101
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Grass I, Berens DG, Farwig N. Natural habitat loss and exotic plants reduce the functional diversity of flower visitors in a heterogeneous subtropical landscape. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Grass
- Philipps-Universität Marburg; Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8 Marburg 35032 Germany
| | - Dana G. Berens
- Philipps-Universität Marburg; Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8 Marburg 35032 Germany
| | - Nina Farwig
- Philipps-Universität Marburg; Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8 Marburg 35032 Germany
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102
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LaBar T, Campbell C, Yang S, Albert R, Shea K. Restoration of plant–pollinator interaction networks via species translocation. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-013-0211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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103
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Tur C, Vigalondo B, Trøjelsgaard K, Olesen JM, Traveset A. Downscaling pollen-transport networks to the level of individuals. J Anim Ecol 2013; 83:306-17. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tur
- IMEDEA- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
| | - Beatriz Vigalondo
- IMEDEA- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
| | - Kristian Trøjelsgaard
- Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jens M. Olesen
- Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Anna Traveset
- IMEDEA- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
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104
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Thompson AR, Adam TC, Hultgren KM, Thacker CE. Ecology and Evolution Affect Network Structure in an Intimate Marine Mutualism. Am Nat 2013; 182:E58-72. [DOI: 10.1086/670803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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105
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Bartomeus I. Understanding linkage rules in plant-pollinator networks by using hierarchical models that incorporate pollinator detectability and plant traits. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69200. [PMID: 23840909 PMCID: PMC3698228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of mutualistic networks has become a central tool in answering theoretical and applied questions regarding our understanding of ecological processes. Significant gaps in knowledge do however need to be bridged in order to effectively and accurately be able to describe networks. Main concern are the incorporation of species level information, accounting for sampling limitations and understanding linkage rules. Here I propose a simple method to combine plant pollinator effort-limited sampling with information about plant community to gain understanding of what drives linkage rules, while accounting for possible undetected linkages. I use hierarchical models to estimate the probability of detection of each plant-pollinator interaction in 12 Mediterranean plant-pollinator networks. As it is possible to incorporate plant traits as co-variables in the models, this method has the potential to be used for predictive purposes, such as identifying undetected links among existing species, as well as potential interactions with new plant species. Results show that pollinator detectability is very skewed and usually low. Nevertheless, 84% of the models are enhanced by the inclusion of co-variables, with flower abundance and inflorescence type being the most commonly retained co-variables. The predicted networks increase network Connectance by 13%, but not Nestedness, which is known to be robust to sampling effects. However, 46% of the pollinator interactions in the studied networks comprised a single observation and hence could not be modeled. The hierarchical modeling approach suggested here is highly flexible and can be used on binary or frequency networks, accommodate different observers or include collection day weather variables as confounding factors. An R script is provided for a rapid adoption of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Bartomeus
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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106
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Pakeman R, Stockan J. Using plant functional traits as a link between land use and bee foraging abundance. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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107
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Abstract
The simplest and arguably the most ubiquitous pattern in seed dispersal mutualisms is size coupling: large frugivores tend to consume larger fruits and small frugivores tend to consume smaller fruits. Despite the simplicity of this pattern, the potential mechanisms responsible for fruit--frugivore size coupling are mechanistically divergent and poorly resolved. Size coupling could arise deterministically, if large frugivores actively seek out larger fruits to maximize their foraging efficiency. Alternatively, size coupling could also arise passively, if frugivores forage randomly, but are able to consume only those fruit species that are smaller than their gape width. I observed birds forage for fruits in a New Zealand forest reserve at approximately five-day intervals for six years to test for fruit--frugivore size coupling. I then derived a suite of network analyses to establish whether fruit--frugivore size coupling was best explained by active or passive foraging by frugivores. Results showed a strikingly strong pattern in size coupling; the average size of fruits consumed by each frugivore species increased with their maximum gape width. Simulation analyses revealed that over 70% of variation in interaction frequencies in the observed fruit-frugivore web could be explained by a size-constrained, passive, foraging model. Foraging models in which birds foraged actively for different-sized fruits to improve their foraging efficiency performed more poorly. Results were therefore consistent with the hypothesis that apparently nonrandom patterns in seed dispersal mutualisms can sometimes arise from simple stochastic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Burns
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
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108
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Padyšáková E, Bartoš M, Tropek R, Janeček S. Generalization versus specialization in pollination systems: visitors, thieves, and pollinators of Hypoestes aristata (Acanthaceae). PLoS One 2013; 8:e59299. [PMID: 23593135 PMCID: PMC3622670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many recent studies have suggested that the majority of animal-pollinated plants have a higher diversity of pollinators than that expected according to their pollination syndrome. This broad generalization, often based on pollination web data, has been challenged by the fact that some floral visitors recorded in pollination webs are ineffective pollinators. To contribute to this debate, and to obtain a contrast between visitors and pollinators, we studied insect and bird visitors to virgin flowers of Hypoestes aristata in the Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon. We observed the flowers and their visitors for 2-h periods and measured the seed production as a metric of reproductive success. We determined the effects of individual visitors using 2 statistical models, single-visit data that were gathered for more frequent visitor species, and frequency data. This approach enabled us to determine the positive as well as neutral or negative impact of visitors on H. aristata's reproductive success. We found that (i) this plant is not generalized but rather specialized; although we recorded 15 morphotaxa of visitors, only 3 large bee species seemed to be important pollinators; (ii) the carpenter bee Xylocopa cf. inconstans was both the most frequent and the most effective pollinator; (iii) the honey bee Apis mellifera acted as a nectar thief with apparent negative effects on the plant reproduction; and (iv) the close relationship between H. aristata and carpenter bees was in agreement with the large-bee pollination syndrome of this plant. Our results highlight the need for studies detecting the roles of individual visitors. We showed that such an approach is necessary to evaluate the pollination syndrome hypothesis and create relevant evolutionary and ecological hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Padyšáková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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109
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Sáyago R, Lopezaraiza-Mikel M, Quesada M, Álvarez-Añorve MY, Cascante-Marín A, Bastida JM. Evaluating factors that predict the structure of a commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte network. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122821. [PMID: 23407832 PMCID: PMC3574374 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A central issue in ecology is the understanding of the establishment of biotic interactions. We studied the factors that affect the assembly of the commensalistic interactions between vascular epiphytes and their host plants. We used an analytical approach that considers all individuals and species of epiphytic bromeliads and woody hosts and non-hosts at study plots. We built models of interaction probabilities among species to assess if host traits and abundance and spatial overlap of species predict the quantitative epiphyte-host network. Species abundance, species spatial overlap and host size largely predicted pairwise interactions and several network metrics. Wood density and bark texture of hosts also contributed to explain network structure. Epiphytes were more common on large hosts, on abundant woody species, with denser wood and/or rougher bark. The network had a low level of specialization, although several interactions were more frequent than expected by the models. We did not detect a phylogenetic signal on the network structure. The effect of host size on the establishment of epiphytes indicates that mature forests are necessary to preserve diverse bromeliad communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sáyago
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México
- Unidad Académica en Desarrollo Sustentable, Campus Costa Grande, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Carretera Nacional Acapulco Zihuatanejo Km 106+900, Colonia Las Tunas, Tecpan de Galeana, Guerrero 40900, México
| | - Martha Lopezaraiza-Mikel
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México
| | - Mariana Yolotl Álvarez-Añorve
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México
| | | | - Jesus Ma. Bastida
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México
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110
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LaBar T, Campbell C, Yang S, Albert R, Shea K. Global versus local extinction in a network model of plant–pollinator communities. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-013-0182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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111
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Junker RR, Blüthgen N, Brehm T, Binkenstein J, Paulus J, Martin Schaefer H, Stang M. Specialization on traits as basis for the niche‐breadth of flower visitors and as structuring mechanism of ecological networks. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Junker
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Department of Biology Heinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Department of Biology Technische Universität Darmstadt Schnittspahnstraße 3 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Tanja Brehm
- Department of Animal Ecology & Tropical Biology, Biozentrum University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Julia Binkenstein
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Justina Paulus
- Department of Animal Ecology & Tropical Biology, Biozentrum University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - H. Martin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Martina Stang
- Sylvius Laboratory Institute of Biology Leiden Leiden University Sylviusweg 72 2333 BE Leiden The Netherlands
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112
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Janeček Š, Riegert J, Sedláček O, Bartoš M, Hořák D, Reif J, Padyšáková E, Fainová D, Antczak M, Pešata M, Mikeš V, Patáčová E, Altman J, Kantorová J, Hrázský Z, Brom J, Doležal J. Food selection by avian floral visitors: an important aspect of plant-flower visitor interactions in West Africa. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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113
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Ibanez S. Optimizing size thresholds in a plant–pollinator interaction web: towards a mechanistic understanding of ecological networks. Oecologia 2012; 170:233-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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114
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Fang Q, Huang SQ. Relative stability of core groups in pollination networks in a biodiversity hotspot over four years. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32663. [PMID: 22412902 PMCID: PMC3297609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and their pollinators form pollination networks integral to the evolution and persistence of species in communities. Previous studies suggest that pollination network structure remains nested while network composition is highly dynamic. However, little is known about temporal variation in the structure and function of plant-pollinator networks, especially in species-rich communities where the strength of pollinator competition is predicted to be high. Here we quantify temporal variation of pollination networks over four consecutive years in an alpine meadow in the Hengduan Mountains biodiversity hotspot in China. We found that ranked positions and idiosyncratic temperatures of both plants and pollinators were more conservative between consecutive years than in non-consecutive years. Although network compositions exhibited high turnover, generalized core groups--decomposed by a k-core algorithm--were much more stable than peripheral groups. Given the high rate of turnover observed, we suggest that identical plants and pollinators that persist for at least two successive years sustain pollination services at the community level. Our data do not support theoretical predictions of a high proportion of specialized links within species-rich communities. Plants were relatively specialized, exhibiting less variability in pollinator composition at pollinator functional group level than at the species level. Both specialized and generalized plants experienced narrow variation in functional pollinator groups. The dynamic nature of pollination networks in the alpine meadow demonstrates the potential for networks to mitigate the effects of fluctuations in species composition in a high biodiversity area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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115
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Hagen M, Kissling WD, Rasmussen C, De Aguiar MA, Brown LE, Carstensen DW, Alves-Dos-Santos I, Dupont YL, Edwards FK, Genini J, Guimarães PR, Jenkins GB, Jordano P, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Ledger ME, Maia KP, Marquitti FMD, Mclaughlin Ó, Morellato LPC, O'Gorman EJ, Trøjelsgaard K, Tylianakis JM, Vidal MM, Woodward G, Olesen JM. Biodiversity, Species Interactions and Ecological Networks in a Fragmented World. ADV ECOL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396992-7.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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116
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Blick RAJ, Burns KC, Moles AT. Predicting network topology of mistletoe-host interactions: do mistletoes really mimic their hosts? OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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117
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Pires MM, Prado PI, Guimarães PR. Do food web models reproduce the structure of mutualistic networks? PLoS One 2011; 6:e27280. [PMID: 22073303 PMCID: PMC3206955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simple models inspired by processes shaping consumer-resource interactions have helped to establish the primary processes underlying the organization of food webs, networks of trophic interactions among species. Because other ecological interactions such as mutualisms between plants and their pollinators and seed dispersers are inherently based in consumer-resource relationships we hypothesize that processes shaping food webs should organize mutualistic relationships as well. Methodology/Principal Findings We used a likelihood-based model selection approach to compare the performance of food web models and that of a model designed for mutualisms, in reproducing the structure of networks depicting mutualistic relationships. Our results show that these food web models are able to reproduce the structure of most of the mutualistic networks and even the simplest among the food web models, the cascade model, often reproduce overall structural properties of real mutualistic networks. Conclusions/Significance Based on our results we hypothesize that processes leading to feeding hierarchy, which is a characteristic shared by all food web models, might be a fundamental aspect in the assembly of mutualisms. These findings suggest that similar underlying ecological processes might be important in organizing different types of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias M. Pires
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo I. Prado
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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118
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Chacoff NP, Vázquez DP, Lomáscolo SB, Stevani EL, Dorado J, Padrón B. Evaluating sampling completeness in a desert plant-pollinator network. J Anim Ecol 2011; 81:190-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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119
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Functional complementarity and specialisation: The role of biodiversity in plant–pollinator interactions. Basic Appl Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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120
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Yvon-Durocher G, Reiss J, Blanchard J, Ebenman B, Perkins DM, Reuman DC, Thierry A, Woodward G, Petchey OL. Across ecosystem comparisons of size structure: methods, approaches and prospects. OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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121
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Olesen JM, Bascompte J, Dupont YL, Elberling H, Rasmussen C, Jordano P. Missing and forbidden links in mutualistic networks. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:725-32. [PMID: 20843845 PMCID: PMC3030842 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological networks are complexes of interacting species, but not all potential links among species are realized. Unobserved links are either missing or forbidden. Missing links exist, but require more sampling or alternative ways of detection to be verified. Forbidden links remain unobservable, irrespective of sampling effort. They are caused by linkage constraints. We studied one Arctic pollination network and two Mediterranean seed-dispersal networks. In the first, for example, we recorded flower-visit links for one full season, arranged data in an interaction matrix and got a connectance C of 15 per cent. Interaction accumulation curves documented our sampling of interactions through observation of visits to be robust. Then, we included data on pollen from the body surface of flower visitors as an additional link 'currency'. This resulted in 98 new links, missing from the visitation data. Thus, the combined visit-pollen matrix got an increased C of 20 per cent. For the three networks, C ranged from 20 to 52 per cent, and thus the percentage of unobserved links (100 - C) was 48 to 80 per cent; these were assumed forbidden because of linkage constraints and not missing because of under-sampling. Phenological uncoupling (i.e. non-overlapping phenophases between interacting mutualists) is one kind of constraint, and it explained 22 to 28 per cent of all possible, but unobserved links. Increasing phenophase overlap between species increased link probability, but extensive overlaps were required to achieve a high probability. Other kinds of constraint, such as size mismatch and accessibility limitations, are briefly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Olesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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122
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Power EF, Stout JC. Organic dairy farming: impacts on insect-flower interaction networks and pollination. J Appl Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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123
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Campbell C, Yang S, Albert R, Shea K. A network model for plant-pollinator community assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:197-202. [PMID: 21173234 PMCID: PMC3017189 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1008204108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Community assembly models, usually constructed for food webs, are an important component of our understanding of how ecological communities are formed. However, models for mutualistic community assembly are still needed, especially because these communities are experiencing significant anthropogenic disturbances that affect their biodiversity. Here, we present a unique network model that simulates the colonization and extinction process of mutualistic community assembly. We generate regional source pools of species interaction networks on the basis of statistical properties reported in the literature. We develop a dynamic synchronous Boolean framework to simulate, with few free parameters, the dynamics of new mutualistic community formation from the regional source pool. This approach allows us to deterministically map out every possible trajectory of community formation. This level of detail is rarely observed in other analytic approaches and allows for thorough analysis of the dynamical properties of community formation. As for food web assembly, we find that the number of stable communities is quite low, and the composition of the source pool influences the abundance and nature of community outcomes. However, in contrast to food web assembly, stable mutualistic communities form rapidly. Small communities with minor fluctuations in species presence/absence (self-similar limit cycles) are the most common community outcome. The unique application of this Boolean network approach to the study of mutualistic community assembly offers a great opportunity to improve our understanding of these critical communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Campbell
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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124
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125
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Gibson RH, Knott B, Eberlein T, Memmott J. Sampling method influences the structure of plant-pollinator networks. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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126
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Williams NM. Restoration of Nontarget Species: Bee Communities and Pollination Function in Riparian Forests. Restor Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2010.00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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127
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Milet-Pinheiro P, Schlindwein C. Mutual reproductive dependence of distylic Cordia leucocephala (Cordiaceae) and oligolectic Ceblurgus longipalpis (Halictidae, Rophitinae) in the Caatinga. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 106:17-27. [PMID: 20400457 PMCID: PMC2889792 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The close relationship between distylic Cordia leucocephala and the bee Ceblurgus longipalpis, both endemic to the Caatinga, north-east Brazil, was investigated, emphasizing reproductive dependence, morphological adaptations of the partners, and pollen flow. METHODS In the municipality of Pedra, in the Caatinga of Pernambuco, the breeding system and reproductive success of C. leucocephala, its interaction with flower visitors and inter- and intramorph pollen flow were determined. KEY RESULTS The bee Ceblurgus longipalpis, the unique flower visitor and effective pollinator of self-incompatible Cordia leucocephala, presents morphological features adapted to exploit hidden pollen and nectar in the long and narrow corolla tubes. Pollen of low-level anthers is collected with hairs on prolonged mouthparts and pollen of high-level anthers with clypeus, mandibles, and labrum, showing pollen removal from both levels with the same effectiveness. In both morphs, this results in similar legitimate, i.e. intermorph cross-pollen flow. Illegitimate pollen flow to stigmas of pin flowers, however, was much higher than to stigmas of thrum flowers. Moreover, more illegitimate pollen was transported to stigmas of pin and less to those of thrum flowers when compared with legitimate pollen flow. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals a one-to-one reproductive inter-dependence between both partners. Data indicate that this relationship between bee species and plant species is one of the rare cases of monolecty among bees. Monotypic Ceblurgus longipalpis, the only rophitine species of Brazil, evolved prolonged mouthparts rare among short-tongued bees that enable them to access pollen from flowers with short-level anthers hidden for bees of other species, and nectar at the base of the flower tube.
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Do extrafloral nectar resources, species abundances, and body sizes contribute to the structure of ant–plant mutualistic networks? Oecologia 2010; 164:741-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Why network analysis is often disconnected from community ecology: A critique and an ecologist's guide. Basic Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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130
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Junker RR, Höcherl N, Blüthgen N. Responses to olfactory signals reflect network structure of flower-visitor interactions. J Anim Ecol 2010; 79:818-23. [PMID: 20412348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Network analyses provide insights into the diversity and complexity of ecological interactions and have motivated conclusions about community stability and co-evolution. However, biological traits and mechanisms such as chemical signals regulating the interactions between individual species--the microstructure of a network--are poorly understood. 2. We linked the responses of receivers (flower visitors) towards signals (flower scent) to the structure of a highly diverse natural flower-insect network. For each interaction, we define link temperature--a newly developed metric--as the deviation of the observed interaction strength from neutrality, assuming that animals randomly interact with flowers. 3. Link temperature was positively correlated to the specific visitors' responses to floral scents, experimentally examined in a mobile olfactometer. Thus, communication between plants and consumers via phytochemical signals reflects a significant part of the microstructure in a complex network. Negative as well as positive responses towards floral scents contributed to these results, where individual experience was important apart from innate behaviour. 4. Our results indicate that: (1) biological mechanisms have a profound impact on the microstructure of complex networks that underlies the outcome of aggregate statistics, and (2) floral scents act as a filter, promoting the visitation of some flower visitors, but also inhibiting the visitation of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Junker
- Department of Animal Ecology & Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Ollerton
- Landscape and Biodiversity Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Northampton, Park Campus, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK
| | - Emma Coulthard
- Landscape and Biodiversity Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Northampton, Park Campus, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK
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Mitchell RJ, Flanagan RJ, Brown BJ, Waser NM, Karron JD. New frontiers in competition for pollination. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:1403-13. [PMID: 19304814 PMCID: PMC2701753 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-flowering plant species frequently share pollinators. Pollinator sharing is often detrimental to one or more of these species, leading to competition for pollination. Perhaps because it offers an intriguing juxtaposition of ecological opposites - mutualism and competition - within one relatively tractable system, competition for pollination has captured the interest of ecologists for over a century. SCOPE Our intent is to contemplate exciting areas for further work on competition for pollination, rather than to exhaustively review past studies. After a brief historical summary, we present a conceptual framework that incorporates many aspects of competition for pollination, involving both the quantity and quality of pollination services, and both female and male sex functions of flowers. Using this framework, we contemplate a relatively subtle mechanism of competition involving pollen loss, and consider how competition might affect plant mating systems, overall reproductive success and multi-species interactions. We next consider how competition for pollination might be altered by several emerging consequences of a changing planet, including the spread of alien species, climate change and pollinator declines. Most of these topics represent new frontiers whose exploration has just begun. CONCLUSIONS Competition for pollination has served as a model for the integration of ecological and evolutionary perspectives in the study of species interactions. Its study has elucidated both obvious and more subtle mechanisms, and has documented a range of outcomes. However, the potential for this interaction to inform our understanding of both pure and applied aspects of pollination biology has only begun to be realized.
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Mitchell RJ, Irwin RE, Flanagan RJ, Karron JD. Ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator interactions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:1355-63. [PMID: 19482881 PMCID: PMC2701755 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some of the most exciting advances in pollination biology have resulted from interdisciplinary research combining ecological and evolutionary perspectives. For example, these two approaches have been essential for understanding the functional ecology of floral traits, the dynamics of pollen transport, competition for pollinator services, and patterns of specialization and generalization in plant-pollinator interactions. However, as research in these and other areas has progressed, many pollination biologists have become more specialized in their research interests, focusing their attention on either evolutionary or ecological questions. We believe that the continuing vigour of a synthetic and interdisciplinary field like pollination biology depends on renewed connections between ecological and evolutionary approaches. SCOPE In this Viewpoint paper we highlight the application of ecological and evolutionary approaches to two themes in pollination biology: (1) links between pollinator behaviour and plant mating systems, and (2) generalization and specialization in pollination systems. We also describe how mathematical models and synthetic analyses have broadened our understanding of pollination biology, especially in human-modified landscapes. We conclude with several suggestions that we hope will stimulate future research. This Viewpoint also serves as the introduction to this Special Issue on the Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Pollinator Interactions. These papers provide inspiring examples of the synergy between evolutionary and ecological approaches, and offer glimpses of great accomplishments yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J. Mitchell
- Department of Biology, Program in Integrated Biosciences, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Irwin
- Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Flanagan
- Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 413, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Karron
- Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 413, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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Vázquez DP, Blüthgen N, Cagnolo L, Chacoff NP. Uniting pattern and process in plant-animal mutualistic networks: a review. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:1445-57. [PMID: 19304996 PMCID: PMC2701748 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are becoming increasingly interested in networks as a framework to study plant-animal mutualisms within their ecological context. Although such focus on networks has brought about important insights into the structure of these interactions, relatively little is still known about the mechanisms behind these patterns. SCOPE The aim in this paper is to offer an overview of the mechanisms influencing the structure of plant-animal mutualistic networks. A brief summary is presented of the salient network patterns, the potential mechanisms are discussed and the studies that have evaluated them are reviewed. This review shows that researchers of plant-animal mutualisms have made substantial progress in the understanding of the processes behind the patterns observed in mutualistic networks. At the same time, we are still far from a thorough, integrative mechanistic understanding. We close with specific suggestions for directions of future research, which include developing methods to evaluate the relative importance of mechanisms influencing network patterns and focusing research efforts on selected representative study systems throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego P Vázquez
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Aridas, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.
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