101
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Focosi D, Maggi F, Pistello M. Zika Virus: Implications for Public Health. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:227-33. [PMID: 27048745 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has declared the current Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic a public health emergency of international concern. Lack of vaccines and reliable diagnostic tests, broad geographical distribution of mosquito species that can transmit the virus, and absence of population immunity in newly affected countries are causes for concern. Although most infected persons are asymptomatic, ZIKV has been associated with a rise in cases of neurological complications and fetal central nervous system malformations. This defines such an arbovirus as something whose transmission should be prevented. This review summarizes the current understanding of ZIKV biology and epidemiology, as well as possible interventions to prevent contagion and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauro Pistello
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital Department of Translational Research, Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, University of Pisa, Italy
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102
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Csank T, Bhide K, Bencúrová E, Dolinská S, Drzewnioková P, Major P, Korytár Ľ, Bocková E, Bhide M, Pistl J. Detection of West Nile virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus in birds in Slovakia, using a universal primer set. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1679-83. [PMID: 27001305 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne neurotropic pathogen that presents a major public health concern. Information on WNV prevalence and circulation in Slovakia is insufficient. Oral and cloacal swabs and bird brain samples were tested for flavivirus RNA by RT-PCR using newly designed generic primers. The species designation was confirmed by sequencing. WNV was detected in swab and brain samples, whereas one brain sample was positive for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). The WNV sequences clustered with lineages 1 and 2. These results confirm the circulation of WNV in birds in Slovakia and emphasize the risk of infection of humans and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Csank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Elena Bencúrová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Saskia Dolinská
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Petra Drzewnioková
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Major
- Clinic for Birds and Exotic Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ľuboš Korytár
- Department of the Environment, Veterinary Legislation and Economy, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Eva Bocková
- Department of Epizootology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Pistl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia.
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103
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Temmam S, Davoust B, Chaber AL, Lignereux Y, Michelle C, Monteil-Bouchard S, Raoult D, Desnues C. Screening for Viral Pathogens in African Simian Bushmeat Seized at A French Airport. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1159-1167. [PMID: 26876732 PMCID: PMC7169774 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Illegal bushmeat traffic is an important threat to biodiversity conservation of several endangered species and may contribute to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases in humans. The hunting, manipulation and consumption of wildlife‐based products, especially those of primate origin, may be a threat to human health; however, few studies have investigated the role of bushmeat trade and consumption as a potential source of human infections to date. In this study, we report the screening of viral pathogens in African simian game seized by French customs at Toulouse Blagnac Airport. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of virus‐like particles in the samples, and further metagenomic sequencing of the DNA and RNA viromes confirmed the presence of sequences related to the Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae bacteriophage families; some of them infecting bacterial hosts that could be potentially pathogenic for humans. To increase the sensitivity of detection, twelve pan‐generic PCRs targeting several viral zoonoses were performed, but no positive signal was detected. A large‐scale inventory of bacteria, viruses and parasites is urgently needed to globally assess the risk for human health of the trade, manipulation and consumption of wildlife‐related bushmeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Temmam
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium.,Wildlife Consultant L.L.C, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yves Lignereux
- National Veterinary School, INP, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.,Natural History Museum, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Michelle
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Sonia Monteil-Bouchard
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Christelle Desnues
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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104
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Ergunay K, Tkachev S, Kozlova I, Růžek D. A Review of Methods for Detecting Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Infection in Tick, Animal, and Human Specimens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:4-12. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koray Ergunay
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Sihhiye Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sergey Tkachev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina Kozlova
- FSSFE Scientific Centre of Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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105
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Ecuador Paraiso Escondido Virus, a New Flavivirus Isolated from New World Sand Flies in Ecuador, Is the First Representative of a Novel Clade in the Genus Flavivirus. J Virol 2015; 89:11773-85. [PMID: 26355096 PMCID: PMC4645344 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01543-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A new flavivirus, Ecuador Paraiso Escondido virus (EPEV), named after the village where it was discovered, was isolated from sand flies (Psathyromyia abonnenci, formerly Lutzomyia abonnenci) that are unique to the New World. This represents the first sand fly-borne flavivirus identified in the New World. EPEV exhibited a typical flavivirus genome organization. Nevertheless, the maximum pairwise amino acid sequence identity with currently recognized flaviviruses was 52.8%. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete coding sequence showed that EPEV represents a distinct clade which diverged from a lineage that was ancestral to the nonvectored flaviviruses Entebbe bat virus, Yokose virus, and Sokoluk virus and also the Aedes-associated mosquito-borne flaviviruses, which include yellow fever virus, Sepik virus, Saboya virus, and others. EPEV replicated in C6/36 mosquito cells, yielding high infectious titers, but failed to reproduce either in vertebrate cell lines (Vero, BHK, SW13, and XTC cells) or in suckling mouse brains. This surprising result, which appears to eliminate an association with vertebrate hosts in the life cycle of EPEV, is discussed in the context of the evolutionary origins of EPEV in the New World. IMPORTANCE The flaviviruses are rarely (if ever) vectored by sand fly species, at least in the Old World. We have identified the first representative of a sand fly-associated flavivirus, Ecuador Paraiso Escondido virus (EPEV), in the New World. EPEV constitutes a novel clade according to current knowledge of the flaviviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the virus genome showed that EPEV roots the Aedes-associated mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including yellow fever virus. In light of this new discovery, the New World origin of EPEV is discussed together with that of the other flaviviruses.
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106
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Serological evidence for the circulation of flaviviruses in seabird populations of the western Indian Ocean. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:652-60. [PMID: 26194365 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815001661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds play a central role in the epidemiology of several flaviviruses of concern for public and veterinary health. Seabirds represent the most abundant and widespread avifauna in the western Indian Ocean and may play an important role as host reservoirs and spreaders of arthropod-borne pathogens such as flaviviruses. We report the results of a serological investigation based on blood samples collected from nine seabird species from seven islands in the Indian Ocean. Using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay directed against the prototypic West Nile flavivirus, antibodies against flaviviruses were detected in the serum of 47 of the 855 seabirds tested. They were detected in bird samples from three islands and from four bird species. Seroneutralization tests on adults and chicks suggested that great frigatebirds (Fregata minor) from Europa were infected by West Nile virus during their non-breeding period, and that Usutu virus probably circulated within bird colonies on Tromelin and on Juan de Nova. Real-time polymerase chain reactions performed on bird blood samples did not yield positive results precluding the genetic characterization of flavivirus using RNA sequencing. Our findings stress the need to further investigate flavivirus infections in arthropod vectors present in seabird colonies.
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107
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L'Azou M, Jean-Marie J, Bessaud M, Cabié A, Césaire R, de Lamballerie X, Courbil R, Richard P. Dengue seroprevalence in the French West Indies: a prospective study in adult blood donors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:1137-1140. [PMID: 25846291 PMCID: PMC4458816 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an anti-dengue immunoglobulin G (IgG) indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, seroprevalence was determined among 783 adult blood donors in the French Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique in 2011. Overall, 93.5% [91.5; 95.1] samples were positive for dengue antibodies, 90.7% (350 of 386) in Martinique and 96.2% (382 of 397) in Guadeloupe. Only 30% of these adults recalled having had dengue disease before. Serotype-specific neutralization assays applied to a subset of IgG-positive samples indicated that a majority (77 of 96; 80%) reacted to the four serotypes. These seroprevalence findings are the first reported for Guadeloupe and Martinique and are consistent with the dengue epidemiology in these territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïna L'Azou
- Global Epidemiology Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France; EA 4537 Université des Antilles et de la Guyane; Centre d'Investigation clinique des Antilles et de la Guyane, CIC1424, Cayenne, Guyane; UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health; Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Martinique, Fort-de-France, Martinique; Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Martinique, Fort-de-France, Martinique; Etablissement Français du Sang, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe; Etablissement Français du Sang, Hôpital Pierre Zobda Quitman, Fort-de-France, Martinique
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108
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Rovida F, Sarasini A, Campanini G, Percivalle E, Gorini G, Mariani B, Pan A, Cuzzoli A, Possenti S, Manzini L, Castelli F, Bossini N, Grossi PA, Castilletti C, Calzolari M, Lelli D, Piatti A, Baldanti F. West Nile Virus Outbreak in the Lombardy Region, Northern Italy, Summer 2013. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:278-83. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rovida
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Sarasini
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Campanini
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Percivalle
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gorini
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bianca Mariani
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Pan
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuzzoli
- Emergency and Acceptance Department, Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Stefano Possenti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Lisa Manzini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Carlo Poma, Mantua, Italy
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Bossini
- Transplantation Unit, Nephrology, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Grossi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Roma, Italy
| | - Mattia Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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109
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Seimon TA, Olson SH, Lee KJ, Rosen G, Ondzie A, Cameron K, Reed P, Anthony SJ, Joly DO, McAloose D, Lipkin WI. Adenovirus and herpesvirus diversity in free-ranging great apes in the Sangha region of the Republic Of Congo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118543. [PMID: 25781992 PMCID: PMC4362762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases have caused die-offs in both free-ranging gorillas and chimpanzees. Understanding pathogen diversity and disease ecology is therefore critical for conserving these endangered animals. To determine viral diversity in free-ranging, non-habituated gorillas and chimpanzees in the Republic of Congo, genetic testing was performed on great-ape fecal samples collected near Odzala-Kokoua National Park. Samples were analyzed to determine ape species, identify individuals in the population, and to test for the presence of herpesviruses, adenoviruses, poxviruses, bocaviruses, flaviviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). We identified 19 DNA viruses representing two viral families, Herpesviridae and Adenoviridae, of which three herpesviruses had not been previously described. Co-detections of multiple herpesviruses and/or adenoviruses were present in both gorillas and chimpanzees. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and lymphocryptovirus (LCV) were found primarily in the context of co-association with each other and adenoviruses. Using viral discovery curves for herpesviruses and adenoviruses, the total viral richness in the sample population of gorillas and chimpanzees was estimated to be a minimum of 23 viruses, corresponding to a detection rate of 83%. These findings represent the first description of DNA viral diversity in feces from free-ranging gorillas and chimpanzees in or near the Odzala-Kokoua National Park and form a basis for understanding the types of viruses circulating among great apes in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie A. Seimon
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Health and Health Policy Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kerry Jo Lee
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gail Rosen
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alain Ondzie
- Wildlife Health and Health Policy Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Cameron
- Wildlife Health and Health Policy Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia Reed
- Wildlife Health and Health Policy Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Simon J. Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Damien O. Joly
- Wildlife Health and Health Policy Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Denise McAloose
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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110
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Moureau G, Cook S, Lemey P, Nougairede A, Forrester NL, Khasnatinov M, Charrel RN, Firth AE, Gould EA, de Lamballerie X. New insights into flavivirus evolution, taxonomy and biogeographic history, extended by analysis of canonical and alternative coding sequences. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117849. [PMID: 25719412 PMCID: PMC4342338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To generate the most diverse phylogenetic dataset for the flaviviruses to date, we determined the genomic sequences and phylogenetic relationships of 14 flaviviruses, of which 10 are primarily associated with Culex spp. mosquitoes. We analyze these data, in conjunction with a comprehensive collection of flavivirus genomes, to characterize flavivirus evolutionary and biogeographic history in unprecedented detail and breadth. Based on the presumed introduction of yellow fever virus into the Americas via the transatlantic slave trade, we extrapolated a timescale for a relevant subset of flaviviruses whose evolutionary history, shows that different Culex-spp. associated flaviviruses have been introduced from the Old World to the New World on at least five separate occasions, with 2 different sets of factors likely to have contributed to the dispersal of the different viruses. We also discuss the significance of programmed ribosomal frameshifting in a central region of the polyprotein open reading frame in some mosquito-associated flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Moureau
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Marseille, France
| | - Shelley Cook
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antoine Nougairede
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Marseille, France
| | - Naomi L. Forrester
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States of America
| | - Maxim Khasnatinov
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh, Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10, United Kingdom
| | - Remi N. Charrel
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Marseille, France
| | - Andrew E. Firth
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest A. Gould
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Marseille, France
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111
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Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Solberg O, Couto-Lima D, Kenney J, Serra-Freire N, Brault A, Nogueira R, Langevin S, Komar N. Nhumirim virus, a novel flavivirus isolated from mosquitoes from the Pantanal, Brazil. Arch Virol 2015; 160:21-7. [PMID: 25252815 PMCID: PMC4785999 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe the isolation of a novel flavivirus, isolated from a pool of mosquitoes identified as Culex (Culex) chidesteri collected in 2010 in the Pantanal region of west-central Brazil. The virus is herein designated Nhumirim virus (NHUV) after the name of the ranch from which the mosquito pool was collected. Flavivirus RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR of homogenized mosquitoes and from the corresponding C6/36 culture supernatant. Based on full-genome sequencing, the virus isolate was genetically distinct from but most closely related to Barkedji virus (BJV), a newly described flavivirus from Senegal. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that NHUV grouped with mosquito-borne flaviviruses forming a clade with BJV. This clade may be genetically intermediate between the Culex-borne flaviviruses amplified by birds and the insect-only flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,
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112
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Khaklang S, Kittayapong P. Species composition and blood meal analysis of mosquitoes collected from a tourist island, Koh Chang, Thailand. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2014; 39:448-452. [PMID: 25424275 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Supaluk Khaklang
- Center of Excellence for Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University at Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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113
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Osório HC, Zé-Zé L, Amaro F, Alves MJ. Mosquito surveillance for prevention and control of emerging mosquito-borne diseases in Portugal - 2008-2014. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:11583-96. [PMID: 25396768 PMCID: PMC4245631 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito surveillance in Europe is essential for early detection of invasive species with public health importance and prevention and control of emerging pathogens. In Portugal, a vector surveillance national program-REVIVE (REde de VIgilância de VEctores)-has been operating since 2008 under the custody of Portuguese Ministry of Health. The REVIVE is responsible for the nationwide surveillance of hematophagous arthropods. Surveillance for West Nile virus (WNV) and other flaviviruses in adult mosquitoes is continuously performed. Adult mosquitoes-collected mainly with Centre for Disease Control light traps baited with CO2-and larvae were systematically collected from a wide range of habitats in 20 subregions (NUTS III). Around 500,000 mosquitoes were trapped in more than 3,000 trap nights and 3,500 positive larvae surveys, in which 24 species were recorded. The viral activity detected in mosquito populations in these years has been limited to insect specific flaviviruses (ISFs) non-pathogenic to humans. Rather than emergency response, REVIVE allows timely detection of changes in abundance and species diversity providing valuable knowledge to health authorities, which may take control measures of vector populations reducing its impact on public health. This work aims to present the REVIVE operation and to expose data regarding mosquito species composition and detected ISFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo C Osório
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal.
| | - Líbia Zé-Zé
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal.
| | - Fátima Amaro
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal.
| | - Maria J Alves
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal.
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Korhonen EM, Huhtamo E, Virtala AMK, Kantele A, Vapalahti O. Approach to non-invasive sampling in dengue diagnostics: exploring virus and NS1 antigen detection in saliva and urine of travelers with dengue. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:353-8. [PMID: 25242312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue diagnostics currently relies on serum and plasma tests. Although the proof of concept for detecting dengue virus (DENV) RNA and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) antigen from urine and saliva has been demonstrated, few studies have explored their use in diagnostics. OBJECTIVES To investigate the occurrence, excretion kinetics, and diagnostic potential of DENV-RNA and NS1 antigen in the urine and saliva of dengue patients. STUDY DESIGN We examined serial serum, urine (n=50) and saliva (n=48) samples of 14 Finnish travelers with dengue. All samples were analyzed by NS1 ELISA and DENV RT-PCR, and the first and last serum specimens were tested for DENV IgG and IgM. In addition, biochemical parameters were studied from the urine and clinical and laboratory data of the patients were collected. RESULTS DENV-NS1 protein and RNA proved detectable from saliva and urine using tests developed for serum samples. RNA/NS1 detection showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 64%/54% and 60%/56% for urine and saliva, respectively. RNA analyses performed on days 7-13 after onset of symptoms revealed the sensitivity for urine (72%) to be greater than for serum (31%) or saliva (50%). The concentration of urine samples had no impact on RNA detection. CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive sampling enables an alternative approach to dengue diagnostics. The performance of the NS1 antigen assay may be improved by optimizing it for urine and saliva samples. The prolonged excretion of DENV-RNA in urine extends the sampling time window for molecular diagnostics and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essi M Korhonen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eili Huhtamo
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija K Virtala
- Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, P.O. Box 66 (Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, P.O. Box 66 (Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB), P.O. Box 400 (Haartmaninkatu 3), 00029 HUS, Finland
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115
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Huhtamo E, Cook S, Moureau G, Uzcátegui NY, Sironen T, Kuivanen S, Putkuri N, Kurkela S, Harbach RE, Firth AE, Vapalahti O, Gould EA, de Lamballerie X. Novel flaviviruses from mosquitoes: mosquito-specific evolutionary lineages within the phylogenetic group of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Virology 2014; 464-465:320-329. [PMID: 25108382 PMCID: PMC4170750 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel flaviviruses that are genetically related to pathogenic mosquito-borne flaviviruses (MBFV) have been isolated from mosquitoes in various geographical locations, including Finland. We isolated and characterized another novel virus of this group from Finnish mosquitoes collected in 2007, designated as Ilomantsi virus (ILOV). Unlike the MBFV that infect both vertebrates and mosquitoes, the MBFV-related viruses appear to be specific to mosquitoes similar to the insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs). In this overview of MBFV-related viruses we conclude that they differ from the ISFs genetically and antigenically. Phylogenetic analyses separated the MBFV-related viruses isolated in Africa, the Middle East and South America from those isolated in Europe and Asia. Serological cross-reactions of MBFV-related viruses with other flaviviruses and their potential for vector-borne transmission require further characterization. The divergent MBFV-related viruses are probably significantly under sampled to date and provide new information on the variety, properties and evolution of vector-borne flaviviruses. Mosquito-borne flavivirus-related viruses were isolated from Finnish mosquitoes. Isolates were reactive with flavivirus antibodies but appeared mosquito-specific. Sequence analysis identified related viruses from different parts of the world. These viruses represent unique properties among the mosquito-borne flavivirus group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eili Huhtamo
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Shelley Cook
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Moureau
- UMR D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Nathalie Y Uzcátegui
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Putkuri
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Kurkela
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB), P.O. Box 400, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ralph E Harbach
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E Firth
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB), P.O. Box 400, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ernest A Gould
- UMR D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- UMR D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France
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116
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Maganga GD, Bourgarel M, Vallo P, Dallo TD, Ngoagouni C, Drexler JF, Drosten C, Nakouné ER, Leroy EM, Morand S. Bat distribution size or shape as determinant of viral richness in african bats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100172. [PMID: 24959855 PMCID: PMC4069033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising incidence of emerging infectious diseases (EID) is mostly linked to biodiversity loss, changes in habitat use and increasing habitat fragmentation. Bats are linked to a growing number of EID but few studies have explored the factors of viral richness in bats. These may have implications for role of bats as potential reservoirs. We investigated the determinants of viral richness in 15 species of African bats (8 Pteropodidae and 7 microchiroptera) in Central and West Africa for which we provide new information on virus infection and bat phylogeny. We performed the first comparative analysis testing the correlation of the fragmented geographical distribution (defined as the perimeter to area ratio) with viral richness in bats. Because of their potential effect, sampling effort, host body weight, ecological and behavioural traits such as roosting behaviour, migration and geographical range, were included into the analysis as variables. The results showed that the geographical distribution size, shape and host body weight have significant effects on viral richness in bats. Viral richness was higher in large-bodied bats which had larger and more fragmented distribution areas. Accumulation of viruses may be related to the historical expansion and contraction of bat species distribution range, with potentially strong effects of distribution edges on virus transmission. Two potential explanations may explain these results. A positive distribution edge effect on the abundance or distribution of some bat species could have facilitated host switches. Alternatively, parasitism could play a direct role in shaping the distribution range of hosts through host local extinction by virulent parasites. This study highlights the importance of considering the fragmentation of bat species geographical distribution in order to understand their role in the circulation of viruses in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël D. Maganga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- CIRAD, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AGIRs, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Peter Vallo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thierno D. Dallo
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Eric M. Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 224 (MIVEGEC), IRD/CNRS/UM1, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Morand
- CIRAD, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS-UM2, CC065, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
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117
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Anthony SJ, Garner MM, Palminteri L, Navarrete-Macias I, Sanchez-Leon MD, Briese T, Daszak P, Lipkin WI. West Nile virus in the British Virgin Islands. ECOHEALTH 2014; 11:255-257. [PMID: 24504904 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) first emerged in the US in 1999 and has since spread across the Americas. Here, we report the continued expansion of WNV to the British Virgin Islands following its emergence in a flock of free-roaming flamingos. Histologic review of a single chick revealed lesions consistent with WNV infection, subsequently confirmed with PCR, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Full genome analysis revealed 99% sequence homology to strains circulating in the US over the past decade. This study highlights the need for rapid necropsy of wild bird carcasses to fully understand the impact of WNV on wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, USA,
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Comprehensive multiplex one-step real-time TaqMan qRT-PCR assays for detection and quantification of hemorrhagic fever viruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95635. [PMID: 24752452 PMCID: PMC3994070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of animal and human illnesses that are mostly caused by several distinct families of viruses including bunyaviruses, flaviviruses, filoviruses and arenaviruses. Although specific signs and symptoms vary by the type of VHF, initial signs and symptoms are very similar. Therefore rapid immunologic and molecular tools for differential diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) are important for effective case management and control of the spread of VHFs. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay is one of the reliable and desirable methods for specific detection and quantification of virus load. Multiplex PCR assay has the potential to produce considerable savings in time and resources in the laboratory detection. Results Primers/probe sets were designed based on appropriate specific genes for each of 28 HFVs which nearly covered all the HFVs, and identified with good specificity and sensitivity using monoplex assays. Seven groups of multiplex one-step real-time qRT-PCR assays in a universal experimental system were then developed by combining all primers/probe sets into 4-plex reactions and evaluated with serial dilutions of synthesized viral RNAs. For all the multiplex assays, no cross-reactivity with other HFVs was observed, and the limits of detection were mainly between 45 and 150 copies/PCR. The reproducibility was satisfactory, since the coefficient of variation of Ct values were all less than 5% in each dilution of synthesized viral RNAs for both intra-assays and inter-assays. Evaluation of the method with available clinical serum samples collected from HFRS patients, SFTS patients and Dengue fever patients showed high sensitivity and specificity of the related multiplex assays on the clinical specimens. Conclusions Overall, the comprehensive multiplex one-step real-time qRT-PCR assays were established in this study, and proved to be specific, sensitive, stable and easy to serve as a useful tool for rapid detection of HFVs.
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Ruiz-Fons F, Balseiro A, Willoughby K, Oleaga Á, Dagleish MP, Pérez-Ramírez E, Havlíková S, Klempa B, Llorente F, Martín-Hernando MP. Clinical infection of Cantabrian chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva) by louping ill virus: new concern for mountain ungulate conservation? EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-014-0818-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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120
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Grard G, Caron M, Mombo IM, Nkoghe D, Mboui Ondo S, Jiolle D, Fontenille D, Paupy C, Leroy EM. Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)--2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2681. [PMID: 24516683 PMCID: PMC3916288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya and dengue viruses emerged in Gabon in 2007, with large outbreaks primarily affecting the capital Libreville and several northern towns. Both viruses subsequently spread to the south-east of the country, with new outbreaks occurring in 2010. The mosquito species Aedes albopictus, that was known as a secondary vector for both viruses, recently invaded the country and was the primary vector involved in the Gabonese outbreaks. We conducted a retrospective study of human sera and mosquitoes collected in Gabon from 2007 to 2010, in order to identify other circulating arboviruses. Methodology/Principal Findings Sample collections, including 4312 sera from patients presenting with painful febrile disease, and 4665 mosquitoes belonging to 9 species, split into 247 pools (including 137 pools of Aedes albopictus), were screened with molecular biology methods. Five human sera and two Aedes albopictus pools, all sampled in an urban setting during the 2007 outbreak, were positive for the flavivirus Zika (ZIKV). The ratio of Aedes albopictus pools positive for ZIKV was similar to that positive for dengue virus during the concomitant dengue outbreak suggesting similar mosquito infection rates and, presumably, underlying a human ZIKV outbreak. ZIKV sequences from the envelope and NS3 genes were amplified from a human serum sample. Phylogenetic analysis placed the Gabonese ZIKV at a basal position in the African lineage, pointing to ancestral genetic diversification and spread. Conclusions/Significance We provide the first direct evidence of human ZIKV infections in Gabon, and its first occurrence in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. These data reveal an unusual natural life cycle for this virus, occurring in an urban environment, and potentially representing a new emerging threat due to this novel association with a highly invasive vector whose geographic range is still expanding across the globe. Not previously considered an important human arboviral pathogen, the epidemic capacity of Zika virus (ZIKV, a dengue-related flavivirus) was revealed by the Micronesia outbreak in 2007, which affected about 5000 persons. Widely distributed throughout tropical areas of Asia and Africa, ZIKV is transmitted by a broad range of mosquito species, most of which are sylvatic or rural, Aedes aegypti, an anthropophilic and urban species, being considered the main ZIKV epidemic vector. In a context of emerging arbovirus infections (chikungunya (CHIKV) and dengue (DENV)) in Gabon since 2007, we conducted a retrospective study to detect other, related viruses. In samples collected during the concurrent CHIKV/DENV outbreaks that occurred in the capital city in 2007, we detected ZIKV in both humans and mosquitoes, and notably the Asian mosquito Aedes albopictus that recently invaded the country and was the main vector responsible for these outbreaks. We found that the Gabonese ZIKV strain belonged to the African lineage, and phylogenetic analysis suggested ancestral diversification and spread rather than recent introduction. These findings, showing for the first time epidemic ZIKV activity in an urban environment in Central Africa and the presence of ZIKV in the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus, raise the possibility of a new emerging threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Grard
- UMVE, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- * E-mail:
| | - Mélanie Caron
- UMVE, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-224, CNRS-5290, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2), Montpellier, France
| | - Illich Manfred Mombo
- UMVE, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-224, CNRS-5290, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2), Montpellier, France
| | - Dieudonné Nkoghe
- UMVE, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Ministère de la Santé Publique, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Statiana Mboui Ondo
- UMVE, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Davy Jiolle
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-224, CNRS-5290, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2), Montpellier, France
- URES, CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Didier Fontenille
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-224, CNRS-5290, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2), Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Paupy
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-224, CNRS-5290, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2), Montpellier, France
- URES, CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Eric Maurice Leroy
- UMVE, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-224, CNRS-5290, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2), Montpellier, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadhla Firth
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; ,
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; ,
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An epidemic of dengue-1 in a remote village in rural Laos. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2360. [PMID: 23951379 PMCID: PMC3738459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Lao PDR (Laos), urban dengue is an increasingly recognised public health problem. We describe a dengue-1 virus outbreak in a rural northwestern Lao forest village during the cool season of 2008. The isolated strain was genotypically “endemic” and not “sylvatic,” belonging to the genotype 1, Asia 3 clade. Phylogenetic analyses of 37 other dengue-1 sequences from diverse areas of Laos between 2007 and 2010 showed that the geographic distribution of some strains remained focal overtime while others were dispersed throughout the country. Evidence that dengue viruses have broad circulation in the region, crossing country borders, was also obtained. Whether the outbreak arose from dengue importation from an urban centre into a dengue-naïve community or crossed into the village from a forest cycle is unknown. More epidemiological and entomological investigations are required to understand dengue epidemiology and the importance of rural and forest dengue dynamics in Laos. Dengue disease is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes. In Southeast Asia, where it is endemic, it represents a very important public health problem. Major outbreaks, including severe cases and death, occur every year. Two distinct transmission cycles have been described. Most common is the human-mosquito-human cycle observed throughout most tropical regions of the world, often associated with urban locations and always human habitations, often producing explosive outbreaks, whereas “sylvatic” dengue, genetically different, circulates in forest wild animals and has been reported to be able to infect humans. In the Lao PDR, a developing country where dengue is endemic, data on this disease are sparse. This study reports an unusual outbreak of dengue that occurred during the cold season in a village in a forested area. It also is the first extensive analysis of dengue virus nucleotide sequences, from 39 patients across the country, from Laos. Results suggest three patterns of dengue circulation in Laos: local transmission, transmission over the whole country, and transmission implicating bordering countries. The dengue virus isolated from patients in the forest village outbreak proved to be genetically similar to those found in urbanized areas throughout the country. More investigations are needed to understand the relationships between dengue in forested and urban areas.
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Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Kenney JL, Couto-Lima D, Campos ZMS, Schatzmayr HG, Nogueira RMR, Brault AC, Komar N. Ilheus virus isolation in the Pantanal, west-central Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2318. [PMID: 23875051 PMCID: PMC3715421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The wetlands of the Brazilian Pantanal host large concentrations of diverse wildlife species and hematophagous arthropods, conditions that favor the circulation of zoonotic arboviruses. A recent study from the Nhecolândia sub-region of Pantanal reported serological evidence of various flaviviruses, including West Nile virus and Ilheus virus (ILHV). According to the age of seropositive horses, at least three flaviviruses, including ILHV, circulated in the Brazilian Pantanal between 2005 and 2009. To extend this study, we collected 3,234 adult mosquitoes of 16 species during 2009 and 2010 in the same sub-region. Mosquito pool homogenates were assayed for infectious virus on C6/36 and Vero cell monolayers and also tested for flaviviral RNA by a group-specific real-time RT-PCR. One pool containing 50 non-engorged female specimens of Aedes scapularis tested positive for ILHV by culture and for ILHV RNA by real-time RT-PCR, indicating a minimum infection rate of 2.5 per 1000. Full-length genomic sequence exhibited 95% identity to the only full genome sequence available for ILHV. The present data confirm the circulation of ILHV in the Brazilian Pantanal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Fulbright Visiting Researcher in Doctorate Sandwich Program at CDC, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joan L. Kenney
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dinair Couto-Lima
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Hermann G. Schatzmayr
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Rita M. R. Nogueira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Aaron C. Brault
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Komar
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Bell-Sakyi L, Attoui H. Endogenous tick viruses and modulation of tick-borne pathogen growth. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:25. [PMID: 23875176 PMCID: PMC3709243 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks transmit a wide range of viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens, many of which can establish persistent infections of lifelong duration in the vector tick and in some cases are transmitted transovarially to the next generation. In addition many ixodid and argasid tick cell lines and, by inference the parent ticks from which they were derived, harbor endogenous viruses (ETV) of which almost nothing is known. In general, low level persistent infections with viral pathogens (arboviruses) are not known to have a deleterious effect on tick survival and fitness, suggesting that they can strike a balance with the tick innate immune response. This tolerance of arbovirus infection may be modulated by the permanent presence of ETV in the host cell. In mosquito cells, temporary or permanent silencing of the genes of an endogenous virus by RNA interference can result in changes in replication rate of a co-infecting arbovirus. We propose that tick cell lines offer a useful model system for in vitro investigation of the modulatory effect of ETV on superinfecting pathogen survival and replication in ticks, using the molecular manipulation techniques applied to insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- *Correspondence: Lesley Bell-Sakyi and Houssam Attoui, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK e-mail: ;
| | - Houssam Attoui
- *Correspondence: Lesley Bell-Sakyi and Houssam Attoui, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK e-mail: ;
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Drexler JF, Corman VM, Müller MA, Lukashev AN, Gmyl A, Coutard B, Adam A, Ritz D, Leijten LM, van Riel D, Kallies R, Klose SM, Gloza-Rausch F, Binger T, Annan A, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Oppong S, Bourgarel M, Rupp D, Hoffmann B, Schlegel M, Kümmerer BM, Krüger DH, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Setién AA, Cottontail VM, Hemachudha T, Wacharapluesadee S, Osterrieder K, Bartenschlager R, Matthee S, Beer M, Kuiken T, Reusken C, Leroy EM, Ulrich RG, Drosten C. Evidence for novel hepaciviruses in rodents. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003438. [PMID: 23818848 PMCID: PMC3688547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is among the most relevant causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Research is complicated by a lack of accessible small animal models. The systematic investigation of viruses of small mammals could guide efforts to establish such models, while providing insight into viral evolutionary biology. We have assembled the so-far largest collection of small-mammal samples from around the world, qualified to be screened for bloodborne viruses, including sera and organs from 4,770 rodents (41 species); and sera from 2,939 bats (51 species). Three highly divergent rodent hepacivirus clades were detected in 27 (1.8%) of 1,465 European bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and 10 (1.9%) of 518 South African four-striped mice (Rhabdomys pumilio). Bats showed anti-HCV immunoblot reactivities but no virus detection, although the genetic relatedness suggested by the serologic results should have enabled RNA detection using the broadly reactive PCR assays developed for this study. 210 horses and 858 cats and dogs were tested, yielding further horse-associated hepaciviruses but none in dogs or cats. The rodent viruses were equidistant to HCV, exceeding by far the diversity of HCV and the canine/equine hepaciviruses taken together. Five full genomes were sequenced, representing all viral lineages. Salient genome features and distance criteria supported classification of all viruses as hepaciviruses. Quantitative RT-PCR, RNA in-situ hybridisation, and histopathology suggested hepatic tropism with liver inflammation resembling hepatitis C. Recombinant serology for two distinct hepacivirus lineages in 97 bank voles identified seroprevalence rates of 8.3 and 12.4%, respectively. Antibodies in bank vole sera neither cross-reacted with HCV, nor the heterologous bank vole hepacivirus. Co-occurrence of RNA and antibodies was found in 3 of 57 PCR-positive bank vole sera (5.3%). Our data enable new hypotheses regarding HCV evolution and encourage efforts to develop rodent surrogate models for HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Anatoly Gmyl
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bruno Coutard
- Architectures et Fonctions des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257 CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Alexander Adam
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Ritz
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Debby van Riel
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Kallies
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Klose
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Gloza-Rausch
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- Noctalis, Centre for Bat Protection and Information, Bad Segeberg, Germany
| | - Tabea Binger
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Augustina Annan
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Oppong
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- Centre de Cooperation Internationale de Recherche en Agronomie pour le Développement, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Medical Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Virus Diagnostics, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mathias Schlegel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Beate M. Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Detlev H. Krüger
- Institute of Medical Virology (Helmut Ruska Haus), Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alvaro Aguilar Setién
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, México DF, Mexico
| | | | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Center for Research and Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Center for Research and Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institute of Virology, Free University of Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Medical Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Matthee
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Virus Diagnostics, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Netherlands Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric M. Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 224 (MIVEGEC), IRD/CNRS/UM1, Montpellier, France
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Raquin V, Wannagat M, Zouache K, Legras-Lachuer C, Moro CV, Mavingui P. Detection of dengue group viruses by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:243. [PMID: 23110979 PMCID: PMC3507901 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) represent a global challenge in public health. It is estimated that 50 to 100 million infections occur each year causing approximately 20,000 deaths that are usually linked to severe cases like DHF and dengue shock syndrome. The causative agent of DF is dengue virus (genus Flavivirus) that comprises four distinct serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been used successfully to detect pathogenic agents, but has not been implemented in detecting DENV. To improve our understanding of DENV infection and dissemination in host tissues, we designed specific probes to detect DENV in FISH assays. Methods Oligonucleotide probes were designed to hybridize with RNA from the broadest range of DENV isolates belonging to the four serotypes, but not to the closest Flavivirus genomes. Three probes that fit the criteria defined for FISH experiments were selected, targeting both coding and non-coding regions of the DENV genome. These probes were tested in FISH assays against the dengue vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). The FISH experiments were led in vitro using the C6/36 cell line, and in vivo against dissected salivary glands, with epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. Results The three 60-nt oligonucleotides probes DENV-Probe A, B and C cover a broad range of DENV isolates from the four serotypes. When the three probes were used together, specific fluorescent signals were observed in C6/36 infected with each DENV serotypes. No signal was detected in either cells infected with close Flavivirus members West Nile virus or yellow fever virus. The same protocol was used on salivary glands of Ae. albopictus fed with a DENV-2 infectious blood-meal which showed positive signals in the lateral lobes of infected samples, with no significant signal in uninfected mosquitoes. Conclusion Based on the FISH technique, we propose a way to design and use oligonucleotide probes to detect arboviruses. Results showed that this method was successfully implemented to specifically detect DENV in a mosquito cell line, as well as in mosquito salivary glands for the DENV-2 serotype. In addition, we emphasize that FISH could be an alternative method to detect arboviruses in host tissues, also offering to circumvent the discontinuity of antibodies used in immunofluorescent assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Raquin
- UMR CNRS 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Université Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne cedex, 69622, France
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Mycoplasma removal: simple curative methods for viral supernatants. J Virol Methods 2012; 187:234-7. [PMID: 23117065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a partner of the European Virus Archive (EVA) FP7 infrastructure, our research group is maintaining and developing a large virus collection. To meet the standards of the quality management system adopted by all European Virus Archive partners, the detection and eradication of mycoplasma in cell culture supernatants (stored at -80°C or freeze-dried) has to be improved. Although the methods for mycoplasma elimination from infected cell lines were largely described, the decontamination procedures of precious cell culture supernatants was poorly documented. In this study, a large panel of mycoplasma-contaminated virus stocks (enveloped and non enveloped, RNA and DNA viruses) was tested successfully for mycoplasma removal using two simple optimized methods. These easy-to-perform protocols, using respectively Plasmocin™ (InvivoGen, Cayla, France) and chloroform, were shown to remove mycoplasma completely from cell supernatant without incidence in viral infectivity.
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128
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Gutiérrez-Guzmán AV, Vicente J, Sobrino R, Perez-Ramírez E, Llorente F, Höfle U. Antibodies to West Nile virus and related flaviviruses in wild boar, red foxes and other mesomammals from Spain. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:291-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ergunay K, Sayiner AA, Litzba N, Lederer S, Charrel R, Kreher P, Us D, Niedrig M, Ozkul A, Hascelik G. Multicentre evaluation of central nervous system infections due to Flavi and Phleboviruses in Turkey. J Infect 2012; 65:343-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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130
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Huhtamo E, Moureau G, Cook S, Julkunen O, Putkuri N, Kurkela S, Uzcátegui NY, Harbach RE, Gould EA, Vapalahti O, de Lamballerie X. Novel insect-specific flavivirus isolated from northern Europe. Virology 2012; 433:471-8. [PMID: 22999256 PMCID: PMC3919202 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes collected in Finland were screened for flaviviral RNA leading to the discovery and isolation of a novel flavivirus designated Hanko virus (HANKV). Virus characterization, including phylogenetic analysis of the complete coding sequence, confirmed HANKV as a member of the “insect-specific” flavivirus (ISF) group. HANKV is the first member of this group isolated from northern Europe, and therefore the first northern European ISF for which the complete coding sequence has been determined. HANKV was not transcribed as DNA in mosquito cell culture, which appears atypical for an ISF. HANKV shared highest sequence homology with the partial NS5 sequence available for the recently discovered Spanish Ochlerotatus flavivirus (SOcFV). Retrospective analysis of mitochondrial sequences from the virus-positive mosquito pool suggested an Ochlerotatus mosquito species as the most likely host for HANKV. HANKV and SOcFV may therefore represent a novel group of Ochlerotatus-hosted insect-specific flaviviruses in Europe and further afield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eili Huhtamo
- Infection Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland.
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131
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Gamino V, Gutiérrez-Guzmán AV, Fernández-de-Mera IG, Ortíz JA, Durán-Martín M, de la Fuente J, Gortázar C, Höfle U. Natural Bagaza virus infection in game birds in southern Spain. Vet Res 2012; 43:65. [PMID: 22966904 PMCID: PMC3483237 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In late summer 2010 a mosquito born flavivirus not previously reported in Europe called Bagaza virus (BAGV) caused high mortality in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) and ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). We studied clinical findings, lesions and viral antigen distribution in naturally BAGV infected game birds in order to understand the apparently higher impact on red-legged partridges. The disease induced neurologic signs in the two galliform species and, to a lesser extent, in common wood pigeons (Columba palumbus). In red-legged partridges infection by BAGV caused severe haemosiderosis in the liver and spleen that was absent in pheasants and less evident in common wood pigeons. Also, BAGV antigen was present in vascular endothelium in multiple organs in red-legged partridges, and in the spleen in common wood pigeons, while in ring-necked pheasants it was only detected in neurons and glial cells in the brain. These findings indicate tropism of BAGV for endothelial cells and a severe haemolytic process in red-legged partridges in addition to the central nervous lesions that were found in all three species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gamino
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Balseiro A, Royo LJ, Martínez CP, Fernández de Mera IG, Höfle Ú, Polledo L, Marreros N, Casais R, Marín JFG. Louping ill in goats, Spain, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:976-8. [PMID: 22607689 PMCID: PMC3358175 DOI: 10.3201/eid1806.120220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although louping ill affects mainly sheep, a 2011 outbreak in northern Spain occurred among goats. Histopathologic lesions and molecular genetics identified a new strain of louping ill virus, 94% identical to the strain from Britain. Surveillance is needed to minimize risk to domestic and wildlife species and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balseiro
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Gijón, Asturias, Spain.
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133
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Bell-Sakyi L, Kohl A, Bente DA, Fazakerley JK. Tick cell lines for study of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and other arboviruses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:769-81. [PMID: 21955214 PMCID: PMC3438810 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous cell lines derived from many of the vectors of tick-borne arboviruses of medical and veterinary importance are now available. Their role as tools in arbovirus research to date is reviewed and their potential application in studies of tick cell responses to virus infection is explored, by comparison with recent progress in understanding mosquito immunity to arbovirus infection. A preliminary study of propagation of the human pathogen Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in tick cell lines is reported; CCHFV replicated in seven cell lines derived from the ticks Hyalomma anatolicum (a known vector), Amblyomma variegatum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, and Ixodes ricinus, but not in three cell lines derived from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Ornithodoros moubata. This indicates that tick cell lines can be used to study growth of CCHFV in arthropod cells and that there may be species-specific restriction in permissive CCHFV infection at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
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Alberdi MP, Dalby MJ, Rodriguez-Andres J, Fazakerley JK, Kohl A, Bell-Sakyi L. Detection and identification of putative bacterial endosymbionts and endogenous viruses in tick cell lines. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2012; 3:137-46. [PMID: 22743047 PMCID: PMC3431536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As well as being vectors of many viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, ticks harbour a variety of microorganisms which are not known to be pathogenic for vertebrate hosts. Continuous cell lines established from ixodid and argasid ticks could be infected with such endosymbiotic bacteria and endogenous viruses, but to date very few cell lines have been examined for their presence. DNA and RNA extracted from over 50 tick cell lines deposited in the Roslin Wellcome Trust Tick Cell Biobank (http://tickcells.roslin.ac.uk) were screened for presence of bacteria and RNA viruses, respectively. Sequencing of PCR products amplified using pan-16S rRNA primers revealed the presence of DNA sequences from bacterial endosymbionts in several cell lines derived from Amblyomma and Dermacentor spp. ticks. Identification to species level was attempted using Rickettsia- and Francisella-specific primers. Pan-Nairovirus primers amplified PCR products of uncertain specificity in cell lines derived from Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Ixodes, Carios, and Ornithodoros spp. ticks. Further characterisation attempted with primers specific for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus segments confirmed the absence of this arbovirus in the cells. A set of pan-Flavivirus primers did not detect endogenous viruses in any of the cell lines. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of endogenous reovirus-like viruses in many of the cell lines; only 4 of these lines gave positive results with primers specific for the tick Orbivirus St Croix River virus, indicating that there may be additional, as yet undescribed 'tick-only' viruses inhabiting tick cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Alberdi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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Heang V, Yasuda CY, Sovann L, Haddow AD, Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB, Kasper MR. Zika virus infection, Cambodia, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:349-51. [PMID: 22305269 PMCID: PMC3310457 DOI: 10.3201/eid1802.111224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Domingo C, Escadafal C, Rumer L, Méndez JA, García P, Sall AA, Teichmann A, Donoso-Mantke O, Niedrig M. First international external quality assessment study on molecular and serological methods for yellow fever diagnosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36291. [PMID: 22570700 PMCID: PMC3343050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe an external quality assurance (EQA) study designed to assess the efficiency and accurateness of molecular and serological methods used by expert laboratories performing YF diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN For molecular diagnosis evaluation, a panel was prepared of 14 human plasma samples containing specific RNA of different YFV strains (YFV-17D, YFV South American strain [Brazil], YFV IvoryC1999 strain), and specificity samples containing other flaviviruses and negative controls. For the serological panel, 13 human plasma samples with anti-YFV-specific antibodies against different strains of YFV (YFV-17D strain, YFV IvoryC1999 strain, and YFV Brazilian strain), as well as specificity and negative controls, were included. RESULTS Thirty-six laboratories from Europe, the Americas, Middle East, and Africa participated in these EQA activities. Only 16% of the analyses reported met all evaluation criteria with optimal performance. Serial dilutions of YFV-17D showed that in general the methodologies reported provided a suitable sensitivity. Failures were mainly due to the inability to detect wild-type strains or the presence of false positives. Performance in the serological diagnosis varied, mainly depending on the methodology used. Anti-YFV IgM detection was not performed in 16% of the reports using IIF or ELISA techniques, although it is preferable for the diagnosis of YFV acute infections. A good sensitivity profile was achieved in general; however, in the detection of IgM antibodies a lack of sensitivity of anti-YFV antibodies against the vaccine strain 17D was observed, and of the anti-YFV IgG antibodies against a West African strain. Neutralization assays showed a very good performance; however, the unexpected presence of false positives underlined the need of improving the running protocols. CONCLUSION This EQA provides information on each laboratory's efficacy of RT-PCR and serological YFV diagnosis techniques. The results indicate the need for improving serological and molecular diagnosis techniques and provide a follow-up of the diagnostic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Domingo
- Centre for Biological Security, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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137
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Rapid molecular detection methods for arboviruses of livestock of importance to northern Europe. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2012:719402. [PMID: 22219660 PMCID: PMC3246798 DOI: 10.1155/2012/719402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases over the past decade. Their impact on both human and livestock populations has been dramatic. The early detection either through surveillance or diagnosis of virus will be a critical feature in responding and resolving the emergence of such epidemics in the future. Although some of the most important emerging arboviruses are human pathogens, this paper aims to highlight those diseases that primarily affect livestock, although many are zoonotic and some occasionally cause human mortality. This paper also highlights the molecular detection methods specific to each virus and identifies those emerging diseases for which a rapid detection methods are not yet developed.
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138
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Abstract
The genus Flavivirus includes major pathogens such as dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. Molecular amplification assays for the diagnosis of flaviviruses have been developed in the last decades. These assays were formerly based on reverse transcriptase PCR, while in recent years the real-time reverse transcriptase PCR format has taken a predominant role. In this article, we focus on the more recent developments for the molecular diagnosis of flaviviruses, with special attention to those based on new methodologies such as nucleic acid sequence-based amplification or loop-mediated isothermal amplification techniques. These new approaches may provide a good profile of sensitivity and specificity and offer a real chance to implement flavivirus molecular diagnosis in clinical and point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pranav Patel
- Robert Koch-Institut, Center for Biological Security 1, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Linke
- Robert Koch-Institut, Center for Biological Security 1, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Achazi
- Robert Koch-Institut, Center for Biological Security 1, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Niedrig
- Robert Koch-Institut, Center for Biological Security 1, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Barnard RT, Hall RA, Gould EA. Expecting the unexpected: nucleic acid-based diagnosis and discovery of emerging viruses. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 11:409-23. [PMID: 21545258 PMCID: PMC7103685 DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extrapolation from recent disease history suggests that changes in the global environment, including virus, vector and human behavior, will continue to influence the spectrum of viruses to which humans are exposed. In this article, these environmental changes will be enumerated, and their potential impact on target-focused, nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests will be considered, followed by a presentation of some emerging technological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Thomas Barnard
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Johnson N, Wakeley PR, Mansfield KL, McCracken F, Haxton B, Phipps LP, Fooks AR. Assessment of a novel real-time pan-flavivirus RT-polymerase chain reaction. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 10:665-71. [PMID: 20854019 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of West Nile virus (WNV) have occurred intermittently in regions around the Mediterranean coast, and the virus may have become established in Northern Italy and Romania, with reported intermittent outbreaks in Spain, Hungary, and France. WNV has also spread rapidly throughout the Americas since its introduction into New York in 1999. This capacity to emerge in new geographical locations and to spread rapidly together with the current increase in incidence of other flaviviruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus, dengue virus, and Usutu virus has prompted us to design a novel pan-flavivirus RT-polymerase chain reaction for the purpose of surveillance for a range of flaviviruses. The assay utilizes degenerate primers targeting the flavivirus NS5 gene (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) and detects a range of flaviviruses, including WNV. A small panel of WNV bird samples obtained from the United States has been shown to be detected using this assay. The amplicon generated is of sufficient size to provide sequence data to confirm the identity of the virus detected and undertake limited phylogenetic analysis. Testing using this assay has shown its ability to detect a range of tick-borne flaviviruses, particularly louping ill virus that is endemic in areas of the United Kingdom. The assay has been used to survey 160 bird samples and 1000 mosquito samples from the United Kingdom and found no evidence for WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Johnson
- Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom.
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141
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Abstract
Omsk haemorrhagic fever is an acute viral disease prevalent in some regions of western Siberia in Russia. The symptoms of this disease include fever, headache, nausea, severe muscle pain, cough, and moderately severe haemorrhagic manifestations. A third of patients develop pneumonia, nephrosis, meningitis, or a combination of these complications. The only treatments available are for control of symptoms. No specific vaccine has been developed, although the vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis might provide a degree of protection against Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus. The virus is transmitted mainly by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks, but people are mainly infected after contact with infected muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). Muskrats are very sensitive to Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus. The introduction of this species to Siberia in the 1930s probably led to viral emergence in this area, which had previously seemed free from the disease. Omsk haemorrhagic fever is, therefore, an example of a human disease that emerged owing to human-mediated disturbance of an ecological niche. We review the biological properties of the virus, and the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Omsk haemorrhagic fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Růžek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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142
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Moureau G, Ninove L, Izri A, Cook S, De Lamballerie X, Charrel RN. Flavivirus RNA in phlebotomine sandflies. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:195-7. [PMID: 19492949 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandfly-transmitted phleboviruses, such as Toscana, sandfly fever Sicilian, and sandfly fever Naples, can cause human disease and circulate at high rates in Mediterranean countries. Previous studies have also established that viruses other than phleboviruses may be detected in and isolated from sand flies. The recent detection and isolation (in a large variety of mosquito species) of insect-only flaviviruses related to cell fusing agent virus has indicated that the latter is not an evolutionary remnant but the first discovered member of a group of viruses, larger than initially assumed, that has high genetic heterogeneity. Insect-only flaviviruses have been detected in and/or isolated from various species of mosquitoes, but nevertheless only from mosquitoes to date; other dipterans have not been screened for the presence of insect-only flaviviruses. The possible presence of flaviviruses, including insect-only flaviviruses, was investigated in sand flies collected around the Mediterranean during a trapping campaign already underway. Accordingly, a total of 1508 sand flies trapped in France and Algeria, between August 2006 and July 2007, were tested for the presence of flaviviruses using a PCR assay previously demonstrated experimentally to amplify all recognized members of the genus Flavivirus, including insect-only flaviviruses. Two of 67 pools consisting of male Phlebotomus perniciosus trapped in Algeria were positive. The two resulting sequences formed a monophyletic group and appeared more closely related to insect-only flaviviruses associated with Culex mosquitoes than with Aedes mosquitoes, and more closely related to insect-only flaviviruses than to arthropod-borne or to no-known-vector vertebrate flaviviruses. This is the first description of insect-only flaviviruses in dipterans distinct from those belonging to the family Culicidae (including Aedes, Culex, Mansonia, Culiseta, and Anopheles mosquito genera), namely sand flies within the family Psychodidae. Accordingly, we propose their designation as phlebotomine-associated flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Moureau
- Unité des Virus Emergents, UMR 190 Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Université de la Méditerranée & Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Marseille, France
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143
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Chen CF, Shu PY, Teng HJ, Su CL, Wu JW, Wang JH, Lin TH, Huang JH, Wu HS. Screening of dengue virus in field-caught Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) by one-step SYBR green-based reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay during 2004-2007 in Southern Taiwan. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:1017-25. [PMID: 21128850 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We carried out virological surveillance of dengue virus (DENV) in field-caught Aedes mosquitoes during 2004-2007 to estimate the monthly prevalence of infected females in dengue high-risk areas of Taiwan. A total of 92,892 Aedes aegypti (43,133 females and 49,759 males) and 79,315 Aedes albopictus (57,319 females and 21,996 males) adults were collected, grouped into 25,654 pools, and processed for virus detection using a one-step SYBR Green-based real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay. DENVs were periodically and sympatrically detected in Ae. aegypti females in accordance with major dengue outbreaks and the corresponding dengue serotypes. Only 0.2% of 7628 pools of Ae. aegypti females were positive for DENVs. This resulted in an overall estimated infection rate (maximum likelihood estimation) of 0.970 per 1000 mosquitoes (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.53-1.65). The total monthly infection rates ranged from 0.50 to 2.23 per 1000 mosquitoes (95% CI = 0.03-10.71). When sampling areas were scaled down to the city level, monthly infection rates increased to 0.73-12.59 (95% CI = 0.06-59.19). Monthly infection rates over all sampling areas and at the city level increased significantly by month. All positive pools were collected in July (one pool), August (two pools), September (one pool), October (three pools), November (four pools), and December (one pool). All four virus serotypes were detected in mosquitoes, which were consistent with dengue serotypes infecting humans in 2004 (DENV-4), 2005 and 2006 (DENV-2 and DENV-3), and 2007 (DENV-1). Our results provide supporting evidence that, in general, DENV infection rates were low in local Aedes mosquito population during 2004-2007 and that transovarial transmission may not be occurring or is occurring at much lower rates than evidenced in some endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Fu Chen
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control , Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
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144
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Screening of mosquitoes using SYBR Green I-based real-time RT-PCR with group-specific primers for detection of Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in Taiwan. J Virol Methods 2010; 168:147-51. [PMID: 20471427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance for infectious agents carried by mosquitoes is important for predicting the risk of vector-borne infectious diseases. In this study, a method was established to mass-screen mosquitoes for viral infections. The assay detected the viral load of 4 dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4), the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the Sindbis virus and the Chikungunya virus at 1PFU/mL (determined by real-time RT-PCR) in 36.64-43.45 cycles. This method was applied to 75,364 field-captured mosquitoes that were grouped into 10,343 pools. Japanese encephalitis viruses were detected in 25 pools of 906 Culex tritaeniorhynchus females and a single pool of 44 Cx. fuscocephala females. These viruses were isolated from half of the positive pools. Dengue viruses were detected in 2 pools of 43 Aedes aegypti females. Additionally, mosquitoes that were infected orally with dengue viruses in the laboratory were also used to verify the test. The best detection times for individual mosquitoes after being fed virally-contaminated blood were at day 0 and day 10. The number of mosquitoes detected per pool was up to one infected mosquito plus 59 non-infected mosquitoes; the appropriate storage substances for holding samples within 24h included ice cubes and dry ice. This method, combined with a robust and automated RNA-extraction method and a 96 well real-time RT-PCR machine, allows the processing of a large number of samples at once, making it a powerful tool for monitoring simultaneously local and emerging vector-borne infectious diseases of Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses. This study is the first to quantify the viral load in individual mosquitoes over the course of a 16-day extrinsic incubation period.
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145
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Monini M, Falcone E, Busani L, Romi R, Ruggeri FM. West nile virus: characteristics of an african virus adapting to the third millennium world. Open Virol J 2010; 4:42-51. [PMID: 20517488 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901004020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of West Nile Virus (WNV) from North through South America during the last decade, and the recent outbreaks of disease in both humans and horses in Europe suggest that the epidemiology of this infection is evolving. WNV is now considered among the emerging threats for both human and veterinary public health in areas like Europe where it was previously regarded to as an exotic agent. Further knowledge has built up from studies investigating the characteristics of the virus and its genome evolution capacity, the adaptation to new avian host species, the changes in vector competence and biology, and the host-pathogen interactions, including the immune response. Also, the new needs for preparedness to future major outbursts of disease have stimulated research on virus detection and characterization, filling the gaps in both specialized diagnostic technology and the need for field rapid assays. This review will present an overview of WNV virology, remarking the impact of virus diversity and evolution on theoretical and practical aspects involved in both risk definition, detection and control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Monini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare
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146
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Ninove L, Parola P, Baronti C, De Lamballerie X, Gautret P, Doudier B, Charrel RN. Dengue virus type 3 infection in traveler returning from west Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 15:1871-2. [PMID: 19891895 PMCID: PMC2857216 DOI: 10.3201/eid1511.081736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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147
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Cook S, Moureau G, Harbach RE, Mukwaya L, Goodger K, Ssenfuka F, Gould E, Holmes EC, de Lamballerie X. Isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in Uganda. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2669-2678. [PMID: 19656970 PMCID: PMC2885038 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.014183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus, which contains approximately 70 single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, represents a unique model for studying the evolution of vector-borne disease, as it includes viruses that are mosquito-borne, tick-borne or have no known vector. Both theoretical work and field studies suggest the existence of a large number of undiscovered flaviviruses. Recently, the first isolation of cell fusing agent virus (CFAV) was reported from a natural mosquito population in Puerto Rico, and sequences related to CFAV have been discovered in mosquitoes from Thailand. CFAV had previously been isolated from a mosquito cell line in 1975 and represented the only known 'insect-only' flavivirus, appearing to replicate in insect cells alone. A second member of the 'insect-only' group, Kamiti River virus (KRV), was isolated from Kenyan mosquitoes in 2003. A third tentative member of the 'insect-only' group, Culex flavivirus (CxFV), was first isolated in 2007 from Japan and further strains have subsequently been reported from the Americas. We report the discovery, isolation and characterization of two novel 'insect-only' flaviviruses from Entebbe, Uganda: a novel lineage tentatively designated Nakiwogo virus (NAKV) and a new strain of CxFV. The individual mosquitoes from which these strains were isolated, identified retrospectively by using a reference molecular phylogeny generated using voucher specimens from the region, were Mansonia africana nigerrima and Culex quinquefasciatus, respectively. This represents the first isolation, to our knowledge, of a novel insect-only flavivirus from a Mansonia species and the first isolation of a strain of CxFV from Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Cook
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Gregory Moureau
- Unité des Virus Emergents UMR190 ‘Emergence des Pathologies Virales’, Université de la Méditerranée et Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Marseille, France
| | | | - Louis Mukwaya
- Mosquito Research Programme, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Kim Goodger
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Fred Ssenfuka
- Mosquito Research Programme, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Ernest Gould
- Unité des Virus Emergents UMR190 ‘Emergence des Pathologies Virales’, Université de la Méditerranée et Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Marseille, France
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents UMR190 ‘Emergence des Pathologies Virales’, Université de la Méditerranée et Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Marseille, France
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148
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Grard G, Moureau G, Charrel RN, Holmes EC, Gould EA, de Lamballerie X. Genomics and evolution of Aedes-borne flaviviruses. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:87-94. [PMID: 19741066 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.014506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the complete coding sequences of all recognized species of Aedes-borne flavivirus, including previously uncharacterized viruses within the yellow fever virus (YFV), Spondweni virus (SPOV) and dengue virus (DENV) groups. Two major phylogenetic lineages were revealed: one included the YFV and Entebbe bat virus groups, and the other included the DENV, SPOV and Culex-borne flavivirus groups. This analysis supported previous evidence that Culex-borne flaviviruses have evolved from ancestral Aedes-borne viruses. However, the topology at the junction between these lineages remains complex and may be refined by the discovery of viruses related to the Kedougou virus. Additionally, viral evolution was found to be associated with the appearance of new biological characteristics; mutations that may modify the envelope protein structure were identified for seven viruses within the YFV group, and an expansion of host-vector range was identified in the two major evolutionary lineages, which in turn may facilitate the emergence of mosquito-borne flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Grard
- Unité des Virus Emergents, UMR 190 Pathologies Virales Emergentes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
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149
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Huhtamo E, Putkuri N, Kurkela S, Manni T, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O, Uzcátegui NY. Characterization of a novel flavivirus from mosquitoes in northern europe that is related to mosquito-borne flaviviruses of the tropics. J Virol 2009; 83:9532-40. [PMID: 19570865 PMCID: PMC2738272 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00529-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel flavivirus was isolated from mosquitoes in Finland, representing the first mosquito-borne flavivirus from Northern Europe. The isolate, designated Lammi virus (LAMV), was antigenically cross-reactive with other flaviviruses and exhibited typical flavivirus morphology as determined by electron microscopy. The genomic sequence of LAMV was highly divergent from the recognized flaviviruses, and yet the polyprotein properties resembled those of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete coding sequence showed that LAMV represented a distinct lineage related to the Aedes sp.-transmitted human pathogenic flaviviruses, similarly to the newly described Nounané virus (NOUV), a flavivirus from Africa (S. Junglen et al., J. Virol. 83:4462-4468, 2009). Despite the low sequence homology, LAMV and NOUV were phylogenetically grouped closely, likely representing separate species of a novel group of flaviviruses. Despite the biological properties preferring replication in mosquito cells, the genetic relatedness of LAMV to viruses associated with vertebrate hosts warrants a search for disease associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eili Huhtamo
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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150
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Nitatpattana N, Dubot-Pérès A, Gouilh MA, Souris M, Barbazan P, Yoksan S, de Lamballerie X, Gonzalez JP. Change in Japanese encephalitis virus distribution, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 14:1762-5. [PMID: 18976565 PMCID: PMC2630747 DOI: 10.3201/eid1411.080542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotypes in Thailand were studied in pigs and mosquitoes collected near houses of confirmed human JEV cases in 2003–2005. Twelve JEV strains isolated belonged to genotype I, which shows a switch from genotype III incidence that started during the 1980s.
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