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Toussaint EFA, Condamine FL, Kergoat GJ, Capdevielle-Dulac C, Barbut J, Silvain JF, Le Ru BP. Palaeoenvironmental shifts drove the adaptive radiation of a noctuid stemborer tribe (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Apameini) in the miocene. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41377. [PMID: 22859979 PMCID: PMC3409182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Between the late Oligocene and the early Miocene, climatic changes have shattered the faunal and floral communities and drove the apparition of new ecological niches. Grassland biomes began to supplant forestlands, thus favouring a large-scale ecosystem turnover. The independent adaptive radiations of several mammal lineages through the evolution of key innovations are classic examples of these changes. However, little is known concerning the evolutionary history of other herbivorous groups in relation with this modified environment. It is especially the case in phytophagous insect communities, which have been rarely studied in this context despite their ecological importance. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic and evolutionary patterns of grass-specialist moths from the species-rich tribe Apameini (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). The molecular dating analyses carried out over the corresponding phylogenetic framework reveal an origin around 29 million years ago for the Apameini. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate (i) a potential Palaearctic origin of the tribe Apameini associated with a major dispersal event in Afrotropics for the subtribe Sesamiina; (ii) a recent colonization from Palaearctic of the New World and Oriental regions by several independent lineages; and (iii) an ancestral association of the tribe Apameini over grasses (Poaceae). Diversification analyses indicate that diversification rates have not remained constant during the evolution of the group, as underlined by a significant shift in diversification rates during the early Miocene. Interestingly, this age estimate is congruent with the development of grasslands at this time. Rather than clade ages, variations in diversification rates among genera better explain the current differences in species diversity. Our results underpin a potential adaptive radiation of these phytophagous moths with the family Poaceae in relation with the major environmental shifts that have occurred in the Miocene.
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102
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Rosenblum EB, Sarver BAJ, Brown JW, Des Roches S, Hardwick KM, Hether TD, Eastman JM, Pennell MW, Harmon LJ. Goldilocks Meets Santa Rosalia: An Ephemeral Speciation Model Explains Patterns of Diversification Across Time Scales. Evol Biol 2012; 39:255-261. [PMID: 22707806 PMCID: PMC3364415 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-012-9171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the rate at which new species form is a key question in studying the evolution of life on earth. Here we review our current understanding of speciation rates, focusing on studies based on the fossil record, phylogenies, and mathematical models. We find that speciation rates estimated from these different studies can be dramatically different: some studies find that new species form quickly and often, while others find that new species form much less frequently. We suggest that instead of being contradictory, differences in speciation rates across different scales can be reconciled by a common model. Under the "ephemeral speciation model", speciation is very common and very rapid but the new species produced almost never persist. Evolutionary studies should therefore focus on not only the formation but also the persistence of new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114 USA
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Brice A. J. Sarver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
| | - Joseph W. Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
| | - Simone Des Roches
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
| | - Kayla M. Hardwick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
| | - Tyler D. Hether
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Eastman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
| | - Matthew W. Pennell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
| | - Luke J. Harmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, East Lansing, MI USA
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103
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Crottini A, Madsen O, Poux C, Strauß A, Vieites DR, Vences M. Vertebrate time-tree elucidates the biogeographic pattern of a major biotic change around the K-T boundary in Madagascar. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5358-63. [PMID: 22431616 PMCID: PMC3325728 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112487109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographic and temporal origins of Madagascar's biota have long been in the center of debate. We reconstructed a time-tree including nearly all native nonflying and nonmarine vertebrate clades present on the island, from DNA sequences of two single-copy protein-coding nuclear genes (BDNF and RAG1) and a set of congruent time constraints. Reconstructions calculated with autocorrelated or independent substitution rates over clades agreed in placing the origins of the 31 included clades in Cretaceous to Cenozoic times. The two clades with sister groups in South America were the oldest, followed by those of a putative Asian ancestry that were significantly older than the prevalent clades of African ancestry. No colonizations from Asia occurred after the Eocene, suggesting that dispersal and vicariance of Asian/Indian groups were favored over a comparatively short period during, and shortly after, the separation of India and Madagascar. Species richness of clades correlates with their age but those clades that have a large proportion of species diversity in rainforests are significantly more species-rich. This finding suggests an underlying pattern of continuous speciation through time in Madagascar's vertebrates, with accelerated episodes of adaptive diversification in those clades that succeeded radiating into the rainforests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Crottini
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Sezione di Zoologia e Citologia, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ole Madsen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Celine Poux
- Université Lille Nord de France, Campus Lille 1-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8198, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Vertebrate Department, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Axel Strauß
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - David R. Vieites
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Vences
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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104
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Etienne RS, de Visser SN, Janzen T, Olsen JL, Olff H, Rosindell J. Can clade age alone explain the relationship between body size and diversity? Interface Focus 2012; 2:170-9. [PMID: 22419989 PMCID: PMC3293203 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2011.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most striking patterns observed among animals is that smaller-bodied taxa are generally much more diverse than larger-bodied taxa. This observation seems to be explained by the mere fact that smaller-bodied taxa tend to have an older evolutionary origin and have therefore had more time to diversify. A few studies, based on the prevailing null model of diversification (i.e. the stochastic constant-rate birth–death model), have suggested that this is indeed the correct explanation, and body-size dependence of speciation and extinction rates does not play a role. However, there are several potential shortcomings to these studies: a suboptimal statistical procedure and a relatively narrow range of body sizes in the analysed data. Here, we present a more coherent statistical approach, maximizing the likelihood of the constant-rate birth–death model with allometric scaling of speciation and extinction rates, given data on extant diversity, clade age and average body size in each clade. We applied our method to a dataset compiled from the literature that includes a wide range of Metazoan taxa (range from midges to elephants). We find that the higher diversity among small animals is indeed, partly, caused by higher clade age. However, it is also partly caused by the body-size dependence of speciation and extinction rates. We find that both the speciation rate and extinction rate decrease with body size such that the net diversification rate is close to 0. Even more interestingly, the allometric scaling exponent of speciation and extinction rates is approximately −0.25, which implies that the per generation speciation and extinction rates are independent of body size. This suggests that the observed relationship between diversity and body size pattern can be explained by clade age alone, but only if clade age is measured in generations rather than years. Thus, we argue that the most parsimonious explanation for the observation that smaller-bodied taxa are more diverse is that their evolutionary clock ticks faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rampal S Etienne
- Community and Conservation Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
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105
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McLeish MJ, van Noort S. Codivergence and multiple host species use by fig wasp populations of the Ficus pollination mutualism. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:1. [PMID: 22214193 PMCID: PMC3299616 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between insects and plants takes myriad forms in the generation of spectacular diversity. In this association a species host range is fundamental and often measured using an estimate of phylogenetic concordance between species. Pollinating fig wasps display extreme host species specificity, but the intraspecific variation in empirical accounts of host affiliation has previously been underestimated. In this investigation, lineage delimitation and codiversification tests are used to generate and discuss hypotheses elucidating on pollinating fig wasp associations with Ficus. RESULTS Statistical parsimony and AMOVA revealed deep divergences at the COI locus within several pollinating fig wasp species that persist on the same host Ficus species. Changes in branching patterns estimated using the generalized mixed Yule coalescent test indicated lineage duplication on the same Ficus species. Conversely, Elisabethiella and Alfonsiella fig wasp species are able to reproduce on multiple, but closely related host fig species. Tree reconciliation tests indicate significant codiversification as well as significant incongruence between fig wasp and Ficus phylogenies. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate more relaxed pollinating fig wasp host specificity than previously appreciated. Evolutionarily conservative host associations have been tempered by horizontal transfer and lineage duplication among closely related Ficus species. Independent and asynchronistic diversification of pollinating fig wasps is best explained by a combination of both sympatric and allopatric models of speciation. Pollinator host preference constraints permit reproduction on closely related Ficus species, but uncertainty of the frequency and duration of these associations requires better resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McLeish
- Department of Botany and Zoology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Simon van Noort
- Natural History Department, Iziko South African Museum, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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106
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Espeland M, Murienne J. Diversity dynamics in New Caledonia: towards the end of the museum model? BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:254. [PMID: 21917169 PMCID: PMC3180384 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high diversity of New Caledonia has traditionally been seen as a result of its Gondwanan origin, old age and long isolation under stable climatic conditions (the museum model). Under this scenario, we would expect species diversification to follow a constant rate model. Alternatively, if New Caledonia was completely submerged after its breakup from Gondwana, as geological evidence indicates, we would expect species diversification to show a characteristic slowdown over time according to a diversity-dependent model where species accumulation decreases as space is filled. RESULTS We reanalyze available datasets for New Caledonia and reconstruct the phylogenies using standardized methodologies; we use two ultrametrization alternatives; and we take into account phylogenetic uncertainty as well as incomplete taxon sampling when conducting diversification rate constancy tests. Our results indicate that for 8 of the 9 available phylogenies, there is significant evidence for a diversification slowdown. For the youngest group under investigation, the apparent lack of evidence of a significant slowdown could be because we are still observing the early phase of a logistic growth (i.e. the clade may be too young to exhibit a change in diversification rates). CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with a diversity-dependent model of diversification in New Caledonia. In opposition to the museum model, our results provide additional evidence that original New Caledonian biodiversity was wiped out during the episode of submersion, providing an open and empty space facilitating evolutionary radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Espeland
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Entomology Department, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University, Department of Zoology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jérôme Murienne
- Department Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Département Systématique et Évolution, UMR 7205, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 45 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
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107
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Pyron RA, Burbrink FT. Extinction, ecological opportunity, and the origins of global snake diversity. Evolution 2011; 66:163-78. [PMID: 22220872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Snake diversity varies by at least two orders of magnitude among extant lineages, with numerous groups containing only one or two species, and several young clades exhibiting exceptional richness (>700 taxa). With a phylogeny containing all known families and subfamilies, we find that these patterns cannot be explained by background rates of speciation and extinction. The majority of diversity appears to derive from a radiation within the superfamily Colubroidea, potentially stemming from the colonization of new areas and the evolution of advanced venom-delivery systems. In contrast, negative relationships between clade age, clade size, and diversification rate suggest the potential for possible bias in estimated diversification rates, interpreted by some recent authors as support for ecologically mediated limits on diversity. However, evidence from the fossil record indicates that numerous lineages were far more diverse in the past, and that extinction has had an important impact on extant diversity patterns. Thus, failure to adequately account for extinction appears to prevent both rate- and diversity-limited models from fully characterizing richness dynamics in snakes. We suggest that clade-level extinction may provide a key mechanism for explaining negative or hump-shaped relationships between clade age and diversity, and the prevalence of ancient, species-poor lineages in numerous groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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108
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Abstract
It has long been recognized that phylogenetic trees are more unbalanced than those generated by a Yule process. Recently, the degree of this imbalance has been quantified using the large set of phylogenetic trees available in the TreeBASE data set. In this article, a more precise analysis of imbalance is undertaken. Trees simulated under a range of models are compared with trees from TreeBASE and two smaller data sets. Several simple models can match the amount of imbalance measured in real data. Most of them also match the variance of imbalance among empirical trees to a remarkable degree. Statistics are developed to measure balance and to distinguish between trees with the same overall imbalance. The match between models and data for these statistics is investigated. In particular, age-dependent (Bellman-Harris) branching process are studied in detail. It remains difficult to separate the process of macroevolution from biases introduced by sampling. The lessons for phylogenetic analysis are clearer. In particular, the use of the usual proportional to distinguishable arrangements (uniform) prior on tree topologies in Bayesian phylogenetic analysis is not recommended.
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109
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Derryberry EP, Claramunt S, Derryberry G, Chesser RT, Cracraft J, Aleixo A, Pérez-Emán J, Remsen Jr. JV, Brumfield RT. LINEAGE DIVERSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN A LARGE-SCALE CONTINENTAL RADIATION: THE NEOTROPICAL OVENBIRDS AND WOODCREEPERS (AVES: FURNARIIDAE). Evolution 2011; 65:2973-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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110
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Mullen SP, Savage WK, Wahlberg N, Willmott KR. Rapid diversification and not clade age explains high diversity in neotropical Adelpha butterflies. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:1777-85. [PMID: 21106589 PMCID: PMC3097834 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Latitudinal gradients in species richness are among the most well-known biogeographic patterns in nature, and yet there remains much debate and little consensus over the ecological and evolutionary causes of these gradients. Here, we evaluated whether two prominent alternative hypotheses (namely differences in diversification rate or clade age) could account for the latitudinal diversity gradient in one of the most speciose neotropical butterfly genera (Adelpha) and its close relatives. We generated a multilocus phylogeny of a diverse group of butterflies in the containing tribe Limenitidini, which has both temperate and tropical representatives. Our results suggest there is no relationship between clade age and species richness that could account for the diversity gradient, but that instead it could be explained by a significantly higher diversification rate within the predominantly tropical genus Adelpha. An apparent early larval host-plant shift to Rubiaceae and other plant families suggests that the availability of new potential host plants probably contributed to an increase in diversification of Adelpha in the lowland Neotropics. Collectively, our results support the hypothesis that the equatorial peak in species richness observed within Adelpha is the result of increased diversification rate in the last 10-15 Myr rather than a function of clade age, perhaps reflecting adaptive divergence in response to the dramatic host-plant diversity found within neotropical ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Mullen
- Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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111
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Wiens J. The Causes Of Species Richness Patterns Across Space, Time, And Clades And The Role Of “Ecological Limits”. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2011; 86:75-96. [DOI: 10.1086/659883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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112
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Gamble T, Bauer AM, Colli GR, Greenbaum E, Jackman TR, Vitt LJ, Simons AM. Coming to America: multiple origins of New World geckos. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:231-44. [PMID: 21126276 PMCID: PMC3075428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Geckos in the Western Hemisphere provide an excellent model to study faunal assembly at a continental scale. We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny, including exemplars of all New World gecko genera, to produce a biogeographical scenario for the New World geckos. Patterns of New World gecko origins are consistent with almost every biogeographical scenario utilized by a terrestrial vertebrate with different New World lineages showing evidence of vicariance, dispersal via temporary land bridge, overseas dispersal or anthropogenic introductions. We also recovered a strong relationship between clade age and species diversity, with older New World lineages having more species than more recently arrived lineages. Our data provide the first phylogenetic hypothesis for all New World geckos and highlight the intricate origins and ongoing organization of continental faunas. The phylogenetic and biogeographical hypotheses presented here provide an historical framework to further pursue research on the diversification and assembly of the New World herpetofauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gamble
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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113
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Rabosky
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, 4161 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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114
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Morlon H, Potts MD, Plotkin JB. Inferring the dynamics of diversification: a coalescent approach. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000493. [PMID: 20927410 PMCID: PMC2946937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent analyses of the fossil record and molecular phylogenies suggest that there are fundamental limits to biodiversity, possibly arising from constraints in the availability of space, resources, or ecological niches. Under this hypothesis, speciation rates decay over time and biodiversity eventually saturates, with new species emerging only when others are driven to extinction. This view of macro-evolution contradicts an alternative hypothesis that biodiversity is unbounded, with species ever accumulating as they find new niches to occupy. These contrasting theories of biodiversity dynamics yield fundamentally different explanations for the disparity in species richness across taxa and regions. Here, we test whether speciation rates have decayed or remained constant over time, and whether biodiversity is saturated or still expanding. We first derive a general likelihood expression for internode distances in a phylogeny, based on the well-known coalescent process from population genetics. This expression accounts for either time-constant or time-variable rates, time-constant or time-variable diversity, and completely or incompletely sampled phylogenies. We then compare the performance of different diversification scenarios in explaining a set of 289 phylogenies representing amphibians, arthropods, birds, mammals, mollusks, and flowering plants. Our results indicate that speciation rates typically decay over time, but that diversity is still expanding at present. The evidence for expanding-diversity models suggests that an upper limit to biodiversity has not yet been reached, or that no such limit exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Morlon
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Potts
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua B. Plotkin
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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115
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Hardy NB, Cook LG. Gall-induction in insects: evolutionary dead-end or speciation driver? BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:257. [PMID: 20735853 PMCID: PMC2939573 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tree of life is significantly asymmetrical - a result of differential speciation and extinction - but general causes of such asymmetry are unclear. Differences in niche partitioning are thought to be one possible general explanation. Ecological specialization might lead to increases in diversification rate or, alternatively, specialization might limit the evolutionary potential of specialist lineages and increase their extinction risk. Here we compare the diversification rates of gall-inducing and non-galling insect lineages. Compared with other insect herbivores feeding on the same host plant, gall-inducing insects feed on plant tissue that is more nutritious and less defended, and they do so in a favorable microhabitat that may also provide some protection from natural enemies. We use sister-taxon comparisons to test whether gall-inducing lineages are more host-specific than non-galling lineages, and more or less diverse than non-gallers. We evaluate the significance of diversity bipartitions under Equal Rates Markov models, and use maximum likelihood model-fitting to test for shifts in diversification rates. Results We find that, although gall-inducing insect groups are more host-specific than their non-galling relatives, there is no general significant increase in diversification rate in gallers. However, gallers are found at both extremes - two gall-inducing lineages are exceptionally diverse (Euurina sawflies on Salicaceae and Apiomorpha scale insects on Eucalytpus), and one gall-inducing lineage is exceptionally species-poor (Maskellia armored scales on Eucalyptus). Conclusions The effect of ecological specialization on diversification rates is complex in the case of gall-inducing insects, but host range may be an important factor. When a gall-inducing lineage has a host range approximate to that of its non-galling sister, the gallers are more diverse. When the non-galler clade has a much wider host range than the galler, the non-galler is also much more diverse. There are also lineage-specific effects, with gallers on the same host group exhibiting very different diversities. No single general model explains the observed pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate B Hardy
- Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Entomology, Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia.
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116
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Cusimano N, Renner SS. Slowdowns in Diversification Rates from Real Phylogenies May Not be Real. Syst Biol 2010; 59:458-64. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syq032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Cusimano
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich, D-80638 Munich, Germany;
| | - Susanne S. Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich, D-80638 Munich, Germany;
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117
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Evolutionary diversification, coevolution between populations and their antagonists, and the filling of niche space. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:1265-72. [PMID: 20080597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913626107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The population component of a species' niche corresponds to the distribution of individuals across environments within a region. As evolutionary clades of species diversify, they presumably fill niche space, and, consequently, the rate of increase in species numbers slows. Total niche space and species numbers appear to be relatively stable over long periods, and so an increase in the species richness of one clade must be balanced by decrease in others. However, in several analyses, the total population niche space occupied per clade is independent of the number of species, suggesting that species in more diverse clades overlap more in niche space. This overlap appears to be accommodated by variation in the populations of each species, including their absence, within suitable niche space. I suggest that the uneven filling of niche space results from localized outcomes of the dynamic coevolutionary interactions of populations with their pathogens or other antagonists. Furthermore, I speculate that relationships with pathogens might constrain diversification if pathogen diversity increased with host diversity and resulted in more frequent host switching and emergent disease. Many indirect observations are consistent with these scenarios. However, the postulated influence of pathogens on the filling of niche space and diversification of clades primarily highlights our lack of knowledge concerning the space and time dimensions of coevolutionary interactions and their influence on population distribution and species diversification.
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118
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119
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120
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Abstract
Many organisms are currently polyploid, or have a polyploid ancestry and now have secondarily 'diploidized' genomes. This finding is surprising because retained whole-genome duplications (WGDs) are exceedingly rare, suggesting that polyploidy is usually an evolutionary dead end. We argue that ancient genome doublings could probably have survived only under very specific conditions, but that, whenever established, they might have had a pronounced impact on species diversification, and led to an increase in biological complexity and the origin of evolutionary novelties.
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121
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Rabosky DL. Ecological limits and diversification rate: alternative paradigms to explain the variation in species richness among clades and regions. Ecol Lett 2009; 12:735-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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122
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123
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124
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McPeek M. The Ecological Dynamics of Clade Diversification and Community Assembly. Am Nat 2008; 172:E270-84. [DOI: 10.1086/593137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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125
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Krug AZ, Jablonski D, Valentine JW. Species-genus ratios reflect a global history of diversification and range expansion in marine bivalves. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:1117-23. [PMID: 18270156 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of marine bivalve species among genera and higher taxa takes the form of the classic hollow curve, wherein few lineages are species rich and many are species poor. The distribution of species among genera (S/G ratio) varies with latitude, with temperate S/G's falling within the null expectation, and tropical and polar S/G's exceeding it. Here, we test several hypotheses for this polar overdominance in the species richness of small numbers of genera. We find a significant positive correlation between the latitudinal range of a genus and its species richness, both globally and within regions. Genus age and species richness are also positively related, but this relationship breaks down when the analysis is limited to genera endemic to climate zones or with narrow latitudinal ranges. The data suggest a link between speciation and range-expansion, with genera expanding out of the tropical latitudinal bins tending to speciate more prolifically, both globally and regionally. These genera contain more species within climate zones than taxa endemic to that zone. Range expansion thus appears to be fundamentally coupled with speciation, producing the skewed distribution of species among genera, both globally and regionally, whereas clade longevity is achieved through extinction -- resistance conferred by broad geographical ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z Krug
- Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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126
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Ribera I, Vogler AP, Balke M. Phylogeny and diversification of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Cladistics 2008; 24:563-590. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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127
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Heath TA, Zwickl DJ, Kim J, Hillis DM. Taxon sampling affects inferences of macroevolutionary processes from phylogenetic trees. Syst Biol 2008; 57:160-6. [PMID: 18300029 DOI: 10.1080/10635150701884640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Heath
- Section of Integrative Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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128
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Unraveling the evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 48:224-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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129
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Condon MA, Scheffer SJ, Lewis ML, Swensen SM. Hidden Neotropical Diversity: Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts. Science 2008; 320:928-31. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1155832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marty A. Condon
- Department of Biology, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, IA 52314, USA
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Sonja J. Scheffer
- Department of Biology, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, IA 52314, USA
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Matthew L. Lewis
- Department of Biology, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, IA 52314, USA
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Susan M. Swensen
- Department of Biology, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, IA 52314, USA
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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130
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Seddon N, Merrill R, Tobias J. Sexually Selected Traits Predict Patterns of Species Richness in a Diverse Clade of Suboscine Birds. Am Nat 2008; 171:620-31. [DOI: 10.1086/587071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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131
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Redding DW, Hartmann K, Mimoto A, Bokal D, DeVos M, Mooers AØ. Evolutionarily distinctive species often capture more phylogenetic diversity than expected. J Theor Biol 2008; 251:606-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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132
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Sanders KL, Lee MSY, Leys R, Foster R, Keogh JS. Molecular phylogeny and divergence dates for Australasian elapids and sea snakes (hydrophiinae): evidence from seven genes for rapid evolutionary radiations. J Evol Biol 2008; 21:682-95. [PMID: 18384538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the most prolific radiations of venomous snakes, the Australo-Melanesian Hydrophiinae includes approximately 100 species of Australasian terrestrial elapids plus all approximately 60 species of viviparous sea snakes. Here, we estimate hydrophiine relationships based on a large data set comprising 5800 bp drawn from seven genes (mitochondrial: ND4, cytb, 12S, 16S; nuclear: rag1, cmos, myh). These data were analysed using parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian methods to better resolve hydrophiine phylogeny and provide a timescale for the terrestrial and marine radiations. Among oviparous forms, Cacophis, Furina and Demansia are basal to other Australian elapids (core oxyuranines). The Melanesian Toxicocalamus and Aspidomorphus group with Demansia, indicating multiple dispersal events between New Guinea and Australia. Oxyuranus and Pseudonaja form a robust clade. The small burrowing taxa form two separate clades, one consisting of Vermicella and Neelaps calanotus, and the other including Simoselaps, Brachyurophis and Neelaps bimaculatus. The viviparous terrestrial elapids form three separate groups: Acanthophis, the Rhinoplocephalus group and the Notechis-Hemiaspis group. True sea snakes (Hydrophiini) are robustly united with the Notechis-Hemiaspis group. Many of the retrieved groupings are consistent with previous molecular and morphological analyses, but the polyphyly of the viviparous and burrowing groups, and of Neelaps, are novel results. Bayesian relaxed clock analyses indicate very recent divergences: the approximately 160 species of the core Australian radiation (including sea snakes) arose within the last 10 Myr, with most inter-generic splits dating to between 10 and 6 Ma. The Hydrophis sea snake lineage is an exceptionally rapid radiation, with > 40 species evolving within the last 5 Myr.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Sanders
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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133
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Rabosky DL, Donnellan SC, Talaba AL, Lovette IJ. Exceptional among-lineage variation in diversification rates during the radiation of Australia's most diverse vertebrate clade. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 274:2915-23. [PMID: 17878143 PMCID: PMC2291154 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The disparity in species richness among groups of organisms is one of the most pervasive features of life on earth. A number of studies have addressed this pattern across higher taxa (e.g. 'beetles'), but we know much less about the generality and causal basis of the variation in diversity within evolutionary radiations at lower taxonomic scales. Here, we address the causes of variation in species richness among major lineages of Australia's most diverse vertebrate radiation, a clade of at least 232 species of scincid lizards. We use new mitochondrial and nuclear intron DNA sequences to test the extent of diversification rate variation in this group. We present an improved likelihood-based method for estimating per-lineage diversification rates from combined phylogenetic and taxonomic (species richness) data, and use the method in a hypothesis-testing framework to localize diversification rate shifts on phylogenetic trees. We soundly reject homogeneity of diversification rates among members of this radiation, and find evidence for a dramatic rate increase in the common ancestor of the genera Ctenotus and Lerista. Our results suggest that the evolution of traits associated with climate tolerance may have had a role in shaping patterns of diversity in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2701, USA.
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134
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CONDON MARTY, ADAMS DEANC, BANN DARRIN, FLAHERTY KACIE, GAMMONS JOHN, JOHNSON JESSICA, LEWIS MATTHEWL, MARSTELLER SARA, SCHEFFER SONJAJ, SERNA FRANCISCO, SWENSEN SUSAN. Uncovering tropical diversity: six sympatric cryptic species of Blepharoneura (Diptera: Tephritidae) in flowers of Gurania spinulosa (Cucurbitaceae) in eastern Ecuador. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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135
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Sanders KL, Lee MSY. Molecular evidence for a rapid late-Miocene radiation of Australasian venomous snakes (Elapidae, Colubroidea). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 46:1165-73. [PMID: 18222097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Sanders
- Darling Building, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
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136
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