101
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Grunt TW, Lemberger L, Colomer R, López Rodríguez ML, Wagner R. The Pharmacological or Genetic Blockade of Endogenous De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis Does Not Increase the Uptake of Exogenous Lipids in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:610885. [PMID: 33928023 PMCID: PMC8076863 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.610885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer(OC) is a serious threat to women worldwide. Peritoneal dissemination, ascites and omental metastasis are typical features for disease progression, which occurs in a micro-environment that is rich in high-energy lipids. OC cells require high amounts of lipids for survival and growth. Not only do they import lipids from the host, they also produce lipids de novo. Inhibitors of fatty acid(FA) synthase(FASN) – the rate-limiting enzyme of endogenous FA synthesis that is overexpressed in OC – induce growth-arrest and apoptosis, rendering them promising candidates for cancer drug development. However, cancer researchers have long hypothesized that the lipid deficiency caused by FASN inhibition can be circumvented by increasing the uptake of exogenous lipids from the host, which would confer resistance to FASN inhibitors. In contrast to a very recent report in colorectal cancer, we demonstrate in OC cells (A2780, OVCAR3, SKOV3) that neither FASN inhibitors (G28UCM, Fasnall) nor FASN-specific siRNAs can stimulate a relief pathway leading to enhanced uptake of extrinsic FAs or low density lipoproteins (LDLs). Instead, we observed that the growth-arrest due to FASN inhibition or FASN knock-down was associated with significant dose- and time-dependent reduction in the uptake of fluorescently labeled FAs and LDLs. Western blotting showed that the expression of the FA receptor CD36, the LDL receptor(LDLR) and the lipid transport proteins fatty acid binding proteins 1–9 (FABP1–9) was not affected by the treatment. Next, we compared experimental blockade of endogenous lipid production with physiologic depletion of exogenous lipids. Lipid-free media, similar to FASN inhibitors, caused growth-arrest. Although lipid-depleted cells have diminished amounts of CD36, LDLR and FABPs, they can still activate a restorative pathway that causes enhanced import of fluorophore-labeled FAs and LDLs. Overall, our data show that OC cells are strictly lipid-depend and exquisitely sensitive to FASN inhibitors, providing a strong rationale for developing anti-FASN strategies for clinical use against OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Grunt
- Cell Signaling and Metabolism Networks Program, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Lemberger
- Cell Signaling and Metabolism Networks Program, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramón Colomer
- Clinical Research Program, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario La Princesa and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luz López Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Renate Wagner
- Cell Signaling and Metabolism Networks Program, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
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102
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Kumari A, Shonibare Z, Monavarian M, Arend RC, Lee NY, Inman GJ, Mythreye K. TGFβ signaling networks in ovarian cancer progression and plasticity. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:139-161. [PMID: 33590419 PMCID: PMC7987693 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Late-stage diagnosis with significant tumor burden, accompanied by recurrence and chemotherapy resistance, contributes to this poor prognosis. These morbidities are known to be tied to events associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer. During EMT, localized tumor cells alter their polarity, cell-cell junctions, cell-matrix interactions, acquire motility and invasiveness and an exaggerated potential for metastatic spread. Key triggers for EMT include the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) family of growth factors which are actively produced by a wide array of cell types within a specific tumor and metastatic environment. Although TGFβ can act as either a tumor suppressor or promoter in cancer, TGFβ exhibits its pro-tumorigenic functions at least in part via EMT. TGFβ regulates EMT both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels as outlined here. Despite recent advances in TGFβ based therapeutics, limited progress has been seen for ovarian cancers that are in much need of new therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize and discuss several recent insights into the underlying signaling mechanisms of the TGFβ isoforms in EMT in the unique metastatic environment of EOCs and the current therapeutic interventions that may be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kumari
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Zainab Shonibare
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Mehri Monavarian
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rebecca C Arend
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology-Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Gareth J Inman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute and Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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103
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Motohara T, Yoshida GJ, Katabuchi H. The hallmarks of ovarian cancer stem cells and niches: Exploring their harmonious interplay in therapy resistance. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 77:182-193. [PMID: 33812986 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a "cancer stem cell" has evolved over the past decades, and research on cancer stem cell biology has entered into a stage of remarkable progress. Cancer stem cells are a major determining factor contributing to the establishment of phenotypic and functional intratumoral heterogeneity in synchronization with their surrounding "cancer stem cell niches." They serve as the driving force for cancer initiation, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance in various types of malignancies. In verity, reciprocal interplay between ovarian cancer stem cells and their niches involves a complex but ingeniously orchestrated tumor microenvironment within the intraperitoneal milieu and especially contribute to chemotherapy resistance in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Herein, we review the principles of our current understanding of the biological features of ovarian cancer stem cells, focusing mainly on the precise mechanisms underlying acquired chemotherapy resistance. Furthermore, we highlight the specific roles of various cancer-associated stromal and immune cells in creating possible cancer stem cell niches that regulate ovarian cancer stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Motohara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Go J Yoshida
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Katabuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
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104
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Mogi K, Yoshihara M, Iyoshi S, Kitami K, Uno K, Tano S, Koya Y, Sugiyama M, Yamakita Y, Nawa A, Tomita H, Kajiyama H. Ovarian Cancer-Associated Mesothelial Cells: Transdifferentiation to Minions of Cancer and Orchestrate Developing Peritoneal Dissemination. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1352. [PMID: 33802781 PMCID: PMC8002484 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has one of the poorest prognoses among carcinomas. Advanced ovarian cancer often develops ascites and peritoneal dissemination, which is one of the poor prognostic factors. From the perspective of the "seed and soil" hypothesis, the intra-abdominal environment is like the soil for the growth of ovarian cancer (OvCa) and mesothelial cells (MCs) line the top layer of this soil. In recent years, various functions of MCs have been reported, including supporting cancer in the OvCa microenvironment. We refer to OvCa-associated MCs (OCAMs) as MCs that are stimulated by OvCa and contribute to its progression. OCAMs promote OvCa cell adhesion to the peritoneum, invasion, and metastasis. Elucidation of these functions may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets that can delay OvCa progression, which is difficult to cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Mogi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
| | - Masato Yoshihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
| | - Shohei Iyoshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 19A, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kazuhisa Kitami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
| | - Kaname Uno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sho Tano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
| | - Yoshihiro Koya
- Bell Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.S.); (Y.Y.); (A.N.)
| | - Mai Sugiyama
- Bell Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.S.); (Y.Y.); (A.N.)
| | - Yoshihiko Yamakita
- Bell Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.S.); (Y.Y.); (A.N.)
| | - Akihiro Nawa
- Bell Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.S.); (Y.Y.); (A.N.)
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
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105
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Li X, Liu Y, Zheng S, Zhang T, Wu J, Sun Y, Zhang J, Liu G. Role of exosomes in the immune microenvironment of ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:377. [PMID: 33777201 PMCID: PMC7988709 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are excretory vesicles that can deliver a variety of bioactive cargo molecules to the extracellular environment. Accumulating evidence demonstrates exosome participation in intercellular communication, immune response, inflammatory response and they even play an essential role in affecting the tumor immune microenvironment. The role of exosomes in the immune microenvironment of ovarian cancer is mainly divided into suppression and stimulation. On one hand exosomes can stimulate the innate and adaptive immune systems by activating dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer cells and T cells, allowing these immune cells exert an antitumorigenic effect. On the other hand, ovarian cancer-derived exosomes initiate cross-talk with immunosuppressive effector cells, which subsequently cause immune evasion; one of the hallmarks of cancer. Exosomes induce the polarization of macrophages in M2 phenotype and induce apoptosis of lymphocytes and DCs. Exosomes further activate additional immunosuppressive effector cells (myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells) that induce fibroblasts to differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts. Exosomes also induce the tumorigenicity of mesenchymal stem cells to exert additional immune suppression. Furthermore, besides mediating the intercellular communication, exosomes carry microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins and lipids to the tumor microenvironment, which collectively promotes ovarian cancer cells to proliferate, invade and tumors to metastasize. Studying proteins, lipids and miRNAs carried by exosomes could potentially be used as an early diagnostic marker of ovarian cancer for designing treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jingzi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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106
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Cummings M, Freer C, Orsi NM. Targeting the tumour microenvironment in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 77:3-28. [PMID: 33607246 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer typically presents at an advanced stage, and although the majority of cases initially respond well to platinum-based therapies, chemoresistance almost always occurs leading to a poor long-term prognosis. While various cellular autonomous mechanisms contribute to intrinsic or acquired platinum resistance, the tumour microenvironment (TME) plays a central role in resistance to therapy and disease progression by providing cancer stem cell niches, promoting tumour cell metabolic reprogramming, reducing chemotherapy drug perfusion and promoting an immunosuppressive environment. As such, the TME is an attractive therapeutic target which has been the focus of intense research in recent years. This review provides an overview of the unique ovarian cancer TME and its role in disease progression and therapy resistance, highlighting some of the latest preclinical and clinical data on TME-targeted therapies. In particular, it focuses on strategies targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumour-associated macrophages, cancer stem cells and cancer cell metabolic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cummings
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - C Freer
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - N M Orsi
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; St James's Institute of Oncology, Bexley Wing, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
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107
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Pitman M, Oehler MK, Pitson SM. Sphingolipids as multifaceted mediators in ovarian cancer. Cell Signal 2021; 81:109949. [PMID: 33571664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological malignancy. It is commonly diagnosed at advanced stage when it has metastasised to the abdominal cavity and treatment becomes very challenging. While current standard therapy involving debulking surgery and platinum + taxane-based chemotherapy is associated with high response rates initially, the large majority of patients relapse and ultimately succumb to chemotherapy-resistant disease. In order to improve survival novel strategies for early detection and therapeutics against treatment-refractory disease are urgently needed. A promising new target against ovarian cancer is the sphingolipid pathway which is commonly hijacked in cancer to support cell proliferation and survival and has been shown to promote chemoresistance and metastasis in a wide range of malignant neoplasms. In particular, the sphingosine kinase 1-sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 axis has been shown to be altered in ovarian cancer in multiple ways and therefore represents an attractive therapeutic target. Here we review the roles of sphingolipids in ovarian cancer progression, metastasis and chemoresistance, highlighting novel strategies to target this pathway that represent potential avenues to improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- MelissaR Pitman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, UniSA CRI Building, North Tce, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Martin K Oehler
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, UniSA CRI Building, North Tce, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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108
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Robinson M, Gilbert SF, Waters JA, Lujano-Olazaba O, Lara J, Alexander LJ, Green SE, Burkeen GA, Patrus O, Sarwar Z, Holmberg R, Wang C, House CD. Characterization of SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG in Ovarian Cancer Tumor-Initiating Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020262. [PMID: 33445692 PMCID: PMC7828139 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) has traditionally relied on surface markers including CD133, CD44, CD117, and the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme, which have diverse expression across samples. A more reliable indication of TICs may include the expression of embryonic transcription factors that support long-term self-renewal, multipotency, and quiescence. We hypothesize that SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG will be enriched in ovarian TICs and may indicate TICs with high relapse potential. We evaluated a panel of eight ovarian cancer cell lines grown in standard 2-D culture or in spheroid-enriching 3-D culture, and correlated expression with growth characteristics, TIC marker expression, and chemotherapy resistance. RNA-sequencing showed that cell cycle regulation pathways involving SOX2 were elevated in 3-D conditions. HGSOC lines had longer doubling-times, greater chemoresistance, and significantly increased expression of SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG in 3-D conditions. CD117+ or ALDH+/CD133+ cells had increased SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG expression. Limiting dilution in in vivo experiments implicated SOX2, but not OCT4 or NANOG, with early tumor-initiation. An analysis of patient data suggested a stronger role for SOX2, relative to OCT4 or NANOG, for tumor relapse potential. Overall, our findings suggest that SOX2 may be a more consistent indicator of ovarian TICs that contribute to tumor repopulation following chemotherapy. Future studies evaluating SOX2 in TIC biology will increase our understanding of the mechanisms that drive ovarian cancer relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikella Robinson
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Samuel F. Gilbert
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Jennifer A. Waters
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Omar Lujano-Olazaba
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Jacqueline Lara
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Logan J. Alexander
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Samuel E. Green
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Gregory A. Burkeen
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Omid Patrus
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Zinia Sarwar
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Ryne Holmberg
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Christine Wang
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Carrie D. House
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; (M.R.); (S.F.G.); (J.A.W.); (O.L.-O.); (J.L.); (L.J.A.); (S.E.G.); (G.A.B.); (O.P.); (Z.S.); (R.H.); (C.W.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(619)-594-3053
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109
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Fernando K, Kwang LG, Lim JTC, Fong ELS. Hydrogels to engineer tumor microenvironments in vitro. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2362-2383. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01943g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Illustration of engineered hydrogel to recapitulate aspects of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka Fernando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Leng Gek Kwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Joanne Tze Chin Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Eliza Li Shan Fong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health
- National University of Singapore
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110
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Modeling the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Dissemination in an Organotypic Culture of the Human Peritoneal Cavity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1330:75-94. [PMID: 34339031 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73359-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The majority of ovarian cancer patients present clinically with wide-spread metastases throughout the peritoneal cavity, metastasizing to the mesothelium-lined peritoneum and visceral adipose depots within the abdomen. This unique metastatic tumor microenvironment is comprised of multiple cell types, including mesothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes. Modeling advancements, including complex 3D systems and organoids, coupled with 2D cocultures, in vivo mouse models, and ex vivo human tissue cultures have greatly enhanced our understanding of the tumor-stroma interactions that are required for successful metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. However, advanced multifaceted model systems that incorporate frequency and spatial distribution of all cell types present in the tumor microenvironment of ovarian cancer are needed to enhance our knowledge of ovarian cancer biology in order to identify methods for preventing and treating metastatic disease. This review highlights the utility of recently developed modeling approaches, summarizes some of the resulting progress using these techniques, and suggests how these strategies may be implemented to elucidate signaling processes among cell types of the tumor microenvironment that promote ovarian cancer metastasis.
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Three-Dimensional Spheroids as In Vitro Preclinical Models for Cancer Research. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121186. [PMID: 33291351 PMCID: PMC7762220 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancer biologists still rely on conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture techniques to test in vitro anti-tumor drugs prior to in vivo testing. However, the vast majority of promising preclinical drugs have no or weak efficacy in real patients with tumors, thereby delaying the discovery of successful therapeutics. This is because 2D culture lacks cell–cell contacts and natural tumor microenvironment, important in tumor signaling and drug response, thereby resulting in a reduced malignant phenotype compared to the real tumor. In this sense, three-dimensional (3D) cultures of cancer cells that better recapitulate in vivo cell environments emerged as scientifically accurate and low cost cancer models for preclinical screening and testing of new drug candidates before moving to expensive and time-consuming animal models. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of 3D tumor systems and highlight the strategies for spheroid construction and evaluation tools of targeted therapies, focusing on their applicability in cancer research. Examples of the applicability of 3D culture for the evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of nanomedicines are discussed.
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Expression and Prognostic Analysis of Integrins in Gastric Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:8862228. [PMID: 33335550 PMCID: PMC7722456 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8862228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Integrins are involved in the biological process of a variety of cancers, but their importance in the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed at exploring the significance of ITG gene expression in GC to evaluate its diagnosis and prognosis. Methods GEPIA data were used to evaluate the mRNA expression of ITG genes in GC patients. The prognostic value of these genes was assessed by analyzing their mRNA expression using the Kaplan–Meier curve. The biological function of ITG genes was evaluated by GC tissue sequencing combined with GSEA bioinformatics. Based on the sequencing data, ITGA5 with the largest expression difference was selected for verification, and RT-PCR was used to verify its mRNA expression level in 40 pairs of GC and normal tissues. Results ITG (A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A11, AE, AL, AM, AV, AX, B1, B2, B4, B5, B6, and B8) was highly expressed in GC tissues, while ITGA8 was low, compared with their expression in normal tissues. RNA-seq data shows that ITG (A2, A5, A11, AV, and B1) expression was associated with poor prognosis and overall survival. In addition, combined with the results of GC tissue mRNA sequencing, it was further found that the differentially expressed genes in the ITGs genes. ITGA5 was highly expressed in GC tissues compared with its expression in normal tissues, as evaluated by qRT–PCR (P < 0.001) and ROC (P < 0.001, AUC (95% CI) = 0.747 (0.641–0.851)), and confirmed that ITGA5 expression was a potential diagnostic marker for GC. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the signaling pathway involved in ITGA5 was mainly enriched in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, and PI3K-AKT and was mainly involved in biological processes such as cell adhesion, extracellular matrix, and cell migration. Conclusion This study suggested that ITGs were associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of GC and discovered the prognostic value and biological role of ITGA5 in GC. Thus, ITGA5 might be used as a potential diagnostic marker for GC.
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Yang D, Li Q, Shang R, Yao L, Wu L, Zhang M, Zhang L, Xu M, Lu Z, Zhou J, Huang L, Huang X, Cheng D, Yang Y, Yu H. WNT4 secreted by tumor tissues promotes tumor progression in colorectal cancer by activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:251. [PMID: 33222684 PMCID: PMC7682076 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wingless and Int-related protein (Wnt) ligands are aberrantly expressed in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the aberrant level of Wnt ligands in serum have not been explored. Here, we aimed to identify the levels of WNT4 in serum and explored its oncogenic role in CRC. METHODS The Oncomine database was used to analyze the relationship between WNT4 and the prognosis of CRC. ELISA was performed to measure WNT4 levels in serum and conditioned medium from fresh CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were carried out to measure the expression of WNT4 in human CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. The migration and invasion of CRC cells were determined by trans-well assay, and the effects of WNT4 on CRC invasion and metastasis in vivo were verified by tumor xenograft in nude mice. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and angiogenesis in subcutaneous nodules were detected by immunofluorescence (IF). In addition, the suspended spheres formation and tube formation assay were performed to explore the effects of WNT4 on CAFs and angiogenesis respectively. RESULTS WNT4 was significantly upregulated in serum of CRC patients, and CRC tissues were identified as an important source of elevated WNT4 levels in CRC patients. Interestingly, elevated levels of WNT4 in serum were downregulated after tumor resection. Furthermore, we found that WNT4 contributed to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activated fibroblasts by activating the WNT4/β-catenin pathway in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, angiogenesis was induced via the WNT4/β-catenin/Ang2 pathway. Those effects could be reversed by ICG-001, a β-catenin/TCF inhibitor. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that serum levels of WNT4 may be a potential biomarker for CRC. WNT4 secreted by colorectal cancer tissues promote the progression of CRC by inducing EMT, activate fibroblasts and promote angiogenesis through the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Renduo Shang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Liwen Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lianlian Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zihua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Du Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yanning Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Honggang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China. .,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease Minimally Invasive Incision, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Abstract
Sterile inflammation within primary tumor tissues can spread to distant organs that are devoid of tumor cells. This happens in a manner dependent on tumor-led secretome, before the actual metastasis occurs. The premetastatic microenvironment is established in this way and is at least partly regulated by hijacking the host innate immune system. The biological manifestation of premetastasis include increased vascular permeability, cell mobilization via the blood stream, degradation of the extracellular matrix, immunosuppression, and host antineoplastic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Maru
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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115
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Aggarwal V, Miranda O, Johnston PA, Sant S. Three dimensional engineered models to study hypoxia biology in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 490:124-142. [PMID: 32569616 PMCID: PMC7442747 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of mortality among women worldwide. Despite the available therapeutic regimes, variable treatment response is reported among different breast cancer subtypes. Recently, the effects of the tumor microenvironment on tumor progression as well as treatment responses have been widely recognized. Hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factors in the tumor microenvironment have long been known as major players in tumor progression and survival. However, the majority of our understanding of hypoxia biology has been derived from two dimensional (2D) models. Although many hypoxia-targeted therapies have elicited promising results in vitro and in vivo, these results have not been successfully translated into clinical trials. These limitations of 2D models underscore the need to develop and integrate three dimensional (3D) models that recapitulate the complex tumor-stroma interactions in vivo. This review summarizes role of hypoxia in various hallmarks of cancer progression. We then compare traditional 2D experimental systems with novel 3D tissue-engineered models giving accounts of different bioengineering platforms available to develop 3D models and how these 3D models are being exploited to understand the role of hypoxia in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Oshin Miranda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Paul A Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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116
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Huang YL, Liang CY, Ritz D, Coelho R, Septiadi D, Estermann M, Cumin C, Rimmer N, Schötzau A, Núñez López M, Fedier A, Konantz M, Vlajnic T, Calabrese D, Lengerke C, David L, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Jacob F, Heinzelmann-Schwarz V. Collagen-rich omentum is a premetastatic niche for integrin α2-mediated peritoneal metastasis. eLife 2020; 9:59442. [PMID: 33026975 PMCID: PMC7541088 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays critical roles in tumor progression and metastasis. However, the contribution of ECM proteins to early metastatic onset in the peritoneal cavity remains unexplored. Here, we suggest a new route of metastasis through the interaction of integrin alpha 2 (ITGA2) with collagens enriched in the tumor coinciding with poor outcome in patients with ovarian cancer. Using multiple gene-edited cell lines and patient-derived samples, we demonstrate that ITGA2 triggers cancer cell adhesion to collagen, promotes cell migration, anoikis resistance, mesothelial clearance, and peritoneal metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, phosphoproteomics identify an ITGA2-dependent phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway leading to enhanced oncogenic properties. Consequently, specific inhibition of ITGA2-mediated cancer cell-collagen interaction or targeting focal adhesion signaling may present an opportunity for therapeutic intervention of metastatic spread in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Lin Huang
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ching-Yeu Liang
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danilo Ritz
- Proteomics core facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Coelho
- Differentiation and Cancer group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dedy Septiadi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Estermann
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Cumin
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Rimmer
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schötzau
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mónica Núñez López
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Fedier
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina Konantz
- Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Vlajnic
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Calabrese
- Histology Core Facility, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine II, Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leonor David
- Differentiation and Cancer group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Francis Jacob
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Viola Heinzelmann-Schwarz
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Gynecological Cancer Center, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Macpherson AM, Barry SC, Ricciardelli C, Oehler MK. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and the Immune System: Biology, Interactions, Challenges and Potential Advances for Immunotherapy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2967. [PMID: 32937961 PMCID: PMC7564553 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of immune function and the interactions with tumour cells have led to the development of various cancer immunotherapies and strategies for specific cancer types. However, despite some stunning successes with some malignancies such as melanomas and lung cancer, most patients receive little or no benefit from immunotherapy, which has been attributed to the tumour microenvironment and immune evasion. Although the US Food and Drug Administration have approved immunotherapies for some cancers, to date, only the anti-angiogenic antibody bevacizumab is approved for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Immunotherapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer are still under development and being tested in numerous clinical trials. A detailed understanding of the interactions between cancer and the immune system is vital for optimisation of immunotherapies either alone or when combined with chemotherapy and other therapies. This article, in two main parts, provides an overview of: (1) components of the normal immune system and current knowledge regarding tumour immunology, biology and their interactions; (2) strategies, and targets, together with challenges and potential innovative approaches for cancer immunotherapy, with attention given to epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Macpherson
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Simon C. Barry
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia;
| | - Carmela Ricciardelli
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Martin K. Oehler
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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118
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Ortiz-Otero N, Marshall JR, Lash B, King MR. Chemotherapy-induced release of circulating-tumor cells into the bloodstream in collective migration units with cancer-associated fibroblasts in metastatic cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:873. [PMID: 32917154 PMCID: PMC7488506 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that chemotherapy destabilizes the blood vasculature and increases circulating tumor cell (CTC) influx into the circulation of metastatic cancer patients (Met-pa). CTCs are a precursor of cancer metastasis, in which they can migrate as single CTCs or as CTC clusters with stromal cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as cell aggregates. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 52 Met-pa, and the number of CTC and CAF was determined along with the temporal fluctuation of these through the chemotherapy treatment. RESULTS In this study, CTC level was found to increase two-fold from the initial level after 1 cycle of chemotherapy and returned to baseline after 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Importantly, we determined for the first time that circulating CAF levels correlate with worse prognosis and a lower probability of survival in Met-pa. Based on the CTC release induced by chemotherapy, we evaluated the efficacy of our previously developed cancer immunotherapy to eradicate CTCs from Met-pa blood using an ex vivo approach and demonstrate this could kill over 60% of CTCs. CONCLUSION Collectively, we found that CAF levels in Met-pa serve as a predictive biomarker for cancer prognosis. Additionally, we demonstrate the efficacy of our therapy to kill primary CTCs for a range of cancer types, supporting its potential use as an anti-metastasis therapy in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerymar Ortiz-Otero
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Jocelyn R Marshall
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Bradley Lash
- Guthrie Clinical Research Center, Sayre, PA, 18840, USA
| | - Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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119
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Su CY, Li JQ, Zhang LL, Wang H, Wang FH, Tao YW, Wang YQ, Guo QR, Li JJ, Liu Y, Yan YY, Zhang JY. The Biological Functions and Clinical Applications of Integrins in Cancers. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:579068. [PMID: 33041823 PMCID: PMC7522798 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.579068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are the adhesion molecules and receptors of extracellular matrix (ECM). They mediate the interactions between cells-cells and cells-ECM. The crosstalk between cancer cells and their microenvironment triggers a variety of critical signaling cues and promotes the malignant phenotype of cancer. As a type of transmembrane protein, integrin-mediated cell adhesion is essential in regulating various biological functions of cancer cells. Recent evidence has shown that integrins present on tumor cells or tumor-associated stromal cells are involved in ECM remodeling, and as mechanotransducers sensing changes in the biophysical properties of the ECM, which contribute to cancer metastasis, stemness and drug resistance. In this review, we outline the mechanism of integrin-mediated effects on biological changes of cancers and highlight the current status of clinical treatments by targeting integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yue Su
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Quan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics/Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Hua Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics/Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Wen Tao
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qing Wang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Ru Guo
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Jun Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yan
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Jian-Ye Zhang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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GAB2 and GAB3 are expressed in a tumor stage-, grade- and histotype-dependent manner and are associated with shorter progression-free survival in ovarian cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 15:57-70. [PMID: 32888136 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy and molecular mechanisms of its progression and metastasis are not completely understood. Some members of GAB (GRB2-associated binding) protein family have been reported to be involved in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis in various cancer types. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of GAB proteins (GAB1, GAB2 and GAB3) in ovarian cancer compared to normal ovarian tissue, in terms of tumor stage, tumor grade and histological type. Differential expression analyses performed in R programming environment using multiple transcriptome datasets (n = 1449) showed that GAB1 expression is decreased in ovarian cancer independently of tumor stage, grade and histotype. Unlike GAB1, expression of GAB2 and GAB3 are increased from early stage to late stage and from low grade to high grade in epithelial ovarian cancer. GAB2 and GAB3 also showed histotype-dependent expression. GAB3 was computed as a top gene whose expression most significantly changed between tumor cells from primary tumor, metastases and ascites. High expression of GAB2 and GAB3 was shown to be associated with shorter progression-free survival in ovarian cancer. This study shows that GAB2 and GAB3 can be important regulators of tumor progression and metastasis in ovarian cancer.
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121
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The influence of secreted factors and extracellular vesicles in ovarian cancer metastasis. EJC Suppl 2020; 15:38-48. [PMID: 33240441 PMCID: PMC7573474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer cells mainly metastasise within the peritoneal cavity, the lethal consequence of tumour progression in this cancer type. Classically, changes in tumour cells, such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition, involve the down-regulatinon of E-cadherin, activation of extracellular proteases and integrin-mediated adhesion. However, our current understanding of ovarian tumour progression suggests the implication of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. It has been proposed that ovarian cancer metastases are a consequence of the crosstalk between cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment by soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. Characterisation of the alterations in both the tumour cells and the surrounding microenvironment has emerged as a new research field to understand ovarian cancer metastasis. In this mini review, we will summarise the most recent findings, focusing our attention on the role of secreted factors and extracellular vesicles in ovarian cancer metastasis. During ovarian cancer metastasis, tumour cells metastasise in the mesothelium as primarily ‘soil’ for ovarian cancer ‘seeds’. Soluble factors and extracellular vesicles secreted by tumor cells are involved in the generation of the pre-metastatic niche. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent the majority of stromal cells in various types of human carcinoma, including ovarian cancer. Analysis of early metastasis to the omentum indicates that ovarian cancer cells rely on the interaction with immune cells such as macrophages. Liquid biopsy analyses in ovarian cancer may help to define novel biomarkers improving patient survival and reduce lethality.
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122
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Hu Y, Taylor-Harding B, Raz Y, Haro M, Recouvreux MS, Taylan E, Lester J, Millstein J, Walts AE, Karlan BY, Orsulic S. Are Epithelial Ovarian Cancers of the Mesenchymal Subtype Actually Intraperitoneal Metastases to the Ovary? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:647. [PMID: 32766252 PMCID: PMC7380132 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) has been classified into 4 molecular subtypes: Immunoreactive, Proliferative, Differentiated, and Mesenchymal (Mes), of which the Mes subtype (Mes-HGSC) is associated with the worst clinical outcomes. We propose that Mes-HGSC comprise clusters of cancer and associated stromal cells that detached from tumors in the upper abdomen/omentum and disseminated in the peritoneal cavity, including to the ovary. Using comparative analyses of multiple transcriptomic data sets, we provide the following evidence that the phenotype of Mes-HGSC matches the phenotype of tumors in the upper abdomen/omentum: (1) irrespective of the primary ovarian HGSC molecular subtype, matched upper abdominal/omental metastases were typically of the Mes subtype, (2) the Mes subtype was present at the ovarian site only in patients with concurrent upper abdominal/omental metastases and not in those with HGSC confined to the ovary, and (3) ovarian Mes-HGSC had an expression profile characteristic of stromal cells in the upper abdominal/omental metastases. We suggest that ovarian Mes-HGSC signifies advanced intraperitoneal tumor dissemination to the ovary rather than a subtype of primary ovarian HGSC. This is consistent with the presence of upper abdominal/omental disease, suboptimal debulking, and worst survival previously reported in patients with ovarian Mes-HGSC compared to other molecular subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Barbie Taylor-Harding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yael Raz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marcela Haro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maria Sol Recouvreux
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Enes Taylan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jenny Lester
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Millstein
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ann E Walts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sandra Orsulic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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123
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Coelho R, Ricardo S, Amaral AL, Huang YL, Nunes M, Neves JP, Mendes N, López MN, Bartosch C, Ferreira V, Portugal R, Lopes JM, Almeida R, Heinzelmann-Schwarz V, Jacob F, David L. Regulation of invasion and peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer by mesothelin manipulation. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:61. [PMID: 32612258 PMCID: PMC7329842 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination is a particular form of metastasis typically observed in ovarian cancer and the major cause for poor patient’s outcome. Identification of the molecular players involved in ovarian cancer dissemination can offer an approach to develop treatment strategies to improve clinical prognosis. Here, we identified mesothelin (MSLN) as a crucial protein in the multistep process of peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer. We demonstrated that MSLN is overexpressed in primary and matched peritoneal metastasis of high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSC). Using several genetically engineered ovarian cancer cell lines, resulting in loss or gain of function, we found that MSLN increased cell survival in suspension and invasion of tumor cells through the mesothelial cell layer in vitro. Intraperitoneal xenografts established with MSLNhigh ovarian cancer cell lines showed enhanced tumor burden and spread within the peritoneal cavity. These findings provide strong evidences that MSLN is a key player in ovarian cancer progression by triggering peritoneal dissemination and provide support for further clinical investigation of MSLN as a therapeutic target in HGSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Coelho
- Differentiation and Cancer group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Ricardo
- Differentiation and Cancer group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Amaral
- Differentiation and Cancer group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Yen-Lin Huang
- Glyco-Oncology, Ovarian Cancer Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Nunes
- Differentiation and Cancer group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Neves
- Differentiation and Cancer group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mendes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Histology and Electron Microscopy, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Nuñez López
- Glyco-Oncology, Ovarian Cancer Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carla Bartosch
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Verónica Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Portugal
- Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal.,Cancer Cell Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Almeida
- Differentiation and Cancer group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Viola Heinzelmann-Schwarz
- Gynecological Cancer Center and Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francis Jacob
- Glyco-Oncology, Ovarian Cancer Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leonor David
- Differentiation and Cancer group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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124
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Yoshida GJ. Regulation of heterogeneous cancer-associated fibroblasts: the molecular pathology of activated signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:112. [PMID: 32546182 PMCID: PMC7296768 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that intratumoral heterogeneity contributes to the development of resistance to anticancer therapeutics. Fibroblasts, which are components of the paraneoplastic stroma, play a crucial role in the wound-healing process. Activated fibroblasts accumulate in the wound and are involved in many aspects of the tissue remodeling cascade that initiates the repair process and prevents further tissue damage. The pathophysiological roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment have attracted increasing interest. CAFs play crucial roles in tumor progression and the response to chemotherapy. Several cytokines and chemokines are involved in the conversion of normal fibroblasts into CAFs, and some of these form a feedback loop between cancer cells and CAFs. In addition, the physical force between tumor cells and CAFs promotes cooperative invasion or co-migration of both types of cells. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), are secreted by both cancer cells and CAFs, and mediate the epigenetic modification of CAFs. This enhances the pro-tumorigenic function of CAFs mediated by promoting actomyosin contractility and extracellular matrix remodeling to form the tracks used for collective cancer cell migration. The concept of intra-tumoral CAF heterogeneity refers to the presence of inflammatory CAFs with low levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and high levels of IL-6 expression, which are in striking contrast to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-dependent myofibroblastic CAFs with high α-SMA expression levels. CAF populations that suppress tumor growth and progression through stroma-specific Hedgehog (Hh) activation have been detected in different murine tumor models including those of the bladder, colon, and pancreas. A new therapeutic strategy targeting CAFs is the "stromal switch," in which tumor-promoting CAFs are changed into tumor-retarding CAFs with attenuated stromal stiffness. Several molecular mechanisms that can be exploited to design personalized anticancer therapies targeting CAFs remain to be elucidated. Strategies aimed at targeting the tumor stroma as well as tumor cells themselves have attracted academic attention for their application in precision medicine. This novel review discusses the role of the activation of EGFR, Wnt/β-catenin, Hippo, TGF-β, and JAK/STAT cascades in CAFs in relation to the chemoresistance and invasive/metastatic behavior of cancer cells. For instance, although activated EGFR signaling contributes to collective cell migration in cooperation with CAFs, an activated Hippo pathway is responsible for stromal stiffness resulting in the collapse of neoplastic blood vessels. Therefore, identifying the signaling pathways that are activated under specific conditions is crucial for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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125
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Lee AH, Ghosh D, Quach N, Schroeder D, Dawson MR. Ovarian Cancer Exosomes Trigger Differential Biophysical Response in Tumor-Derived Fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8686. [PMID: 32457479 PMCID: PMC7250846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-secreted microvesicles that play important roles in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) progression, as they are constantly secreted into ascites fluids. While cells spontaneously release exosomes, alterations in intracellular calcium or extracellular pH can release additional exosomes. Yet, little is known about how these exosomes compare to those that are continuously released without stimulation and how they mediate cellular activities important in cancer progression. Here, we demonstrate that chelation of extracellular calcium leads to release of chelation-induced exosomes (CI-exosomes) from OVCAR-3 EOC cells. CI-exosomes display a unique miRNA profile compared to naturally secreted exosomes (SEC-exosomes). Furthermore, treatment with CI- and SEC-exosomes leads to differential biophysical and functional changes including, adhesion and migration in EOC-derived fibroblasts that suggest the development of a malignant tumor microenvironment. This result highlights how tumor environmental factors contribute to heterogeneity in exosome populations and how different exosome populations mediate diversity in stromal cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Lee
- Brown University, School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Deepraj Ghosh
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Nhat Quach
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Devin Schroeder
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Michelle R Dawson
- Brown University, School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Providence, RI, 02912, USA. .,Brown University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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126
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Wang SJ, Li R, Ng TSC, Luthria G, Oudin MJ, Prytyskach M, Kohler RH, Weissleder R, Lauffenburger DA, Miller MA. Efficient blockade of locally reciprocated tumor-macrophage signaling using a TAM-avid nanotherapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz8521. [PMID: 32494745 PMCID: PMC7244320 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting how multicellular interactions in the tumor affect resistance pathways to BRAF and MEK1/2 MAPK inhibitors (MAPKi) remains a challenge. To investigate this, we profiled global ligand-receptor interactions among tumor and stromal/immune cells from biopsies of MAPK-driven disease. MAPKi increased tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in some patients, which correlated with poor clinical response, and MAPKi coamplified bidirectional tumor-TAM signaling via receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) including AXL, MERTK, and their ligand GAS6. In xenograft tumors, intravital microscopy simultaneously monitored in situ single-cell activities of multiple kinases downstream of RTKs, revealing MAPKi increased TAMs and enhanced bypass signaling in TAM-proximal tumor cells. As a proof-of-principle strategy to block this signaling, we developed a multi-RTK kinase inhibitor nanoformulation that accumulated in TAMs and delayed disease progression. Thus, bypass signaling can reciprocally amplify across nearby cell types, offering new opportunities for therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas S. C. Ng
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav Luthria
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madeleine J. Oudin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Mark Prytyskach
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rainer H. Kohler
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Miles A. Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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127
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Jiang Y, Wang C, Zhou S. Targeting tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer: Premise and promise. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188361. [PMID: 32234508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecological cancer-related mortality globally. The majority of ovarian cancer patients suffer from relapse after standard of care therapies and the clinical benefits from cancer therapies are not satisfactory owing to drug resistance. Certain novel drugs targeting the components of tumor microenvironment (TME) have been approved by US Food and Drug Administration in solid cancers. As such, the passion is rekindled to exploit the role of TME in ovarian cancer progression and metastasis for discovery of novel therapeutics for this deadly disease. In the current review, we revisit the recent mechanistic insights into the contributions of TME to the development, progression, prognosis prediction and therapeutic efficacy of ovarian cancer via modulating cancer hallmarks. We also explored potentially promising predictive and prognostic biomarkers for ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Chengdi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shengtao Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, PR China.
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128
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Zhu Y, Shi C, Zeng L, Liu G, Jiang W, Zhang X, Chen S, Guo J, Jian X, Ouyang J, Xia J, Kuang C, Fan S, Wu X, Wu Y, Zhou W, Guan Y. High COX-2 expression in cancer-associated fibiroblasts contributes to poor survival and promotes migration and invasiveness in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2019; 59:265-280. [PMID: 31867776 PMCID: PMC7027878 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has the highest rate of metastasis among head and neck cancers, and distant metastasis is the major reason for treatment failure. We have previously shown that high cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is associated with a poor prognosis of patients with NPC and inhibits chemotherapy-induced senescence in NPC cells. In this study, we found that COX-2 was upregulated in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) derived from NPC by RNA-Seq. Furthermore, elevated COX-2 expression in CAF was detected in NPC patients with poor survival and distant metastasis by using immunohistochemistry. Then, we identified that COX-2 is highly expressed in CAF at the distant metastasis site in seven paired NPC patients. High expression of COX-2 and secretion of prostaglandin E2, a major product catalyzed by COX-2 in fibroblasts, promotes migration and invasiveness of NPC cells in vitro. On the contrary, inhibition of COX-2 has the opposite effect in vitro as well as in the COX-2-/- mouse with the lung metastasis model in vivo. Mechanistically, we discovered that COX-2 elevates tumor necrosis factor-α expression in CAF to promote NPC cell migration and invasiveness. Overall, our results identified a novel target in CAF promoting NPC metastasis. Our findings suggested that high expression of COX-2 in CAF may serve as a new prognostic indicator for NPC metastasis and provide the possibility of targeting CAF for treating advanced NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liang Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guizhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shilian Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaojiao Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xingxing Jian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiliang Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunmei Kuang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yangbowen Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjun Guan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Targeting INHBA in Ovarian Cancer Cells Suppresses Cancer Xenograft Growth by Attenuating Stromal Fibroblast Activation. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:7275289. [PMID: 31827640 PMCID: PMC6885285 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7275289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INHBA-encoded inhibin β A is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. INHBA has been reported to be implicated in the progression of multiple types of cancer including ovarian cancer (OC). However, the mechanisms by which INHBA affects OC progression are not well-characterized. The aim of our study was to explore the prognostic value of INHBA for different stages and grades of OC and to identify the possible mechanisms by which INHBA promotes OC progression. Our results demonstrated that INHBA was specifically expressed in OC epithelium, and higher expression was associated with higher risk of mortality in patients with advanced and higher-grade serous OC (SOC). In addition, knockdown of INHBA in cancer cells impaired cancer xenograft growth through reducing OC stromal fibroblast activation in vivo. Further results confirmed that Smad2 signaling pathway was involved in INHBA-induced stromal fibroblast activation, and inhibiting this pathway could effectively reverse activation of stromal fibroblasts. In summary, our results showed that blocking INHBA in cancer cells may be a potential therapeutic strategy to inhibit SOC progression.
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130
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De Jaeghere EA, Denys HG, De Wever O. Fibroblasts Fuel Immune Escape in the Tumor Microenvironment. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:704-723. [PMID: 31735289 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune escape is central to the persistence of most, if not all, solid tumors and poses a critical obstacle to successful cancer (immuno)therapy. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) constitute the most prevalent, yet heterogeneous, component of the tumor stroma, where they 'cool down' the immune microenvironment. The central role played by CAFs, both as a physical barrier and source of immunosuppressive molecules, sets them as a target to enhance immunotherapy of cancer. We outline the current understanding of how CAFs fuel immune escape, as well as their potential clinical applications. Whether these therapeutics really have clinically significant activity remains to be seen, but the outlook is positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel A De Jaeghere
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Gynecologic Pelvic Oncology Network Ghent (GYPON), Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannelore G Denys
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Gynecologic Pelvic Oncology Network Ghent (GYPON), Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Gynecologic Pelvic Oncology Network Ghent (GYPON), Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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131
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Aziz MAAE, Agarwal K, Dasari S, Mitra AAK. Productive Cross-Talk with the Microenvironment: A Critical Step in Ovarian Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101608. [PMID: 31640297 PMCID: PMC6827352 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most ovarian cancer patients present with disseminated disease at the time of their diagnosis, which is one of the main reasons for their poor prognosis. Metastasis is a multi-step process and a clear understanding of the mechanism of regulation of these steps remains elusive. Productive reciprocal interactions between the metastasizing ovarian cancer cells and the microenvironment of the metastatic site or the tumor microenvironment play an important role in the successful establishment of metastasis. Much progress has been made in the recent past in our understanding of such interactions and the role of the cellular and acellular components of the microenvironment in establishing the metastatic tumors. This review will outline the role of the microenvironmental components of the ovarian cancer metastatic niche and their role in helping establish the metastatic tumors. Special emphasis will be given to the mesothelial cells, which are the first cells encountered by the cancer cells at the site of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abd El Aziz
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Komal Agarwal
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Subramanyam Dasari
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - And Anirban K Mitra
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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132
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San Juan BP, Garcia-Leon MJ, Rangel L, Goetz JG, Chaffer CL. The Complexities of Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1575. [PMID: 31623163 PMCID: PMC6826702 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies that prevent metastatic dissemination and tumor growth in secondary organs are severely lacking. A better understanding of the mechanisms that drive metastasis will lead to improved therapies that increase patient survival. Within a tumor, cancer cells are equipped with different phenotypic and functional capacities that can impact their ability to complete the metastatic cascade. That phenotypic heterogeneity can be derived from a combination of factors, in which the genetic make-up, interaction with the environment, and ability of cells to adapt to evolving microenvironments and mechanical forces play a major role. In this review, we discuss the specific properties of those cancer cell subgroups and the mechanisms that confer or restrict their capacity to metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz P San Juan
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia.
| | - Maria J Garcia-Leon
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Laura Rangel
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia.
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christine L Chaffer
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia.
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133
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Wheeler LJ, Watson ZL, Qamar L, Yamamoto TM, Sawyer BT, Sullivan KD, Khanal S, Joshi M, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Smith H, Vanderlinden LA, Brubaker SW, Caino CM, Kim H, Espinosa JM, Richer JK, Bitler BG. Multi-Omic Approaches Identify Metabolic and Autophagy Regulators Important in Ovarian Cancer Dissemination. iScience 2019; 19:474-491. [PMID: 31437751 PMCID: PMC6710300 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOCs) arise from exfoliation of transformed cells from the fallopian tube, indicating that survival in suspension, and potentially escape from anoikis, is required for dissemination. We report here the results of a multi-omic study to identify drivers of anoikis escape, including transcriptomic analysis, global non-targeted metabolomics, and a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (GeCKO) screen of HGSOC cells cultured in adherent and suspension settings. Our combined approach identified known pathways, including NOTCH signaling, as well as novel regulators of anoikis escape. Newly identified genes include effectors of fatty acid metabolism, ACADVL and ECHDC2, and an autophagy regulator, ULK1. Knockdown of these genes significantly inhibited suspension growth of HGSOC cells, and the metabolic profile confirmed the role of fatty acid metabolism in survival in suspension. Integration of our datasets identified an anoikis-escape gene signature that predicts overall survival in many carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Wheeler
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zachary L Watson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19(th) Avenue, MS 8613, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lubna Qamar
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19(th) Avenue, MS 8613, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tomomi M Yamamoto
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19(th) Avenue, MS 8613, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brandon T Sawyer
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Santosh Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Molishree Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Veronique Ferchaud-Roucher
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Harry Smith
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lauren A Vanderlinden
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sky W Brubaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cecilia M Caino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Translational Bioinformatics and Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jennifer K Richer
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19(th) Avenue, MS 8613, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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134
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Zhao Y, Li J, Li D, Wang Z, Zhao J, Wu X, Sun Q, Lin PP, Plum P, Damanakis A, Gebauer F, Zhou M, Zhang Z, Schlösser H, Jauch KW, Nelson PJ, Bruns CJ. Tumor biology and multidisciplinary strategies of oligometastasis in gastrointestinal cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:334-343. [PMID: 31445220 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
More than 70% of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are diagnosed with metastases, leading to poor prognosis. For some cancer patients with limited sites of metastatic tumors, the term oligometastatic disease (OMD) has been coined as opposed to systemic polymetastasis (PMD) disease. Stephan Paget first described an organ-specific pattern of metastasis in 1889, now known as the "seed and soil" theory where distinct cancer types are found to metastasize to different tumor-specific sites. Our understanding of the biology of tumor metastasis and specifically the molecular mechanisms driving their formation are still limited, in particular, as it relates to the genesis of oligometastasis. In the following review, we discuss recent advances in general understanding of this metastatic behavior including the role of specific signaling pathways, various molecular features and biomarkers, as well as the interaction of carcinoma cells with their tissue microenvironments (both primary and metastatic niches). The unique features that underlie OMD provide potential targets for localized therapy. As it relates to clinical practice, OMD is emerging as treatable with surgical resection and/or other local therapy options. Strategies currently being applied in the clinical management of OMD will be discussed including surgical, radiation-based therapy, ablation procedures, and the results of emerging clinical trials involving immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; Department of General, Visceral und Vascular Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dai Li
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; Department of Anethesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhefang Wang
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jiangang Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; Department of General, Visceral und Vascular Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Qiye Sun
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Plum
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Damanakis
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Gebauer
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Menglong Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hans Schlösser
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Achen, Bonn, Cologne and Düsseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karl-Walter Jauch
- Department of General, Visceral und Vascular Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Peter J Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Achen, Bonn, Cologne and Düsseldorf, Cologne, Germany.
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135
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Deng F, Miller J. A review on protein markers of exosome from different bio-resources and the antibodies used for characterization. J Histotechnol 2019; 42:226-239. [PMID: 31432761 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2019.1646984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles (ranging from 30 nm to 150 nm), secreted by different cell types upon fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVB) to the cell plasma membrane under a variety of normal and pathological conditions. Through transferring their cargos such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids from donor cells to recipient cells, exosomes play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication. Due to their presence in most body fluids (such as blood, breast milk, saliva, urine, bile, pancreatic juice, cerebrospinal and peritoneal fluids), and their role in carrying bioactive molecules from the cells of origin, exosomes have attracted great interest in their diagnostic and prognostic value for various diseases and therapeutic approaches. Although a large body of literature has documented the importance of exosomes over the past decade, there is no article systematically summarizing protein markers of exosome from different resources and the antibodies that are suited to characterize exosomes. In this review, we briefly summarize the exosome marker proteins, exosomal biomarkers for different diseases, and the antibodies suitable for different bio-resources exosomes characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Deng
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Josh Miller
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
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136
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Gieniec KA, Butler LM, Worthley DL, Woods SL. Cancer-associated fibroblasts-heroes or villains? Br J Cancer 2019; 121:293-302. [PMID: 31289350 PMCID: PMC6738083 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were originally presumed to represent a homogeneous population uniformly driving tumorigenesis, united by their morphology and peritumoural location. Our understanding of CAFs has since been shaped by sophisticated in vitro and in vivo experiments, pathological association and, more recently, ablation, and it is now widely appreciated that CAFs form a group of highly heterogeneous cells with no single overarching marker. Studies have demonstrated that the CAF population contains different subtypes based on the expression of marker proteins with the capacity to promote or inhibit cancer, with their biological role as accomplices or adversaries dependent on many factors, including the cancer stage. So, while CAFs have been endlessly shown to promote the growth, survival and spread of tumours via improvements in functionality and an altered secretome, they are also capable of retarding tumorigenesis via largely unknown mechanisms. It is important to reconcile these disparate results so that the functions of, or factors produced by, tumour-promoting subtypes can be specifically targeted to improve cancer patient outcomes. This review will dissect out CAF complexity and CAF-directed cancer treatment strategies in order to provide a case for future, rational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna A Gieniec
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Susan L Woods
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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137
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Boesch M, Baty F, Rumpold H, Sopper S, Wolf D, Brutsche MH. Fibroblasts in cancer: Defining target structures for therapeutic intervention. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:111-121. [PMID: 31265878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The functional importance of the tumor stroma for cancer growth and progression is increasingly recognized, but has not resulted in notable therapeutic developments yet. Within the mesenchymal tumor microenvironment, cancer-associated fibroblasts take the center stage and fuel tumor progression in various ways including malignant cell potentiation, immune regulation and fibrosis. However, recent studies have demonstrated pronounced heterogeneity of the fibroblastic tumor stroma, which comprises a plethora of individual cell subsets with varying phenotypes and functions, some of which suppress malignant growth through immune engagement or crosstalk with the tumor vasculature. This article summarizes the various levels at which the fibroblastic tumor stroma may impact cancer progression and highlights potential target structures for future therapeutic intervention(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Boesch
- Lung Center, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Florent Baty
- Lung Center, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Holger Rumpold
- Internal Medicine II (Medical Oncology, Hematology, Gastroenterology & Rheumatology), Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, 6807 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Internal Medicine V (Hematology & Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI), Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Internal Medicine V (Hematology & Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Clinic 3, Oncology, Hematology, Immunoncology and Rheumatology, University Clinic Bonn (UKB), Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin H Brutsche
- Lung Center, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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138
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Cruz da Silva E, Dontenwill M, Choulier L, Lehmann M. Role of Integrins in Resistance to Therapies Targeting Growth Factor Receptors in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050692. [PMID: 31109009 PMCID: PMC6562376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins contribute to cancer progression and aggressiveness by activating intracellular signal transduction pathways and transducing mechanical tension forces. Remarkably, these adhesion receptors share common signaling networks with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and support their oncogenic activity, thereby promoting cancer cell proliferation, survival and invasion. During the last decade, preclinical studies have revealed that integrins play an important role in resistance to therapies targeting RTKs and their downstream pathways. A remarkable feature of integrins is their wide-ranging interconnection with RTKs, which helps cancer cells to adapt and better survive therapeutic treatments. In this context, we should consider not only the integrins expressed in cancer cells but also those expressed in stromal cells, since these can mechanically increase the rigidity of the tumor microenvironment and confer resistance to treatment. This review presents some of these mechanisms and outlines new treatment options for improving the efficacy of therapies targeting RTK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Cruz da Silva
- UMR 7021 CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France.
| | - Monique Dontenwill
- UMR 7021 CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France.
| | - Laurence Choulier
- UMR 7021 CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France.
| | - Maxime Lehmann
- UMR 7021 CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France.
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139
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Wilson RB, Solass W, Archid R, Weinreich FJ, Königsrainer A, Reymond MA. Resistance to anoikis in transcoelomic shedding: the role of glycolytic enzymes. Pleura Peritoneum 2019; 4:20190003. [PMID: 31198853 PMCID: PMC6545877 DOI: 10.1515/pp-2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Detachment of cells from the extracellular matrix into the peritoneal cavity initiates a cascade of metabolic alterations, leading usually to cell death by apoptosis, so-called anoikis. Glycolytic enzymes enable the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis and allow resistance to anoikis of shed tumour cells. These enzymes also have moonlighting activities as protein kinases and transcription factors. Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and pyruvate kinase are the only glycolytic enzymes generating ATP in the hexokinase pathway. Hypoxia, EGFR activation, expression of K-Ras G12V and B-Raf V600E induce mitochondrial translocation of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). Mitochondrial PGK1 acts as a protein kinase to phosphorylate pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDHK1), reducing mitochondrial pyruvate utilization, suppressing reactive oxygen species production, increasing lactate production and promoting tumourigenesis. PGK1 also plays a role as a transcription factor once transported into the nucleus. Resistance to anoikis is also facilitated by metabolic support provided by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Our series of experiments in-vitro and in the animal model showed that PGK1 knock-out or inhibition is effective in controlling development and growth of peritoneal metastasis (PM) of gastric origin, establishing a causal role of PGK1 in this development. PGK1 also increases CXCR4 and CXCL12 expression, which is associated with a metastatic phenotype and plays a role in the metastatic homing of malignant cells. Thus, PGK1, its modulators and target genes may be exploited as therapeutic targets for preventing development of PM and for enhancing cytotoxic effects of conventional systemic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Wilson
- Department of Surgery, University of South New Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St, Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wiebke Solass
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rami Archid
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc A Reymond
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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140
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Abstract
In this issue of JEM, Gao et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20180765) demystify the exceptional metastatic success of ovarian cancer, the most lethal female malignancy: fibroblasts form heterotypic aggregates with disseminating cancer cells, thereby providing them with reciprocal signaling and matrix for adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Schreiber
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Zeng FM, He JZ, Wang SH, Liu DK, Xu XE, Wu JY, Li EM, Xu LY. A Novel Three-Gene Model Predicts Prognosis and Therapeutic Sensitivity in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9828637. [PMID: 31886273 PMCID: PMC6899311 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9828637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To precisely predict the clinical outcome and determine the optimal treatment options for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains challenging. Prognostic models based on multiple molecular markers of tumors have been shown to have superiority over the use of single biomarkers. Our previous studies have identified the crucial role of ezrin in ESCC progression, which prompted us to hypothesize that ezrin-associated proteins contribute to the pathobiology of ESCC. Herein, we explored the clinical value of a molecular model constructed based on ezrin-associated proteins in ESCC patients. We revealed that the ezrin-associated proteins (MYC, PDIA3, and ITGA5B1) correlated with the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with ESCC. High expression of MYC was associated with advanced pTNM-stage (P=0.011), and PDIA3 and ITGA5B1 were correlated with both lymph node metastasis (PDIA3: P < 0.001; ITGA5B1: P=0.001) and pTNM-stage (PDIA3: P=0.001; ITGA5B1: P=0.009). Furthermore, we found that, compared with the current TNM staging system, the molecular model elicited from the expression of MYC, PDIA3, and ITGA5B1 shows higher accuracy in predicting OS (P < 0.001) or DFS (P < 0.001) in ESCC patients. Moreover, ROC and regression analysis demonstrated that this model was an independent predictor for OS and DFS, which could also help determine a subgroup of ESCC patients that may benefit from chemoradiotherapy. In conclusion, our study has identified a novel molecular prognosis model, which may serve as a complement for current clinical risk stratification approaches and provide potential therapeutic targets for ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Min Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Zhong He
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - De-kai Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Medical Records Management, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-E. Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Yi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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