101
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Kotov JA, Jenkins MK. Cutting Edge: T Cell-Dependent Plasmablasts Form in the Absence of Single Differentiated CD4 + T Cell Subsets. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:401-405. [PMID: 30552165 PMCID: PMC6324993 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The T follicular helper (Tfh) cell subset of CD4+ Th cells promotes affinity maturation by B cells in germinal centers. The contribution of other Th cell subsets to B cell responses has not been fully explored in vivo. We addressed this issue by analyzing the T cell-dependent B cell response to the protein Ag PE in mice lacking specific Th cell subsets. As expected, PE-specific germinal center B cell production required Tfh cells. However, Tfh, Th1, or Th17 cell-deficient mice produced as many PE-specific, isotype-switched plasmablasts as wild-type mice. This response depended on Th cell expression of CD154 and Ag presentation by B cells. These results indicate that many Th cell subsets can promote plasmablast formation by providing CD40 signals to naive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Kotov
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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102
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Yu D, Ye L. A Portrait of CXCR5 + Follicular Cytotoxic CD8 + T cells. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:965-979. [PMID: 30377045 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells differentiate into multiple effector and memory subsets to carry out immune clearance of infected and cancerous cells and provide long-term protection. Recent research identified a CXCR5+Tcf1+Tim-3- subset that localizes in, or proximal to, B cell follicles in secondary lymphoid organs of mice, non-human primates, and humans, hereby termed follicular cytotoxic T (TFC) cells. With remarkable similarity to follicular helper T (TFH) cells, TFC differentiation is dependent on transcription factors E2A, Bcl6, and Tcf1, but inhibited by other regulators, including Blimp1, Id2, and Id3. This review summarizes the phenotype, function, and differentiation of this new subset. Owing to its follicular location and self-renewal capability, we propose immunotherapeutic strategies to target TFC cells to potentially treat certain cancers and chronic infections such as HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia; Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China; China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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103
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B cells and antibody production in melanoma. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:790-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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104
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Rao DA. T Cells That Help B Cells in Chronically Inflamed Tissues. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1924. [PMID: 30190721 PMCID: PMC6115497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronically inflamed tissues commonly accrue lymphocyte aggregates that facilitate local T cell-B cell interactions. These aggregates can range from small, loosely arranged lymphocyte clusters to large, organized ectopic lymphoid structures. In some cases, ectopic lymphoid structures develop germinal centers that house prototypical T follicular helper (Tfh) cells with high expression of Bcl6, CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS. However, in many chronically inflamed tissues, the T cells that interact with B cells show substantial differences from Tfh cells in their surface phenotypes, migratory capacity, and transcriptional regulation. This review discusses observations from multiple diseases and models in which tissue-infiltrating T cells produce factors associated with B cell help, including IL-21 and the B cell chemoattractant CXCL13, yet vary dramatically in their resemblance to Tfh cells. Particular attention is given to the PD-1hi CXCR5− Bcl6low T peripheral helper (Tph) cell population in rheumatoid arthritis, which infiltrates inflamed synovium through expression of chemokine receptors such as CCR2 and augments synovial B cell responses via CXCL13 and IL-21. The factors that regulate CD4+ T cell production of CXCL13 and IL-21 in these settings are also discussed. Understanding the range of T cell populations that can provide help to B cells within chronically inflamed tissues is essential to recognize these cells in diverse inflammatory conditions and to optimize either broad or selective therapeutic targeting of B cell-helper T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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105
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Kim SJ, Lee K, Diamond B. Follicular Helper T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1793. [PMID: 30123218 PMCID: PMC6085416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells constitute a subset of effector T cells that participate in the generation of high-affinity humoral responses. They express the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and produce the cytokine IL-21, both of which are required for their contribution to germinal center formation. Uncontrolled expansion of Tfh cells is observed in various mouse models of systemic autoimmune diseases and in patients with these diseases. In particular, the frequency of circulating Tfh is correlated with disease activity and anti-DNA antibody titer in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Recent studies reveal functional diversity within the Tfh population in both humans and mice. We will summarize here the molecular mechanisms for Tfh cell generation, survival and function in both humans and mice, and the relationship between Tfh cells and autoimmune disease in animal models and in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Jung Kim
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kyungwoo Lee
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States
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106
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Hutloff A. T Follicular Helper-Like Cells in Inflamed Non-Lymphoid Tissues. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1707. [PMID: 30083164 PMCID: PMC6064731 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T and B cell cooperation normally takes place in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). However, both cell types are also frequently found in inflamed non-lymphoid tissues. Under certain conditions, these infiltrates develop into ectopic lymphoid structures, also known as tertiary lymphoid tissues, which structurally and functionally fully resemble germinal centers (GCs) in SLO. However, tertiary lymphoid tissue is uncommon in most human autoimmune conditions; instead, relatively unstructured T and B cell infiltrates are found. Recent studies have demonstrated that active T and B cell cooperation can also take place in such unstructured aggregates. The infiltrating cells contain a population of T follicular helper (Tfh)-like cells (also designated "peripheral T helper cells") lacking prototypic Tfh markers like CXCR5 and Bcl-6 but nevertheless expressing high levels of molecules important for B cell help like IL-21 and CD40L. Moreover, Tfh-like cells isolated from inflamed tissues can drive the differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting cells in vitro. These findings are not restricted to experimental animal models but have been reproduced in rheumatoid arthritis and breast cancer patients. At this point, it is unclear whether T and B cell cooperation outside the ordered structure of the GC fully mirrors the reactions in SLO. However, Tfh-like cells in inflamed tissues are certainly important for the local differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting cells, and should be considered as an important target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hutloff
- Chronic Immune Reactions, German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
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107
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Greczmiel U, Oxenius A. The Janus Face of Follicular T Helper Cells in Chronic Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1162. [PMID: 29887868 PMCID: PMC5982684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections with non-cytopathic viruses constitutively expose virus-specific adaptive immune cells to cognate antigen, requiring their numeric and functional adaptation. Virus-specific CD8 T cells are compromised by various means in their effector functions, collectively termed T cell exhaustion. Alike CD8 T cells, virus-specific CD4 Th1 cell responses are gradually downregulated but instead, follicular T helper (TFH) cell differentiation and maintenance is strongly promoted during chronic infection. Thereby, the immune system promotes antibody responses, which bear less immune-pathological risk compared to cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory T cell responses. This emphasis on TFH cells contributes to tolerance of the chronic infection and is pivotal for the continued maturation and adaptation of the antibody response, leading eventually to the emergence of virus-neutralizing antibodies, which possess the potential to control the established chronic infection. However, sustained high levels of TFH cells can also result in a less stringent B cell selection process in active germinal center reactions, leading to the activation of virus-unspecific B cells, including self-reactive B cells, and to hypergammaglobulinemia. This dispersal of B cell help comes at the expense of a stringently selected virus-specific antibody response, thereby contributing to its delayed maturation. Here, we discuss these opposing facets of TFH cells in chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Greczmiel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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108
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Darwiche W, Gubler B, Marolleau JP, Ghamlouch H. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B-Cell Normal Cellular Counterpart: Clues From a Functional Perspective. Front Immunol 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 29670635 PMCID: PMC5893869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of small mature-looking CD19+ CD23+ CD5+ B-cells that accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs. To date, no consensus has been reached concerning the normal cellular counterpart of CLL B-cells and several B-cell types have been proposed. CLL B-cells have remarkable phenotypic and gene expression profile homogeneity. In recent years, the molecular and cellular biology of CLL has been enriched by seminal insights that are leading to a better understanding of the natural history of the disease. Immunophenotypic and molecular approaches (including immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable gene mutational status, transcriptional and epigenetic profiling) comparing the normal B-cell subset and CLL B-cells provide some new insights into the normal cellular counterpart. Functional characteristics (including activation requirements and propensity for plasma cell differentiation) of CLL B-cells have now been investigated for 50 years. B-cell subsets differ substantially in terms of their functional features. Analysis of shared functional characteristics may reveal similarities between normal B-cell subsets and CLL B-cells, allowing speculative assignment of a normal cellular counterpart for CLL B-cells. In this review, we summarize current data regarding peripheral B-cell differentiation and human B-cell subsets and suggest possibilities for a normal cellular counterpart based on the functional characteristics of CLL B-cells. However, a definitive normal cellular counterpart cannot be attributed on the basis of the available data. We discuss the functional characteristics required for a cell to be logically considered to be the normal counterpart of CLL B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Darwiche
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Brigitte Gubler
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Hussein Ghamlouch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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109
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Barbet G, Sander LE, Geswell M, Leonardi I, Cerutti A, Iliev I, Blander JM. Sensing Microbial Viability through Bacterial RNA Augments T Follicular Helper Cell and Antibody Responses. Immunity 2018; 48:584-598.e5. [PMID: 29548673 PMCID: PMC5924674 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Live vaccines historically afford superior protection, yet the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating protective immunity remain unclear. Here we found that vaccination of mice with live, but not dead, Gram-negative bacteria heightened follicular T helper cell (Tfh) differentiation, germinal center formation, and protective antibody production through the signaling adaptor TRIF. Complementing the dead vaccine with an innate signature of bacterial viability, bacterial RNA, recapitulated these responses. The interferon (IFN) and inflammasome pathways downstream of TRIF orchestrated Tfh responses extrinsically to B cells and classical dendritic cells. Instead, CX3CR1+CCR2- monocytes instructed Tfh differentiation through interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a tightly regulated cytokine secreted upon TRIF-dependent IFN licensing of the inflammasome. Hierarchical production of IFN-β and IL-1β dictated Tfh differentiation and elicited the augmented humoral responses characteristic of live vaccines. These findings identify bacterial RNA, an innate signature of microbial viability, as a trigger for Tfh differentiation and suggest new approaches toward vaccine formulations for coordinating augmented Tfh and B cell responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Biomarkers
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Germinal Center
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Innate
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Microbial Viability/immunology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- RNA, Bacterial/immunology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type I/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Barbet
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leif E Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew Geswell
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Leonardi
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institut Hospital del Mar 'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Iliyan Iliev
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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110
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Zhang Y, Tech L, George LA, Acs A, Durrett RE, Hess H, Walker LSK, Tarlinton DM, Fletcher AL, Hauser AE, Toellner KM. Plasma cell output from germinal centers is regulated by signals from Tfh and stromal cells. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1227-1243. [PMID: 29549115 PMCID: PMC5881458 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmablasts generated in germinal centers (GC) emerge at the GC–T zone interface (GTI). Zhang et al. demonstrate two major regulators of this process: Tfh-derived IL-21 and APRIL produced by CD157high fibroblastic reticular cells located in the GTI. Germinal centers (GCs) are the sites where B cells undergo affinity maturation. The regulation of cellular output from the GC is not well understood. Here, we show that from the earliest stages of the GC response, plasmablasts emerge at the GC–T zone interface (GTI). We define two main factors that regulate this process: Tfh-derived IL-21, which supports production of plasmablasts from the GC, and TNFSF13 (APRIL), which is produced by a population of podoplanin+ CD157high fibroblastic reticular cells located in the GTI that are also rich in message for IL-6 and chemokines CXCL12, CCL19, and CCL21. Plasmablasts in the GTI express the APRIL receptor TNFRSF13B (TACI), and blocking TACI interactions specifically reduces the numbers of plasmablasts appearing in the GTI. Plasma cells generated in the GTI may provide an early source of affinity-matured antibodies that may neutralize pathogens or provide feedback regulating GC B cell selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School/IBR, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK
| | - Laura Tech
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura A George
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School/IBR, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK
| | - Andreas Acs
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Russell E Durrett
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Henry Hess
- Translational Innovation Platform, Immunology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - David M Tarlinton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne L Fletcher
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School/IBR, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK
| | - Anja Erika Hauser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School/IBR, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK
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111
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Good-Jacobson KL, Groom JR. Tailoring Immune Responses toward Autoimmunity: Transcriptional Regulators That Drive the Creation and Collusion of Autoreactive Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:482. [PMID: 29568300 PMCID: PMC5852063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-dependent humoral immune responses to infection involve a collaboration between B and CD4 T cell activation, migration, and co-stimulation, thereby culminating in the formation of germinal centers (GCs) and eventual differentiation into memory cells and long-lived plasma cells (PCs). CD4 T cell-derived signals drive the formation of a tailored B cell response. Downstream of these signals are transcriptional regulators that are the critical enactors of immune cell programs. In particular, a core group of transcription factors regulate both B and T cell differentiation, identity, and function. The timing and expression levels of these transcription factors are tightly controlled, with dysregulated expression correlated to immune cell dysfunction in autoimmunity and lymphomagenesis. Recent studies have significantly advanced our understanding of both extrinsic and intrinsic regulators of autoreactive B cells and antibody-secreting PCs in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune conditions. Yet, there are still gaps in our understanding of the causative role these regulators play, as well as the link between lymphoid responses and peripheral damage. This review will focus on the genesis of immunopathogenic CD4 helper and GC B cells. In particular, we will detail the transcriptional regulation of cytokine and chemokine receptor signaling during the pathogenesis of GC-derived autoimmune conditions in both murine models and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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112
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Malkiel S, Barlev AN, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Suurmond J, Diamond B. Plasma Cell Differentiation Pathways in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:427. [PMID: 29556239 PMCID: PMC5845388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are responsible for the production of protective antibodies against infectious agents but they also produce pathogenic antibodies in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Traditionally, high affinity IgG autoantibodies are thought to arise through germinal center (GC) responses. However, class switching and somatic hypermutation can occur in extrafollicular (EF) locations, and this pathway has also been implicated in SLE. The pathway from which PCs originate may determine several characteristics, such as PC lifespan and sensitivity to therapeutics. Although both GC and EF responses have been implicated in SLE, we hypothesize that one of these pathways dominates in each individual patient and genetic risk factors may drive this predominance. While it will be important to distinguish polymorphisms that contribute to a GC-driven or EF B cell response to develop targeted treatments, the challenge will be not only to identify the differentiation pathway but the molecular mechanisms involved. In B cells, this task is complicated by the cross-talk between the B cell receptor, toll-like receptors (TLR), and cytokine signaling molecules, which contribute to both GC and EF responses. While risk variants that affect the function of dendritic cells and T follicular helper cells are likely to primarily influence GC responses, it will be important to discover whether some risk variants in the interferon and TLR pathways preferentially influence EF responses. Identifying the pathways of autoreactive PC differentiation in SLE may help us to understand patient heterogeneity and thereby guide precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Malkiel
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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113
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Badell IR, La Muraglia GM, Liu D, Wagener ME, Ding G, Ford ML. Selective CD28 Blockade Results in Superior Inhibition of Donor-Specific T Follicular Helper Cell and Antibody Responses Relative to CTLA4-Ig. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:89-101. [PMID: 28637095 PMCID: PMC5740006 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) are a barrier to improved long-term outcomes after kidney transplantation. Costimulation blockade with CTLA4-Ig has shown promise as a potential therapeutic strategy to control DSAs. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells required for optimal antibody production, are reliant on the CD28 costimulatory pathway. We have previously shown that selective CD28 blockade leads to superior allograft survival through improved control of CD8+ T cells relative to CTLA4-Ig, but the impact of CD28-specific blockade on CD4+ Tfh cells is unknown. Thus, we identified and characterized donor-reactive Tfh cells in a murine skin transplant model and then used this model to evaluate the impact of selective CD28 blockade with an anti-CD28 domain antibody (dAb) on the donor-specific Tfh cell-mediated immune response. We observed that the anti-CD28 dAb led to superior inhibition of donor-reactive CXCR5+ PD-1high Tfh cells, CD95+ GL7+ germinal center B cells and DSA formation compared with CTLA4-Ig. Interestingly, donor-reactive Tfh cells differentially upregulated CTLA4 expression, suggesting an important role for CTLA4 in mediating the superior inhibition observed with the anti-CD28 dAb. Therefore, selective CD28 blockade as a novel approach to control Tfh cell responses and prevent DSA after kidney transplantation warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- IR Badell
- Emory Transplant Center, Atlanta, GA, USA,Corresponding Author: I. Raul Badell, MD,
| | | | - D Liu
- Emory Transplant Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - ME Wagener
- Emory Transplant Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - G Ding
- Emory Transplant Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - ML Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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114
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Lee AYS, Reimer D, Zehrer A, Lu M, Mielenz D, Körner H. Expression of Membrane-Bound CC Chemokine Ligand 20 on Follicular T Helper Cells in T-B-Cell Conjugates. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1871. [PMID: 29375554 PMCID: PMC5763129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) and its sole chemokine ligand CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) display an emerging role in the coordination of humoral immune responses. Recent studies demonstrate a role of this chemokine axis in the migration of B cells to key immunological sites during an immune response, and facilitating the generation of high-quality antibodies. Very little, however, is known about CCL20 and its role in these functions. We undertook a preliminary investigation into the expression and function of CCL20 and demonstrate its well-noted upregulation in the spleen during immunization. Furthermore, we show that most follicular T helper (Tfh) cells can be CCR6+ and can produce CCL20. Surprisingly, CCL20 cannot only be found in the cytoplasm but also on the surface of these cells and their precursors. Analysis of T–B-cell conjugates revealed that mature Tfh cells, but not their precursors, are highly enriched in the conjugates. Further functional studies are needed to unravel the precise role of CCL20 in coordinating T and B cell interactions during the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Y S Lee
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Western Hospital, Footscray, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine and Radiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dorothea Reimer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annette Zehrer
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ming Lu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immunodrugs in Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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115
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Weinstein JS, Laidlaw BJ, Lu Y, Wang JK, Schulz VP, Li N, Herman EI, Kaech SM, Gallagher PG, Craft J. STAT4 and T-bet control follicular helper T cell development in viral infections. J Exp Med 2017; 215:337-355. [PMID: 29212666 PMCID: PMC5748849 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells promote germinal center (GC) B cell survival and proliferation and guide their differentiation and immunoglobulin isotype switching by delivering contact-dependent and soluble factors, including IL-21, IL-4, IL-9, and IFN-γ. IL-21 and IFN-γ are coexpressed by Tfh cells during viral infections, but transcriptional regulation of these cytokines is not completely understood. In this study, we show that the T helper type 1 cell (Th1 cell) transcriptional regulators T-bet and STAT4 are coexpressed with Bcl6 in Tfh cells after acute viral infection, with a temporal decline in T-bet in the waning response. T-bet is important for Tfh cell production of IFN-γ, but not IL-21, and for a robust GC reaction. STAT4, phosphorylated in Tfh cells upon infection, is required for expression of T-bet and Bcl6 and for IFN-γ and IL-21. These data indicate that T-bet is expressed with Bcl6 in Tfh cells and is required alongside STAT4 to coordinate Tfh cell IL-21 and IFN-γ production and for promotion of the GC response after acute viral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Weinstein
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yisi Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jessica K Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Vincent P Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ningcheng Li
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Edward I Herman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Patrick G Gallagher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Pathology and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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116
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Ochando J, Braza MS. T follicular helper cells: a potential therapeutic target in follicular lymphoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112116-112131. [PMID: 29340116 PMCID: PMC5762384 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL), the most common indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), is a germinal center (GC)-derived lymphoma. The mechanisms underlying B-cell differentiation/maturation in GCs could be also involved in their malignant transformation. Moreover, the non-malignant cell composition and architecture of the tumor microenvironment can influence FL development and outcome. Here, we review recent research advances on CD4 helper T cells in FL that highlight the pivotal role of T follicular helper (TFH) cells in a complex multicellular system where they interact with B cells during GC dynamics. After describing the mechanism of FL lymphomagenesis, we discuss the emerging evidence about TFH cell enrichment and involvement in FL tumorigenesis and in B-T cell interaction, TFH regulation by T follicular regulatory cells (TFR) and its potential effect on FL. Then, we provide an overview on the flexible interplay between the different CD4 T-cell subtypes and how this may be predicted in normal and pathologic contexts, according to the cell epigenetic state. Finally, we highlight the importance of targeting TFH cells in the clinic, summarize the main outstanding questions about TFH and TFR cells in FL, and describe strategies to potentiate FL therapy by taking into account TFH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ochando
- Immunology Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mounia S Braza
- Immunology Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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117
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Deng R, Hurtz C, Song Q, Yue C, Xiao G, Yu H, Wu X, Muschen M, Forman S, Martin PJ, Zeng D. Extrafollicular CD4 + T-B interactions are sufficient for inducing autoimmune-like chronic graft-versus-host disease. Nat Commun 2017; 8:978. [PMID: 29042531 PMCID: PMC5645449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is an autoimmune-like syndrome mediated by pathogenic CD4+ T and B cells, but the function of extrafollicular and germinal center CD4+ T and B interactions in cGVHD pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Here we show that extrafollicular CD4+ T and B interactions are sufficient for inducing cGVHD, while germinal center formation is dispensable. The pathogenesis of cGVHD is associated with the expansion of extrafollicular CD44hiCD62loPSGL-1loCD4+ (PSGL-1loCD4+) T cells. These cells express high levels of ICOS, and the blockade of ICOS/ICOSL interaction prevents their expansion and ameliorates cGVHD. Expansion of PSGL-1loCD4+ T cells is also prevented by BCL6 or Stat3 deficiency in donor CD4+ T cells, with the induction of cGVHD ameliorated by BCL6 deficiency and completely suppressed by Stat3 deficiency in donor CD4+ T cells. These results support that Stat3- and BCL6-dependent extrafollicular CD4+ T and B interactions play critical functions in the pathogenesis of cGVHD.Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is mediated by specific CD4 and B cells, but the relative contribution of extrafollicular and germinal centre (GC) T-B interaction is unclear. Here the authors show that the extrafollicular expansion of a specific CD4 T subset is sufficient for inducing cGVHD while GC is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishu Deng
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical, Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92307, USA
| | - Christian Hurtz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Qingxiao Song
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Chanyu Yue
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutic and Tumor Immunology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutic and Tumor Immunology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Markus Muschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Stephen Forman
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Paul J Martin
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Defu Zeng
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA. .,Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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118
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Marnik EA, Wang X, Sproule TJ, Park G, Christianson GJ, Lane-Reticker SK, Jain S, Duffy T, Wang H, Carter GW, Morse HC, Roopenian DC. Precocious Interleukin 21 Expression in Naive Mice Identifies a Natural Helper Cell Population in Autoimmune Disease. Cell Rep 2017; 21:208-221. [PMID: 28978474 PMCID: PMC5661890 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 21 (IL-21) plays key roles in humoral immunity and autoimmune diseases. It is known to function in mature CD4+ T follicular B cell helper (TFH) cells, but its potential involvement in early T cell ontogeny is unclear. Here, we find that a significant population of newly activated thymic and peripheral CD4+ T cells functionally expresses IL-21 soon after birth. This naturally occurring population, termed natural (n)TH21 cells, exhibits considerable similarity to mature TFH cells. nTH21 cells originating and activated in the thymus are strictly dependent on autoimmune regulator (AIRE) and express high levels of NUR77, consistent with a bias toward self-reactivity. Their activation/expansion in the periphery requires gut microbiota and is held in check by FoxP3+ TREG cells. nTH21 cells are the major thymic and peripheral populations of IL-21+ cells to expand in an IL-21-dependent humoral autoimmune disease. These studies link IL-21 to T cell ontogeny, self-reactivity, and humoral autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis/genetics
- Arthritis/immunology
- Arthritis/pathology
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Immunity, Humoral
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- AIRE Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Marnik
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Genetics Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shweta Jain
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Hongsheng Wang
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gregory W Carter
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Genetics Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), NIH, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Derry C Roopenian
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Genetics Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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119
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Pérez-Mazliah D, Nguyen MP, Hosking C, McLaughlin S, Lewis MD, Tumwine I, Levy P, Langhorne J. Follicular Helper T Cells are Essential for the Elimination of Plasmodium Infection. EBioMedicine 2017; 24:216-230. [PMID: 28888925 PMCID: PMC5652023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have been shown to be critical for the activation of germinal center (GC) B-cell responses. Similar to other infections, Plasmodium infection activates both GC as well as non-GC B cell responses. Here, we sought to explore whether Tfh cells and GC B cells are required to eliminate a Plasmodium infection. A CD4 T cell-targeted deletion of the gene that encodes Bcl6, the master transcription factor for the Tfh program, resulted in complete disruption of the Tfh response to Plasmodium chabaudi in C57BL/6 mice and consequent disruption of GC responses and IgG responses and the inability to eliminate the otherwise self-resolving chronic P. chabaudi infection. On the other hand, and contrary to previous observations in immunization and viral infection models, Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM)-Associated Protein (SAP)-deficient mice were able to activate Tfh cells, GC B cells, and IgG responses to the parasite. This study demonstrates the critical role for Tfh cells in controlling this systemic infection, and highlights differences in the signals required to activate GC B cell responses to this complex parasite compared with those of protein immunizations and viral infections. Therefore, these data are highly pertinent for designing malaria vaccines able to activate broadly protective B-cell responses. Chronic Plasmodium infection cannot be eliminated in the absence of Tfh cell responses. SAP-deficient mice are able to activate GC Tfh and GC B-cell responses to Plasmodium infection. There is a hierarchical requirement for the control of chronic Plasmodium infection following IL-21R > Tfh cells > SAP.
Successful vaccines work through activation of protective B-cell responses. Malaria, caused by Plasmodium infection transmitted by mosquito bites, remains a global threat. Despite substantial efforts, a vaccine able to bring about high levels of protection from Plasmodium infection remains elusive. Here, using an experimental malaria model including natural mosquito transmission, we demonstrate that proper activation of follicular helper CD4+ T cells is essential for the control and eradication of chronic Plasmodium infection through protective B-cell responses. Thus, it is strongly advisable for novel vaccine efforts to monitor the robust activation of this important immune compartment.
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120
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Cortini A, Ellinghaus U, Malik TH, Cunninghame Graham DS, Botto M, Vyse TJ. B cell OX40L supports T follicular helper cell development and contributes to SLE pathogenesis. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:2095-2103. [PMID: 28818832 PMCID: PMC5705841 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objectives TNFSF4 (encodes OX40L) is a susceptibility locus for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Risk alleles increase TNFSF4 expression in cell lines, but the mechanism linking this effect to disease is unclear, and the OX40L-expressing cell types mediating the risk are not clearly established. Blockade of OX40L has been demonstrated to reduce disease severity in several models of autoimmunity, but not in SLE. We sought to investigate its potential therapeutic role in lupus. Methods We used a conditional knockout mouse system to investigate the function of OX40L on B and T lymphocytes in systemic autoimmunity. Results Physiologically, OX40L on both B and T cells contributed to the humoral immune response, but B cell OX40L supported the secondary humoral response and antibody affinity maturation. Our data also indicated that loss of B cell OX40L impeded the generation of splenic T follicular helper cells. We further show that in two models of SLE—a spontaneous congenic model and the H2-IAbm12 graft-versus-host-induced model—loss of B cell OX40L ameliorates the autoimmune phenotype. This improvement was, in each case, accompanied by a decline in T follicular helper cell numbers. Importantly, the germline knockout did not exhibit a markedly different phenotype from the B cell knockout in these models. Conclusions These findings contribute to a model in which genetically determined increased OX40L expression promotes human SLE by several mechanisms, contingent on its cellular expression. The improvement in pathology in two models of systemic autoimmunity indicates that OX40L is an excellent therapeutic target in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cortini
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ursula Ellinghaus
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Talat H Malik
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Deborah S Cunninghame Graham
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marina Botto
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy James Vyse
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London, UK
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121
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Sweet RA, Nickerson KM, Cullen JL, Wang Y, Shlomchik MJ. B Cell-Extrinsic Myd88 and Fcer1g Negatively Regulate Autoreactive and Normal B Cell Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:885-893. [PMID: 28659358 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MyD88 and FcR common γ-chain (Fcer1g, FcRγ) elicit proinflammatory responses to exogenous Ags. Deletion of these receptors in autoimmune models has generally led to reduced overall disease. In B cells, Myd88 is required for anti-DNA and anti-RNA autoantibody responses, whereas Fcer1g is not expressed in these cells. The roles of these receptors in myeloid cells during B cell autoimmune activation remain less clear. To investigate the roles of Myd88 and Fcer1g in non-B cells, we transferred anti-self-IgG (rheumatoid factor) B cells and their physiologic target Ag, anti-chromatin Ab, into mice lacking Fcer1g, Myd88, or both and studied the extrafollicular plasmablast response. Surprisingly, we found a markedly higher and more prolonged response in the absence of either molecule; this effect was accentuated in doubly deficient recipients, with a 40-fold increase compared with wild-type recipients at day 10. This enhancement was dependent on CD40L, indicating that Myd88 and FcRγ, presumably on myeloid APCs, were required to downregulate T cell help for the extrafollicular response. To extend the generality, we then investigated a classic T cell-dependent response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl conjugated to chicken γ globulin and found a similar effect. Thus, these results reveal novel regulatory roles in the B cell response for receptors that are typically proinflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Sweet
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and
| | - Kevin M Nickerson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jaime L Cullen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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122
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Abstract
Crosstalk between B and T cells in transplantation is increasingly recognized as being important in the alloimmune response. T cell activation of B cells occurs by a 3-stage pathway, culminating with costimulation signals. We review the distinct T cell subtypes required for B-cell activation and discuss the formation of the germinal center (GC) after transplantation, with particular reference to the repopulation of the GC after depletional induction, and the subsequent effect of immunosuppressive manipulation of T cell-B cell interactions. In addition, ectopic GCs are seen in transplantation, but their role is not fully understood. Therapeutic options to target T cell-B cell interactions are of considerable interest, both as immunosuppressive tools, and to aid in the further understanding of these important alloimmune mechanisms.
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123
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Meli AP, Fontés G, Leung Soo C, King IL. T Follicular Helper Cell-Derived IL-4 Is Required for IgE Production during Intestinal Helminth Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:244-252. [PMID: 28533444 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IgE production plays a crucial role in protective as well as pathogenic type 2 immune responses. Although the cytokine IL-4 is required for the development of IgE-producing plasma cells, the source of IL-4 and cellular requirements for optimal IgE responses remain unclear. Recent evidence suggests that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the primary producer of IL-4 in the reactive lymph node during type 2 immune responses. As Tfh cells are also required for the development of plasmablasts derived from germinal center and extrafollicular sources, we hypothesized that this cell subset is essential for the IgE plasmablast response. In this study, we show that during intestinal helminth infection, IL-4 derived from Tfh cells is required for IgE class switching and plasmablast formation. Notably, early IgE class switching did not require germinal center formation. Additionally, Tfh cell-derived IL-4 was required to maintain the Th2 response in the mesenteric lymph nodes of infected mice. Collectively, our results indicate that IL-4-producing Tfh cells are central orchestrators of the type 2 immune response in the reactive lymph nodes during parasitic helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Meli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Ghislaine Fontés
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Cindy Leung Soo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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124
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Trüb M, Barr TA, Morrison VL, Brown S, Caserta S, Rixon J, Ivens A, Gray D. Heterogeneity of Phenotype and Function Reflects the Multistage Development of T Follicular Helper Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:489. [PMID: 28503175 PMCID: PMC5408024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells (Tfh) provide crucial signals for germinal center (GC) formation, but Tfh populations are heterogeneous. While PD1hi Tfh are important in the GC response, the function of the PD1lo Tfh-like subset is unknown. We show that these cells, like the PD1hi GC–Tfh, depend upon B cells; however, their entry to follicles is independent of CXCR5 or cognate interactions with B cells. The differentiation into PD1hi Tfh is dependent on MHC class II interactions with B cells and requires CXCR5. Our data suggest a Tfh differentiation pathway that is initially B cell-independent, then dependent on non-cognate B cell interactions, and finally following cognate interaction with B cells and CXCR5-ligands allows the formation of GC–Tfh. The PD1lo Tfh-like cells make early cytokine responses and may represent precursors of CD4 memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trüb
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom A Barr
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vicky L Morrison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sheila Brown
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stefano Caserta
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Jordan Rixon
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Gray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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125
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Eri T, Kawahata K, Kanzaki T, Imamura M, Michishita K, Akahira L, Bannai E, Yoshikawa N, Kimura Y, Satoh T, Uematsu S, Tanaka H, Yamamoto K. Intestinal microbiota link lymphopenia to murine autoimmunity via PD-1 +CXCR5 -/dim B-helper T cell induction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46037. [PMID: 28443628 PMCID: PMC5405410 DOI: 10.1038/srep46037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell lymphopenia results in peripheral homeostatic expansion to maintain the T cell immune system, which is termed lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP). LIP is a potential risk for expanding autoreactive clones to become pathogenic in human and murine autoimmune diseases. However, the ontogeny of T cells that induce autoantibody production by autoreactive B cells in LIP remains unclear. Transfer of CD4+CD25− conventional T (Tc) cells into T-cell-deficient athymic nude mice has been previously reported as a LIP-induced autoimmune model which develops organ-specific autoimmune diseases and systemic antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). We show here that via LIP in this model, Tc cells proliferated and differentiated into PD-1+CXCR5−/dim B-helper T cells, which promoted splenic germinal center (GC) formation, provided help for autoantibody-producing B cells, and had distinctive features of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells except that they do not express high CXCR5. Intestinal microbiota were essential for their generation, since depletion of them in recipient mice by antibiotics resulted in a reduction of LIP-induced PD-1+CXCR5−/dim B-helper T cells and an amelioration of autoimmune responses. Our findings will contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of lymphopenia-induced autoimmunity and autoantibody production, and will pave the way for microbiota-targeted novel therapeutic approaches to systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Eri
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimito Kawahata
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Kanzaki
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Imamura
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Michishita
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lisa Akahira
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ei Bannai
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noritada Yoshikawa
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kimura
- Division of Systems Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Satoh
- Division of Systems Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Tanaka
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Rheumatology, Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, IMSUT hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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126
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Overexpression of Interleukin-7 Extends the Humoral Immune Response Induced by Rabies Vaccination. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02324-16. [PMID: 28100620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02324-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies continues to present a public health threat in most countries of the world. The most efficient way to prevent and control rabies is to implement vaccination programs for domestic animals. However, traditional inactivated vaccines used in animals are costly and have relatively low efficiency, which impedes their extensive use in developing countries. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop single-dose and long-lasting rabies vaccines. However, little information is available regarding the mechanisms underlying immunological memory, which can broaden humoral responses following rabies vaccination. In this study, a recombinant rabies virus (RABV) that expressed murine interleukin-7 (IL-7), referred to here as rLBNSE-IL-7, was constructed, and its effectiveness was evaluated in a mouse model. rLBNSE-IL-7 induced higher rates of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal center (GC) B cells from draining lymph nodes (LNs) than the parent virus rLBNSE. Interestingly, rLBNSE-IL-7 improved the percentages of long-lived memory B cells (Bmem) in the draining LNs and plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM) for up to 360 days postimmunization (dpi). As a result of the presence of the long-lived PCs, it also generated prolonged virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs), resulting in better protection against a lethal challenge than that seen with rLBNSE. Moreover, consistent with the increased numbers of Bmem and PCs after a boost with rLBNSE, rLBNSE-IL-7-immunized mice promptly produced a more potent secondary anti-RABV neutralizing antibody response than rLBNSE-immunized mice. Overall, our data suggest that overexpressing IL-7 improved the induction of long-lasting primary and secondary antibody responses post-RABV immunization.IMPORTANCE Extending humoral immune responses using adjuvants is an important method to develop long-lasting and efficient vaccines against rabies. However, little information is currently available regarding prolonged immunological memory post-RABV vaccination. In this study, a novel rabies vaccine that expressed murine IL-7 was developed. This vaccine enhanced the numbers of Tfh cells and the GC responses, resulting in upregulated quantities of Bmem and PCs. Moreover, we found that the long-lived PCs that were elicited by the IL-7-expressing recombinant virus (rLBNSE-IL-7) were able to sustain VNA levels much longer than those elicited by the parent rLBNSE virus. Upon reexposure to the pathogen, the longevous Bmem, which maintained higher numbers for up to 360 dpi with rLBNSE-IL-7 compared to rLBNSE, could differentiate into antibody-secreting cells, resulting in rapid and potent secondary production of VNAs. These results suggest that the expression of IL-7 is beneficial for induction of potent and long-lasting humoral immune responses.
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127
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Giles JR, Neves AT, Marshak-Rothstein A, Shlomchik MJ. Autoreactive helper T cells alleviate the need for intrinsic TLR signaling in autoreactive B cell activation. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90870. [PMID: 28239656 PMCID: PMC5313065 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a significant role in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus; however, there is relatively little information on the nature and specificity of autoreactive T cells. Identifying such cells has been technically difficult because they are likely to be rare and low affinity. Here, we report a method for identifying autoreactive T cell clones that recognize proteins contained in autoantibody immune complexes, providing direct evidence that functional autoreactive helper T cells exist in the periphery of normal mice. These T cells significantly enhanced autoreactive B cell proliferation and altered B cell differentiation in vivo. Most importantly, these autoreactive T cells were able to rescue many aspects of the TLR-deficient AM14 (anti-IgG2a rheumatoid factor) B cell response, suggesting that TLR requirements can be bypassed. This result has implications for the efficacy of TLR-targeted therapy in the treatment of ongoing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine R. Giles
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adriana Turqueti Neves
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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128
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Development of T follicular helper cells and their role in disease and immune system. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1668-1678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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129
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Jogdand GM, Mohanty S, Devadas S. Regulators of Tfh Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:520. [PMID: 27933060 PMCID: PMC5120123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The follicular helper T (Tfh) cells help is critical for activation of B cells, antibody class switching, and germinal center (GC) formation. The Tfh cells are characterized by the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5), ICOS, programed death 1 (PD-1), B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6), and IL-21. They are involved in clearing infections and are adversely linked with autoimmune diseases and also have a role in viral replication as well as clearance. On the one hand, Tfh cells are generated from naive CD4+ T cells with sequential steps involving cytokine signaling (IL-21, IL-6, IL-12, activin A), migration, and positioning in the GC by CXCR5, surface receptors (ICOS/ICOSL, signaling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein/signaling lymphocyte activation molecule) as well as transcription factor (BCL-6, c-Maf, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signaling and repressor miR155. On the other hand, Tfh generation is negatively regulated at specific steps of Tfh generation by specific cytokine (IL-2, IL-7), surface receptor (PD-1, CTLA-4), transcription factors B lymphocyte maturation protein 1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, T-bet, KLF-2 signaling, and repressor miR 146a. Interestingly, miR-17-92 and FOXO1 act as a positive as well as a negative regulator of Tfh differentiation depending on the time of expression and disease specificity. Tfh cells are also generated from the conversion of other effector T cells as exemplified by Th1 cells converting into Tfh during viral infection. The mechanistic details of effector T cells conversion into Tfh are yet to be clear. To manipulate Tfh cells for therapeutic implication and or for effective vaccination strategies, it is important to know positive and negative regulators of Tfh generation. Hence, in this review, we have highlighted and interlinked molecular signaling from cytokines, surface receptors, transcription factors, ubiquitin ligase, and microRNA as positive and negative regulators for Tfh differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra M Jogdand
- T Cell and Immune Response, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Suchitra Mohanty
- Tumor Virology Lab, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Satish Devadas
- T Cell and Immune Response, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences , Bhubaneswar , India
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130
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Hansen DS, Obeng-Adjei N, Ly A, Ioannidis LJ, Crompton PD. Emerging concepts in T follicular helper cell responses to malaria. Int J Parasitol 2016; 47:105-110. [PMID: 27866903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses to malaria and candidate malaria vaccines are short-lived in children, leaving them susceptible to repeated malaria episodes. Because T follicular helper (TFH) cells provide critical help to B cells to generate long-lived antibody responses, they have become the focus of recent studies of Plasmodium-infected mice and humans. The emerging data converge on common themes, namely, that malaria-induced TH1 cytokines are associated with the activation of (i) T-like memory TFH cells with impaired B cell helper function, and (ii) pre-TFH cells that acquire Th1-like features (T-bet expression, IFN-γ production), which impede their differentiation into fully functional TFH cells, thus resulting in germinal center dysfunction and suboptimal antibody responses. Deeper knowledge of TFH cells in malaria could illuminate strategies to improve vaccines through modulating TFH cell responses. This review summarizes emerging concepts in TFH cell responses to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Nyamekye Obeng-Adjei
- Malaria Infection Biology & Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lisa J Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology & Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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131
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Protective neutralizing influenza antibody response in the absence of T follicular helper cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1447-1458. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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132
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Desbien AL, Dubois Cauwelaert N, Reed SJ, Bailor HR, Liang H, Carter D, Duthie MS, Fox CB, Reed SG, Orr MT. IL-18 and Subcapsular Lymph Node Macrophages are Essential for Enhanced B Cell Responses with TLR4 Agonist Adjuvants. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4351-4359. [PMID: 27794001 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Designing modern vaccine adjuvants depends on understanding the cellular and molecular events that connect innate and adaptive immune responses. The synthetic TLR4 agonist glycopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) formulated in a squalene-in-water emulsion (GLA-SE) augments both cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccine Ags. This adjuvant is currently included in several vaccines undergoing clinical evaluation including those for tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and influenza. Delineation of the mechanisms of adjuvant activity will enable more informative evaluation of clinical trials. Early after injection, GLA-SE induces substantially more Ag-specific B cells, higher serum Ab titers, and greater numbers of T follicular helper (TFH) and Th1 cells than alum, the SE alone, or GLA without SE. GLA-SE augments Ag-specific B cell differentiation into germinal center and memory precursor B cells as well as preplasmablasts that rapidly secrete Abs. CD169+ SIGNR1+ subcapsular medullary macrophages are the primary cells to take up GLA-SE after immunization and are critical for the innate immune responses, including rapid IL-18 production, induced by GLA-SE. Depletion of subcapsular macrophages (SCMф) or abrogation of IL-18 signaling dramatically impairs the Ag-specific B cell and Ab responses augmented by GLA-SE. Depletion of SCMф also drastically reduces the Th1 but not the TFH response. Thus the GLA-SE adjuvant operates through interaction with IL-18-producing SCMф for the rapid induction of B cell expansion and differentiation, Ab secretion, and Th1 responses, whereas augmentation of TFH numbers by GLA-SE is independent of SCMф.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven J Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102
| | | | - Hong Liang
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and.,PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA 98102
| | - Malcolm S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102; .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
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133
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Ols ML, Cullen JL, Turqueti-Neves A, Giles J, Shlomchik MJ. Dendritic Cells Regulate Extrafollicular Autoreactive B Cells via T Cells Expressing Fas and Fas Ligand. Immunity 2016; 45:1052-1065. [PMID: 27793595 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The extrafollicular (EF) plasmablast response to self-antigens that contain Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands is prominent in murine lupus models and some bacterial infections, but the inhibitors and activators involved have not been fully delineated. Here, we used two conventional dendritic cell (cDC) depletion systems to investigate the role of cDCs on a classical TLR-dependent autoreactive EF response elicited in rheumatoid-factor B cells by DNA-containing immune complexes. Contrary to our hypothesis, cDC depletion amplified rather than dampened the EF response in Fas-intact but not Fas-deficient mice. Further, we demonstrated that cDC-dependent regulation requires Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) expression by T cells, but not Fas expression by B cells. Thus, cDCs activate FasL-expressing T cells that regulate Fas-expressing extrafollicular helper T (Tefh) cells. These studies reveal a regulatory role for cDCs in B cell plasmablast responses and provide a mechanistic explanation for the excess autoantibody production observed in Fas deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Ols
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Jaime L Cullen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Adriana Turqueti-Neves
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Josephine Giles
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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134
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Heesters BA, van der Poel CE, Das A, Carroll MC. Antigen Presentation to B Cells. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:844-854. [PMID: 27793570 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Unlike T cells that recognize digested peptides, B cells recognize their cognate antigen in its native form. The B cell receptor used in recognition can also be secreted to bind to antigens and initiate multiple effector functions such as phagocytosis, complement activation, or neutralization of receptors. While B cells can interact with soluble antigens, it is now clear that the presentation of membrane-bound antigen plays a crucial role in B cell activation, and in particular during affinity-maturation, the process during which high-affinity B cells are selected. In this review we discuss how native antigen is presented to B cells and its impact at several stages of B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balthasar A Heesters
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Current address: Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Cees E van der Poel
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abhishek Das
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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135
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136
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Wu Y, van Besouw NM, Shi Y, Hoogduijn MJ, Wang L, Baan CC. The Biological Effects of IL-21 Signaling on B-Cell-Mediated Responses in Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:319. [PMID: 27602031 PMCID: PMC4994014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection has emerged as one of the major issues limiting the success of organ transplantation. It exerts a highly negative impact on graft function and outcome, and effective treatment is lacking. The triggers for antibody development, and the mechanisms leading to graft dysfunction and failure, are incompletely understood. The production of antibodies is dependent on instructions from various immunocytes including CD4 T-helper cells that secrete interleukin (IL)-21 and interact with antigen-specific B-cells via costimulatory molecules. In this article, we discuss the role of IL-21 in the activation and differentiation of B-cells and consider the mechanisms of IL-21 and B-cell interaction. An improved understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in antibody-mediated complications after organ transplantation could lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies, which control humoral alloreactivity, potentially preventing and treating graft-threatening antibody-mediated rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicole M van Besouw
- Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Yunying Shi
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Carla C Baan
- Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
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137
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Distinct Differentiation Programs Triggered by IL-6 and LPS in Teleost IgM(+) B Cells in The Absence of Germinal Centers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30004. [PMID: 27481356 PMCID: PMC4969607 DOI: 10.1038/srep30004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although originally identified as a B cell differentiation factor, it is now known that mammalian interleukin-6 (IL-6) only regulates B cells committed to plasma cells in response to T-dependent (TD) antigens within germinal centers (GCs). Even though adaptive immunity is present in teleost fish, these species lack lymph nodes and GCs. Thus, the aim of the present study was to establish the role of trout IL-6 on B cells, comparing its effects to those induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We demonstrate that the effects of teleost IL-6 on naïve spleen B cells include proliferation, activation of NF-κB, increased IgM secretion, up-regulation of Blimp1 transcription and decreased MHC-II surface expression that point to trout IL-6 as a differentiation factor for IgM antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). However, LPS induced the secretion of IgM without up-regulating Blimp1, driving the cells towards an intermediate activation state in which antigen presenting mechanisms are elicited together with antibody secretion and expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Our results reveal that, in trout, IL-6 is a differentiation factor for B cells, stimulating IgM responses in the absence of follicular structures, and suggest that it was after follicular structures appeared that this cytokine evolved to modulate TD responses within the GC.
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138
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139
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola G. Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Michelle A. Linterman
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development Institute Strategic Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom;
| | - Di Yu
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunomodulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Ian C.M. MacLennan
- School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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140
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Park JH, Choi Y, Song MJ, Park K, Lee JJ, Kim HP. Dynamic Long-Range Chromatin Interaction Controls Expression of IL-21 in CD4+ T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:4378-89. [PMID: 27067007 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
IL-21, a pleiotropic cytokine strongly linked with autoimmunity and inflammation, regulates diverse immune responses. IL-21 can be potently induced in CD4(+) T cells by IL-6; however, very little is known about the mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of the Il21 gene at the chromatin level. In this study, we demonstrated that a conserved noncoding sequence located 49 kb upstream of the Il21 gene contains an enhancer element that can upregulate Il21 gene expression in a STAT3- and NFAT-dependent manner. Additionally, we identified enhancer-blocking insulator elements in the Il21 locus, which constitutively bind CTCF and cohesin. In naive CD4(+) T cells, these upstream and downstream CTCF binding sites interact with each other to make a DNA loop; however, the Il21 promoter does not interact with any cis-elements in the Il21 locus. In contrast, stimulation of CD4(+) T cells with IL-6 leads to recruitment of STAT3 to the promoter and novel distal enhancer region. This induces dynamic changes in chromatin configuration, bringing the promoter and the regulatory elements in close spatial proximity. The long-range interaction between the promoter and distal enhancer region was dependent on IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway but was disrupted in regulatory T cells, where IL-21 expression was repressed. Thus, our work uncovers a novel topological chromatin framework underlying proper transcriptional regulation of the Il21 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hong Park
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; and
| | - Yeeun Choi
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; and Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Min-Ji Song
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; and
| | - Keunhee Park
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; and
| | - Jong-Joo Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; and Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; and Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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141
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Li J, Lu E, Yi T, Cyster JG. EBI2 augments Tfh cell fate by promoting interaction with IL-2-quenching dendritic cells. Nature 2016; 533:110-4. [PMID: 27147029 PMCID: PMC4883664 DOI: 10.1038/nature17947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a subset of T cells carrying the CD4 antigen; they are important in supporting plasma cell and germinal centre responses. The initial induction of Tfh cell properties occurs within the first few days after activation by antigen recognition on dendritic cells, although how dendritic cells promote this cell-fate decision is not fully understood. Moreover, although Tfh cells are uniquely defined by expression of the follicle-homing receptor CXCR5 (refs 1, 2), the guidance receptor promoting the earlier localization of activated T cells at the interface of the B-cell follicle and T zone has been unclear. Here we show that the G-protein-coupled receptor EBI2 (GPR183) and its ligand 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol mediate positioning of activated CD4 T cells at the interface of the follicle and T zone. In this location they interact with activated dendritic cells and are exposed to Tfh-cell-promoting inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) ligand. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine that has multiple influences on T-cell fate, including negative regulation of Tfh cell differentiation. We demonstrate that activated dendritic cells in the outer T zone further augment Tfh cell differentiation by producing membrane and soluble forms of CD25, the IL-2 receptor α-chain, and quenching T-cell-derived IL-2. Mice lacking EBI2 in T cells or CD25 in dendritic cells have reduced Tfh cells and mount defective T-cell-dependent plasma cell and germinal centre responses. These findings demonstrate that distinct niches within the lymphoid organ T zone support distinct cell fate decisions, and they establish a function for dendritic-cell-derived CD25 in controlling IL-2 availability and T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Erick Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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142
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Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) are the main sites where antigen-activated B-cell clones expand and undergo immunoglobulin gene hypermutation and selection. Iterations of this process will lead to affinity maturation, replicating Darwinian evolution on the cellular level. GC B-cell selection can lead to four different outcomes: further expansion and evolution, apoptosis (non-selection), or output from the GC with differentiation into memory B cells or plasma cells. T-helper cells in GC have been shown to have a central role in regulating B-cell selection by sensing the density of major histocompatibility complex (MHC):peptide antigen complexes. Antigen is provided on follicular dendritic cells in the form of immune complex. Antibody on these immune complexes regulates antigen accessibility by shielding antigen from B-cell receptor access. Replacement of antibody on immune complexes by antibody generated from GC-derived plasma cell output will gradually reduce the availability of antigen. This antibody feedback can lead to a situation where a slow rise in selection stringency caused by a changing environment leads to directional evolution toward higher affinity antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Institute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of Birmingham Medical SchoolBirminghamUK
| | - Laura Garcia‐Ibanez
- Institute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of Birmingham Medical SchoolBirminghamUK
| | - Kai‐Michael Toellner
- Institute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of Birmingham Medical SchoolBirminghamUK
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143
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Jandl C, King C. Cytokines in the Germinal Center Niche. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5010005. [PMID: 31557986 PMCID: PMC6698856 DOI: 10.3390/antib5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are small, secreted, glycoproteins that specifically affect the interactions and communications between cells. Cytokines are produced transiently and locally, acting in a paracrine or autocrine manner, and they are extremely potent, ligating high affinity cell surface receptors to elicit changes in gene expression and protein synthesis in the responding cell. Cytokines produced during the differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cells within the germinal center (GC) niche play an important role in ensuring that the humoral immune response is robust, whilst retaining flexibility, during the generation of affinity matured antibodies. Cytokines produced by B cells, antigen presenting cells and stromal cells are important for the differentiation of Tfh cells and Tfh cell produced cytokines act both in an autocrine fashion to firm Tfh cell differentiation and in a paracrine fashion to support the differentiation of memory B cells and plasma cells. In this review, we discuss the role of cytokines during the GC reaction with a particular focus on the influence of cytokines on Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jandl
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincents Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Cecile King
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincents Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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144
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Blanco P, Ueno H, Schmitt N. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in lupus: Activation and involvement in SLE pathogenesis. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:281-90. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Blanco
- Univ. Bordeaux; CIRID, UMR/CNRS; 5164 Bordeaux France
- CNRS; CIRID, UMR; 5164 Bordeaux France
- CHU de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research; Dallas USA
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145
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Abstract
The success of most vaccines relies on the generation of antibodies to provide protection against subsequent infection; this in turn depends on a robust germinal centre (GC) response that culminates in the production of long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells. The size and quality of the GC response are directed by a specialised subset of CD4
+ T cells: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Tfh cells provide growth and differentiation signals to GC B cells and mediate positive selection of high-affinity B cell clones in the GC, thereby determining which B cells exit the GC as plasma cells and memory B cells. Because of their central role in the production of long-lasting humoral immunity, Tfh cells represent an interesting target for rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Danika L Hill
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
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146
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Wikenheiser DJ, Ghosh D, Kennedy B, Stumhofer JS. The Costimulatory Molecule ICOS Regulates Host Th1 and Follicular Th Cell Differentiation in Response to Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:778-91. [PMID: 26667167 PMCID: PMC4705592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS infection requires cell- and Ab-mediated immunity to control acute and persistent infection, respectively. ICOS regulates CD4(+) T cell activation and promotes the induction of follicular Th (TFH) cells, CD4(+) T cells that support B cell affinity maturation within germinal centers (GCs), resulting in the production of high-affinity Abs. In this article, we demonstrate that, in response to P. c. chabaudi AS infection, the absence of ICOS resulted in an enhanced Th1 immune response that reduced peak parasitemia. Despite the absence of ICOS, CD4(+) T cells were capable of expressing PD-1, B cell lymphoma 6, and CXCR5 during early infection, indicating TFH development was not impaired. However, by day 21 postinfection, Icos(-/-) mice accumulated fewer splenic TFHs compared with Icos(+/+) mice, leading to substantially fewer GC B cells and a decrease in affinity, but not production, of parasite-specific isotype-switched Abs. Moreover, treatment of mice with anti-ICOS ligand Abs to modulate ICOS-ICOS ligand signaling revealed a requirement for ICOS in TFH differentiation only after day 6 postinfection. Ultimately, the quality and quantity of isotype-switched Abs produced in Icos(-/-) mice declined over time, resulting in impaired control of persistent parasitemia. Collectively, these data suggest ICOS is not required for TFH induction during P. c. chabaudi AS infection or production of isotype-switched Abs, but it is necessary for maintenance of a sustained high-affinity, protective Ab response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wikenheiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
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147
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Shi X, Que R, Liu B, Li M, Cai J, Shou D, Wen L, Liu D, Chen L, Liang T, Gong W. Role of IL-21 signaling pathway in transplant-related biology. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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148
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Ioannidis LJ, Nie CQ, Ly A, Ryg-Cornejo V, Chiu CY, Hansen DS. Monocyte- and Neutrophil-Derived CXCL10 Impairs Efficient Control of Blood-Stage Malaria Infection and Promotes Severe Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1227-38. [PMID: 26718341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CXCL10, or IFN-γ-inducible protein 10, is a biomarker associated with increased risk for Plasmodium falciparum-mediated cerebral malaria (CM). Consistent with this, we have previously shown that CXCL10 neutralization or genetic deletion alleviates brain intravascular inflammation and protects Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice from CM. In addition to organ-specific effects, the absence of CXCL10 during infection was also found to reduce parasite biomass. To identify the cellular sources of CXCL10 responsible for these processes, we irradiated and reconstituted wild-type (WT) and CXCL10(-/-) mice with bone marrow from either WT or CXCL10(-/-) mice. Similar to CXCL10(-/-) mice, chimeras unable to express CXCL10 in hematopoietic-derived cells controlled infection more efficiently than WT controls. In contrast, expression of CXCL10 in knockout mice reconstituted with WT bone marrow resulted in high parasite biomass levels, higher brain parasite and leukocyte sequestration rates, and increased susceptibility to CM. Neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes were identified as the main cellular sources of CXCL10 responsible for the induction of these processes. The improved control of parasitemia observed in the absence of CXCL10-mediated trafficking was associated with a preferential accumulation of CXCR3(+)CD4(+) T follicular helper cells in the spleen and enhanced Ab responses to infection. These results are consistent with the notion that some inflammatory responses elicited in response to malaria infection contribute to the development of high parasite densities involved in the induction of severe disease in target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Catherine Q Nie
- Office for Research Ethics and Integrity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Victoria Ryg-Cornejo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Chris Y Chiu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
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149
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Moukambi F, Rabezanahary H, Rodrigues V, Racine G, Robitaille L, Krust B, Andreani G, Soundaramourty C, Silvestre R, Laforge M, Estaquier J. Early Loss of Splenic Tfh Cells in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005287. [PMID: 26640894 PMCID: PMC4671657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper cells (Tfh), a subset of CD4 T lymphocytes, provide crucial help to B cells in the production of antigen-specific antibodies. Although several studies have analyzed the dynamics of Tfh cells in peripheral blood and lymph nodes (LNs) during Aids, none has yet addressed the impact of SIV infection on the dynamics of Tfh cells in the spleen, the primary organ of B cell activation. We show here a significant decrease in splenic Tfh cells in SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) during the acute phase of infection, which persists thereafter. This profound loss is associated with lack of sustained expression of the Tfh-defining transcription factors, Bcl-6 and c-Maf but with higher expression of the repressors KLF2 and Foxo1. In this context of Tfh abortive differentiation and loss, we found decreased percentages of memory B cell subsets and lower titers of SIV-specific IgG. We further demonstrate a drastic remodeling of the lymphoid architecture of the spleen and LNs, which disrupts the crucial cell-cell interactions necessary to maintain memory B cells and Tfh cells. Finally, our data demonstrated the early infection of Tfh cells. Paradoxically, the frequencies of SIV DNA were higher in splenic Tfh cells of RMs progressing more slowly suggesting sanctuaries for SIV in the spleen. Our findings provide important information regarding the impact of HIV/SIV infection on Tfh cells, and provide new clues for future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félicien Moukambi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Henintsoa Rabezanahary
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Gina Racine
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Lynda Robitaille
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Bernard Krust
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Guadalupe Andreani
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mireille Laforge
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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150
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Prednisone treatment inhibits the differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells in MRL/MpSlac-lpr mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:1367-76. [PMID: 26456588 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM A number of evidence shows that the differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells plays an important role in lupus pathogenesis. In this study we investigated how prednisone, a classical therapeutic drug for autoimmune diseases, regulated plasma cell differentiation in MRL/MpSlac-lpr mice. METHODS MRL/lpr mice were treated with prednisone (2.5 or 5 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ig) for 13 weeks, and the proteinuria levels and survival times were monitored. After the mice were euthanized, blood sample, spleen and thymus were collected. The serum levels of anti-dsDNA antibody, anti-nuclear antibody, IL-21, and IL-10 were detected using ELISA kits. Subsets of splenic B and T lymphocytes were quantified with flow cytometry. Transcription factor Blimp-1 and Bcl-6 expression was determined using qPCR and Western blot. RESULTS Prednisone treatment dose-dependently attenuated the lupus symptoms in MRL/lpr mice with decreased proteinuria levels, prolonged survival times, decreased serum anti-nuclear antibody levels, and reduced spleen and thymus indices. Prednisone treatment also significantly decreased the elevated percentages of plasma cells and plasma cell precursors, decreased the percentages of activated T cells, and increased the frequency of CD4(+)CD62L(+) cells, demonstrated that decreased anti-nuclear antibodies and improvements in lupus symptoms were associated with decreased plasma cells. Furthermore, prednisone treatment decreased serum IL-21 and IL-10 levels and reduced the expression of splenic Blimp-1 and Bcl-6 (two key regulatory factors for plasma cell differentiation) in MRL/lpr mice. CONCLUSION Prednisone treatment restricts B lymphocyte differentiation into plasma cells in MRL/lpr mice, which may be correlated with the inhibition of IL-21 production and the restoration of the balance between Blimp-1 and Bcl-6.
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