923-1924. [PMID: 27753152 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pyle
- Mitochondrial Research Group, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Lowes
- Mitochondrial Research Group, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Brennan
- Mitochondrial Research Group, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marzena Kurzawa-Akanbi
- Mitochondrial Research Group, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Yarnall
- Insitutute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David Burn
- Insitutute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Hudson
- Mitochondrial Research Group, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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111
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Li XZ, Sui CY, Chen Q, Zhuang YS, Zhang H, Zhou XP. The effects and mechanism of estrogen on rats with Parkinson's disease in different age groups. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:4134-4146. [PMID: 27829998 PMCID: PMC5095307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to investigate the effect and mechanism of estrogen in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) rats in different age groups. METHODS we established rat models of PD by rotenone at different interventions. Then, behavioral tests, immunohistochemistry, western blot, high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD) and electron microscopy were performed. RESULTS Results revealed the following: (1) Rotenone significantly reduced rotarod latencies in senile rats, prolonged their climbing pole time, and decreased TH positive cells, DA and its metabolite, DOPAC. Estrogen ameliorated this effect, in which weaker effects were observed in younger rats compared with older rats. (2) Rotenone increased the expression of LC3-II in older rats, but estrogen and tamoxifen did not show the same effect. (3) Rotenone increased the number of autophagosomes, but estrogen increased the proportion of autolysosomes/autophagosomes in the rotenone-treated group. (4) U0126 could reduce the number of autophagosomes in the rotenone-treated group, but this did not change the proportion of autolysosome/autophagosome in combining rotenone with the estrogen group. Rapamycin did not increase the number of autophagosomes in the rotenone-treated group, but combining rapamycin with estrogen and rotenone was able to further increase the proportion of autolysome/autophagosomes. Therefore, we speculate that the senile rat model of PD was more reliable than that in young rats. CONCLUSIONS In addition, estrogen could promote autophagy maturation through the ERK pathway, and had an obvious therapeutic effect on the rat model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Zhong Li
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Yan Sui
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan-Su Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital Jiangsu, China
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112
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Zhang Y, Hood WR. Current versus future reproduction and longevity: a re-evaluation of predictions and mechanisms. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:3177-3189. [PMID: 27802148 PMCID: PMC5091378 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.132183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is predicted to be a mediator of trade-offs between current reproduction and future reproduction or survival, but most studies fail to support such predictions. We suggest that two factors underlie the equivocal nature of these findings: (1) investigators typically assume a negative linear relationship between current reproduction and future reproduction or survival, even though this is not consistently shown by empirical studies; and (2) studies often fail to target mechanisms that could link interactions between sequential life-history events. Here, we review common patterns of reproduction, focusing on the relationships between reproductive performance, survival and parity in females. Observations in a range of species show that performance between sequential reproductive events can decline, remain consistent or increase. We describe likely bioenergetic consequences of reproduction that could underlie these changes in fitness, including mechanisms that could be responsible for negative effects being ephemeral, persistent or delayed. Finally, we make recommendations for designing future studies. We encourage investigators to carefully consider additional or alternative measures of bioenergetic function in studies of life-history trade-offs. Such measures include reactive oxygen species production, oxidative repair, mitochondrial biogenesis, cell proliferation, mitochondrial DNA mutation and replication error and, importantly, a measure of the respiratory function to determine whether measured differences in bioenergetic state are associated with a change in the energetic capacity of tissues that could feasibly affect future reproduction or lifespan. More careful consideration of the life-history context and bioenergetic variables will improve our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the life-history patterns of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wendy R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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113
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Rathbun MM, McElhoe JA, Parson W, Holland MM. Considering DNA damage when interpreting mtDNA heteroplasmy in deep sequencing data. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 26:1-11. [PMID: 27718383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of mitochondrial (mt) DNA heteroplasmy is now possible when applying a massively parallel sequencing (MPS) approach, including minor components down to 1%. However, reporting thresholds and interpretation criteria will need to be established for calling heteroplasmic variants that address a number of important topics, one of which is DNA damage. We assessed the impact of increasing amounts of DNA damage on the interpretation of minor component sequence variants in the mtDNA control region, including low-level mixed sites. A passive approach was used to evaluate the impact of storage conditions, and an active approach was employed to accelerate the process of hydrolytic damage (for example, replication errors associated with depurination events). The patterns of damage were compared and assessed in relation to damage typically encountered in poor quality samples. As expected, the number of miscoding lesions increased as conditions worsened. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with miscoding lesions were indistinguishable from innate heteroplasmy and were most often observed as 1-2% of the total sequencing reads. Numerous examples of miscoding lesions above 2% were identified, including two complete changes in the nucleotide sequence, presenting a challenge when assessing the placement of reporting thresholds for heteroplasmy. To mitigate the impact, replication of miscoding lesions was not observed in stored samples, and was rarely seen in data associated with accelerated hydrolysis. In addition, a significant decrease in the expected transition:transversion ratio was observed, providing a useful tool for predicting the presence of damage-induced lesions. The results of this study directly impact MPS analysis of minor sequence variants from poorly preserved DNA extracts, and when biological samples have been exposed to agents that induce DNA damage. These findings are particularly relevant to clinical and forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Rathbun
- Forensic Science Program, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 014 Thomas Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Jennifer A McElhoe
- Forensic Science Program, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 014 Thomas Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Walther Parson
- Forensic Science Program, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 014 Thomas Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States; The Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mitchell M Holland
- Forensic Science Program, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 014 Thomas Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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114
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da Costa JP, Vitorino R, Silva GM, Vogel C, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. A synopsis on aging-Theories, mechanisms and future prospects. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 29:90-112. [PMID: 27353257 PMCID: PMC5991498 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Answering the question as to why we age is tantamount to answering the question of what is life itself. There are countless theories as to why and how we age, but, until recently, the very definition of aging - senescence - was still uncertain. Here, we summarize the main views of the different models of senescence, with a special emphasis on the biochemical processes that accompany aging. Though inherently complex, aging is characterized by numerous changes that take place at different levels of the biological hierarchy. We therefore explore some of the most relevant changes that take place during aging and, finally, we overview the current status of emergent aging therapies and what the future holds for this field of research. From this multi-dimensional approach, it becomes clear that an integrative approach that couples aging research with systems biology, capable of providing novel insights into how and why we age, is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pinto da Costa
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gustavo M Silva
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, NY, NY 10003, USA
| | - Christine Vogel
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, NY, NY 10003, USA
| | - Armando C Duarte
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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115
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Hämäläinen RH. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in iPS cells: mtDNA integrity as standard iPSC selection criteria? EMBO J 2016; 35:1960-2. [PMID: 27469999 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka H Hämäläinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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116
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Grape Powder Improves Age-Related Decline in Mitochondrial and Kidney Functions in Fischer 344 Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6135319. [PMID: 27528887 PMCID: PMC4978843 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6135319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects and mechanism of grape powder- (GP-) mediated improvement, if any, on aging kidney function. Adult (3-month) and aged (21-month) Fischer 344 rats were treated without (controls) and with GP (1.5% in drinking water) and kidney parameters were measured. Control aged rats showed higher levels of proteinuria and urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), which decreased with GP treatment in these rats. Renal protein carbonyls (protein oxidation) and gp91phox-NADPH oxidase levels were high in control aged rats, suggesting oxidative stress burden in these rats. GP treatment in aged rats restored these parameters to the levels of adult rats. Moreover, glomerular filtration rate and sodium excretion were low in control aged rats suggesting compromised kidney function, which improved with GP treatment in aged rats. Interestingly, low renal mitochondrial respiration and ATP levels in control aged rats were associated with reduced levels of mitochondrial biogenesis marker MtTFA. Also, Nrf2 proteins levels were reduced in control aged rats. GP treatment increased levels of MtTFA and Nrf2 in aged rats. These results suggest that GP by potentially regulating Nrf2 improves aging mitochondrial and kidney functions.
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117
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Chandel NS, Jasper H, Ho TT, Passegué E. Metabolic regulation of stem cell function in tissue homeostasis and organismal ageing. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:823-32. [PMID: 27428307 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many tissues and organ systems in metazoans have the intrinsic capacity to regenerate, which is driven and maintained largely by tissue-resident somatic stem cell populations. Ageing is accompanied by a deregulation of stem cell function and a decline in regenerative capacity, often resulting in degenerative diseases. The identification of strategies to maintain stem cell function and regulation is therefore a promising avenue to allay a wide range of age-related diseases. Studies in various organisms have revealed a central role for metabolic pathways in the regulation of stem cell function. Ageing is associated with extensive metabolic changes, and interventions that influence cellular metabolism have long been recognized as robust lifespan-extending measures. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the metabolic control of stem cell function, and how stem cell metabolism relates to homeostasis and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611-2909, USA
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945-1400, USA, and the Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Theodore T Ho
- Department of Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, California 94143-0667, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Passegué
- Department of Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, California 94143-0667, USA
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Ouyang Y, Qiao L, Liu K, Zang Y, Sun Y, Dong Y, Liu D, Guo X, Wei F, Lin M, Zhang F, Chen D. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in blood samples from HIV-1-infected children undergoing long-term antiretroviral therapy. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 805:1-6. [PMID: 27402477 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed mutations in whole mitochondrial (mt) genomes of blood samples from HIV-1-infected children treated with long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART), who had an excellent virological response. HIV-1-infected children who have undergone ART for 4 y with an excellent virological response (group A; 15 children) and ten healthy children (controls) without HIV-1 infection were enrolled retrospectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained and mt DNA mutations were studied. The total number of mtDNA mutations in group A was 3 H more than in the controls (59 vs. 19, P<0.001) and the same trend was seen in all mtDNA regions. Among these mtDNA mutations, 140 and 28 mutations were detected in group A and the controls, respectively. The D-loop, CYTB and 12s rRNA were the three most common mutation regions in both groups, with significant differences between the groups observed at nucleotide positions C309CC, T489C CA514deletion, T16249C and G16474GG (D-loop); T14783C, G15043A, G15301A, and A15662G (CYTB); and G709A (12s rRNA). G15043A and A15662G had been associated with mitochondrial diseases. Our findings suggest that mtDNA mutations occur frequently in long-term ART-treated, HIV-1-infected children who have an excellent virological response, although they did not have obvious current symptoms. The CYTB region may play an important role in mtDNA mutation during ART, which might contribute to the development of subsequent mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Ouyang
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Luxin Qiao
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjin Zang
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaowu Dong
- Branch of Shang Cai, Henan province, Division of Treatment and Care, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China
| | - Daojie Liu
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghua Guo
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Feili Wei
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Minghua Lin
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Division of Treatment and Care, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China.
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119
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Refinetti P, Morgenthaler S, Ekstrøm PO. Cycling temperature capillary electrophoresis: A quantitative, fast and inexpensive method to detect mutations in mixed populations of human mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrion 2016; 29:65-74. [PMID: 27166160 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cycling temperature capillary electrophoresis has been optimised for mutation detection in 76% of the mitochondrial genome. The method was tested on a mixed sample and compared to mutation detection by next generation sequencing. Out of 152 fragments 90 were concordant, 51 discordant and in 11 were semi-concordant. Dilution experiments show that cycling capillary electrophoresis has a detection limit of 1-3%. The detection limit of routine next generation sequencing was in the ranges of 15 to 30%. Cycling temperature capillary electrophoresis detect and accurate quantify mutations at a fraction of the cost and time required to perform a next generation sequencing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Refinetti
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL - FSB - STAP, Station 8, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Morgenthaler
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL - FSB - STAP, Station 8, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Per O Ekstrøm
- Department of Tumor Biology, Norwegian Radiumhospital, Oslo, Norway
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120
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Higuchi-Sanabria R, Vevea JD, Charalel JK, Sapar ML, Pon LA. The transcriptional repressor Sum1p counteracts Sir2p in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, mitochondrial quality control and replicative lifespan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2016; 3:79-88. [PMID: 28357337 PMCID: PMC5349106 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.02.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the stability or dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton can extend lifespan in C. elegans and S. cerevisiae. Actin cables of budding yeast, bundles of actin filaments that mediate cargo transport, affect lifespan control through effects on mitochondrial quality control. Sir2p, the founding member of the Sirtuin family of lifespan regulators, also affects actin cable dynamics, assembly, and function in mitochondrial quality control. Here, we obtained evidence for novel interactions between Sir2p and Sum1p, a transcriptional repressor that was originally identified through mutations that genetically suppress sir2∆ phenotypes unrelated to lifespan. We find that deletion of SUM1 in wild-type cells results in increased mitochondrial function and actin cable abundance. Furthermore, deletion of SUM1 suppresses defects in actin cables and mitochondria of sir2∆ yeast, and extends the replicative lifespan and cellular health span of sir2∆ cells. Thus, Sum1p suppresses Sir2p function in control of specific aging determinants and lifespan in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Higuchi-Sanabria
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New
York, NY, USA
| | - Jason D. Vevea
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New
York, NY, USA
- Current address: Department of Neuroscience, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joseph K. Charalel
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New
York, NY, USA
- Current address: Department of Genetics, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria L. Sapar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and The Graduate
Center Biochemistry, Biology and Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience Programs,
CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA. Current address: Weill Institute for Cell and
Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Liza A. Pon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New
York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New
York, NY, USA
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121
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Yee WKW, Rogell B, Lemos B, Dowling DK. Intergenomic interactions between mitochondrial and Y-linked genes shape male mating patterns and fertility in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2015; 69:2876-90. [PMID: 26419212 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Under maternal inheritance, mitochondrial genomes are prone to accumulate mutations that exhibit male-biased effects. Such mutations should, however, place selection on the nuclear genome for modifier adaptations that mitigate mitochondrial-incurred male harm. One gene region that might harbor such modifiers is the Y-chromosome, given the abundance of Y-linked variation for male fertility, and because Y-linked modifiers would not exert antagonistic effects in females because they would be found only in males. Recent studies in Drosophila revealed a set of nuclear genes whose expression is sensitive to allelic variation among mtDNA- and Y-haplotypes, suggesting these genes might be entwined in evolutionary conflict between mtDNA and Y. Here, we test whether genetic variation across mtDNA and Y haplotypes, sourced from three disjunct populations, interacts to affect male mating patterns and fertility across 10 days of early life in D. melanogaster. We also investigate whether coevolved mito-Y combinations outperform their evolutionarily novel counterparts, as predicted if the interacting Y-linked variance is comprised of modifier adaptations. Although we found no evidence that coevolved mito-Y combinations outperformed their novel counterparts, interactions between mtDNA and Y-chromosomes affected male mating patterns. These interactions were dependent on male age; thus male reproductive success was shaped by G × G × E interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston K W Yee
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Björn Rogell
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Zoology/Ecology, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernardo Lemos
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Damian K Dowling
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
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122
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Uittenbogaard M, Chiaramello A. Mitochondrial Respiratory Disorders: A Perspective on their Metabolite Biomarkers and Implications for Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention. BIOMARKERS JOURNAL 2015; 1:1. [PMID: 30272053 PMCID: PMC6157922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory disorders are incurable progressive degenerative diseases with multi-organ system manifestations. These orphan diseases are caused by mutations in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome affecting the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system responsible for ATP synthesis. Currently, therapeutic treatments are not available to patients, resulting in significant disability and a poor prognosis. Patients exhibit a constellation of complex neurological and multisystem phenotypic symptoms. The hallmark of these diseases is their clinical heterogeneity and high variability among patients. Consequently, establishing an accurate diagnosis remains a challenging, invasive, and time-consuming process due to the limited sensitivity, specificity and reliability of the current serum biomarkers used in clinical settings. Recent mouse model-based research combined with patient studies led to the identification of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) as a promising serum biomarker. With its high specificity and sensitivity, FGF-21 is a promising diagnostic tool for muscle-affecting mitochondrial respiratory disorders, which might be a useful first-line diagnostic tool instead of the invasive muscle biopsy currently performed in clinical settings. Discovering additional diagnostic biomarkers is critical for establishing an accurate diagnosis given the high clinical heterogeneity of these mitochondrial respiratory diseases. Ultimately, these novel biomarkers might be instrumental to monitor the progression of these diseases and the efficacy of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Uittenbogaard
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Anne Chiaramello
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
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123
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Franzke B, Neubauer O, Wagner KH. Super DNAging—New insights into DNA integrity, genome stability and telomeres in the oldest old. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Neubauer M, Zhu Z, Penka M, Helmschrott C, Wagener N, Wagener J. Mitochondrial dynamics in the pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus: therapeutic and evolutionary implications. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:930-45. [PMID: 26272083 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria within eukaryotic cells continuously fuse and divide. This phenomenon is called mitochondrial dynamics and crucial for mitochondrial function and integrity. We performed a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial dynamics in the pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. Phenotypic characterization of respective mutants revealed the general essentiality of mitochondrial fusion for mitochondrial genome maintenance and the mold's viability. Surprisingly, it turned out that the mitochondrial rhomboid protease Pcp1 and its processing product, s-Mgm,1 which are crucial for fusion in yeast, are dispensable for fusion, mtDNA maintenance and viability in A. fumigatus. In contrast, mitochondrial fission mutants show drastically reduced growth and sporulation rates and increased heat susceptibility. However, reliable inheritance of mitochondria to newly formed conidia is ensured. Strikingly, mitochondrial fission mutants show a significant and growth condition-dependent increase in azole resistance. Parallel disruption of fusion in a fission mutant partially rescues growth and sporulation defects and further increases the azole resistance phenotype. Taken together, our results indicate an emerging dispensability of the mitochondrial rhomboid protease function in mitochondrial fusion, the suitability of mitochondrial fusion machinery as antifungal target and the involvement of mitochondrial dynamics in azole susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Neubauer
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhaojun Zhu
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjam Penka
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Helmschrott
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikola Wagener
- Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Johannes Wagener
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336, Munich, Germany
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125
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Tischner C, Wenz T. Keep the fire burning: Current avenues in the quest of treating mitochondrial disorders. Mitochondrion 2015; 24:32-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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126
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Money DM, Wagner EC, Maan EJ, Chaworth-Musters T, Gadawski I, van Schalkwyk JE, Forbes JC, Burdge DR, Albert AYK, Lohn Z, Côté HCF. Evidence of Subclinical mtDNA Alterations in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Compared to HIV-Negative Pregnant Women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135041. [PMID: 26247211 PMCID: PMC4527775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can effectively prevent vertical transmission of HIV but there is potential risk of adverse maternal, foetal or infant effects. Specifically, the effect of cART use during pregnancy on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content in HIV-positive (HIV+) women is unclear. We sought to characterize subclinical alterations in peripheral blood mtDNA levels in cART-treated HIV+ women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Methods This prospective longitudinal observational cohort study enrolled both HIV+ and HIV-negative (HIV-) pregnant women. Clinical data and blood samples were collected at three time points in pregnancy (13-<23 weeks, 23-<30 weeks, 30–40 weeks), and at delivery and six weeks post-partum in HIV+ women. Peripheral blood mtDNA to nuclear DNA (nDNA) ratio was measured by qPCR. Results Over a four year period, 63 HIV+ and 42 HIV- women were enrolled. HIV+ women showed significantly lower mtDNA/nDNA ratios compared to HIV- women during pregnancy (p = 0.003), after controlling for platelet count and repeated measurements using a multivariable mixed-effects model. Ethnicity, gestational age (GA) and substance use were also significantly associated with mtDNA/nDNA ratio (p≤0.02). Among HIV+ women, higher CD4 nadir was associated with higher mtDNA/nDNA ratios (p<0.0001), and these ratio were significantly lower during pregnancy compared to the postpartum period (p<0.0001). Conclusions In the context of this study, it was not possible to distinguish between mtDNA effects related to HIV infection versus cART therapy. Nevertheless, while mtDNA levels were relatively stable over time in both groups during pregnancy, they were significantly lower in HIV+ women compared to HIV- women. Although no immediate clinical impact was observed on maternal or infant health, lower maternal mtDNA levels may exert long-term effects on women and children and remain a concern. Improved knowledge of such subclinical alterations is another step toward optimizing the safety and efficacy of cART regimens during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M. Money
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Emily C. Wagner
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Evelyn J. Maan
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tessa Chaworth-Musters
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Izabelle Gadawski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie E. van Schalkwyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John C. Forbes
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David R. Burdge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arianne Y. K. Albert
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zoe Lohn
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hélène C. F. Côté
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Goronzy JJ, Fang F, Cavanagh MM, Qi Q, Weyand CM. Naive T cell maintenance and function in human aging. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4073-80. [PMID: 25888703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In studies of immune aging, naive T cells frequently take center stage. Describing the complexity of the human naive T cell repertoire remains a daunting task; however, emerging data suggest that homeostatic mechanisms are robust enough to maintain a large and diverse CD4 T cell repertoire with age. Compartment shrinkage and clonal expansions are challenges for naive CD8 T cells. In addition to population aspects, identification of potentially targetable cellular defects is receiving renewed interest. The last decade has seen remarkable progress in identifying genetic and biochemical pathways that are pertinent for aging in general and that are instructive to understand naive T cell dysfunction. One hallmark sets naive T cell aging apart from most other tissues except stem cells: they initiate but do not complete differentiation programs toward memory cells. Maintaining quiescence and avoiding differentiation may be the ultimate challenge to maintain the functions unique for naive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| | - Fengqin Fang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| | - Mary M Cavanagh
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| | - Qian Qi
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
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128
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Abstract
Mitochondria are energy-producing organelles in eukaryotic cells considered to be of bacterial origin. The mitochondrial genome has evolved under selection for minimization of gene content, yet it is not known why not all mitochondrial genes have been transferred to the nuclear genome. Here, we predict that hydrophobic membrane proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genomes would be recognized by the signal recognition particle and targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum if they were nuclear-encoded and translated in the cytoplasm. Expression of the mitochondrially encoded proteins Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1, Apocytochrome b, and ATP synthase subunit 6 in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells confirms export to the endoplasmic reticulum. To examine the extent to which the mitochondrial proteome is driven by selective constraints within the eukaryotic cell, we investigated the occurrence of mitochondrial protein domains in bacteria and eukaryotes. The accessory protein domains of the oxidative phosphorylation system are unique to mitochondria, indicating the evolution of new protein folds. Most of the identified domains in the accessory proteins of the ribosome are also found in eukaryotic proteins of other functions and locations. Overall, one-third of the protein domains identified in mitochondrial proteins are only rarely found in bacteria. We conclude that the mitochondrial genome has been maintained to ensure the correct localization of highly hydrophobic membrane proteins. Taken together, the results suggest that selective constraints on the eukaryotic cell have played a major role in modulating the evolution of the mitochondrial genome and proteome.
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129
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Lombardi
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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130
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Mitochondrial DNA: Radically free of free-radical driven mutations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1354-61. [PMID: 26050972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA has long been posited as a likely target of oxidative damage induced mutation during the ageing process. Research over the past decades has uncovered the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations in association with a mosaic pattern of cells displaying mitochondrial dysfunction in ageing individuals. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanisms are far less straightforward than originally anticipated. Recent research on mitochondria reveals that these genomes are far less helpless than originally envisioned. Additionally, new technologies have allowed us to analyze the mutational signatures of many more somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations, revealing surprising patterns that are inconsistent with a DNA-oxidative damage based hypothesis. In this review, we will discuss these recent observations and new insights into the eccentricities of mitochondrial genetics, and their impact on our understanding of mitochondrial mutations and their role in the ageing process. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging.
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131
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Bujak AL, Crane JD, Lally JS, Ford RJ, Kang SJ, Rebalka IA, Green AE, Kemp BE, Hawke TJ, Schertzer JD, Steinberg GR. AMPK activation of muscle autophagy prevents fasting-induced hypoglycemia and myopathy during aging. Cell Metab 2015; 21:883-90. [PMID: 26039451 PMCID: PMC5233441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activates autophagy, but its role in aging and fasting-induced muscle function has not been defined. Here we report that fasting mice lacking skeletal muscle AMPK (AMPK-MKO) results in hypoglycemia and hyperketosis. This is not due to defective fatty acid oxidation, but instead is related to a block in muscle proteolysis that leads to reduced circulating levels of alanine, an essential amino acid required for gluconeogenesis. Markers of muscle autophagy including phosphorylation of Ulk1 Ser555 and Ser757 and aggregation of RFP-LC3 puncta are impaired. Consistent with impaired autophagy, aged AMPK-MKO mice possess a significant myopathy characterized by reduced muscle function, mitochondrial disease, and accumulation of the autophagy/mitophagy proteins p62 and Parkin. These findings establish an essential requirement for skeletal muscle AMPK-mediated autophagy in preserving blood glucose levels during prolonged fasting as well as maintaining muscle integrity and mitochondrial function during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Bujak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Justin D Crane
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - James S Lally
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Rebecca J Ford
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Sally J Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Irena A Rebalka
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Alex E Green
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Thomas J Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Schertzer
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Reversal of mitochondrial defects with CSB-dependent serine protease inhibitors in patient cells of the progeroid Cockayne syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2910-9. [PMID: 26038566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422264112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
UV-sensitive syndrome (UV(S)S) and Cockayne syndrome (CS) are human disorders caused by CSA or CSB gene mutations; both conditions cause defective transcription-coupled repair and photosensitivity. Patients with CS also display neurological and developmental abnormalities and dramatic premature aging, and their cells are hypersensitive to oxidative stress. We report CSA/CSB-dependent depletion of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase-γ catalytic subunit (POLG1), due to HTRA3 serine protease accumulation in CS, but not in UV(s)S or control fibroblasts. Inhibition of serine proteases restored physiological POLG1 levels in either CS fibroblasts and in CSB-silenced cells. Moreover, patient-derived CS cells displayed greater nitroso-redox imbalance than UV(S)S cells. Scavengers of reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrite normalized HTRA3 and POLG1 levels in CS cells, and notably, increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which was altered in CS cells. These data reveal critical deregulation of proteases potentially linked to progeroid phenotypes in CS, and our results suggest rescue strategies as a therapeutic option.
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Yishen Jiangzhuo Granules affect tubulointerstitial fibrosis via a mitochondrion-mediated apoptotic pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2015; 21:928-37. [PMID: 25956968 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Yishen Jiangzhuo Granules, YSJZG) on mitochondrial injury and regeneration and renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis in chronic renal failure (CRF) rats and explore its mechanism from molecular pathology, gene, protein levels, and relative pathway. METHODS The CRF rat model was established using 5/6 nephrectomy. Sixty rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham-operation group, model (CRF) group, Niaoduqing Granules-treated group [5 g/(kg.day)], low-, moderate-, and high-dose [L-YSJZG, M-YSJZG, H-YSJZG at 3, 6, and 9 g/(kg day)] YSJZG-treated group (n=10 each). The levels of serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and 24-h urine protein were assessed after 10 weeks of treatment. The tubulointerstitial injury and collagen deposition were evaluated using periodic acid-schiff stain and Masson staining. Renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis was assessed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, mitochondrial injury was observed using an electron microscope, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed using chromometry. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. The expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator- 1α (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) phosphorylation were evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS YSJZG decreased the 24-h urine protein, BUN, Scr, remnant kidney weight-to-body weight ratio, renal tubular injury, deposition of collagen, and the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. YSJZG dose-dependently restored the number and structure of mitochondria and the expression of Tfam and PCG-1α, up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, and inhibited the expression of Bax. YSJZG also dose-dependently inhibited TGF-β1 expression, increased SOD and GSH activity, decreased the MDA level, and inhibited p38MAPK and pERK1/2 phosphorylation (all P<0.01). CONCLUSION YSJZG improved the renal function in rats with CRF and inhibited the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis by dose-dependently alleviating mitochondrial injury, restoring the expression of Tfam and PCG-1α, and inhibiting renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis through inhibiting activation of reactive oxygen species-MAPK signaling.
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134
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Gatti L, Cassinelli G, Zaffaroni N, Lanzi C, Perego P. New mechanisms for old drugs: Insights into DNA-unrelated effects of platinum compounds and drug resistance determinants. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 20:1-11. [PMID: 26003720 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Platinum drugs have been widely used for the treatment of several solid tumors. Although DNA has been recognized as the primary cellular target for these agents, there are unresolved issues concerning their effects and the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor efficacy. These cytotoxic agents interact with sub-cellular compartments other than the nucleus. Here, we review how such emerging phenomena contribute to the pharmacologic activity as well as to drug resistance phenotypes. DNA-unrelated effects of platinum drugs involve alterations at the plasma membrane and in endo-lysosomal compartments. A direct interaction with the mitochondria also appears to be implicated in drug-induced cell death. Moreover, the pioneering work of a few groups has shown that platinum drugs can act on the tumor microenvironment as well, and potentiate antitumor activity of the immune system. These poorly understood aspects of platinum drug activity sites may be harnessed to enhance their antitumor efficacy. A complete understanding of DNA-unrelated effects of platinum compounds might reveal new aspects of drug resistance allowing the implementation of the antitumor therapeutic efficacy of platinum compound-based regimens and minimization of their toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gatti
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42/via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42/via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42/via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lanzi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42/via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Perego
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42/via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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135
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Bohovych I, Chan SS, Khalimonchuk O. Mitochondrial protein quality control: the mechanisms guarding mitochondrial health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:977-94. [PMID: 25546710 PMCID: PMC4390190 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria are complex dynamic organelles pivotal for cellular physiology and human health. Failure to maintain mitochondrial health leads to numerous maladies that include late-onset neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disorders. Furthermore, a decline in mitochondrial health is prevalent with aging. A set of evolutionary conserved mechanisms known as mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is involved in recognition and correction of the mitochondrial proteome. RECENT ADVANCES Here, we review current knowledge and latest developments in MQC. We particularly focus on the proteolytic aspect of MQC and its impact on health and aging. CRITICAL ISSUES While our knowledge about MQC is steadily growing, critical gaps remain in the mechanistic understanding of how MQC modules sense damage and preserve mitochondrial welfare, particularly in higher organisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Delineating how coordinated action of the MQC modules orchestrates physiological responses on both organellar and cellular levels will further elucidate the current picture of MQC's role and function in health, cellular stress, and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Bohovych
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Sherine S.L. Chan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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136
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Oxidative stress and aging: a non-invasive EPR investigation in human volunteers. Aging Clin Exp Res 2015; 27:235-8. [PMID: 25080128 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-014-0265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative stress theory of aging has brought to the implicit expectation that oxidative stress increases with aging. Unfortunately, a broad investigation in humans is missing due to limitations of conventional oxidative stress status (OSS) analyses. Here we show that the OSS measured in peripheral blood of 247 healthy volunteers, aged 2 days-104 years, using the electron paramagnetic resonance "EPR-radical probe" technique, negatively correlated with age (-1.1 %/year; p < 0.0001) both by simple and multiple linear regression analyses and that it was only marginally affected by sex. These findings stimulate further mechanistic studies.
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137
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Nargund AM, Fiorese CJ, Pellegrino MW, Deng P, Haynes CM. Mitochondrial and nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor ATFS-1 promotes OXPHOS recovery during the UPR(mt). Mol Cell 2015; 58:123-33. [PMID: 25773600 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases and aging are associated with defects in the oxidative phosphorylation machinery (OXPHOS), which are the only complexes composed of proteins encoded by separate genomes. To better understand genome coordination and OXPHOS recovery during mitochondrial dysfunction, we examined ATFS-1, a transcription factor that regulates mitochondria-to-nuclear communication during the mitochondrial UPR, via ChIP-sequencing. Surprisingly, in addition to regulating mitochondrial chaperone, OXPHOS complex assembly factor, and glycolysis genes, ATFS-1 bound directly to OXPHOS gene promoters in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Interestingly, atfs-1 was required to limit the accumulation of OXPHOS transcripts during mitochondrial stress, which required accumulation of ATFS-1 in the nucleus and mitochondria. Because balanced ATFS-1 accumulation promoted OXPHOS complex assembly and function, our data suggest that ATFS-1 stimulates respiratory recovery by fine-tuning OXPHOS expression to match the capacity of the suboptimal protein-folding environment in stressed mitochondria, while simultaneously increasing proteostasis capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita M Nargund
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher J Fiorese
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark W Pellegrino
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pan Deng
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cole M Haynes
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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138
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Mitochondrial function and lifespan of mice with controlled ubiquinone biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6393. [PMID: 25744659 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquinone (UQ) is implicated in mitochondrial electron transport, superoxide generation and as a membrane antioxidant. Here we present a mouse model in which UQ biosynthesis can be interrupted and partially restored at will. Global loss of UQ leads to gradual loss of mitochondrial function, gradual development of disease phenotypes and shortened lifespan. However, we find that UQ does not act as antioxidant in vivo and that its requirement for electron transport is much lower than anticipated, even in vital mitochondria-rich organs. In fact, severely depressed mitochondrial function due to UQ depletion in the heart does not acutely impair organ function. In addition, we demonstrate that severe disease phenotypes and shortened lifespan are reversible upon partial restoration of UQ levels and mitochondrial function. This observation strongly suggests that the irreversible degenerative phenotypes that characterize ageing are not secondarily caused by the gradual mitochondrial dysfunction that is observed in aged animals.
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139
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Kuijper B, Lane N, Pomiankowski A. Can paternal leakage maintain sexually antagonistic polymorphism in the cytoplasm? J Evol Biol 2015; 28:468-80. [PMID: 25653025 PMCID: PMC4413368 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of studies in multicellular organisms highlight low or moderate frequencies of paternal transmission of cytoplasmic organelles, including both mitochondria and chloroplasts. It is well established that strict maternal inheritance is selectively blind to cytoplasmic elements that are deleterious to males – ’mother's curse’. But it is not known how sensitive this conclusion is to slight levels of paternal cytoplasmic leakage. We assess the scope for polymorphism when individuals bear multiple cytoplasmic alleles in the presence of paternal leakage, bottlenecks and recurrent mutation. When fitness interactions among cytoplasmic elements within an individual are additive, we find that sexually antagonistic polymorphism is restricted to cases of strong selection on males. However, when fitness interactions among cytoplasmic elements are nonlinear, much more extensive polymorphism can be supported in the cytoplasm. In particular, mitochondrial mutants that have strong beneficial fitness effects in males and weak deleterious fitness effects in females when rare (i.e. ’reverse dominance’) are strongly favoured under paternal leakage. We discuss how such epistasis could arise through preferential segregation of mitochondria in sex-specific somatic tissues. Our analysis shows how paternal leakage can dampen the evolution of deleterious male effects associated with predominant maternal inheritance of cytoplasm, potentially explaining why ’mother's curse’ is less pervasive than predicted by earlier work.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kuijper
- CoMPLEX, Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, UK; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
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140
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Subiabre V, Palomo I, Guzmán N, Retamales E, Henríquez H, Gonzalez L. The influence of ethnicity on warfarin dosage requirements in the chilean population. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2015; 77:31-4. [PMID: 25709720 PMCID: PMC4329421 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin K antagonists are drugs that are widely prescribed around the world and their use has helped improve the prognosis of patients with thromboembolic disease. However, a high interindividual variability has been observed in dosage requirements to reach the desired anticoagulation range that could be due to environmental and genetic factors. Studies suggest that ethnicity influences coumarin response, supporting the observed differences in dose requirements across various populations. Studies using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers have suggested that the Chilean population has a predominantly Amerindian genetic pool. Objective To evaluate the influence of ethnicity, defined by the presence of Amerindian mtDNA haplogroups, on the variability in therapeutic response to warfarin in the Chilean population. Methods A total of 191 patients treated with warfarin were included in this study. Analysis of the mitochondrial genome for detecting the presence of Amerindian mtDNA haplogroups was performed using polymerase chain reaction and polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. The evaluation of warfarin requirements according to each haplogroup was performed by ANOVA with a 95% CI and assuming statistical significance at P < 0.05. Results Based on the presence of an mtDNA haplogroup, 91% of the Chilean population had an Amerindian background. There were no significant differences in warfarin dosage requirements among the different Amerindian haplogroups (P = 0.083). Conclusions The presence of Amerindian mtDNA haplogroup does not influence warfarin dosage requirements in the Chilean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Subiabre
- The Clinical and Immunohematological Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile ; Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Ivan Palomo
- The Clinical and Immunohematological Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Neftalí Guzmán
- Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepcion, Chile ; Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Eduardo Retamales
- Biomedical Laboratory Department, The National Hematology Reference Laboratory, Chile's Public Health Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Henríquez
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica. Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Gonzalez
- Internal Medicine Department, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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141
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Stauch KL, Purnell PR, Fox HS. Aging synaptic mitochondria exhibit dynamic proteomic changes while maintaining bioenergetic function. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 6:320-34. [PMID: 24827396 PMCID: PMC4032798 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging correlates with a progressive impairment of mitochondrial homeostasis and is an influential factor for several forms of neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms underlying age-related alterations in synaptosomal mitochondria, a neuronal mitochondria population highly susceptible to insults and critical for brain function, remain incompletely understood. Therefore this study investigates the synaptic mitochondrial proteomic and bioenergetic alterations that occur with age. The utilization of a state of the art quantitative proteomics approach allowed for the comparison of protein expression levels in synaptic mitochondria isolated from 5 (mature), 12 (old), and 24 (aged) month old mice. During the process of aging we find that dynamic proteomic alterations occur in synaptic mitochondria. Despite direct (mitochondrial DNA deletions) and indirect (increased antioxidant protein levels) signs of mitochondrial damage in the aged mice, there was an overall maintenance of mitochondrial function. Therefore the synaptic mitochondrial proteomic changes that occur with aging correlate with preservation of synaptic mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Stauch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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142
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Kim HR, Won SJ, Fabian C, Kang MG, Szardenings M, Shin MG. Mitochondrial DNA aberrations and pathophysiological implications in hematopoietic diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancers. Ann Lab Med 2014; 35:1-14. [PMID: 25553274 PMCID: PMC4272938 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2015.35.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important intracellular organelles that produce energy for cellular development, differentiation, and growth. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) presents a 10- to 20-fold higher susceptibility to genetic mutations owing to the lack of introns and histone proteins. The mtDNA repair system is relatively inefficient, rendering it vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during ATP synthesis within the mitochondria, which can then target the mtDNA. Under conditions of chronic inflammation and excess stress, increased ROS production can overwhelm the antioxidant system, resulting in mtDNA damage. This paper reviews recent literature describing the pathophysiological implications of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and mitochondrial genome aberrations in aging hematopoietic stem cells, bone marrow failure syndromes, hematological malignancies, solid organ cancers, chronic inflammatory diseases, and other diseases caused by exposure to environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. ; Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Biomedical Human Resources, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Stephanie Jane Won
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Claire Fabian
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Min-Gu Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. ; Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Biomedical Human Resources, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Michael Szardenings
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Myung-Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. ; Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Biomedical Human Resources, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea. ; Environment Health Center for Childhood Leukemia and Cancer, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
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143
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Miralles Fusté J, Shi Y, Wanrooij S, Zhu X, Jemt E, Persson Ö, Sabouri N, Gustafsson CM, Falkenberg M. In vivo occupancy of mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein supports the strand displacement mode of DNA replication. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004832. [PMID: 25474639 PMCID: PMC4256270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation, and mutations affecting the genome have been linked to a number of diseases as well as the natural ageing process in mammals. Human mtDNA is replicated by a molecular machinery that is distinct from the nuclear replisome, but there is still no consensus on the exact mode of mtDNA replication. We here demonstrate that the mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein (mtSSB) directs origin specific initiation of mtDNA replication. MtSSB covers the parental heavy strand, which is displaced during mtDNA replication. MtSSB blocks primer synthesis on the displaced strand and restricts initiation of light-strand mtDNA synthesis to the specific origin of light-strand DNA synthesis (OriL). The in vivo occupancy profile of mtSSB displays a distinct pattern, with the highest levels of mtSSB close to the mitochondrial control region and with a gradual decline towards OriL. The pattern correlates with the replication products expected for the strand displacement mode of mtDNA synthesis, lending strong in vivo support for this debated model for mitochondrial DNA replication. Mitochondria are cytoplasmatic organelles that produce most of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used by the cell as a source of chemical energy. A subset of proteins required for ATP production is encoded by a distinct mitochondrial DNA genome (mtDNA). Proper maintenance of mtDNA is essential, since mutations or depletion of this circular molecule may lead to a number of different diseases and also contribute to normal ageing. We are interested in the molecular mechanisms that ensure correct replication and propagation of mtDNA. Even if many of the responsible enzymes have been identified, there is still a debate within our scientific field regarding the exact mode of mtDNA replication. We have here used a combination of in vitro biochemistry and in vivo protein-DNA interaction characterization to address this question. Our findings demonstrate that the mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein (mtSSB) restricts initiation of mtDNA replication to a specific origin of replication. By characterizing how mtSSB interacts with the two strands of mtDNA in vivo, we are able to directly demonstrate the relevance of one proposed mode of mitochondrial DNA replication and at the same time seriously question the validity of other, alternative modes that have been proposed over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Miralles Fusté
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sjoerd Wanrooij
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Jemt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Örjan Persson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nasim Sabouri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Claes M. Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Falkenberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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144
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Zannini L, Delia D, Buscemi G. CHK2 kinase in the DNA damage response and beyond. J Mol Cell Biol 2014; 6:442-57. [PMID: 25404613 PMCID: PMC4296918 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mju045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase CHK2 is a key component of the DNA damage response. In human cells, following genotoxic stress, CHK2 is activated and phosphorylates >20 proteins to induce the appropriate cellular response, which, depending on the extent of damage, the cell type, and other factors, could be cell cycle checkpoint activation, induction of apoptosis or senescence, DNA repair, or tolerance of the damage. Recently, CHK2 has also been found to have cellular functions independent of the presence of nuclear DNA lesions. In particular, CHK2 participates in several molecular processes involved in DNA structure modification and cell cycle progression. In this review, we discuss the activity of CHK2 in response to DNA damage and in the maintenance of the biological functions in unstressed cells. These activities are also considered in relation to a possible role of CHK2 in tumorigenesis and, as a consequence, as a target of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zannini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Buscemi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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145
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Higuchi-Sanabria R, Pernice WMA, Vevea JD, Alessi Wolken DM, Boldogh IR, Pon LA. Role of asymmetric cell division in lifespan control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:1133-46. [PMID: 25263578 PMCID: PMC4270926 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging determinants are asymmetrically distributed during cell division in S. cerevisiae, which leads to production of an immaculate, age-free daughter cell. During this process, damaged components are sequestered and retained in the mother cell, and higher functioning organelles and rejuvenating factors are transported to and/or enriched in the bud. Here, we will describe the key quality control mechanisms in budding yeast that contribute to asymmetric cell division of aging determinants including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vacuoles, extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs), and protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Higuchi-Sanabria
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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146
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Sedman T, Gaidutšik I, Villemson K, Hou Y, Sedman J. Double-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase Irc3p is directly involved in mitochondrial genome maintenance. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:13214-27. [PMID: 25389272 PMCID: PMC4245962 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-dependent ATPases are involved in nearly all aspects of DNA and RNA metabolism. Previous studies have described a number of mitochondrial helicases. However, double-stranded DNA-dependent ATPases, including translocases or enzymes remodeling DNA-protein complexes, have not been identified in mitochondria of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae. Here, we demonstrate that Irc3p is a mitochondrial double-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase of the Superfamily II. In contrast to the other mitochondrial Superfamily II enzymes Mss116p, Suv3p and Mrh4p, which are RNA helicases, Irc3p has a direct role in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance. Specific Irc3p-dependent mtDNA metabolic intermediates can be detected, including high levels of double-stranded DNA breaks that accumulate in irc3Δ mutants. irc3Δ-related topology changes in rho- mtDNA can be reversed by the deletion of mitochondrial RNA polymerase RPO41, suggesting that Irc3p counterbalances adverse effects of transcription on mitochondrial genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Sedman
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Ilja Gaidutšik
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Karin Villemson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - YingJian Hou
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Juhan Sedman
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu 51010, Estonia
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147
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Kühl I, Kukat C, Ruzzenente B, Milenkovic D, Mourier A, Miranda M, Koolmeister C, Falkenberg M, Larsson NG. POLRMT does not transcribe nuclear genes. Nature 2014; 514:E7-11. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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148
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Demine S, Reddy N, Renard P, Raes M, Arnould T. Unraveling biochemical pathways affected by mitochondrial dysfunctions using metabolomic approaches. Metabolites 2014; 4:831-78. [PMID: 25257998 PMCID: PMC4192695 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4030831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction(s) (MDs) can be defined as alterations in the mitochondria, including mitochondrial uncoupling, mitochondrial depolarization, inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, mitochondrial network fragmentation, mitochondrial or nuclear DNA mutations and the mitochondrial accumulation of protein aggregates. All these MDs are known to alter the capacity of ATP production and are observed in several pathological states/diseases, including cancer, obesity, muscle and neurological disorders. The induction of MDs can also alter the secretion of several metabolites, reactive oxygen species production and modify several cell-signalling pathways to resolve the mitochondrial dysfunction or ultimately trigger cell death. Many metabolites, such as fatty acids and derived compounds, could be secreted into the blood stream by cells suffering from mitochondrial alterations. In this review, we summarize how a mitochondrial uncoupling can modify metabolites, the signalling pathways and transcription factors involved in this process. We describe how to identify the causes or consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction using metabolomics (liquid and gas chromatography associated with mass spectrometry analysis, NMR spectroscopy) in the obesity and insulin resistance thematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Demine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium.
| | - Nagabushana Reddy
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium.
| | - Patricia Renard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium.
| | - Martine Raes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium.
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium.
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149
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Farge G, Mehmedovic M, Baclayon M, van den Wildenberg S, Roos W, Gustafsson C, Wuite G, Falkenberg M. In Vitro-Reconstituted Nucleoids Can Block Mitochondrial DNA Replication and Transcription. Cell Rep 2014; 8:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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150
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Ma J, Zheng J, Li Y, Zhang S, Bai D, Zou H, Han C. CXCL12 induces lung cancer cell migration by polarized mtDNA redistribution. Hum Cell 2014; 27:22-8. [PMID: 24022841 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-013-0077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Instability of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been associated with the initiation and development of cancer, but the specific role of mtDNA in the invasiveness and migration of cancer cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether the chemokine CXCL12 causes intact mitochondria to redistribute in cancer cells and, in this way, to increase cell invasiveness and migration. A549 lung cancer cells with intact mtDNA (mtDNA+) and ρ(0)A549 cells depleted of mtDNA (mtDNA-) by long-term ethidium bromide incubation were examined for their responses to CXCL12 in a transwell migration assay and for mitochondrial distribution by fluorescence microscopy. Intact A549 cells showed significantly increased migration and increased polar distribution of mitochondria (asymmetry)in response to CXCL12. However, ρ(0)A549 cells showed no changes in mitochondrial distribution in response to CXCL12, and only a few ρ(0)A549 cells migrated across the transwell membrane after CXCL12 treatment. These results demonstrate that, in A549 lung cancer cells, intact mitochondrial DNA is necessary for mitochondrial redistribution and a chemotactic response to CXCL12.
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