101
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Böttcher C, Fernández-Zapata C, Schlickeiser S, Kunkel D, Schulz AR, Mei HE, Weidinger C, Gieß RM, Asseyer S, Siegmund B, Paul F, Ruprecht K, Priller J. Multi-parameter immune profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry in patients with early multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19471. [PMID: 31857644 PMCID: PMC6923404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Studies in rodent models demonstrated an association of CNS-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages with disease severity. However, little is known about humans. Here, we performed an exploratory analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy controls and drug-naïve patients with early MS using multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry and algorithm-based data analysis. Two antibody panels comprising a total of 64 antibodies were designed to comprehensively analyse diverse immune cell populations, with particular emphasis on monocytes. PBMC composition and marker expression were overall similar between the groups. However, an increased abundance of CCR7+ and IL-6+ T cells was detected in early MS-PBMCs, whereas NFAT1hiT-bethiCD4+ T cells were decreased. Similarly, we detected changes in the subset composition of the CCR7+ and MIPβhi HLA-DR+ lymphocyte compartment. Only mild alterations were detected in monocytes/myeloid cells of patients with early MS, namely a decreased abundance of CD141hiIRF8hiCXCR3+CD68- dendritic cells. Unlike in Crohn's disease, no significant differences were found in the monocyte fraction of patients with early MS compared to healthy controls. This study provides a valuable resource for future studies designed to characterise and target diverse PBMC subsets in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chotima Böttcher
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Camila Fernández-Zapata
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Schlickeiser
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Desiree Kunkel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10178, Germany
| | - Axel R Schulz
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik E Mei
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Carl Weidinger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Berlin, Germany
| | - René M Gieß
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanna Asseyer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10178, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10178, Germany.
- DZNE, Berlin Germany, University of Edinburgh and UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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102
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Chen S, Yang J, Wei Y, Wei X. Epigenetic regulation of macrophages: from homeostasis maintenance to host defense. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:36-49. [PMID: 31664225 PMCID: PMC6952359 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are crucial members of the innate immune response and important regulators. The differentiation and activation of macrophages require the timely regulation of gene expression, which depends on the interaction of a variety of factors, including transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic changes also give macrophages the ability to switch rapidly between cellular programs, indicating the ability of epigenetic mechanisms to affect phenotype plasticity. In this review, we focus on key epigenetic events associated with macrophage fate, highlighting events related to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, responses to different stimuli and the formation of innate immune memory. Further understanding of the epigenetic regulation of macrophages will be helpful for maintaining tissue integrity, preventing chronic inflammatory diseases and developing therapies to enhance host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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103
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Bodogai M, O'Connell J, Kim K, Kim Y, Moritoh K, Chen C, Gusev F, Vaughan K, Shulzhenko N, Mattison JA, Lee-Chang C, Chen W, Carlson O, Becker KG, Gurung M, Morgun A, White J, Meade T, Perdue K, Mack M, Ferrucci L, Trinchieri G, de Cabo R, Rogaev E, Egan J, Wu J, Biragyn A. Commensal bacteria contribute to insulin resistance in aging by activating innate B1a cells. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/467/eaat4271. [PMID: 30429354 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat4271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aging in humans is associated with increased hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (collectively termed IR) and dysregulation of the immune system. However, the causative factors underlying their association remain unknown. Here, using "healthy" aged mice and macaques, we found that IR was induced by activated innate 4-1BBL+ B1a cells. These cells (also known as 4BL cells) accumulated in aging in response to changes in gut commensals and a decrease in beneficial metabolites such as butyrate. We found evidence suggesting that loss of the commensal bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila impaired intestinal integrity, causing leakage of bacterial products such as endotoxin, which activated CCR2+ monocytes when butyrate was decreased. Upon infiltration into the omentum, CCR2+ monocytes converted B1a cells into 4BL cells, which, in turn, induced IR by expressing 4-1BBL, presumably to trigger 4-1BB receptor signaling as in obesity-induced metabolic disorders. This pathway and IR were reversible, as supplementation with either A. muciniphila or the antibiotic enrofloxacin, which increased the abundance of A. muciniphila, restored normal insulin response in aged mice and macaques. In addition, treatment with butyrate or antibodies that depleted CCR2+ monocytes or 4BL cells had the same effect on IR. These results underscore the pathological function of B1a cells and suggest that the microbiome-monocyte-B cell axis could potentially be targeted to reverse age-associated IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bodogai
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jennifer O'Connell
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ki Kim
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yoo Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kanako Moritoh
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Fedor Gusev
- Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kelli Vaughan
- Nonhuman Primate Core Facility, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Julie A Mattison
- Nonhuman Primate Core Facility, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Olga Carlson
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kevin G Becker
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Manoj Gurung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - James White
- Resphera Biosciences, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Theresa Meade
- Comparative Medicine Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kathy Perdue
- Comparative Medicine Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg 93001-93059, Germany
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Evgeny Rogaev
- Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Josephine Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jiejun Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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104
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Drohomyrecky PC, Doroshenko ER, Akkermann R, Moshkova M, Yi TJ, Zhao FL, Ahn JJ, McGaha TL, Pahan K, Dunn SE. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-δ Acts within Peripheral Myeloid Cells to Limit Th Cell Priming during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2588-2601. [PMID: 31578267 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ is a fatty acid-activated transcription factor that regulates metabolic homeostasis, cell growth, and differentiation. Previously, we reported that mice with a global deficiency of PPAR-δ develop an exacerbated course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), highlighting a role for this nuclear receptor in limiting the development of CNS inflammation. However, the cell-specific contribution of PPAR-δ to the more severe CNS inflammatory response remained unclear. In this study, we studied the specific involvement of PPAR-δ in myeloid cells during EAE using mice that had Cre-mediated excision of floxed Ppard driven by the lysozyme M (LysM) promoter (LysM Cre :Ppard fl/fl). We observed that LysM Cre :Ppard fl/fl mice were more susceptible to EAE and developed a more severe course of this disease compared with Ppard fl/fl controls. The more severe EAE in LysM Cre :Ppard fl/fl mice was associated with an increased accumulation of pathogenic CD4+ T cells in the CNS and enhanced myelin-specific Th1 and Th17 responses in the periphery. Adoptive transfer EAE studies linked this EAE phenotype in LysM Cre :Ppard fl/fl mice to heightened Th responses. Furthermore, studies using an in vitro CD11b+ cell:Th cell coculture system revealed that CD11b+CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC) from LysM Cre :Ppard fl/fl mice had a heightened capacity to prime myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific Th cells compared with Ppard fl/fl counterparts; the effects of DC on Th1 cytokine production were mediated through production of the IL-12p40 homodimer. These studies revealed a role for PPAR-δ in DC in limiting Th cell priming during EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rainer Akkermann
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Marina Moshkova
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Tae Joon Yi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Fei L Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeeyoon Jennifer Ahn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Shannon E Dunn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; .,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada; and.,Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1N8, Canada
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105
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van de Wouw M, Boehme M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Monocyte mobilisation, microbiota & mental illness. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:74-91. [PMID: 31330299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiome has emerged as a key player in regulating brain and behaviour. This has led to the strategy of targeting the gut microbiota to ameliorate disorders of the central nervous system. Understanding the underlying signalling pathways in which the microbiota impacts these disorders is crucial for the development of future therapeutics for improving CNS functionality. One of the major pathways through which the microbiota influences the brain is the immune system, where there is an increasing appreciation for the role of monocyte trafficking in regulating brain homeostasis. In this review, we will shed light on the role of monocyte trafficking as a relay of microbiota signals in conditions where the central nervous system is in disorder, such as stress, peripheral inflammation, ageing, traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We also cover how the gastrointestinal microbiota is implicated in these mental illnesses. In addition, we aim to discuss how the monocyte system can be modulated by the gut microbiota to mitigate disorders of the central nervous system, which will lead to novel microbiota-targeted strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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106
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When encephalitogenic T cells collaborate with microglia in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:704-717. [PMID: 31527807 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells mediate critical inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in the CNS in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, activated microglia, border-associated macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages in the CNS can encounter T cells that have infiltrated the brain parenchyma from the circulation. Although microglia and T cells both contribute to normal CNS development and homeostasis, evidence suggests that the meeting of activated microglia and macrophages with encephalitogenic T cells exacerbates their capacity to inflict injury. This crosstalk involves many cell-surface molecules, cytokines and neurotoxic factors. In this Review, we summarize the mechanisms and consequences of T cell-microglia interactions as identified with in vitro experiments and animal models, and discuss the challenges that arise when translating this preclinical knowledge to MS in humans. We also consider therapeutic approaches to MS of which the mechanisms involve prevention or modulation of T cell and microglia responses and their interactions.
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107
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Wesselingh R, Butzkueven H, Buzzard K, Tarlinton D, O'Brien TJ, Monif M. Innate Immunity in the Central Nervous System: A Missing Piece of the Autoimmune Encephalitis Puzzle? Front Immunol 2019; 10:2066. [PMID: 31552027 PMCID: PMC6746826 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune encephalitides are a group of autoimmune conditions targeting the central nervous system and causing severe clinical symptoms including drug-resistant seizures, cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric disturbance. Although these disorders appear to be antibody mediated, the role of innate immune responses needs further clarification. Infiltrating monocytes and microglial proliferation at the site of pathology could contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease with resultant blood brain barrier dysfunction, and subsequent activation of adaptive immune response. Both innate and adaptive immune cells can produce pro-inflammatory molecules which can perpetuate ongoing neuroinflammation and drive ongoing seizure activity. Ultimately neurodegenerative changes can ensue with resultant long-term neurological sequelae that can impact on ongoing patient morbidity and quality of life, providing a potential target for future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robb Wesselingh
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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108
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Replenishment of Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures with Neonatal or Adult Microglia. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31392682 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9658-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
This protocol describes a method to deplete and repopulate organotypic hippocampal slice cultures with ramified microglia. We describe the slice culture preparation from newborn mice, standard culturing of neonatal microglia, and the acute isolation of microglia from adult mouse brain. Furthermore, we outline the technique for the replenishment of microglia-depleted slice cultures with different microglia populations and subsequent morphological analysis. We show that neonatal and adult microglia acquire specific ramified morphologies, which in case of adult microglia are indistinguishable from the in vivo situation. This procedure not only allows the functional investigation of microglia with different degrees of ramification but also enables the construction of chimeric slice cultures with respect to the microglia phenotype. Preparation of slice cultures can be completed in 3.5 h, preparation of mixed-glial cultures in 4 h, isolation of adult microglia can be accomplished in 3.5 h, and replenishment in 30 min.
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109
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Sie C, Perez LG, Kreutzfeldt M, Potthast M, Ohnmacht C, Merkler D, Huber S, Krug A, Korn T. Dendritic Cell Accumulation in the Gut and Central Nervous System Is Differentially Dependent on α4 Integrins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1417-1427. [PMID: 31399516 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Homing of pathogenic CD4+ T cells to the CNS is dependent on α4 integrins. However, it is uncertain whether α4 integrins are also required for the migration of dendritic cell (DC) subsets, which sample Ags from nonlymphoid tissues to present it to T cells. In this study, after genetic ablation of Itga4 in DCs and monocytes in mice via the promoters of Cd11c and Lyz2 (also known as LysM), respectively, the recruitment of α4 integrin-deficient conventional and plasmacytoid DCs to the CNS was unaffected, whereas α4 integrin-deficient, monocyte-derived DCs accumulated less efficiently in the CNS during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in a competitive setting than their wild-type counterparts. In a noncompetitive setting, α4 integrin deficiency on monocyte-derived DCs was fully compensated. In contrast, in small intestine and colon, the fraction of α4 integrin-deficient CD11b+CD103+ DCs was selectively reduced in steady-state. Yet, T cell-mediated inflammation and host defense against Citrobacter rodentium were not impaired in the absence of α4 integrins on DCs. Thus, inflammatory conditions can promote an environment that is indifferent to α4 integrin expression by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sie
- Abteilung für Experimentelle Neuroimmunologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Garcia Perez
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Potthast
- Center of Allergy and Environment, Helmholtz Center and Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Caspar Ohnmacht
- Center of Allergy and Environment, Helmholtz Center and Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Krug
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; and
| | - Thomas Korn
- Abteilung für Experimentelle Neuroimmunologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; .,Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, 81377 Munich, Germany
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110
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Fani Maleki A, Rivest S. Innate Immune Cells: Monocytes, Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Microglia as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:355. [PMID: 31427930 PMCID: PMC6690269 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system provides protection in the CNS via resident microglial cells and those that traffic into it in the course of pathological challenges. These populations of cells are key players in modulating immune functions that are involved in disease outcomes. In this review, we briefly summarize and highlight the current state of knowledge of the differential contributions of microglia and monocytes in Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis. The role of innate immunity is frequently seen as a Yin and Yang in both diseases, but this depends on the environment, pre-clinical disease models and the type of cells involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham Fani Maleki
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
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111
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Nally FK, De Santi C, McCoy CE. Nanomodulation of Macrophages in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060543. [PMID: 31195710 PMCID: PMC6628349 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating autoimmune disease primarily affecting young adults. Despite an unclear causal factor, symptoms and pathology arise from the infiltration of peripheral immune cells across the blood brain barrier. Accounting for the largest fraction of this infiltrate, macrophages are functionally heterogeneous innate immune cells capable of adopting either a pro or an anti-inflammatory phenotype, a phenomenon dependent upon cytokine milieu in the CNS. This functional plasticity is of key relevance in MS, where the pro-inflammatory state dominates the early stage, instructing demyelination and axonal loss while the later anti-inflammatory state holds a key role in promoting tissue repair and regeneration in later remission. This review highlights a potential therapeutic benefit of modulating macrophage polarisation to harness the anti-inflammatory and reparative state in MS. Here, we outline the role of macrophages in MS and look at the role of current FDA approved therapeutics in macrophage polarisation. Moreover, we explore the potential of particulate carriers as a novel strategy to manipulate polarisation states in macrophages, whilst examining how optimising macrophage uptake via nanoparticle size and functionalisation could offer a novel therapeutic approach for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances K Nally
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, 2 D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Chiara De Santi
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, 2 D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Claire E McCoy
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, 2 D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland.
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112
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Fischer HJ, Finck TLK, Pellkofer HL, Reichardt HM, Lühder F. Glucocorticoid Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis Patients Induces Anti-inflammatory Polarization and Increased Chemotaxis of Monocytes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1200. [PMID: 31191554 PMCID: PMC6549240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by the infiltration of mononuclear cells into the CNS and a subsequent inflammation of the brain. Monocytes are implicated in disease pathogenesis not only in their function as potential antigen-presenting cells involved in the local reactivation of encephalitogenic T cells but also by independent effector functions contributing to structural damage and disease progression. However, monocytes also have beneficial effects as they can exert anti-inflammatory activity and promote tissue repair. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used to treat acute relapses in MS patients. They act on a variety of cell types but their exact mechanisms of action including their modulation of monocyte function are not fully understood. Here we investigated effects of the therapeutically relevant GC methylprednisolone (MP) on monocytes from healthy individuals and MS patients in vitro and in vivo. The monocyte composition in the blood was different in MS patients compared to healthy individuals, but it was only marginally affected by MP treatment. In contrast, application of MP caused a marked shift toward an anti-inflammatory monocyte phenotype in vitro and in vivo as revealed by an altered gene expression profile. Chemotaxis of monocytes toward CCL2, CCL5, and CX3CL1 was increased in MS patients compared to healthy individuals and further enhanced by MP pulse therapy. Both of these migration-promoting effects were more pronounced in MS patients with an acute relapse than in those with a progressive disease. Interestingly, the pro-migratory GC effect was independent of chemokine receptor levels as exemplified by results obtained for CCR2. Collectively, our findings suggest that GCs polarize monocytes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype and enhance their migration into the inflamed CNS, endowing them with the capacity to suppress the pathogenic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike J Fischer
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias L K Finck
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannah L Pellkofer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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113
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Watanabe S, Alexander M, Misharin AV, Budinger GRS. The role of macrophages in the resolution of inflammation. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2619-2628. [PMID: 31107246 DOI: 10.1172/jci124615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are tissue-resident or infiltrated immune cells critical for innate immunity, normal tissue development, homeostasis, and repair of damaged tissue. Macrophage function is a sum of their ontogeny, the local environment in which they reside, and the type of injuries or pathogen to which they are exposed. In this Review, we discuss the role of macrophages in the restoration of tissue function after injury, highlighting important questions about how they respond to and modify the local microenvironment to restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Watanabe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Michael Alexander
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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114
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Tanabe S, Saitoh S, Miyajima H, Itokazu T, Yamashita T. Microglia suppress the secondary progression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Glia 2019; 67:1694-1704. [PMID: 31106910 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by progressive motor dysfunction, sensory deficits, and visual problems. The pathological mechanism of SPMS remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of microglia, immune cells in the CNS, in a secondary progressive form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mouse model of SPMS. We induced EAE in nonobese diabetic mice and treated the EAE mice with PLX3397, an antagonist of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor, during secondary progression in order to deplete microglia. The results showed that PLX3397 treatment significantly exacerbated secondary progression of EAE and increased mortality rates. Additionally, histological analysis showed that PLX3397 treatment significantly promoted inflammation, demyelination, and axonal degeneration. Moreover, the number of CD4+ T cells in the spinal cord of EAE mice was expanded due to PLX3397-mediated proliferation. These results suggest that microglia suppressed secondary progression of EAE by inhibiting the proliferation of CD4+ T cells in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, World Premier International, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Saitoh
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisao Miyajima
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, World Premier International, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
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115
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Consonni FM, Porta C, Marino A, Pandolfo C, Mola S, Bleve A, Sica A. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Ductile Targets in Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:949. [PMID: 31130949 PMCID: PMC6509569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with major regulatory functions and rise during pathological conditions, including cancer, infections and autoimmune conditions. MDSC expansion is generally linked to inflammatory processes that emerge in response to stable immunological stress, which alter both magnitude and quality of the myelopoietic output. Inability to reinstate physiological myelopoiesis would fall in an “emergency state” that perpetually reprograms myeloid cells toward suppressive functions. While differentiation and reprogramming of myeloid cells toward an immunosuppressive phenotype can be considered the result of a multistep process that originates in the bone marrow and culminates in the tumor microenvironment, the identification of its driving events may offer potential therapeutic approaches in different pathologies. Indeed, whereas expansion of MDSCs, in both murine and human tumor bearers, results in reduced immune surveillance and antitumor cytotoxicity, placing an obstacle to the effectiveness of anticancer therapies, adoptive transfer of MDSCs has shown therapeutic benefits in autoimmune disorders. Here, we describe relevant mechanisms of myeloid cell reprogramming leading to generation of suppressive MDSCs and discuss their therapeutic ductility in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Porta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Arianna Marino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Pandolfo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Mola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Augusto Bleve
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Antonio Sica
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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116
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Narasimhan PB, Marcovecchio P, Hamers AA, Hedrick CC. Nonclassical Monocytes in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:439-456. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are innate blood cells that maintain vascular homeostasis and are early responders to pathogens in acute infections. There are three well-characterized classes of monocytes: classical (CD14+CD16−in humans and Ly6Chiin mice), intermediate (CD14+CD16+in humans and Ly6C+Treml4+in mice), and nonclassical (CD14−CD16+in humans and Ly6Cloin mice). Classical monocytes are critical for the initial inflammatory response. Classical monocytes can differentiate into macrophages in tissue and can contribute to chronic disease. Nonclassical monocytes have been widely viewed as anti-inflammatory, as they maintain vascular homeostasis. They are a first line of defense in recognition and clearance of pathogens. However, their roles in chronic disease are less clear. They have been shown to be protective as well as positively associated with disease burden. This review focuses on the state of the monocyte biology field and the functions of monocytes, particularly nonclassical monocytes, in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Babu Narasimhan
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;, , ,
| | - Paola Marcovecchio
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;, , ,
| | - Anouk A.J. Hamers
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;, , ,
| | - Catherine C. Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;, , ,
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117
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Nichols MR, St-Pierre MK, Wendeln AC, Makoni NJ, Gouwens LK, Garrad EC, Sohrabi M, Neher JJ, Tremblay ME, Combs CK. Inflammatory mechanisms in neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2019; 149:562-581. [PMID: 30702751 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the profound connection between microglia, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Theories have been postulated, tested, and modified over several decades. The findings have further bolstered the belief that microglia-mediated inflammation is both a product and contributor to AD pathology and progression. Distinct microglia phenotypes and their function, microglial recognition and response to protein aggregates in AD, and the overall role of microglia in AD are areas that have received considerable research attention and yielded significant results. The following article provides a historical perspective of microglia, a detailed discussion of multiple microglia phenotypes including dark microglia, and a review of a number of areas where microglia intersect with AD and other pathological neurological processes. The overall breadth of important discoveries achieved in these areas significantly strengthens the hypothesis that neuroinflammation plays a key role in AD. Future determination of the exact mechanisms by which microglia respond to, and attempt to mitigate, protein aggregation in AD may lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Nichols
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ann-Christin Wendeln
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nyasha J Makoni
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lisa K Gouwens
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Evan C Garrad
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mona Sohrabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jonas J Neher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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118
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Saito E, Kuo R, Pearson RM, Gohel N, Cheung B, King NJC, Miller SD, Shea LD. Designing drug-free biodegradable nanoparticles to modulate inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils for ameliorating inflammation. J Control Release 2019; 300:185-196. [PMID: 30822435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation associated with autoimmune diseases and chronic injury is an initiating event that leads to tissue degeneration and dysfunction. Inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils systemically circulate and enter inflamed tissue, and pharmaceutical based targeting of these cells has not substantially improved outcomes and has had side effects. Herein, we investigated the design of drug-free biodegradable nanoparticles, notably without any active pharmaceutical ingredient or targeting ligand, that target circulating inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils in the vasculature to inhibit them from migrating into inflamed tissue. Nanoparticles were formed from 50:50 poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) with two molecular weights (Low, High) and poly(DL-lactide) (PLA) (termed PLG-L, PLG-H, and PDLA, respectively) and were analyzed for their association with monocytes and neutrophils and their impact on disease course along with immune cell trafficking. For particles injected intravenously for 6 consecutive days to mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), PLG-H particles had significantly lower EAE clinical scores than PBS control, while PLG-L and PDLA particles had modest or negligible effect on EAE onset. In vivo and in vitro data suggests that PLG-H particles had high association with immune cells, with preferential association with blood neutrophils relative to other particles. PLG-H particles restrained immune cells from the central nervous system (CNS), with increased accumulation in the spleen, which was not observed for mice receiving PDLA or control treatments. These results demonstrate that the particle composition influences the association with inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils in the vasculature, with the potential to redirect trafficking and ameliorate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nishant Gohel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brandon Cheung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas J C King
- The Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Science, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute (CLP), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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119
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Melero-Jerez C, Suardíaz M, Lebrón-Galán R, Marín-Bañasco C, Oliver-Martos B, Machín-Díaz I, Fernández Ó, de Castro F, Clemente D. The presence and suppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells are potentiated after interferon-β treatment in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:13-31. [PMID: 30798007 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (CNS), mainly affecting young adults. Among the immunomodulatory disease modifying treatments approved up to date to treat MS, IFN-β remains to be one of the most widely prescribed for the Relapsing-Remitting (RR) variant of the disease, although its mechanism of action is still partially understood. RR-MS variant is characterized by phases with increasing neurological symptoms (relapses) followed by periods of total or partial recovery (remissions), which implies the existence of immunomodulatory agents to promote the relapsing-to-remitting transition. Among these agents, it has been described the immunosuppressive role of a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells, namely the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) during the clinical course of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most used MS model to study RRMS. However, it is still unknown how the current MS disease modifying treatments, e.g. IFN- β, affects to MDSCs number or activity. Our present results show that a single injection of IFN-β at the onset of the clinical course reduces the severity of the EAE, enhancing the presence of MDSCs within the smaller demyelinated areas. Moreover, the single dose of IFN-β promotes MDSC immunosuppressive activity both in vivo and in vitro, augmenting T cell apoptosis. Finally, we show that IFN-ß preserves MDSC immaturity, preventing their differentiation to mature and less suppressive myeloid cell subsets. Taking together, all these data add new insights into the mechanism of IFN-β treatment in EAE and point to MDSCs as a putative endogenous mediator of its beneficial role in this animal model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Suardíaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter-centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Carmen Marín-Bañasco
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter-centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Oliver-Martos
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter-centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Machín-Díaz
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Óscar Fernández
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter-centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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120
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Jordão MJC, Sankowski R, Brendecke SM, Sagar, Locatelli G, Tai YH, Tay TL, Schramm E, Armbruster S, Hagemeyer N, Groß O, Mai D, Çiçek Ö, Falk T, Kerschensteiner M, Grün D, Prinz M. Single-cell profiling identifies myeloid cell subsets with distinct fates during neuroinflammation. Science 2019; 363:363/6425/eaat7554. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune cell compartment is highly diverse in the healthy central nervous system (CNS), including parenchymal and non-parenchymal macrophages. However, this complexity is increased in inflammatory settings by the recruitment of circulating myeloid cells. It is unclear which disease-specific myeloid subsets exist and what their transcriptional profiles and dynamics during CNS pathology are. Combining deep single-cell transcriptome analysis, fate mapping, in vivo imaging, clonal analysis, and transgenic mouse lines, we comprehensively characterized unappreciated myeloid subsets in several CNS compartments during neuroinflammation. During inflammation, CNS macrophage subsets undergo self-renewal, and random proliferation shifts toward clonal expansion. Last, functional studies demonstrated that endogenous CNS tissue macrophages are redundant for antigen presentation. Our results highlight myeloid cell diversity and provide insights into the brain’s innate immune system.
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121
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Abstract
Research during the last decade has generated numerous insights on the presence, phenotype, and function of myeloid cells in cardiovascular organs. Newer tools with improved detection sensitivities revealed sizable populations of tissue-resident macrophages in all major healthy tissues. The heart and blood vessels contain robust numbers of these cells; for instance, 8% of noncardiomyocytes in the heart are macrophages. This number and the cell's phenotype change dramatically in disease conditions. While steady-state macrophages are mostly monocyte independent, macrophages residing in the inflamed vascular wall and the diseased heart derive from hematopoietic organs. In this review, we will highlight signals that regulate macrophage supply and function, imaging applications that can detect changes in cell numbers and phenotype, and opportunities to modulate cardiovascular inflammation by targeting macrophage biology. We strive to provide a systems-wide picture, i.e., to focus not only on cardiovascular organs but also on tissues involved in regulating cell supply and phenotype, as well as comorbidities that promote cardiovascular disease. We will summarize current developments at the intersection of immunology, detection technology, and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Frodermann
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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122
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An introduction to innate immunity in the central nervous system. ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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123
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Phenotypic and Functional Diversities of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:4316584. [PMID: 30670926 PMCID: PMC6323474 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4316584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are identified as a heterogeneous population of cells with the function to suppress innate as well as adaptive immune responses. The initial studies of MDSCs were primarily focused on the field of animal tumor models or cancer patients. In cancer, MDSCs play the deleterious role to inhibit tumor immunity and to promote tumor development. Over the past few years, an increasing number of studies have investigated the role of MDSCs in autoimmune diseases. The beneficial effects of MDSCs in autoimmunity have been reported by some studies, and thus, immunosuppressive MDSCs may be a novel therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases. There are some controversial findings as well. Many questions such as the activation, differentiation, and suppressive functions of MDSCs and their roles in autoimmune diseases remain unclear. In this review, we have discussed the current understanding of MDSCs in autoimmune diseases.
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124
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Li M, Zhu D, Wang T, Xia X, Tian J, Wang S. Roles of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Subpopulations in Autoimmune Arthritis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2849. [PMID: 30564242 PMCID: PMC6288996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests the promise of the use of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in inflammatory disorders based on their unique immune-intervention properties. However, the roles of MDSCs in autoimmune arthritis are not completely understood. Indeed, their immunosuppressive functions in arthritic conditions remain controversial, with heterogeneity among MDSCs and differential effects among subpopulations receiving much attention. As a result, it is necessary to determine the roles of MDSC subpopulations in autoimmune arthritis to clarify their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Interestingly, in the inflammation niche of autoimmune arthritis, each MDSC subpopulation can exhibit both alternatives of a given characteristic. Moreover, polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) are likely to be more suppressive and stable compared with monocytic MDSCs (MO-MDSCs). Although various important cytokines associated with the differentiation of MDSCs or MDSC subpopulations from immature myeloid precursors, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), have been largely applied in external inductive systems, their roles are not entirely clear. Moreover, MDSC-based clinical treatments in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) continue to represent a significant challenge, as also reported for other autoimmune diseases. In this review, we describe the effects and actions of MDSC subpopulations on the development of autoimmune arthritis and analyze several types of MDSC-based therapeutic strategies to provide comprehensive information regarding immune networks and a foundation for more effective protocols for autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dongwei Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Xueli Xia
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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125
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Thompson KK, Nissen JC, Pretory A, Tsirka SE. Tuftsin Combines With Remyelinating Therapy and Improves Outcomes in Models of CNS Demyelinating Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2784. [PMID: 30555470 PMCID: PMC6283261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy, it does not address inflammatory signals that continue to induce neuronal damage and inhibit effectiveness of repair mechanisms. Our lab has previously characterized the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide, tuftsin, which induces an anti-inflammatory shift in microglia and macrophages. This targeted anti-inflammatory agent improves physical deficits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Here, we sought to determine whether tuftsin is also effective in combination with benztropine, an FDA-approved drug that stimulates remyelination, in both EAE and in the cuprizone model of demyelination. We show that combining these two agents to promote anti-inflammatory and remyelinating mechanisms alleviates symptoms in EAE and lessens pathological hallmarks in both MS models. Importantly, tuftsin is required to transform the inflammatory CNS environment normally present in EAE/MS into one of an anti-inflammatory nature, and benztropine is required in the cuprizone model to improve remyelination. Our data further support tuftsin's beneficial immunomodulatory activity in the context of EAE, and show that when studying remyelination in the absence of an autoimmune insult, tuftsin still activated microglia toward an anti-inflammatory fate, but benztropine was necessary for significant repair of the damaged myelin. Overall, tuftsin effectively combined with benztropine to significantly improve MS-like pathologies in both models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn K Thompson
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Jillian C Nissen
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Amanda Pretory
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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126
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Rubino SJ, Mayo L, Wimmer I, Siedler V, Brunner F, Hametner S, Madi A, Lanser A, Moreira T, Donnelly D, Cox L, Rezende RM, Butovsky O, Lassmann H, Weiner HL. Acute microglia ablation induces neurodegeneration in the somatosensory system. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4578. [PMID: 30385785 PMCID: PMC6212411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that microglia depletion leads to impairment of synapse formation and these cells rapidly repopulate from CNS progenitors. However, the impact of microglia depletion and repopulation in the long-term state of the CNS environment has not been characterized. Here, we report that acute and synchronous microglia depletion and subsequent repopulation induces gray matter microgliosis, neuronal death in the somatosensory cortex and ataxia-like behavior. We find a type 1 interferon inflammatory signature in degenerating somatosensory cortex from microglia-depleted mice. Transcriptomic and mass cytometry analysis of repopulated microglia demonstrates an interferon regulatory factor 7-driven activation state. Minocycline and anti-IFNAR1 antibody treatment attenuate the CNS type 1 interferon-driven inflammation, restore microglia homeostasis and reduce ataxic behavior. Neither microglia depletion nor repopulation impact neuropathology or T-cell responses during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Together, we found that acute microglia ablation induces a type 1 interferon activation state of gray matter microglia associated with acute neurodegeneration. Previous studies have shown that depletion of microglia at early developmental stages leads to neuronal death. Here the authors use an inducible system to ablate microglia in adulthood, showing that such depletion leads to ataxia-like behavior and neuronal loss, and identifying the inflammatory components that may contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Rubino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Lior Mayo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Isabella Wimmer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Victoria Siedler
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Florian Brunner
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Asaf Madi
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Amanda Lanser
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Thais Moreira
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Dustin Donnelly
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Laura Cox
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Rafael Machado Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA. .,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
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127
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Glatigny S, Bettelli E. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) as Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a028977. [PMID: 29311122 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifocal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to the progressive destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding axons. It can present with variable clinical and pathological manifestations, which might reflect the involvement of distinct pathogenic processes. Although the mechanisms leading to the development of the disease are not fully understood, numerous evidences indicate that MS is an autoimmune disease, the initiation and progression of which are dependent on an autoimmune response against myelin antigens. In addition, genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers likely contribute to the initiation of the disease. At this time, there is no cure for MS, but several disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are available to control and slow down disease progression. A good number of these DMTs were identified and tested using animal models of MS referred to as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this review, we will recapitulate the characteristics of EAE models and discuss how they help shed light on MS pathogenesis and help test new treatments for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Glatigny
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Estelle Bettelli
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
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128
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Smith PLP, Mottahedin A, Svedin P, Mohn CJ, Hagberg H, Ek J, Mallard C. Peripheral myeloid cells contribute to brain injury in male neonatal mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:301. [PMID: 30376851 PMCID: PMC6208095 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal brain injury is increasingly understood to be linked to inflammatory processes that involve specialised CNS and peripheral immune interactions. However, the role of peripheral myeloid cells in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury remains to be fully investigated. Methods We employed the Lys-EGFP-ki mouse that allows enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-positive mature myeloid cells of peripheral origin to be easily identified in the CNS. Using both flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we investigated the accumulation of total EGFP+ myeloid cells and myeloid cell subtypes: inflammatory monocytes, resident monocytes and granulocytes, in the CNS for several weeks following induction of cerebral HI in postnatal day 9 mice. We used antibody treatment to curb brain infiltration of myeloid cells and subsequently evaluated HI-induced brain injury. Results We demonstrate a temporally biphasic pattern of inflammatory monocyte and granulocyte infiltration, characterised by peak infiltration at 1 day and 7 days after hypoxia-ischemia. This occurs against a backdrop of continuous low-level resident monocyte infiltration. Antibody-mediated depletion of circulating myeloid cells reduced immune cell accumulation in the brain and reduced neuronal loss in male but not female mice. Conclusion This study offers new insight into sex-dependent central-peripheral immune communication following neonatal brain injury and merits renewed interest in the roles of granulocytes and monocytes in lesion development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1344-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L P Smith
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amin Mottahedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Mohn
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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129
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Giles DA, Duncker PC, Wilkinson NM, Washnock-Schmid JM, Segal BM. CNS-resident classical DCs play a critical role in CNS autoimmune disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5322-5334. [PMID: 30226829 DOI: 10.1172/jci123708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), induced by the adoptive transfer of myelin-reactive CD4+ T cells into naive syngeneic mice. It is widely used as a rodent model of multiple sclerosis (MS). The development of EAE lesions is initiated when transferred CD4+ T cells access the CNS and are reactivated by local antigen-presenting cells (APCs) bearing endogenous myelin peptide/MHC class II complexes. The identity of the CNS-resident, lesion-initiating APCs is widely debated. Here we demonstrate that classical dendritic cells (cDCs) normally reside in the meninges, brain, and spinal cord in the steady state. These cells are unique among candidate CNS APCs in their ability to stimulate naive, as well as effector, myelin-specific T cells to proliferate and produce proinflammatory cytokines directly ex vivo. cDCs expanded in the meninges and CNS parenchyma in association with disease progression. Selective depletion of cDCs led to a decrease in the number of myelin-primed donor T cells in the CNS and reduced the incidence of clinical EAE by half. Based on our findings, we propose that cDCs, and the factors that regulate them, be further investigated as potential therapeutic targets in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Giles
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology.,Graduate Program in Immunology, and.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick C Duncker
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology.,Graduate Program in Immunology, and
| | | | | | - Benjamin M Segal
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology.,Graduate Program in Immunology, and.,Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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130
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Guilliams M, Mildner A, Yona S. Developmental and Functional Heterogeneity of Monocytes. Immunity 2018; 49:595-613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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131
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Laflamme N, Préfontaine P, Lampron A, Rivest S. Bone Marrow Chimeras to Study Neuroinflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 123:e56. [PMID: 30222250 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation is the standard of care for a host of diseases such as leukemia and multiple myeloma, as well as genetically inherited metabolic diseases affecting the central nervous system. In mouse models, bone marrow transplantation has proven a valuable tool for understanding the hematopoietic system and the homing of hematopoietic cells to their target organs. Many techniques have been developed to create chimeric mice, animals with a hematopoietic system derived from a genetic background that differs from the rest of the body. Current genetic tools allow for virtually limitless possibilities in the choice of donor mice. This protocol describes methods of bone marrow transplantation in mouse models for studies of the brain under basal and pathological conditions. Specific points to be addressed include the preparation of recipient mice by irradiation or chemotherapy; the choice, isolation, and injection of donor cells; and analytical methods such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immunostaining. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Laflamme
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Préfontaine
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Antoine Lampron
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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132
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Di Liberto G, Pantelyushin S, Kreutzfeldt M, Page N, Musardo S, Coras R, Steinbach K, Vincenti I, Klimek B, Lingner T, Salinas G, Lin-Marq N, Staszewski O, Costa Jordão MJ, Wagner I, Egervari K, Mack M, Bellone C, Blümcke I, Prinz M, Pinschewer DD, Merkler D. Neurons under T Cell Attack Coordinate Phagocyte-Mediated Synaptic Stripping. Cell 2018; 175:458-471.e19. [PMID: 30173917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory disorders of the CNS are frequently accompanied by synaptic loss, which is thought to involve phagocytic microglia and complement components. However, the mechanisms accounting for aberrant synaptic connectivity in the context of CD8+ T cell-driven neuronal damage are poorly understood. Here, we profiled the neuronal translatome in a murine model of encephalitis caused by CD8+ T cells targeting antigenic neurons. Neuronal STAT1 signaling and downstream CCL2 expression were essential for apposition of phagocytes, ensuing synaptic loss and neurological disease. Analogous observations were made in the brains of Rasmussen's encephalitis patients. In this devastating CD8+ T cell-driven autoimmune disease, neuronal STAT1 phosphorylation and CCL2 expression co-clustered with infiltrating CD8+ T cells as well as phagocytes. Taken together, our findings uncover an active role of neurons in coordinating phagocyte-mediated synaptic loss and highlight neuronal STAT1 and CCL2 as critical steps in this process that are amenable to pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Liberto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Musardo
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karin Steinbach
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilena Vincenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bogna Klimek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Lin-Marq
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ori Staszewski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kristof Egervari
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Nephrology, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Camilla Bellone
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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133
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Elliott DM, Singh N, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Cannabidiol Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model of Multiple Sclerosis Through Induction of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1782. [PMID: 30123217 PMCID: PMC6085417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating autoimmune disease without a cure. While the use of marijuana cannabinoids for MS has recently been approved in some countries, the precise mechanism of action leading to attenuate neuroinflammation is not clear. We used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of MS, to explore the anti-inflammatory properties of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid. Treatment with CBD caused attenuation of EAE disease paradigms as indicated by a significant reduction in clinical scores of paralysis, decreased T cell infiltration in the central nervous system, and reduced levels of IL-17 and IFNγ. Interestingly, CBD treatment led to a profound increase in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in EAE mice when compared to the vehicle-treated EAE controls. These MDSCs caused robust inhibition of MOG-induced proliferation of T cells in vitro. Moreover, adoptive transfer of CBD-induced MDSCs ameliorated EAE while MDSC depletion reversed the beneficial effects of CBD treatment, thereby conclusively demonstrating that MDSCs played a crucial role in CBD-mediated attenuation of EAE. Together, these studies demonstrate for the first time that CBD treatment may ameliorate EAE through induction of immunosuppressive MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Elliott
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Narendra Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Prakash S Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
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134
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Rossetti I, Zambusi L, Finardi A, Bodini A, Provini L, Furlan R, Morara S. Calcitonin gene-related peptide decreases IL-1beta, IL-6 as well as Ym1, Arg1, CD163 expression in a brain tissue context-dependent manner while ameliorating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 323:94-104. [PMID: 30196840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation states of immune cells (among them, the so-called pro- or anti-inflammatory states) influence the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) can exert a pro- or anti-inflammatory role in a context-dependent manner. In mice CGRP was found to attenuate the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, a common MS animal model). We analyzed CGRP effects on the expression of cytokines and markers of activation states, as well as its intracellular cascade, following intrathecal administration during EAE immunization. Real Time quantitative-PCR (RT-PCR) showed that IL-1beta and IL-6 (associated to a pro-inflammatory state in EAE), but also Ym1 (also known as Chil3), Arg1 and CD163 (associated to an anti-inflammatory state in EAE) were decreased in the encephalon (devoid of cerebellum). In the cerebellum itself, IL-1beta and Ym1 were decreased. TNF-alpha (associated to a pro-inflammatory state in EAE), but also IL-10 (associated to another type of anti-inflammatory state) and BDNF were unchanged in these two regions. No changes were detected in the spinal cord. Additional tendencies toward a change (as revealed by RT-PCR) were again decreases: IL-10 in the encephalon and Arg1 in the spinal cord. CGRP decreased percentage of Ym1+/CD68+ immunoreactive cells and cell density of infiltrates in the cervical spinal cord pia mater. Instead, Ym1 in the underlying parenchyma and at thoracic and lumbar levels, as well as Arg1, were unchanged. In cultured microglia the neuropeptide decreased Ym1, but not Arg1, immunoreactivity. Inducible NOS (iNOS) was unchanged in spinal cord microglia and astrocytes. The neuropeptide increased the activation of ERK1/2 in the astrocytes of the spinal cord and in culture, but did not influence the activation of ERK1/2 or p38 in the spinal cord microglia. Finally, in areas adjacent to infiltration sites CGRP-treated microglia showed a larger ramification radius. In conclusion, CGRP-induced EAE amelioration was associated to a concomitant, context-dependent decrease in the expression of markers belonging to both pro- or anti-inflammatory activation states of immune cells. It can be hypothesized that CGRP-induced EAE attenuation is obtained through a novel mechanism that promotes down-regulation of immune cell activation that facilitates the establishment of a beneficial environment in EAE provided possibly also by other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Rossetti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Milano Unit, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano 20129, Italy.
| | - Laura Zambusi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Milano Unit, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano 20129, Italy; Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milano University, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano 2129, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milano 20132, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bodini
- Institute of Applied Mathematics and Information Technology "E. Magenes", National Research Council (CNR), Milano Unit, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, (Italy).
| | - Luciano Provini
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Milano Unit, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano 20129, Italy.
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milano 20132, Italy.
| | - Stefano Morara
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Milano Unit, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano 20129, Italy; Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milano University, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano 2129, Italy.
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135
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Savarin C, Dutta R, Bergmann CC. Distinct Gene Profiles of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages and Microglia During Neurotropic Coronavirus-Induced Demyelination. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1325. [PMID: 29942315 PMCID: PMC6004766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination and axonal loss. Demyelinating lesions are associated with infiltrating T lymphocytes, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), and activated resident microglia. Tissue damage is thought to be mediated by T cell produced cytokines and chemokines, which activate microglia and/or BMDM to both strip myelin and produce toxic factors, ultimately damaging axons and promoting disability. However, the relative contributions of BMDM and microglia to demyelinating pathology are unclear, as their identification in MS tissue is difficult due to similar morphology and indistinguishable surface markers when activated. The CD4 T cell-induced autoimmune murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), in which BMDM are essential for demyelination, has revealed pathogenic and repair-promoting phenotypes associated with BMDM and microglia, respectively. Using a murine model of demyelination induced by a gliatropic coronavirus, in which BMDM are redundant for demyelination, we herein characterize gene expression profiles of BMDM versus microglia associated with demyelination. While gene expression in CNS infiltrating BMDM was upregulated early following infection and subsequently sustained, microglia expressed a more dynamic gene profile with extensive mRNA upregulation coinciding with peak demyelination after viral control. This delayed microglia response comprised a highly pro-inflammatory and phagocytic profile. Furthermore, while BMDM exhibited a mixed phenotype of M1 and M2 markers, microglia repressed the vast majority of M2-markers. Overall, these data support a pro-inflammatory and pathogenic role of microglia temporally remote from viral control, whereas BMDM retained their gene expression profile independent of the changing environment. As demyelination is caused by multifactorial insults, our results highlight the plasticity of microglia in responding to distinct inflammatory settings, which may be relevant for MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Savarin
- Department of Neurosciences, NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neurosciences, NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
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136
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Wolf Y, Shemer A, Levy-Efrati L, Gross M, Kim JS, Engel A, David E, Chappell-Maor L, Grozovski J, Rotkopf R, Biton I, Eilam-Altstadter R, Jung S. Microglial MHC class II is dispensable for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cuprizone-induced demyelination. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1308-1318. [PMID: 29697861 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the CNS, strategically positioned to clear dead cells and debris, and orchestrate CNS inflammation and immune defense. In steady state, these macrophages lack MHC class II (MHCII) expression, but microglia activation can be associated with MHCII induction. Whether microglial MHCII serves antigen presentation for critical local T-cell restimulation in CNS auto-immune disorders or modulates microglial signaling output remains under debate. To probe for such scenarios, we generated mice harboring an MHCII deficiency in microglia, but not peripheral myeloid cells. Using the CX3 CR1CreER -based approach we report that microglial antigen presentation is obsolete for the establishment of EAE, with disease onset, progression, and severity unaltered in mutant mice. Antigen presentation-independent roles of microglial MHCII were explored using a demyelination model induced by the copper chelator cuprizone. Absence of microglial I-Ab did not affect the extent of these chemically induced white matter alterations, nor did it affect microglial proliferation or gene expression associated with locally restricted de- and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yochai Wolf
- Departments of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anat Shemer
- Departments of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liron Levy-Efrati
- Departments of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mor Gross
- Departments of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jung-Seok Kim
- Departments of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adrien Engel
- Departments of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal David
- Departments of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Jonathan Grozovski
- Departments of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Rotkopf
- Departments of Life Science Core facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inbal Biton
- Departments of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Steffen Jung
- Departments of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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137
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Amelioration of progressive autoimmune encephalomyelitis by epigenetic regulation involves selective repression of mature neutrophils during the preclinical phase. Exp Neurol 2018; 304:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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138
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Nissen JC, Thompson KK, West BL, Tsirka SE. Csf1R inhibition attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and promotes recovery. Exp Neurol 2018; 307:24-36. [PMID: 29803827 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by progressive neuronal demyelination and degeneration. Much of this damage can be attributed to microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, as well as monocyte-derived macrophages, which breach the blood-brain barrier in this inflammatory state. Upon activation, both microglia and macrophages release a variety of factors that greatly contribute to disease progression, and thus therapeutic approaches in MS focus on diminishing their activity. We use the CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622, administered in mouse chow, to ablate microglia and macrophages during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Here, we show that ablation of these cells significantly improves animal mobility and weight gain in EAE. Further, we show that this treatment addresses the pathological hallmarks of MS, as it reduces demyelination and immune activation. White matter lesion areas in microglia/macrophage-depleted animals show substantial preservation of mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes in comparison to control animals. Taken together, these findings suggest that ablation of microglia/macrophages during the symptomatic phase of EAE reduces CNS inflammation and may also promote a more permissive environment for remyelination and recovery. This microglia and macrophage-targeted therapy could be a promising avenue for treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian C Nissen
- Programe in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY 11794-8651, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, United States
| | - Kaitlyn K Thompson
- Programe in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY 11794-8651, United States
| | - Brian L West
- Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Programe in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY 11794-8651, United States.
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139
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Distinguishing features of microglia- and monocyte-derived macrophages after stroke. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:551-568. [PMID: 29249001 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
After stroke, macrophages in the ischemic brain may be derived from either resident microglia or infiltrating monocytes. Using bone marrow (BM)-chimerism and dual-reporter transgenic fate mapping, we here set out to delimit the responses of either cell type to mild brain ischemia in a mouse model of 30 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). A discriminatory analysis of gene expression at 7 days post-event yielded 472 transcripts predominantly or exclusively expressed in blood-derived macrophages as well as 970 transcripts for microglia. The differentially regulated genes were further collated with oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, and neuron transcriptomes, resulting in a dataset of microglia- and monocyte-specific genes in the ischemic brain. Functional categories significantly enriched in monocytes included migration, proliferation, and calcium signaling, indicative of strong activation. Whole-cell patch-clamp analysis further confirmed this highly activated state by demonstrating delayed outward K+ currents selectively in invading cells. Although both cell types displayed a mixture of known phenotypes pointing to the significance of 'intermediate states' in vivo, blood-derived macrophages were generally more skewed toward an M2 neuroprotective phenotype. Finally, we found that decreased engraftment of blood-borne cells in the ischemic brain of chimeras reconstituted with BM from Selplg-/- mice resulted in increased lesions at 7 days and worse post-stroke sensorimotor performance. In aggregate, our study establishes crucial differences in activation state between resident microglia and invading macrophages after stroke and identifies unique genomic signatures for either cell type.
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140
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Single-cell mass cytometry reveals distinct populations of brain myeloid cells in mouse neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration models. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:541-551. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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141
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O'Loughlin E, Madore C, Lassmann H, Butovsky O. Microglial Phenotypes and Functions in Multiple Sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:8/2/a028993. [PMID: 29419406 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells that constantly survey the central nervous system. They can adapt to their environment and respond to injury or insult by altering their morphology, phenotype, and functions. It has long been debated whether microglial activation is detrimental or beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recently, the two opposing yet connected roles of microglial activation have been described with the aid of novel microglial markers, RNA profiling, and in vivo models. In this review, microglial phenotypes and functions in the context of MS will be discussed with evidence from both human pathological studies, in vitro and in vivo models. Microglial functional diversity-phagocytosis, antigen presentation, immunomodulation, support, and repair-will also be examined in detail. In addition, this review discusses the emerging evidence for microglia-related targets as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine O'Loughlin
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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142
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IL-1β enables CNS access to CCR2 hi monocytes and the generation of pathogenic cells through GM-CSF released by CNS endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1194-E1203. [PMID: 29358392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714948115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular interventions that limit pathogenic CNS inflammation are used to treat autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Remarkably, IL-1β-knockout mice are highly resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Here, we show that interfering with the IL-1β/IL-1R1 axis severely impairs the transmigration of myeloid cells across central nervous system (CNS) endothelial cells (ECs). Notably, we report that IL-1β expression by inflammatory CCR2hi monocytes favors their entry into the spinal cord before EAE onset. Following activation with IL-1β, CNS ECs release GM-CSF, which in turn converts monocytes into antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Accordingly, spinal cord-infiltrated monocyte-derived APCs are associated with dividing CD4+ T cells. Factors released from the interaction between IL-1β-competent myeloid cells and CD4+ T cells are highly toxic to neurons. Together, our results suggest that IL-1β signaling is an entry point for targeting both the initiation and exacerbation of neuroinflammation.
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143
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Ajami B, Steinman L. Nonclassical monocytes: are they the next therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis? Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:125-127. [PMID: 29352485 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Ajami
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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144
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Frantz S, Falcao-Pires I, Balligand JL, Bauersachs J, Brutsaert D, Ciccarelli M, Dawson D, de Windt LJ, Giacca M, Hamdani N, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Hirsch E, Leite-Moreira A, Mayr M, Thum T, Tocchetti CG, van der Velden J, Varricchi G, Heymans S. The innate immune system in chronic cardiomyopathy: a European Society of Cardiology (ESC) scientific statement from the Working Group on Myocardial Function of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2018; 20:445-459. [PMID: 29333691 PMCID: PMC5993315 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the immune system in heart failure (HF) has been recognized for over 20 years. Initially, experimental studies demonstrated a maladaptive role of the immune system. However, several phase III trials failed to show beneficial effects in HF with therapies directed against an immune activation. Preclinical studies today describe positive and negative effects of immune activation in HF. These different effects depend on timing and aetiology of HF. Therefore, herein we give a detailed review on immune mechanisms and their importance for the development of HF with a special focus on commonalities and differences between different forms of cardiomyopathies. The role of the immune system in ischaemic, hypertensive, diabetic, toxic, viral, genetic, peripartum, and autoimmune cardiomyopathy is discussed in depth. Overall, initial damage to the heart leads to disease specific activation of the immune system whereas in the chronic phase of HF overlapping mechanisms occur in different aetiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ines Falcao-Pires
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), and Clinique Universitaire Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Dana Dawson
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Leon J de Windt
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mauro Giacca
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Mayr
- The James Black Centre and King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, and REBIRTH Excellence Cluster, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carlo G Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
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145
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Low D, Ginhoux F. Recent advances in the understanding of microglial development and homeostasis. Cell Immunol 2018; 330:68-78. [PMID: 29366562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). These pivotal cells arise early during embryonic development and provide both developmental support and immune protection to the brain. In adults, microglia contribute to brain homeostasis and mediate an intriguing interplay between the CNS and the gut microbiota. When dysregulated, microglia are also implicated in numerous neurological disorders, and thus fully understanding their regulation and functions will facilitate rational design of therapies to alleviate these conditions; however it remains unclear how the multiple factors modulating microglial activity are integrated at the organism and cellular levels. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in the understanding of microglial regulation and highlight the key questions that remain to be answered around microglial development, homeostasis and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Low
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
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146
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Jeong HJ, Lee HJ, Ko JH, Cho BJ, Park SY, Park JW, Choi SR, Heo JW, Yoon SO, Oh JY. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Mediate Inflammation Resolution in Humans and Mice with Autoimmune Uveoretinitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1306-1315. [PMID: 29311360 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation is an active process that leads to tissue homeostasis and involves multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have recently emerged as important cellular components in the resolution of inflammation because of their activities to suppress T cell activation. In this article, we show that HLA-DR-CD11b+CD33+CD14+ human MDSCs and CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6C+ mouse MDSCs markedly increased in patients and mice during and before the resolution phase of autoimmune uveoretinitis. CD11b+Ly6C+ monocytes isolated from autoimmune uveoretinitis mice were able to suppress T cell proliferation in culture, and adoptive transfer of the cells accelerated the remission of autoimmune uveoretinitis in mice. Alternatively, depletion of CD11b+Ly6C+ monocytes at the resolution phase, but not CD11b+Ly6G+ granulocytes, exacerbated the disease. These findings collectively indicate that monocytic MDSCs serve as regulatory cells mediating the resolution of autoimmune uveoretinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Bum-Joo Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24253, Korea; and
| | - Se Yeon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Se Rang Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jang Won Heo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sun-Ok Yoon
- R & D Lab, Eutilex Co., Ltd., Seoul 08594, Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; .,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
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147
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Clayton KA, Van Enoo AA, Ikezu T. Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Microglia in Brain Homeostasis and Proteopathy. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:680. [PMID: 29311768 PMCID: PMC5733046 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is central to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), although the mechanisms by which it occurs at protein or cellular levels are not fully understood. Alzheimer's disease is the most common proteopathy and is characterized by two unique pathologies: senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the former accumulating earlier than the latter. Aging alters the proteostasis of amyloid-β peptides and microtubule-associated protein tau, which are regulated in both autonomous and non-autonomous manners. Microglia, the resident phagocytes of the central nervous system, play a major role in the non-autonomous clearance of protein aggregates. Their function is significantly altered by aging and neurodegeneration. This is genetically supported by the association of microglia-specific genes, TREM2 and CD33, and late onset Alzheimer's disease. Here, we propose that the functional characterization of microglia, and their contribution to proteopathy, will lead to a new therapeutic direction in Alzheimer's disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Clayton
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alicia A Van Enoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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148
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Sutton CE, Finlay CM, Raverdeau M, Early JO, DeCourcey J, Zaslona Z, O'Neill LAJ, Mills KHG, Curtis AM. Loss of the molecular clock in myeloid cells exacerbates T cell-mediated CNS autoimmune disease. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1923. [PMID: 29234010 PMCID: PMC5727202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor BMAL1 is a core component of the molecular clock, regulating biological pathways that drive 24 h (circadian) rhythms in behaviour and physiology. The molecular clock has a profound influence on innate immune function, and circadian disruption is linked with increased incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the mechanisms underlying this association are unknown. Here we show that BMAL1 and time-of-day regulate the accumulation and activation of various immune cells in a CNS autoimmune disease model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In myeloid cells, BMAL1 maintains anti-inflammatory responses and reduces T cell polarization. Loss of myeloid BMAL1 or midday immunizations to induce EAE create an inflammatory environment in the CNS through expansion and infiltration of IL-1β-secreting CD11b+Ly6Chi monocytes, resulting in increased pathogenic IL-17+/IFN-γ+ T cells. These findings demonstrate the importance of the molecular clock in modulating innate and adaptive immune crosstalk under autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Sutton
- Immune Regulation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02 R590, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor M Finlay
- Immune Regulation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02 R590, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mathilde Raverdeau
- Immune Regulation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02 R590, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James O Early
- Inflammatory Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02 R590, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St. Stephens Green, D02 YN77, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph DeCourcey
- Immune Regulation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02 R590, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zbigniew Zaslona
- Inflammatory Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02 R590, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- Inflammatory Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02 R590, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- Immune Regulation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02 R590, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Annie M Curtis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St. Stephens Green, D02 YN77, Dublin, Ireland.
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149
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ATG-dependent phagocytosis in dendritic cells drives myelin-specific CD4 + T cell pathogenicity during CNS inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E11228-E11237. [PMID: 29233943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713664114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although reactivation and accumulation of autoreactive CD4+ T cells within the CNS are considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mechanisms of how these cells recognize their target organ and induce sustained inflammation are incompletely understood. Here, we report that mice with conditional deletion of the essential autophagy protein ATG5 in classical dendritic cells (DCs), which are present at low frequencies in the nondiseased CNS, are completely resistant to EAE development following adoptive transfer of myelin-specific T cells and show substantially reduced in situ CD4+ T cell accumulation during the effector phase of the disease. Endogenous myelin peptide presentation to CD4+ T cells following phagocytosis of injured, phosphatidylserine-exposing oligodendroglial cells is abrogated in the absence of ATG5. Pharmacological inhibition of ATG-dependent phagocytosis by the cardiac glycoside neriifolin, an inhibitor of the Na+, K+-ATPase, delays the onset and reduces the clinical severity of EAE induced by myelin-specific CD4+ T cells. These findings link phagocytosis of injured oligodendrocytes, a pathological hallmark of MS lesions and during EAE, with myelin antigen processing and T cell pathogenicity, and identify ATG-dependent phagocytosis in DCs as a key regulator in driving autoimmune CD4+ T cell-mediated CNS damage.
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150
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Host STING-dependent MDSC mobilization drives extrinsic radiation resistance. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1736. [PMID: 29170400 PMCID: PMC5701019 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy induces and promotes innate and adaptive immunity in which host STING plays an important role. However, radioresistance in irradiated tumors can also develop, resulting in relapse. Here we report a mechanism by which extrinsic resistance develops after local ablative radiation that relies on the immunosuppressive action of STING. The STING/type I interferon pathway enhances suppressive inflammation in tumors by recruiting myeloid cells in part via the CCR2 pathway. Germ-line knockouts of CCR2 or treatment with an anti-CCR2 antibody results in blockade of radiation-induced MDSC infiltration. Treatment with anti-CCR2 antibody alleviates immunosuppression following activation of the STING pathway, enhancing the anti-tumor effects of STING agonists and radiotherapy. We propose that radiation-induced STING activation is immunosuppressive due to (monocytic) M-MDSC infiltration, which results in tumor radioresistance. Furthermore, the immunosuppressive effects of radiotherapy and STING agonists can be abrogated in humans by a translational strategy involving anti-CCR2 antibody treatment to improve radiotherapy.
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