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Li FJ, Ji HF, Shen L. A meta-analysis of tea drinking and risk of Parkinson's disease. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:923464. [PMID: 22448141 PMCID: PMC3289976 DOI: 10.1100/2012/923464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Many studies have reported an association between tea drinking and Parkinson's disease (PD). Our purpose is to summarize the available information and evaluate the risk of PD associated with tea drinking. Methods. We searched all publications in English language on the association of tea drinking and PD risk published up to December 2010. The pooled analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.0. Results. In total, eight articles including 1418 cases and 4250 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratio (95% CI) was 0.85 (0.74–0.98), which suggests the protective effect of tea drinking in PD risks. Moreover, the summary OR (OR: 0.83, 95% CI = 0.69–0.99) for drinkers of ≤1 cup of tea per day versus nonconsumers and that (OR: 0.96, 95% CI = 0.73–1.27) for drinkers of >1 cups of tea per day versus nonconsumers showed that there was not an apparent dose-response relationship. No indication for publication bias was found. Conclusions. This meta-analysis showed that tea drinking can lower the risk of PD, while no apparent dose-response relationship was found. Further effort is needed to fully understand the mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of tea consumption in lowering PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Li
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
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102
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Grelle G, Otto A, Lorenz M, Frank RF, Wanker EE, Bieschke J. Black tea theaflavins inhibit formation of toxic amyloid-β and α-synuclein fibrils. Biochemistry 2011; 50:10624-36. [PMID: 22054421 DOI: 10.1021/bi2012383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Causal therapeutic approaches for amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease targeting toxic amyloid oligomers or fibrils are still emerging. Here, we show that theaflavins (TF1, TF2a, TF2b, and TF3), the main polyphenolic components found in fermented black tea, are potent inhibitors of amyloid-β (Aβ) and α-synuclein (αS) fibrillogenesis. Their mechanism of action was compared to that of two established inhibitors of amyloid formation, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and congo red (CR). All three compounds reduce the fluorescence of the amyloid indicator dye thioflavin T. Mapping the binding regions of TF3, EGCG, and CR revealed that all three bind to two regions of the Aβ peptide, amino acids 12-23 and 24-36, albeit with different specificities. However, their mechanisms of amyloid inhibition differ. Like EGCG but unlike congo red, theaflavins stimulate the assembly of Aβ and αS into nontoxic, spherical aggregates that are incompetent in seeding amyloid formation and remodel Aβ fibrils into nontoxic aggregates. When compared to EGCG, TF3 was less susceptible to air oxidation and had an increased efficacy under oxidizing conditions. These findings suggest that theaflavins might be used to remove toxic amyloid deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde Grelle
- Max Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
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103
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Prakash KM, Tan EK. Clinical evidence linking coffee and tea intake with Parkinson’s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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104
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In search of the causes of Parkinson's disease, seasons 1 to 4. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26:505-9. [PMID: 21626392 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wirdefeldt K, Adami HO, Cole P, Trichopoulos D, Mandel J. Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson's disease: a review of the evidence. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26 Suppl 1:S1-58. [PMID: 21626386 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well understood but likely to involve both genetic and environmental factors. Incidence and prevalence estimates vary to a large extent-at least partly due to methodological differences between studies-but are consistently higher in men than in women. Several genes that cause familial as well as sporadic PD have been identified and familial aggregation studies support a genetic component. Despite a vast literature on lifestyle and environmental possible risk or protection factors, consistent findings are few. There is compelling evidence for protective effects of smoking and coffee, but the biologic mechanisms for these possibly causal relations are poorly understood. Uric acid also seems to be associated with lower PD risk. Evidence that one or several pesticides increase PD risk is suggestive but further research is needed to identify specific compounds that may play a causal role. Evidence is limited on the role of metals, other chemicals and magnetic fields. Important methodological limitations include crude classification of exposure, low frequency and intensity of exposure, inadequate sample size, potential for confounding, retrospective study designs and lack of consistent diagnostic criteria for PD. Studies that assessed possible shared etiological components between PD and other diseases show that REM sleep behavior disorder and mental illness increase PD risk and that PD patients have lower cancer risk, but methodological concerns exist. Future epidemiologic studies of PD should be large, include detailed quantifications of exposure, and collect information on environmental exposures as well as genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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106
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Miyake Y, Fukushima W, Tanaka K, Sasaki S, Kiyohara C, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, Oeda T, Miki T, Kawamura N, Sakae N, Fukuyama H, Hirota Y, Nagai M. Dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Japan. Eur J Neurol 2011; 18:106-13. [PMID: 20491891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND antioxidant vitamins are expected to protect cells from oxidative damage by neutralizing the effects of reactive oxygen species. However, epidemiological evidence regarding the associations between antioxidant vitamin intake and Parkinson's disease (PD) is limited and inconsistent. We investigated the relationship between dietary intake of selected antioxidant vitamins, vegetables and fruit and the risk of PD in Japan using data from a multicenter hospital-based case-control study. METHODS included were 249 patients within 6 years of onset of PD. Controls were 368 inpatients and outpatients without a neurodegenerative disease. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, pack-years of smoking, years of education, body mass index, dietary intake of cholesterol, alcohol, total dairy products, and coffee and the dietary glycemic index. RESULTS higher consumption of vitamin E and β-carotene was significantly associated with a reduced risk of PD after adjustment for confounders under study: the adjusted odds ratio in the highest quartile was 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25-0.79, P for trend = 0.009) for vitamin E and 0.56 (95% CI: 0.33-0.97, P for trend = 0.03) for β-carotene. Stratified by sex, such inverse associations were significant only in women. No material relationships were shown between intake of vitamin C, α-carotene, cryptoxanthin, green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, or fruit and the risk of PD. CONCLUSIONS higher intake of vitamin E and β-carotene may be associated with a decreased risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miyake
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka Department of Public Health, Osaka, Japan.
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Burbulla LF, Krüger R. Converging environmental and genetic pathways in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2011; 306:1-8. [PMID: 21513949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a prototypic neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of specific neuronal subpopulations leading to a late-onset movement disorder. Based on familial forms of PD, to date a significant number of genes were identified that allowed first insight into the molecular pathogenesis of this common movement disorder. These pathways include impaired protein degradation and subsequent aggregation within neuronal cells and impaired mitochondrial function followed by energy depletion due to oxidative stress leading to cell death. The respective disease models were supported by pathoanatomical and biochemical findings in brains of sporadic PD patients without apparent genetic contribution to pathogenesis. Indeed recent genetic and epidemiological studies hint to a complex interplay of genetic susceptibility factors and environmental risk factors to converge to processes of pathological protein accumulation and mitochondrial damage that trigger neurodegeneration in PD. Therefore large-scale geneticoepidemiological studies combining genetic whole genome approaches with a detailed ascertainment of environmental exposures are expected to provide important clues to decipher the complexity of neurodegeneration of this most frequent neurodegenerative movement disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena F Burbulla
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Center of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Tanaka K, Miyake Y, Fukushima W, Sasaki S, Kiyohara C, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, Oeda T, Miki T, Kawamura N, Sakae N, Fukuyama H, Hirota Y, Nagai M. Intake of Japanese and Chinese teas reduces risk of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17:446-50. [PMID: 21458354 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies that have addressed the association between the intake of coffee or caffeine and Parkinson's disease (PD) were conducted mainly in Western countries. Little is known about this relationship in an Asian population. Therefore, we performed an assessment of the association of the intake of coffee, other caffeine-containing beverages, and caffeine with the risk of PD in Japan. The study involved 249 PD cases and 368 control subjects. Information on dietary factors was obtained through a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, educational level, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, the dietary glycemic index, and intake of cholesterol, vitamin E, β-carotene, vitamin B(6,) alcohol, and iron. Intake of coffee, black tea, and Japanese and Chinese teas was significantly inversely associated with the risk of PD: the adjusted odds ratios in comparison of the highest with the lowest quartile were 0.52, 0.58, and 0.59, respectively (95% confidence intervals = 0.30-0.90, 0.35-0.97, and 0.35-0.995, respectively). A clear inverse dose-response relationship between total caffeine intake and PD risk was observed. We confirmed that the intake of coffee and caffeine reduced the risk of PD. Furthermore, this is the first study to show a significant inverse relationship between the intake of Japanese and Chinese teas and the risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Tanaka
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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109
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Caruana M, Högen T, Levin J, Hillmer A, Giese A, Vassallo N. Inhibition and disaggregation of α-synuclein oligomers by natural polyphenolic compounds. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1113-20. [PMID: 21443877 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of alpha-synuclein (αS) into oligomers is critically involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Using confocal single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, we have studied the effects of 14 naturally-occurring polyphenolic compounds and black tea extract on αS oligomer formation. We found that a selected group of polyphenols exhibited potent dose-dependent inhibitory activity on αS aggregation. Moreover, they were also capable of robustly disaggregating pre-formed αS oligomers. Based upon structure-activity analysis, we propose that the key molecular scaffold most effective in inhibiting and destabilizing self-assembly by αS requires: (i) aromatic elements for binding to the αS monomer/oligomer and (ii) vicinal hydroxyl groups present on a single phenyl ring. These findings may guide the design of novel therapeutic drugs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caruana
- Dept. of Physiology & Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
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110
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Tanaka K, Miyake Y, Fukushima W, Sasaki S, Kiyohara C, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, Oeda T, Miki T, Kawamura N, Sakae N, Fukuyama H, Hirota Y, Nagai M. Active and passive smoking and risk of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2010; 122:377-82. [PMID: 20175761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between active and passive smoking and the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), a case-control study with 249 PD patients and 369 controls was carried out in Japan. METHODS Information on smoking was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Adjustment was made for age, sex, region of residence, educational level, and occupational exposure. RESULTS Ever having smoked cigarettes was associated with a reduced risk of PD [adjusted odds ratio = 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24-0.59]. Risk for former smokers was intermediate between the high risk for never smokers and the low risk for current smokers. Adjusted odds ratios for former and current smokers were 0.51 (95% CI: 0.32-0.82) and 0.12 (95% CI: 0.05-0.26), respectively. There was an inverse dose-response gradient with pack-years smoked. No significant association was detected for passive smoking exposure. CONCLUSION Our results appear to confirm data from previous epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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111
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Maladie de Parkinson : une maladie à forte composante environnementale ? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2010; 166:757-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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112
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Kones R. Parkinson’s Disease: Mitochondrial Molecular Pathology, Inflammation, Statins, and Therapeutic Neuroprotective Nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 2010; 25:371-89. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533610373932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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113
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Chang AS, Yeong BY, Koh WP. Symposium on Plant Polyphenols: Nutrition, Health and Innovations, June 2009. Nutr Rev 2010; 68:246-52. [PMID: 20416020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported here is a summary of the proceedings of the Symposium on Plant Polyphenols: Nutrition, Health and Innovations, which was cosponsored by the Southeast Asia Region branch of the International Life Sciences Institute and the Nutrition Society of Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June 22-23, 2009. The symposium provided a timely update of research regarding the protective effects of polyphenols in chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, as well as the development of innovative polyphenol-containing food products with enhanced nutritive and health properties. Presentations covered polyphenols from a wide range of food sources such as tea, coffee, nuts and seeds, cocoa and chocolate, soy, and Asian fruits, vegetables, and spices. The symposium was attended by a large and diverse group of nutritionists, dietitians, researchers and allied health professionals, as well as management, research and development, and marketing personnel from the food and beverage industry. Their enthusiastic participation was a testament to the increasing awareness and interest in polyphenols in the prevention and control of chronic diseases. Presented here are some of the highlights and important information from the symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S Chang
- Southeast Asia Region Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, Singapore
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114
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Morelli M, Carta AR, Kachroo A, Schwarzschild MA. Pathophysiological roles for purines: adenosine, caffeine and urate. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 183:183-208. [PMID: 20696321 PMCID: PMC3102301 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)83010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are primarily due to the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway. However, several other brain areas and neurotransmitters other than dopamine such as noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine are affected in the disease. Moreover, adenosine because of the extensive interaction of its receptors with the dopaminergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of the disease. Based on the involvement of these non-dopaminergic neurotransmitters in PD and the sometimes severe adverse effects that limit the mainstay use of dopamine-based anti-parkinsonian treatments, recent assessments have called for a broadening of therapeutic options beyond the traditional dopaminergic drug arsenal. In this review we describe the interactions between dopamine and adenosine receptors that underpin the pre-clinical and clinical rationale for pursuing adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists as symptomatic and potentially neuroprotective treatment of PD. The review will pay particular attention to recent results regarding specific A(2A) receptor-receptor interactions and recent findings identifying urate, the end product of purine metabolism, as a novel prognostic biomarker and candidate neuroprotectant in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Morelli
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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115
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Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Tanaka K, Fukushima W, Kiyohara C, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, Oeda T, Miki T, Kawamura N, Sakae N, Fukuyama H, Hirota Y, Nagai M. Dietary fat intake and risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Japan. J Neurol Sci 2009; 288:117-22. [PMID: 19819467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present case-control study examined the relationship between dietary intake of individual fatty acids and the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Japan. Included were 249 cases within 6 years of onset of PD. Controls were 368 inpatients and outpatients without a neurodegenerative disease. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Compared with arachidonic acid intake in the first quartile, consumption of that in the fourth quartile was significantly related to an increased risk of PD: the adjusted odds ratio between extreme quartiles was 2.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.21-3.64, P for trend=0.008). Cholesterol intake was also significantly positively associated with the risk of PD: the adjusted odds ratio between extreme quartiles was 1.78 (95% confidence interval: 1.04-3.05, P for trend=0.01). Consumption of total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and linoleic acid and the ratio of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake were not associated with PD. Higher consumption of arachidonic acid and cholesterol may be related to an increased risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Miyake
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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116
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Weinreb O, Amit T, Mandel S, Youdim MBH. Neuroprotective molecular mechanisms of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: a reflective outcome of its antioxidant, iron chelating and neuritogenic properties. GENES AND NUTRITION 2009; 4:283-96. [PMID: 19756809 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-009-0143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tea, the major source of dietary flavonoids, particularly the epicatechins, signifies the second most frequently consumed beverage worldwide, which varies its status from a simple ancient cultural drink to a nutrient component, endowed possible beneficial neuro-pharmacological actions. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress, resulting in reactive oxygen species generation, plays a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases, supporting the implementation of radical scavengers and metal chelating agents, such as natural tea polyphenols, for therapy. Vast epidemiology data indicate a correlation between occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, and green tea consumption. In particular, recent literature strengthens the perception that diverse molecular signaling pathways, participating in the neuroprotective activity of the major green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), renders this natural compound as potential agent to reduce the risk of various neurodegenerative diseases. In the current review, we discuss the studies concerning the mechanisms of action implicated in EGCG-induced neuroprotection and discuss the vision to translate these findings into a lifestyle arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Weinreb
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel.
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117
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Tsuang D, Larson EB, Li G, Shofer JB, Montine KS, Thompson ML, Sonnen JA, Crane PK, Leverenz JB, Montine TJ. Association between lifetime cigarette smoking and lewy body accumulation. Brain Pathol 2009; 20:412-8. [PMID: 19531100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been associated repeatedly in observational studies with decreased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), but its relationship to the risk of dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD) is inconsistent. All of these studies have used clinical diagnoses of disease. We tested the hypothesis that lifetime cigarette use might be associated with reduced risk of neuropathologic changes of Lewy-related pathology (LRP) in multiple brain regions or with reduced risk of consensus neuropathologic changes of AD in a prospective community-based study of brain aging and dementia, the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study. We observed that heavy lifetime cigarette smoking (>50 pack years) was associated with significantly reduced relative risk (RR) for LRP, but not AD-type pathologic changes, after correcting for selection bias, and with significantly reduced frequency of LRP in the substantia nigra. These findings are the first of which we are aware to associate reduced LRP in human brain with any exposure, and substantiate observational studies that have associated cigarette smoking with reduced risk of PD. Although cigarette smoking is too toxic to suggest as a treatment, if confirmed, these findings may guide future therapeutic strategies that attempt to suppress LRP in human brain by other means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, which unfortunately is still fatal. Since the discovery of dopamine (DA) neuronal cell loss within the substantia nigra in PD, the past decades have seen the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the degenerative process advance at a very impressive rate. Nevertheless, there is at present no cure for PD. Although there are no proven therapies for prevention, a large body of evidence from animal studies has highlighted the paramount role of dietary factors in counteracting DA degeneration. Consistently, associations between the risk of developing PD and the intake of nutrients, individual foods, and dietary patterns have been recently shown. Therefore, promoting healthy lifestyle choices such as a Mediterranean diet might be the key to reducing the risk of PD.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To update the growing literature suggesting that tea and its constituent flavonoids are inversely related to the risk of chronic diseases common among the elderly. RECENT FINDINGS Results are provided from recent observational studies and clinical trials on the relationship of tea and tea catechins to body weight control and energy metabolism, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, bone mineral density, cognitive function and neurodegenerative disease, and cancer. The evidence for the efficacy and potency of tea and tea extracts in benefiting these outcomes ranges from compelling for cardiovascular disease to equivocal at best for some forms of cancer. SUMMARY Although randomized clinical trials of tea have generally been of short duration and with small sample sizes, together with experimental and epidemiological studies, the totality of the data suggests a role for tea in health promotion as a beverage absent in calories and rich in phytochemicals. Further research is warranted on the putative benefits of tea and the potential for synergy among its constituent flavonoids, L-theanine, and caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Bolling
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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121
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