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Reorganization of Parvalbumin Immunopositive Perisomatic Innervation of Principal Cells in Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type IIB in Human Epileptic Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094746. [PMID: 35563137 PMCID: PMC9100614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is one of the most common causes of drug-resistant epilepsy. As several studies have revealed, the abnormal functioning of the perisomatic inhibitory system may play a role in the onset of seizures. Therefore, we wanted to investigate whether changes of perisomatic inhibitory inputs are present in FCD. Thus, the input properties of abnormal giant- and control-like principal cells were examined in FCD type IIB patients. Surgical samples were compared to controls from the same cortical regions with short postmortem intervals. For the study, six subjects were selected/each group. The perisomatic inhibitory terminals were quantified in parvalbumin and neuronal nuclei double immunostained sections using a confocal fluorescent microscope. The perisomatic input of giant neurons was extremely abundant, whereas control-like cells of the same samples had sparse inputs. A comparison of pooled data shows that the number of parvalbumin-immunopositive perisomatic terminals contacting principal cells was significantly larger in epileptic cases. The analysis showed some heterogeneity among epileptic samples. However, five out of six cases had significantly increased perisomatic input. Parameters of the control cells were homogenous. The reorganization of the perisomatic inhibitory system may increase the probability of seizure activity and might be a general mechanism of abnormal network activity.
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Licchetta L, Vignatelli L, Toni F, Teglia A, Beatrice Belotti LM, Ferri L, Menghi V, Mostacci B, Di Vito L, Bisulli F, Tinuper P. Long-term Outcome of Epilepsy and Cortical Malformations Due to Abnormal Migration and Postmigrational Development: A Cohort Study. Neurology 2022; 99:e23-e32. [PMID: 35410907 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the long-term outcome of patients with epilepsy and malformations of cortical development (MCD). METHODS We conducted a historical cohort study of patients with epilepsy and MCD due to impaired neuronal migration and postmigration organization, and with a follow-up period of ≥5 years. For each patient, MCD was classified after accurate neuroimaging reappraisal by an expert neuroradiologist. The primary outcome was remission, defined as a period of seizure freedom ≥5 years at any time from epilepsy onset. We used Kaplan-Meier estimates for survival analysis, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses to evaluate baseline variables as possible factors associated with remission. RESULTS The cohort included 71 patients (M/F=31/40) with a 17-year median follow-up (1506 person-years). About half (49.3%) had heterotopia, 35.2% polymicrogyria, 7% lissencephaly and 8.5% had the combination of two MCD. The mean age at seizure onset was 12.4±7.2 years. Intellectual disability and neurological deficits were observed in 30.4% and 40.9%, respectively. More than 60% of patients had refractory epilepsy. In three patients who underwent epilepsy surgery, MCD diagnosis was confirmed by histology. At last visit, 44% of patients had been seizure-free during the previous year, however none of them had stopped anti-seizure medication. Thirty patients achieved remission (Remission group, 42.2%) at some point in their disease history, whereas 41 individuals (Non Remission group, 57.8%) had never been in remission for ≥5 years. The cumulative remission rate was 38% by 20 years from inclusion. In the Cox model, unilateral distribution of MCD (HR: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.04-6.92) and a low seizure frequency at onset (HR: 5.01, 95% CI: 1.12-22.5) were significantly associated with remission. CONCLUSIONS Patients with epilepsy and MCD showed a remission rate of 38% by 20 years from onset. Unilateral distribution of the MCD is associated with a three-fold probability of achieving remission. About 40% of patients showed a drug-sensitive condition with risk of relapse during their epilepsy course. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that in patients with epilepsy and MCD, unilateral MCD and low seizure frequency at onset are associated with achieving epilepsy remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Licchetta
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Vignatelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Toni
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Neuroradiology Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Teglia
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Maria Beatrice Belotti
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ferri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Menghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Mostacci
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lidia Di Vito
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Tinuper
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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103
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Pathophysiological Heterogeneity of the BBSOA Neurodevelopmental Syndrome. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081260. [PMID: 35455940 PMCID: PMC9024734 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and maturation of the human brain is regulated by highly coordinated developmental events, such as neural cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Any impairment of these interconnected multi-factorial processes can affect brain structure and function and lead to distinctive neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we review the pathophysiology of the Bosch–Boonstra–Schaaf Optic Atrophy Syndrome (BBSOAS; OMIM 615722; ORPHA 401777), a recently described monogenic neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by the haploinsufficiency of NR2F1 gene, a key transcriptional regulator of brain development. Although intellectual disability, developmental delay and visual impairment are arguably the most common symptoms affecting BBSOAS patients, multiple additional features are often reported, including epilepsy, autistic traits and hypotonia. The presence of specific symptoms and their variable level of severity might depend on still poorly characterized genotype–phenotype correlations. We begin with an overview of the several mutations of NR2F1 identified to date, then further focuses on the main pathological features of BBSOAS patients, providing evidence—whenever possible—for the existing genotype–phenotype correlations. On the clinical side, we lay out an up-to-date list of clinical examinations and therapeutic interventions recommended for children with BBSOAS. On the experimental side, we describe state-of-the-art in vivo and in vitro studies aiming at deciphering the role of mouse Nr2f1, in physiological conditions and in pathological contexts, underlying the BBSOAS features. Furthermore, by modeling distinct NR2F1 genetic alterations in terms of dimer formation and nuclear receptor binding efficiencies, we attempt to estimate the total amounts of functional NR2F1 acting in developing brain cells in normal and pathological conditions. Finally, using the NR2F1 gene and BBSOAS as a paradigm of monogenic rare neurodevelopmental disorder, we aim to set the path for future explorations of causative links between impaired brain development and the appearance of symptoms in human neurological syndromes.
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Thamcharoenvipas T, Takahashi Y, Kimura N, Matsuda K, Usui N. Localizing and Lateralizing Value of Seizure Onset Pattern on Surface EEG in FCD Type II. Pediatr Neurol 2022; 129:48-54. [PMID: 35231790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface ictal electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring has an important role in the presurgical evaluation of patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). This study aimed to examine the characteristics of seizure onset pattern (SOP) on surface ictal EEG. This information will be useful for invasive monitoring planning. METHODS We reviewed 290 seizures from 31 patients with intractable seizures related to FCD type II (6 patients with FCD IIa and 25 patients with FCD IIb). We categorized the SOPs into five patterns and evaluated the relationships between the SOPs and the location and pathology of the FCD II subtype. RESULTS The most common SOP was no apparent change (39.0%), followed by rhythmic slow wave and repetitive spikes/sharp waves. The SOP of rhythmic slow wave was associated with FCD II in the temporal lobe (P < 0.001), and the SOP of no apparent change was associated with FCD II in the occipital lobe (P = 0.012). The SOPs of rhythmic slow waves and fast activity were most common in FCD IIa, P < 0.001 and 0.031, respectively. The repetitive spikes/sharp waves SOP was the most common pattern in FCD IIb (P < 0.001). The surface SOPs provided correct localization and lateralization of epileptic foci in FCD in 62.1% and 62.7%, respectively. In 61.3% of the patients, over 50% of the SOPs in each patient indicated accurate localization. CONCLUSIONS SOPs in surface EEG monitoring are beneficial for presurgical evaluation and lead to localization of epileptic foci and pathologic subtypes of FCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titaporn Thamcharoenvipas
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan; Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Yukitoshi Takahashi
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Nobusuke Kimura
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazumi Matsuda
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naotaka Usui
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan
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105
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Kim HJ, Koo YS, Yum MS, Ko TS, Lee SA. Cleft size and type are associate with development of epilepsy and poor seizure control in patients with schizencephaly. Seizure 2022; 98:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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106
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Nagaraj UD, Venkatesan C, Bierbrauer KS, Kline-Fath BM. Value of pre- and postnatal magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of congenital central nervous system anomalies. Pediatr Radiol 2022; 52:802-816. [PMID: 34232351 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fetal MRI and neonatal MRI of the central nervous system (CNS) are complementary tools that can help to accurately counsel and direct the management of children with anomalies of the central nervous system. Postnatal MRI can add to fetal MRI by allowing for monitoring of changes in the severity of disease, better delineation of a suspected prenatal anomaly, evaluation for secondary pathologies related to the primary diagnosis, and surgical management direction. In this review we discuss the roles of fetal and neonatal MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital anomalies of the CNS through a series of case examples and how both are important in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha D Nagaraj
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Charu Venkatesan
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Karin S Bierbrauer
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Beth M Kline-Fath
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Domínguez-Sala E, Valdés-Sánchez L, Canals S, Reiner O, Pombero A, García-López R, Estirado A, Pastor D, Geijo-Barrientos E, Martínez S. Abnormalities in Cortical GABAergic Interneurons of the Primary Motor Cortex Caused by Lis1 (Pafah1b1) Mutation Produce a Non-drastic Functional Phenotype. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:769853. [PMID: 35309904 PMCID: PMC8924048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.769853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LIS1 (PAFAH1B1) plays a major role in the developing cerebral cortex, and haploinsufficient mutations cause human lissencephaly type 1. We have studied morphological and functional properties of the cerebral cortex of mutant mice harboring a deletion in the first exon of the mouse Lis1 (Pafah1b1) gene, which encodes for the LisH domain. The Lis1/sLis1 animals had an overall unaltered cortical structure but showed an abnormal distribution of cortical GABAergic interneurons (those expressing calbindin, calretinin, or parvalbumin), which mainly accumulated in the deep neocortical layers. Interestingly, the study of the oscillatory activity revealed an apparent inability of the cortical circuits to produce correct activity patterns. Moreover, the fast spiking (FS) inhibitory GABAergic interneurons exhibited several abnormalities regarding the size of the action potentials, the threshold for spike firing, the time course of the action potential after-hyperpolarization (AHP), the firing frequency, and the frequency and peak amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC’s). These morphological and functional alterations in the cortical inhibitory system characterize the Lis1/sLis1 mouse as a model of mild lissencephaly, showing a phenotype less drastic than the typical phenotype attributed to classical lissencephaly. Therefore, the results described in the present manuscript corroborate the idea that mutations in some regions of the Lis1 gene can produce phenotypes more similar to those typically described in schizophrenic and autistic patients and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Domínguez-Sala
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - L Valdés-Sánchez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - S Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - O Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Pombero
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - R García-López
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - A Estirado
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - D Pastor
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - E Geijo-Barrientos
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - S Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
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108
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Shinmyo Y, Saito K, Hamabe-Horiike T, Kameya N, Ando A, Kawasaki K, Duong TAD, Sakashita M, Roboon J, Hattori T, Kannon T, Hosomichi K, Slezak M, Holt MG, Tajima A, Hori O, Kawasaki H. Localized astrogenesis regulates gyrification of the cerebral cortex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabi5209. [PMID: 35275722 PMCID: PMC8916738 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi5209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development and evolution of mammalian higher cognition are represented by gyrification of the laminar cerebral cortex and astrocyte development, but their mechanisms and interrelationships remain unknown. Here, we show that localized astrogenesis plays an important role in gyri formation in the gyrencephalic cerebral cortex. In functional genetic experiments, we show that reducing astrocyte number prevents gyri formation in the ferret cortex, while increasing astrocyte number in mice, which do not have cortical folds, can induce gyrus-like protrusions. Morphometric analyses demonstrate that the vertical expansion of deep pallial regions achieved by localized astrogenesis is crucial for gyri formation. Furthermore, our findings suggest that localized astrogenesis by a positive feedback loop of FGF signaling is an important mechanism underlying cortical folding in gyrencephalic mammalian brains. Our findings reveal both the cellular mechanisms and the mechanical principle of gyrification in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Shinmyo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kengo Saito
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Toshihide Hamabe-Horiike
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Narufumi Kameya
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Akitaka Ando
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kanji Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tung Anh Dinh Duong
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Masataka Sakashita
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Jureepon Roboon
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kannon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Michal Slezak
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-PORT Polish Institute for Technology Development, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Matthew G. Holt
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
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109
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Gomes-Duarte A, Venø MT, de Wit M, Senthilkumar K, Broekhoven MH, van den Herik J, Heeres FR, van Rossum D, Rybiczka-Tesulov M, Legnini I, van Rijen PC, van Eijsden P, Gosselaar PH, Rajewsky N, Kjems J, Vangoor VR, Pasterkamp RJ. Expression of Circ_Satb1 Is Decreased in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Regulates Dendritic Spine Morphology. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:832133. [PMID: 35310884 PMCID: PMC8927295 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.832133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent seizures that originate in the temporal lobes of the brain. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are the standard treatment for managing seizures in mTLE patients, but are frequently ineffective. Resective surgery is an option for some patients, but does not guarantee a postoperative seizure-free period. Therefore, further insight is needed into the pathogenesis of mTLE to enable the design of new therapeutic strategies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified as important regulators of neuronal function and have been implicated in epilepsy. However, the mechanisms through which circRNAs contribute to epileptogenesis remain unknown. Here, we determine the circRNA transcriptome of the hippocampus and cortex of mTLE patients by using RNA-seq. We report 333 differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs between healthy individuals and mTLE patients, of which 23 circRNAs displayed significant adjusted p-values following multiple testing correction. Interestingly, hippocampal expression of circ_Satb1, a circRNA derived from special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (SATB1), is decreased in both mTLE patients and in experimental epilepsy. Our work shows that circ_Satb1 displays dynamic patterns of neuronal expression in vitro and in vivo. Further, circ_Satb1-specific knockdown using CRISPR/CasRx approaches in hippocampal cultures leads to defects in dendritic spine morphology, a cellular hallmark of mTLE. Overall, our results identify a novel epilepsy-associated circRNA with disease-specific expression and previously unidentified cellular effects that are relevant for epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Gomes-Duarte
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Morten T. Venø
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Omiics ApS, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina de Wit
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ketharini Senthilkumar
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mark H. Broekhoven
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joëlle van den Herik
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fleur R. Heeres
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle van Rossum
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mateja Rybiczka-Tesulov
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ivano Legnini
- Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter C. van Rijen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter van Eijsden
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Gosselaar
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vamshidhar R. Vangoor
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - R. Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: R. Jeroen Pasterkamp,
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Malformations of cerebral development and clues from the peripheral nervous system: A systematic literature review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 37:155-164. [PMID: 34535379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of malformations of cortical development (MCD) are variable and can range from mild to severe intellectual disability, cerebral palsy and drug-resistant epilepsy. Besides common clinical features, non-specific or more subtle clinical symptoms may be present in association with different types of MCD. Especially in severely affected individuals, subtle but specific underlying clinical symptoms can be overlooked or overshadowed by the global clinical presentation. To facilitate the interpretation of genetic variants detailed clinical information is indispensable. Detailed (neurological) examination can be helpful in assisting with the diagnostic trajectory, both when referring for genetic work-up as well as when interpreting data from molecular genetic testing. This systematic literature review focusses on different clues derived from the neurological examination and potential further work-up triggered by these signs and symptoms in genetically defined MCDs. A concise overview of specific neurological findings and their associations with MCD subtype and genotype are presented, easily applicable in daily clinical practice. The following pathologies will be discussed: neuropathy, myopathy, muscular dystrophies and spastic paraplegia. In the discussion section, tips and pitfalls are illustrated to improve clinical outcome in the future.
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Gray matter heterotopia: clinical and neuroimaging report on 22 children. Acta Neurol Belg 2022; 122:153-162. [PMID: 34471972 PMCID: PMC8894204 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical characteristics and neuroimaging features of childhood presenting with gray matter heterotopia observed in a single tertiary Pediatric Department in Catania and compare the data with those reported in the literature. METHODS A retrospectively review of the history, clinical findings, electrophysiological features and magnetic resonance images of 22 children presenting with gray matter heterotopia observed from January 2010 to January 2020. RESULTS Among the 22 children included in the study, 17 presented with periventricular heterotopia (PVNH), two with Subcortical Band Heterotopia (SBH), and three with other subcortical heterotopia (SUBH). In the affected children, the ages at first diagnosis ranged from 3 months to 16 years with a mean age of 8.2 years (± 5.4); twelve (54.5%) suffered by developmental delay and intellectual deficit; eleven children (50%) complained of epileptic seizures, mostly focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. In addition, in the periventricular heterotopia group (PVNH), cerebral and systemic malformations were reported in twelve (70%) and in ten (58%) children, respectively, out of seventeen. In the SBH plus SUBH group, epileptic seizures were recorded in 3 (60%) out of 5 children, cerebral malformations in one child and systemic malformations in two children. CONCLUSIONS Heterotopic gray matter malformations include a group of disorders that manifest with a variety of neurological implications, such as cognitive impairment and epilepsy, and often related with epilepsy, other cerebral malformations and systemic anomalies.
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112
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Hu D, Guo Y, Wu M, Ma Y, Jing W. Manuscript Title: GDAP2 overexpression affects the development of neurons and dysregulates neuronal excitatory synaptic transmission. Neuroscience 2022; 488:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Heng JIT, Viti L, Pugh K, Marshall OJ, Agostino M. Understanding the impact of ZBTB18 missense variation on transcription factor function in neurodevelopment and disease. J Neurochem 2022; 161:219-235. [PMID: 35083747 PMCID: PMC9302683 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mutations to genes that encode DNA‐binding transcription factors (TFs) underlie a broad spectrum of human neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we highlight the pathological mechanisms arising from mutations to TF genes that influence the development of mammalian cerebral cortex neurons. Drawing on recent findings for TF genes including ZBTB18, we discuss how functional missense mutations to such genes confer non‐native gene regulatory actions in developing neurons, leading to cell‐morphological defects, neuroanatomical abnormalities during foetal brain development and functional impairment. Further, we discuss how missense variation to human TF genes documented in the general population endow quantifiable changes to transcriptional regulation, with potential cell biological effects on the temporal progression of cerebral cortex neuron development and homeostasis. We offer a systematic approach to investigate the functional impact of missense variation in brain TFs and define their direct molecular and cellular actions in foetal neurodevelopment, tissue homeostasis and disease states.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian I-T Heng
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Neuroscience Laboratories, Sarich Neuroscience Institute, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Leon Viti
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kye Pugh
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Owen J Marshall
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mark Agostino
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Cortical Dysplasia and the mTOR Pathway: How the Study of Human Brain Tissue Has Led to Insights into Epileptogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031344. [PMID: 35163267 PMCID: PMC8835853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a neuropathological entity characterised by cortical dyslamination with the presence of dysmorphic neurons only (FCDIIA) or the presence of both dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells (FCDIIB). The year 2021 marks the 50th anniversary of the recognition of FCD as a cause of drug resistant epilepsy, and it is now the most common reason for epilepsy surgery. The causes of FCD remained unknown until relatively recently. The study of resected human FCD tissue using novel genomic technologies has led to remarkable advances in understanding the genetic basis of FCD. Mechanistic parallels have emerged between these non-neoplastic lesions and neoplastic disorders of cell growth and differentiation, especially through perturbations of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway. This narrative review presents the advances through which the aetiology of FCDII has been elucidated in chronological order, from recognition of an association between FCD and the mTOR pathway to the identification of somatic mosaicism within FCD tissue. We discuss the role of a two-hit mechanism, highlight current challenges and future directions in detecting somatic mosaicism in brain and discuss how knowledge of FCD may inform novel precision treatments of these focal epileptogenic malformations of human cortical development.
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115
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Ossola C, Kalebic N. Roots of the Malformations of Cortical Development in the Cell Biology of Neural Progenitor Cells. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:817218. [PMID: 35069108 PMCID: PMC8766818 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.817218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a structure that underlies various brain functions, including cognition and language. Mammalian cerebral cortex starts developing during the embryonic period with the neural progenitor cells generating neurons. Newborn neurons migrate along progenitors’ radial processes from the site of their origin in the germinal zones to the cortical plate, where they mature and integrate in the forming circuitry. Cell biological features of neural progenitors, such as the location and timing of their mitoses, together with their characteristic morphologies, can directly or indirectly regulate the abundance and the identity of their neuronal progeny. Alterations in the complex and delicate process of cerebral cortex development can lead to malformations of cortical development (MCDs). They include various structural abnormalities that affect the size, thickness and/or folding pattern of the developing cortex. Their clinical manifestations can entail a neurodevelopmental disorder, such as epilepsy, developmental delay, intellectual disability, or autism spectrum disorder. The recent advancements of molecular and neuroimaging techniques, along with the development of appropriate in vitro and in vivo model systems, have enabled the assessment of the genetic and environmental causes of MCDs. Here we broadly review the cell biological characteristics of neural progenitor cells and focus on those features whose perturbations have been linked to MCDs.
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116
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Lingutla RK, Mahale A, Bhat AR, Ullal S. A myriad spectrum of seizures on magnetic resonance imaging – A pictorial essay. J Clin Imaging Sci 2022; 12:3. [PMID: 35127246 PMCID: PMC8813621 DOI: 10.25259/jcis_124_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with seizures represent a challenging clinical population both in pediatrics and adults. Accurate diagnosis of the cause of a seizure is important in choosing an effective treatment modality, surgical planning, predicting a prognosis, and follow-up. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging using a dedicated epilepsy protocol plays a key role in the workup of these patients. Additional MR techniques such as T2 relaxometry and MR spectroscopy show a promising role to arrive at a final diagnosis. The spectrum of epileptogenic causes is broad. Radiologists and physicians need to be updated and require a patterned approach in light of clinical history and electroencephalogram findings to arrive at a reasonable differential diagnosis. This pictorial essay aims to review a few of the common and uncommon causes of seizures and their imaging features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Karthik Lingutla
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India,
| | - Ajit Mahale
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India,
| | - Akshatha R. Bhat
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India,
| | - Sonali Ullal
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India,
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Şah O, Türkdoğan D, Küçük S, Takış G, Asadov R, Öztürk G, Ünver O, Ekinci G. Neurodevelopmental Findings and Epilepsy in Malformations of Cortical Development. Turk Arch Pediatr 2022; 56:356-365. [PMID: 35005731 PMCID: PMC8655965 DOI: 10.5152/turkarchpediatr.2021.20148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study is to classify the malformations of cortical development in children according to the embryological formation, localization, and neurodevelopmental findings. Seizure/epilepsy and electrophysiological findings have also been compared. Material and Methods: Seventy-five children (age: 1 month-16.5 years; 56% male) followed with the diagnosis of malformation of cortical development, in Marmara University Pendik Research and Educational Hospital Department of Pediatric Neurology, were included in the study. Their epilepsy characteristics, electroencephalogram (EEG) findings, and prognosis were reported. Neurodevelopmental characteristics were evaluated by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III) for the ages of 0-42 months (n = 30); the Denver Developmental Screening Test-II (DDST-II) for ages 42 months-6 years (n = 11); and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC-R), used for children 6 years and older (n = 34). Results: The patients were classified as 44% premigrational (14.6% microcephaly, 24% tuberous sclerosis, 2.7% focal cortical dysplasia, 1.3% hemimegalencephaly, and 1.3% diffuse cortical dysgenesis); 17.3% migrational (14.6% lissencephaly, 2.7% heterotopia); and 38.6% postmigrational (14.6% schizencephaly, 24% polymicrogyria) developmentally. According to involved area, the classification was 34.7% hemispheric/multilobar, 33.3% diffuse, and 32% focal. Seventy-five percent of the patients had a history of epilepsy, and 92% were resistant to treatment. The seizures started before the age of 12 months in diffuse malformations, and epileptic encephalopathy was more common in microcephaly with a rate of 80% and lissencephaly with a rate of 54.5% in the first EEGs. Ninety-five percent of patients had at least one level of neurodevelopmental delay detected by DDST/Bayley-III; this was more common in patients with accompanying epilepsy (P < .05). As seen more commonly in patients with diffuse pathologies and intractable frequent seizures, mental retardation was detected by WISC-R in 64.5% of patients (P < .05). Conclusion: In cases with cortical developmental malformation, epilepsy/EEG features and neurodevelopmental prognosis can be predicted depending on the developmental process and type and extent of involvement. Patients should be followed up closely with EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olcay Şah
- Department of Pediatrics, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilşad Türkdoğan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Küçük
- Department of Pediatrics, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Takış
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ruslan Asadov
- Department of Radiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülten Öztürk
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Olcay Ünver
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gazanfer Ekinci
- Department of Radiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Tocco C, Bertacchi M, Studer M. Structural and Functional Aspects of the Neurodevelopmental Gene NR2F1: From Animal Models to Human Pathology. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:767965. [PMID: 34975398 PMCID: PMC8715095 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly and maturation of the mammalian brain result from an intricate cascade of highly coordinated developmental events, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Any impairment of this delicate multi-factorial process can lead to complex neurodevelopmental diseases, sharing common pathogenic mechanisms and molecular pathways resulting in multiple clinical signs. A recently described monogenic neurodevelopmental syndrome named Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf Optic Atrophy Syndrome (BBSOAS) is caused by NR2F1 haploinsufficiency. The NR2F1 gene, coding for a transcriptional regulator belonging to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily, is known to play key roles in several brain developmental processes, from proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors to migration and identity acquisition of neocortical neurons. In a clinical context, the disruption of these cellular processes could underlie the pathogenesis of several symptoms affecting BBSOAS patients, such as intellectual disability, visual impairment, epilepsy, and autistic traits. In this review, we will introduce NR2F1 protein structure, molecular functioning, and expression profile in the developing mouse brain. Then, we will focus on Nr2f1 several functions during cortical development, from neocortical area and cell-type specification to maturation of network activity, hippocampal development governing learning behaviors, assembly of the visual system, and finally establishment of cortico-spinal descending tracts regulating motor execution. Whenever possible, we will link experimental findings in animal or cellular models to corresponding features of the human pathology. Finally, we will highlight some of the unresolved questions on the diverse functions played by Nr2f1 during brain development, in order to propose future research directions. All in all, we believe that understanding BBSOAS mechanisms will contribute to further unveiling pathophysiological mechanisms shared by several neurodevelopmental disorders and eventually lead to effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tocco
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
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119
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In-depth characterization of neuroradiological findings in a large sample of individuals with autism spectrum disorder and controls. NEUROIMAGE: CLINICAL 2022; 35:103118. [PMID: 35868222 PMCID: PMC9421485 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Neuropathological examination of the temporal lobe provides a better understanding and management of a wide spectrum of diseases. We focused on inflammatory diseases, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases, and highlighted how the temporal lobe is particularly involved in those conditions. Although all these diseases are not specific or restricted to the temporal lobe, the temporal lobe is a key structure to understand their pathophysiology. The main histological lesions, immunohistochemical markers, and molecular alterations relevant for the neuropathological diagnostic reasoning are presented in relation to epidemiology, clinical presentation, and radiological findings. The inflammatory diseases section addressed infectious encephalitides and auto-immune encephalitides. The epilepsy section addressed (i) susceptibility of the temporal lobe to epileptogenesis, (ii) epilepsy-associated hippocampal sclerosis, (iii) malformations of cortical development, (iv) changes secondary to epilepsy, (v) long-term epilepsy-associated tumors, (vi) vascular malformations, and (vii) the absence of histological lesion in some epilepsy surgery samples. The neurodegenerative diseases section addressed (i) Alzheimer's disease, (ii) the spectrum of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, (iii) limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, and (iv) α-synucleinopathies. Finally, inflammatory diseases, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases are considered as interdependent as some pathophysiological processes cross the boundaries of this classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Boluda
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Paris, France; Neuropathology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Seilhean
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Paris, France; Neuropathology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bielle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Paris, France; Neuropathology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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121
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Khandelwal A, Aggarwal A, Sharma A, Malik A, Bose A. MRI of Malformations of Cortical Development- A Comprehensive Review. World Neurosurg 2021; 159:70-79. [PMID: 34896352 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MCDs (malformations of cortical development) are structural anomalies that disrupt the normal process of the cortical development. These include microcephaly with simplified gyral pattern/microlissencephaly, hemimegalencephaly, focal cortical dysplasia, lissencephaly, heterotopia, polymicrogyria and schizencephaly. They can present with intractable epilepsy, developmental delay, neurological deficits or cognitive impairment. Though the definitive diagnosis of MCD depends on histopathology, the pathological tissue is rarely available hence diagnosis begins with neuroimaging. This article shall briefly review the embryology followed by specific MRI imaging features of MCD in an attempt to simplify the process of diagnosing these disorders with clinical and genetic correlation.A table has been included to highlight the embryological, clinical and genetic findings associated with various MCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Khandelwal
- Senior Resident, Department of Radiology, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi
| | - Ankita Aggarwal
- Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi.
| | - Anuradha Sharma
- Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi
| | - Amita Malik
- Professor, Department of Radiology, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi
| | - Anindita Bose
- Senior Resident, Department of Radiology, UCMS and GTB Hospital,Delhi
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He Z, Du L, Huang Y, Jiang X, Lv J, Guo L, Zhang S, Zhang T. Gyral Hinges Account for the Highest Cost and the Highest Communication Capacity in a Corticocortical Network. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3359-3376. [PMID: 34875041 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies reported the global structure of brain networks exhibits the "small-world" and "rich-world" attributes. However, the underlying structural and functional architecture highlighted by these graph theory findings hasn't been explicitly related to the morphology of the cortex. This could be attributed to the lower resolution of used folding patterns, such as gyro-sulcal patterns. By defining a novel gyral folding pattern, termed gyral hinge (GH), which is the conjunction of ordinary gyri from multiple directions, we found GHs possess the highest length and cost in the white matter fiber connective network, and the shortest paths in the network tend to travel through GHs in their middle part. Based on these findings, we would hypothesize GHs could reside in the centers of a network core, thereby accounting for the highest cost and the highest communication capacity in a corticocortical network. The following results further support our hypothesis: 1) GHs possess stronger functional network integration capacity. 2) Higher cost is found on the connection with GHs to hinges and GHs to GHs. 3) Moving GHs introduces higher extra network cost. Our findings and hypotheses could reveal a profound relationship among the cortical folding patterns, axonal wiring architectures, and brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin He
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lei Du
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jinglei Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sydney Imaging, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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Zulfiqar S, Tariq M, Ramzan S, Khan A, Sher M, Ali Z, Dahl N, Abdullah U, Mahmood Baig S. Identification of a novel variant in GPR56/ADGRG1 gene through whole exome sequencing in a consanguineous Pakistani family. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 94:8-12. [PMID: 34863467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
GPR56 gene is best known for its pivotal role in cerebral cortical development. Mutations inGPR56give rise to cobblestone-like brain malformation, white matter changes and cerebellar dysplasia. This study aimed to identify causative variant in a consanguineous family having five individuals affected with developmental delay, mild to severe intellectual disability, speech impairment, strabismus and seizures. Whole exome sequencing was performed to identify mutation in affected individuals. Variants were filtered and further validated by Sanger sequencing and segregation analysis. A novel frameshift variant c.1601dupT leading to p.Ala535GlyfsTer17) was identified in GPR56 gene by whole exome sequencing and subsequent filtering. All five affected individuals were homozygous for the mutant allele while four asymptomatic individuals carried the variant in heterozygous state. Radiological findings of a representative patient presented features of GPR56-associated cobblestone like brain malformation. MRI findings suggested paucity of sulci, dilated ventricular system and brainstem atrophy. The microgyria were observed in a simplified gyral pattern (cobblestone). This single bp insertion, and the consequent frameshift, results in the truncation of GPR56 protein. This could result in a malformed cortex giving the brain a cobblestone like shape. Our study identified a 7th novel frameshift variant from Pakistani population in GPR56 gene, thus broadening mutation spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Zulfiqar
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore.
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Shafaq Ramzan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ayaz Khan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Sher
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Zafar Ali
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan.
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and Science for Life Laboratory, Box 815, 75108 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Uzma Abdullah
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi 46301, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan; Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), 1- Constitution Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
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Dou X, Xu X, Mo T, Chen H, Wang Z, Li X, Jia S, Wang D. Evaluation of the seizure control and the tolerability of ketogenic diet in Chinese children with structural drug-resistant epilepsy. Seizure 2021; 94:43-51. [PMID: 34864251 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ketogenic diet (KD) in Chinese children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) due to structural etiology. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed data from 23 pediatric patients with DRE due to structural etiology who were treated with KD at Department of Neurology, between May 2014 and December 2020. Based on etiological classifications, the patients were divided into a neonatal brain injury (Group 1), an intracranial infection group (Group2) and a group that showed malformations of cortical development (MCDs) (Group 3). RESULTS The 23 patients remained on the KD for a mean duration of 15.3 ± 9.7 months. The response rates for the control of seizures were 60.9% (14/23), 52.2 % (12/23), 47.8% (11/23) at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Subjective improvements in cognition were observed in 87.0% (20/23) of the children during follow-up. Reductions in the frequency of seizures of > 50% were more commonly achieved by patients in group 1 (75.0%, 9/12) compared to the patients in groups 2 (60.0%, 3/5) and 3 (33.4%, 2/6). Further analysis of the patients in Group 1 showed that children with a history of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) (100.0%, 6/6) had the highest rate of > 50% seizure reduction. The main reasons for the discontinuation of the KD were due to lack of efficacy and poor compliance. Most of the side effects associated with the KD diet were minor and easily corrected by appropriately adjusting the diet. Only 1 patient discontinued the diet due to severe refusal to eat. CONCLUSIONS KD is an effective and safe treatment for Chinese children with DRE due to structural etiology. Better efficacy of seizure control was observed in patients with a history of neonatal brain injury. Patients with DRE secondary to HIE may be particularly responsive to the KD therapy, and so KD should be considered earlier in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Dou
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China.
| | - Xiaoke Xu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Tingting Mo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China.
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Zhijing Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China.
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125
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Balza C, Garofalo G, Cos T, Désir J, Kang X, Keymolen K, Soblet J, Van Berkel K, Vilain C, Ben Abbou W, Cassart M. A prenatal case of lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia: New mutation in RELN gene. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04882. [PMID: 34917359 PMCID: PMC8645177 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelinopathies cause a distinctive lissencephaly type associated with cerebellar hypoplasia. To help further management, we wanted to report here the first prenatal diagnosis due to a homozygous inherited reelinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Balza
- Department of Fetal MedicineCHU Saint‐PierreBrusselsBelgium
- Department of Fetal MedicineHôpitaux Iris SudBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Teresa Cos
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital BrugmannUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Julie Désir
- Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique a.s.b.l.CharleroiBelgium
| | - Xin Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital BrugmannUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Kathelijn Keymolen
- Belgium Center for Reproduction and GeneticsUniversitair Ziekenhuis BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Julie Soblet
- Department of GeneticsHôpital ErasmeULB Center of Human GeneticsUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Kim Van Berkel
- Belgium Center for Reproduction and GeneticsUniversitair Ziekenhuis BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Catheline Vilain
- Department of GeneticsHôpital ErasmeULB Center of Human GeneticsUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Wafa Ben Abbou
- Department of Fetal MedicineHôpitaux Iris SudBrusselsBelgium
| | - Marie Cassart
- Department of Fetal MedicineCHU Saint‐PierreBrusselsBelgium
- Department of Fetal MedicineHôpitaux Iris SudBrusselsBelgium
- Department of RadiologyHôpitaux Iris SudBrusselsBelgium
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126
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Budisteanu M, Papuc S, Erbescu A, Iliescu C, Dobre M, Barca D, Tarta‑arsene O, Motoescu C, Dica A, Sandu C, Anghelescu C, Craiu D, Arghir A. Clinical and genomic findings in brain heterotopia: Report of a pediatric patient cohort from Romania. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:101. [PMID: 34976143 PMCID: PMC8674960 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain heterotopia is a group of rare malformations with a heterogeneous phenotype, ranging from asymptomatic to a severe clinical picture (drug-resistant epilepsy, severe developmental delay). The etiology is multifactorial, including both genetic and environmental factors. In the present study, a cohort of 15 pediatric patients with brain heterotopia were investigated by clinical examination, electroencephalographic studies, brain imaging, and genomic tests. Most of the patients had epileptic seizures, often difficult to control with one antiepileptic drug; another frequent characteristic in the cohort was developmental delay or intellectual disability, in some cases associated with behavioral problems. The genomic studies revealed an interstitial 22q11.2 microduplication, an anomaly not reported previously in heterotopia patients. Comparing the cohort of the present study with that of a previous series of heterotopia patients, both adult and pediatric, similar aspects, such as the high frequency of drug-resistant epilepsy were observed as well as some differences, such as no systemic malformations and no cases with fatal evolution. The current findings add new data to existing knowledge on a rare heterogeneous disorder. The detailed clinical description, including the epilepsy phenotypes, and genomic profiles bring new insights into a group of disorders, yet to be fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Budisteanu
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina Papuc
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Erbescu
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catrinel Iliescu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Dobre
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Barca
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Tarta‑arsene
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Motoescu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alice Dica
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Sandu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Anghelescu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Craiu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Expertise Centre for Rare Diseases in Pediatric Neurology, Member of The EpiCARE European Reference Network, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ Clinical Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Arghir
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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127
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Assessment of normal fetal cortical sulcus development. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 306:735-743. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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128
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Nayyar N, Sood D, Kapila PT, Chauhan NS, Patial V. Transmantle Heterotopia or Closed Lip Schizencehaly: A Diagnostic Dilemma. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:590-591. [PMID: 34728957 PMCID: PMC8513981 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_33_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Nayyar
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Dr RPGMC, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Sood
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Dr RPGMC, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Preeti T Kapila
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Dr RPGMC, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Narvir S Chauhan
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Dr RPGMC, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Varsha Patial
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Dr RPGMC, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India
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129
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Vossler DG. Cutting-Edge Classification of Focal Cortical Dysplasia for Epilepsy Surgery. Epilepsy Curr 2021; 22:48-50. [PMID: 35233200 PMCID: PMC8832354 DOI: 10.1177/15357597211056129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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130
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Goldenberg D, McLaughlin C, Koduru SV, Ravnic DJ. Regenerative Engineering: Current Applications and Future Perspectives. Front Surg 2021; 8:731031. [PMID: 34805257 PMCID: PMC8595140 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.731031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathologies, congenital defects, and traumatic injuries are untreatable by conventional pharmacologic or surgical interventions. Regenerative engineering represents an ever-growing interdisciplinary field aimed at creating biological replacements for injured tissues and dysfunctional organs. The need for bioengineered replacement parts is ubiquitous among all surgical disciplines. However, to date, clinical translation has been limited to thin, small, and/or acellular structures. Development of thicker tissues continues to be limited by vascularization and other impediments. Nevertheless, currently available materials, methods, and technologies serve as robust platforms for more complex tissue fabrication in the future. This review article highlights the current methodologies, clinical achievements, tenacious barriers, and future perspectives of regenerative engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Goldenberg
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Caroline McLaughlin
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Srinivas V. Koduru
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Dino J. Ravnic
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
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131
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Reichard J, Zimmer-Bensch G. The Epigenome in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:776809. [PMID: 34803599 PMCID: PMC8595945 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.776809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental diseases (NDDs), such as autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, are characterized by diverse facets of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, differing in etiology, onset and severity. Such symptoms include mental delay, cognitive and language impairments, or restrictions to adaptive and social behavior. Nevertheless, all have in common that critical milestones of brain development are disrupted, leading to functional deficits of the central nervous system and clinical manifestation in child- or adulthood. To approach how the different development-associated neuropathologies can occur and which risk factors or critical processes are involved in provoking higher susceptibility for such diseases, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying proper brain formation is required. NDDs rely on deficits in neuronal identity, proportion or function, whereby a defective development of the cerebral cortex, the seat of higher cognitive functions, is implicated in numerous disorders. Such deficits can be provoked by genetic and environmental factors during corticogenesis. Thereby, epigenetic mechanisms can act as an interface between external stimuli and the genome, since they are known to be responsive to external stimuli also in cortical neurons. In line with that, DNA methylation, histone modifications/variants, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, as well as regulatory non-coding RNAs regulate diverse aspects of neuronal development, and alterations in epigenomic marks have been associated with NDDs of varying phenotypes. Here, we provide an overview of essential steps of mammalian corticogenesis, and discuss the role of epigenetic mechanisms assumed to contribute to pathophysiological aspects of NDDs, when being disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reichard
- Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch
- Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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132
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Vriend I, Oegema R. Genetic causes underlying grey matter heterotopia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 35:82-92. [PMID: 34666232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Grey matter heterotopia (GMH) can cause of seizures and are associated with a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromes. They are caused by a failure of neuronal migration during fetal development, leading to clusters of neurons that have not reached their final destination in the cerebral cortex. We have performed an extensive literature search in Pubmed, OMIM, and Google scholar and provide an overview of known genetic associations with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNVH), subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) and other subcortical heterotopia (SUBH). We classified the heterotopias as PVNH, SBH, SUBH or other and collected the genetic information, frequency, imaging features and salient features in tables for every subtype of heterotopia. This resulted in 105 PVNH, 16 SBH and 25 SUBH gene/locus associations, making a total of 146 genes and chromosomal loci. Our study emphasizes the extreme genetic heterogeneity underlying GMH. It will aid the clinician in establishing an differential diagnosis and eventually a molecular diagnosis in GMH patients. A diagnosis enables proper counseling of prognosis and recurrence risks, and enables individualized patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Vriend
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Renske Oegema
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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133
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Mancini GMS, Smits DJ, Dekker J, Schot R, de Wit MCY, Lequin MH, Dremmen M, Brooks AS, van Ham T, Verheijen FW, Fornerod M, Dobyns WB, Wilke M. Multidisciplinary interaction and MCD gene discovery. The perspective of the clinical geneticist. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 35:27-34. [PMID: 34592643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The increasing pace of gene discovery in the last decade has brought a major change in the way the genetic causes of brain malformations are being diagnosed. Unbiased genomic screening has gained the first place in the diagnostic protocol of a child with congenital (brain) anomalies and the detected variants are matched with the phenotypic presentation afterwards. This process is defined as "reverse phenotyping". Screening of DNA, through copy number variant analysis of microarrays and analysis of exome data on different platforms, obtained from the index patient and both parents has become a routine approach in many centers worldwide. Clinicians are used to multidisciplinary team interaction in patient care and disease management and this explains why the majority of research that has led to the discovery of new genetic disorders nowadays proceeds from clinical observations to genomic analysis and to data exchange facilitated by open access sharing databases. However, the relevance of multidisciplinary team interaction has not been object of systematic research in the field of brain malformations. This review will illustrate some examples of how diagnostically driven questions through multidisciplinary interaction, among clinical and preclinical disciplines, can be successful in the discovery of new genes related to brain malformations. The first example illustrates the setting of interaction among neurologists, geneticists and neuro-radiologists. The second illustrates the importance of interaction among clinical dysmorphologists for pattern recognition of syndromes with multiple congenital anomalies. The third example shows how fruitful it can be to step out of the "clinical comfort zone", and interact with basic scientists in applying emerging technologies to solve the diagnostic puzzles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ENCORE Expertise Center for Genetic Neurocognitive Developmental Disorders, Erasmus, MC, Rotterdam.
| | - Daphne J Smits
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jordy Dekker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel Schot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ENCORE Expertise Center for Genetic Neurocognitive Developmental Disorders, Erasmus, MC, Rotterdam
| | - Marie Claire Y de Wit
- Department of Child Neurology, Sophia Children's Hospital, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, Rotterdam, NL, the Netherlands; ENCORE Expertise Center for Genetic Neurocognitive Developmental Disorders, Erasmus, MC, Rotterdam
| | - Maarten H Lequin
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Dremmen
- Department of Radiology, Sophia Children's Hospital, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ENCORE Expertise Center for Genetic Neurocognitive Developmental Disorders, Erasmus, MC, Rotterdam
| | - Alice S Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tjakko van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frans W Verheijen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ENCORE Expertise Center for Genetic Neurocognitive Developmental Disorders, Erasmus, MC, Rotterdam
| | - Maarten Fornerod
- Department of Cell Biology, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC75, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Martina Wilke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ENCORE Expertise Center for Genetic Neurocognitive Developmental Disorders, Erasmus, MC, Rotterdam
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134
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Chen W, Jin B, Aung T, He C, Chen C, Wang S, Ding Y, Ding F, Wang C, Li H, Jiang B, Zheng Z, Dai H, Zhu J, Geng Y, Ding M, Wang S. Response to antiseizure medications in epileptic patients with malformation of cortical development. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2021; 14:17562864211050027. [PMID: 34671424 PMCID: PMC8521419 DOI: 10.1177/17562864211050027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malformation of cortical development (MCD) is one of the most common causes of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Improving the knowledge of antiseizure medications (ASMs) treatment response in epileptic patients with MCD is crucial for optimal treatment options, either pharmacological therapy or non-pharmacological intervention. Aim To investigate the patterns of medical treatment outcome and the predictors for seizure freedom (SF) with ASM regimens in epilepsy caused by MCD. Methods The epileptic patients with MCD were consecutively enrolled from March 2013 to June 2019. SF was defined as no seizures for at least 12 months or three times the longest pretreatment inter-seizure interval, whichever was longer. Outcomes were classified into three patterns: pattern A: patients achieved SF at one point and remained so throughout follow-up; pattern B: patients' seizures fluctuated between periods of SF and relapse; pattern C: SF never attained. The terminal SF was defined if the patients remained SF at the last follow-up visit. Results A total of 164 epileptic patients with MCD were included. Pattern A was observed in 22, pattern B in 42, and pattern C in 100 patients. SF was ever achieved in 64 (pattern A and B) patients. Twenty-nine patients had terminal SF after a median follow-up time of 4.3 years. With continuing ASM treatment, seizure relapse risk was very low after a 5-year seizure-free period. The pretreatment seizure frequency was the only independent predictor for pattern A and seizure relapse. Sodium channel blockers monotherapy (33.8%) was more effective than levetiracetam (4.5%) in rendering SF in the initial ASM regimen. Conclusion Medical treatment can be successful in a minority of epileptic patients with MCD, and pretreatment seizure frequency helps to predict the treatment outcome. An unequal efficacy of ASMs in epilepsy caused by MCD suggests etiological evaluation is vital in the management of focal epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Department of Neurology, Linhai Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Thandar Aung
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chenmin He
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Ding
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Ding
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibin Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junming Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Geng
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiping Ding
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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135
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Penisson M, Jin M, Wang S, Hirotsune S, Francis F, Belvindrah R. Lis1 mutation prevents basal radial glia-like cell production in the mouse. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:942-957. [PMID: 34635911 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral cortical malformations are associated with progenitor proliferation and neuronal migration abnormalities. Progenitor cells include apical radial glia, intermediate progenitors and basal (or outer) radial glia (bRGs or oRGs). bRGs are few in number in lissencephalic species (e.g. the mouse) but abundant in gyrencephalic brains. The LIS1 gene coding for a dynein regulator, is mutated in human lissencephaly, associated also in some cases with microcephaly. LIS1 was shown to be important during cell division and neuronal migration. Here, we generated bRG-like cells in the mouse embryonic brain, investigating the role of Lis1 in their formation. This was achieved by in utero electroporation of a hominoid-specific gene TBC1D3 (coding for a RAB-GAP protein) at mouse embryonic day (E) 14.5. We first confirmed that TBC1D3 expression in wild-type (WT) brain generates numerous Pax6+ bRG-like cells that are basally localized. Second, using the same approach, we assessed the formation of these cells in heterozygote Lis1 mutant brains. Our novel results show that Lis1 depletion in the forebrain from E9.5 prevented subsequent TBC1D3-induced bRG-like cell amplification. Indeed, we observe perturbation of the ventricular zone (VZ) in the mutant. Lis1 depletion altered adhesion proteins and mitotic spindle orientations at the ventricular surface and increased the proportion of abventricular mitoses. Progenitor outcome could not be further altered by TBC1D3. We conclude that disruption of Lis1/LIS1 dosage is likely to be detrimental for appropriate progenitor number and position, contributing to lissencephaly pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Penisson
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Mingyue Jin
- Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Genetic Disease Research, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Osaka, JP 545-8585
| | - Shengming Wang
- Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Genetic Disease Research, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Osaka, JP 545-8585
| | - Shinji Hirotsune
- Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Genetic Disease Research, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Osaka, JP 545-8585
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Richard Belvindrah
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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136
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Abstract
The human brain is characterized by the large size and intricate folding of its cerebral cortex, which are fundamental for our higher cognitive function and frequently altered in pathological dysfunction. Cortex folding is not unique to humans, nor even to primates, but is common across mammals. Cortical growth and folding are the result of complex developmental processes that involve neural stem and progenitor cells and their cellular lineages, the migration and differentiation of neurons, and the genetic programs that regulate and fine-tune these processes. All these factors combined generate mechanical stress and strain on the developing neural tissue, which ultimately drives orderly cortical deformation and folding. In this review we examine and summarize the current knowledge on the molecular, cellular, histogenic and mechanical mechanisms that are involved in and influence folding of the cerebral cortex, and how they emerged and changed during mammalian evolution. We discuss the main types of pathological malformations of human cortex folding, their specific developmental origin, and how investigating their genetic causes has illuminated our understanding of key events involved. We close our review by presenting the state-of-the-art animal and in vitro models of cortex folding that are currently used to study these devastating developmental brain disorders in children, and what are the main challenges that remain ahead of us to fully understand brain folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Del Valle Anton
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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137
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Riccio MP, D'Andrea G, Sarnataro E, Marino M, Bravaccio C, Albert U. Bipolar disorder with Melnick-Needles syndrome and periventricular nodular heterotopia: two case reports and a review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:495. [PMID: 34629090 PMCID: PMC8504088 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-03064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melnick–Needles syndrome and periventricular nodular heterotopia are two usually mutually exclusive phenotypes of F-actin-binding cytoskeletal phosphoprotein Filamin-A mutations. Melnick–Needles syndrome is a rare X-linked condition that is lethal in males and shows great phenotypic variability in affected females. It is caused by mutations in Filamin-A gene, which encodes the protein Filamin A. Defects of the human Filamin-A gene also cause X-linked periventricular nodular heterotopia, a malformation of neuronal migration characterized by nodules of neurons in inappropriate location adjacent to the walls of the lateral ventricles. Case presentation We report on two Caucasian adolescent females, sisters, diagnosed with Melnick–Needles syndrome and bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia, who developed bipolar disorder and somatic symptoms disorder at a young age. We also present a review of the literature about mental disorders associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia. Our report shows that patients presenting with atypical and heterogeneous psychiatric disease may have an underrecognized anatomical brain abnormality on genetic basis. Conclusions We found records of psychiatric disorders associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia; nevertheless, this is the first report of bipolar disorder occurring in individuals with periventricular nodular heterotopia, and the first report of any psychiatric disorder in individuals affected by Melnick–Needles syndrome. In conclusion, this case report may contribute to characterizing the phenotype of this very rare syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Riccio
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Child Neuropsychiatry, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe D'Andrea
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emilia Sarnataro
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Child Neuropsychiatry, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Child Neuropsychiatry, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Bravaccio
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Child Neuropsychiatry, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Albert
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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138
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Shahabi H, Taylor K, Hirfanoglu T, Koneru S, Bingaman W, Kobayashi K, Kobayashi M, Joshi A, Leahy RM, Mosher JC, Bulacio J, Nair D. Effective connectivity differs between focal cortical dysplasia types I and II. Epilepsia 2021; 62:2753-2765. [PMID: 34541666 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether brain connectivity differs between focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) types I and II. METHODS We compared cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) as measures of effective brain connectivity in 25 FCD patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy who underwent intracranial evaluation with stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG). We analyzed the amplitude and latency of CCEP responses following ictal-onset single-pulse electrical stimulation (iSPES). RESULTS In comparison to FCD type II, patients with type I demonstrated significantly larger responses in the electrodes near the ictal-onset zone (<50 mm). These findings persisted when controlling for the location of the epileptogenic zone, as noted in patients with temporal lobe epilepsies, as well as controlling for seizure type, as noted in patients with focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (FBTCS). In type II, the root mean square (RMS) of CCEP responses dropped substantially from the early segment (10-60 ms) to the middle and late segments (60-600 ms). The middle and late CCEP latency segments showed the largest differences between FCD types I and II. SIGNIFICANCE Focal cortical dysplasia type I may have a greater degree of cortical hyperexcitability as compared with FCD type II. In addition, FCD type II displays a more restrictive area of hyperexcitability in both temporal and spatial domains. In patients with FBTCS and type I FCD, the increased amplitudes of RMS in the middle and late CCEP periods appear consistent with the cortico-thalamo-cortical network involvement of FBTCS. The notable differences in degree and extent of hyperexcitability may contribute to the different postsurgical seizure outcomes noted between these two pathological substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Shahabi
- Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Taylor
- Charles Shor Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tugba Hirfanoglu
- Charles Shor Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Shreekanth Koneru
- Charles Shor Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - William Bingaman
- Charles Shor Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Katsuya Kobayashi
- Charles Shor Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Masako Kobayashi
- Charles Shor Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anand Joshi
- Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Leahy
- Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John C Mosher
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juan Bulacio
- Charles Shor Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dileep Nair
- Charles Shor Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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139
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Abstract
How the patterns of cortex folding are implemented during embryonic development is poorly understood. In this issue of Neuron, Han et al. (2021) establish that a population of neural progenitor cells co-expressing Neurog2 and Ascl1 are key in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Spain.
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140
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Bhoopathy RM, Arthy B, Vignesh SS, Ruckmani S, Srinivasan AV. Involvement of Incomplete Hippocampal Inversion in Intractable Epilepsy: Evidence from Neuropsychological Studies. Neurol India 2021; 69:842-846. [PMID: 34507399 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.323886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The age of onset of seizure, seizure types, frequency of seizure, structural abnormalities in the brain, and antiepileptic medication (polytherapy) causes increased incidence of anxiety and depression in intractable epilepsy patients. Aim To compare the anxiety and depression levels in intractable epileptic patients with structural abnormalities [malformations of cortical development (MCD) and incomplete hippocampal inversion (IHI)] and without structural abnormalities. Materials and Methods Participants were selected from (239 males and 171 females) intractable epilepsy patients. They were grouped into four groups; Group 1: 51 nonepileptic age-matched controls, Group 2: 41 intractable epilepsy patients without any brain abnormality, Group 3: 17 intractable epilepsy patients with MCD, and Group 4: 30 intractable epilepsy patients with isolated IHI. Neuropsychiatric tools used were Multiphasic Personality Questionnaire and Weschlers Adult Intelligence Scale to assess anxiety, depression, and intelligence. Groups were classified using 1.5T conventional magnetic resonance imaging and hippocampal volumetric studies. Group comparison design was used. Results Demographic variables of intractable epilepsy, including seizure types, the frequency of seizure, the age of seizure onset, and antiepileptic drug therapies, did not show significant association between the groups using Chi-square P value. Analysis of variance showed significant anxiety and depression in epileptic patients than the control group (P < 0.01). Post hoc analysis using Tukey's B test showed significant difference in anxiety and depression scores between group value. In group 3 and 4, anxiety scores were significantly different but not depression scores. Conclusion The present study concludes high prevalence of anxiety and depression in intractable seizure. Anxiety is observed predominantly when there is IHI along with depression. We emphasize the need to identify IHI in intractable epilepsy and assess anxiety and depression to treat them effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Bhoopathy
- Institute of Neurology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Arthy
- Institute of Neurology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S S Vignesh
- Institute of Neurology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Smitha Ruckmani
- Institute of Neurology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A V Srinivasan
- Institute of Neurology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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141
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The Names of Things: The 2018 Bernard Sachs Lecture. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 122:41-49. [PMID: 34330614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2018, I was honored to receive the Bernard Sachs Award for a lifetime of work expanding knowledge of diverse neurodevelopmental disorders. Summarizing work over more than 30 years is difficult but is an opportunity to chronicle the dramatic changes in the medical and scientific world that have transformed the field of Child Neurology over this time, as reflected in my own work. Here I have chosen to highlight five broad themes of my research beginning with my interest in descriptive terms that drive wider understanding and my choice for the title of this review. From there I will go on to contrast the state of knowledge as I entered the field with the state of knowledge today for four human brain malformations-lissencephaly, megalencephaly, cerebellar malformations, and polymicrogyria. For all, the changes have been dramatic.
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142
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Sterling N, Duncan AR, Park R, Koolen DA, Shi J, Cho SH, Benke PJ, Grant PE, Genetti CA, VanNoy GE, Juusola J, McWalter K, Parboosingh JS, Lamont RE, Bernier FP, Smith C, Harris DJ, Stegmann APA, Innes AM, Kim S, Agrawal PB. De novo variants in MPP5 cause global developmental delay and behavioral changes. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:3388-3401. [PMID: 33073849 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane Protein Palmitoylated 5 (MPP5) is a highly conserved apical complex protein essential for cell polarity, fate and survival. Defects in cell polarity are associated with neurologic disorders including autism and microcephaly. MPP5 is essential for neurogenesis in animal models, but human variants leading to neurologic impairment have not been described. We identified three patients with heterozygous MPP5 de novo variants (DNV) and global developmental delay (GDD) and compared their phenotypes and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to ascertain how MPP5 DNV leads to GDD. All three patients with MPP5 DNV experienced GDD with language delay/regression and behavioral changes. MRI ranged from normal to decreased gyral folding and microcephaly. The effects of MPP5 depletion on the developing brain were assessed by creating a heterozygous conditional knock out (het CKO) murine model with central nervous system (CNS)-specific Nestin-Cre drivers. In the het CKO model, Mpp5 depletion led to microcephaly, decreased cerebellar volume and cortical thickness. Het CKO mice had decreased ependymal cells and Mpp5 at the apical surface of cortical ventricular zone compared with wild type. Het CKO mice also failed to maintain progenitor pools essential for neurogenesis. The proportion of cortical cells undergoing apoptotic cell death increased, suggesting that cell death reduces progenitor population and neuron number. Het CKO mice also showed behavioral changes, similar to our patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that variants in MPP5 are associated with GDD, behavioral abnormalities and language regression/delay. Murine modeling shows that neurogenesis is likely altered in these individuals, with cell death and skewed cellular composition playing significant roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Sterling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anna R Duncan
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - David A Koolen
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Paul J Benke
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, FL 33021, USA
| | - Patricia E Grant
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Casie A Genetti
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grace E VanNoy
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jane Juusola
- Clinical Genomics Program, GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Kirsty McWalter
- Clinical Genomics Program, GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Jillian S Parboosingh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - Ryan E Lamont
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - Francois P Bernier
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - Christopher Smith
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - David J Harris
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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143
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Lee DA, Lee HJ, Kim HC, Park KM. Alterations of structural connectivity and structural co-variance network in focal cortical dysplasia. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:330. [PMID: 34452597 PMCID: PMC8394627 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in structural connectivity and structural co-variance network in patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Methods We enrolled 37 patients with FCD and 35 healthy controls. All subjects underwent brain MRI with the same scanner and with the same protocol, which included diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and T1-weighted imaging. We analyzed the structural connectivity based on DTI, and structural co-variance network based on the structural volume with T1-weighted imaging. We created a connectivity matrix and obtained network measures from the matrix using the graph theory. We tested the difference in network measure between patients with FCD and healthy controls. Results In the structural connectivity analysis, we found that the local efficiency in patients with FCD was significantly lower than in healthy controls (2.390 vs. 2.578, p = 0.031). Structural co-variance network analysis revealed that the mean clustering coefficient, global efficiency, local efficiency, and transitivity were significantly decreased in patients with FCD compared to those in healthy controls (0.527 vs. 0.635, p = 0.036; 0.545 vs. 0.648, p = 0.026; 2.699 vs. 3.801, p = 0.019; 0.791 vs. 0.954, p = 0.026, respectively). Conclusions We demonstrate that there are significant alterations in structural connectivity, based on DTI, and structural co-variance network, based on the structural volume, in patients with FCD compared to healthy controls. These findings suggest that focal lesions with FCD could affect the whole-brain network and that FCD is a network disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ah Lee
- Neurology Department, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Haeundae-ro 875, Haeundae-gu, 48108, Busan, Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Lee
- Radiology Department, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyung Chan Kim
- Neurology Department, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Haeundae-ro 875, Haeundae-gu, 48108, Busan, Korea
| | - Kang Min Park
- Neurology Department, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Haeundae-ro 875, Haeundae-gu, 48108, Busan, Korea.
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144
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Enhanced phosphorylation of S6 protein in mouse cortical layer V and subplate neurons. Neuroreport 2021; 31:762-769. [PMID: 32453020 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is composed of six major layers of neurons. Each group of neurons in the cortical layers has distinct characteristics based on the expression of specific genes and connectivity patterns of neural circuits. Neuronal subtype transition and regional identity acquisition are established by temporal cues and interaction between several transcription factors during neurogenesis. The impairment of cortical lamination or neural circuits results in a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and certain forms of childhood epilepsy. Despite continuous efforts to classify neurons with the aid of genetic and epigenetic analyses, the neuron-specific properties associated with post-transcriptional modification remain unclear. In the present study, the distribution of phosphorylated S6-positive layers across the neocortex was examined using several layer markers. The development of pS6 S235/236 layers in layer V and the subplate was spatiotemporally regulated in the mouse brain. In addition, enhanced phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in Ctip2-positive layer V neurons in vivo was sustained under in-vitro conditions using a culture of primary cortical neurons.
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145
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Understanding microcephaly through the study of centrosome regulation in Drosophila neural stem cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2101-2115. [PMID: 32897294 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microcephaly is a rare, yet devastating, neurodevelopmental condition caused by genetic or environmental insults, such as the Zika virus infection. Microcephaly manifests with a severely reduced head circumference. Among the known heritable microcephaly genes, a significant proportion are annotated with centrosome-related ontologies. Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers, and they play fundamental roles in the proliferation of the neuronal progenitors, the neural stem cells (NSCs), which undergo repeated rounds of asymmetric cell division to drive neurogenesis and brain development. Many of the genes, pathways, and developmental paradigms that dictate NSC development in humans are conserved in Drosophila melanogaster. As such, studies of Drosophila NSCs lend invaluable insights into centrosome function within NSCs and help inform the pathophysiology of human microcephaly. This mini-review will briefly survey causative links between deregulated centrosome functions and microcephaly with particular emphasis on insights learned from Drosophila NSCs.
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146
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Contrò G, Micalizzi A, Giangiobbe S, Caraffi SG, Zuntini R, Rosato S, Pollazzon M, Terracciano A, Napoli M, Rizzi S, Salerno GG, Radio FC, Niceta M, Parrini E, Fusco C, Gargano G, Guerrini R, Tartaglia M, Novelli A, Zuffardi O, Garavelli L. Posterior Lissencephaly Associated with Subcortical Band Heterotopia Due to a Variation in the CEP85L Gene: A Case Report and Refining of the Phenotypic Spectrum. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081208. [PMID: 34440382 PMCID: PMC8391275 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly describes a group of conditions characterized by the absence of normal cerebral convolutions and abnormalities of cortical development. To date, at least 20 genes have been identified as involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. Variants in CEP85L, encoding a protein involved in the regulation of neuronal migration, have been recently described as causative of lissencephaly with a posterior-prevalent involvement of the cerebral cortex and an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Here, we describe a 3-year-old boy with slightly delayed psychomotor development and mild dysmorphic features, including bitemporal narrowing, protruding ears with up-lifted lobes and posterior plagiocephaly. Brain MRI at birth identified type 1 lissencephaly, prevalently in the temporo–occipito–parietal regions of both hemispheres with “double-cortex” (Dobyns’ 1–2 degree) periventricular band alterations. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a previously unreported de novo pathogenic variant in the CEP85L gene (NM_001042475.3:c.232+1del). Only 20 patients have been reported as carriers of pathogenic CEP85L variants to date. They show lissencephaly with prevalent posterior involvement, variable cognitive deficits and epilepsy. The present case report indicates the clinical variability associated with CEP85L variants that are not invariantly associated with severe phenotypes and poor outcome, and underscores the importance of including this gene in diagnostic panels for lissencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Contrò
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.C.); (R.Z.); (S.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessia Micalizzi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (A.T.); (A.N.)
| | - Sara Giangiobbe
- Clinical Genomics, Medical Genetics Service, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano Giuseppe Caraffi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.C.); (R.Z.); (S.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Roberta Zuntini
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.C.); (R.Z.); (S.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Simonetta Rosato
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.C.); (R.Z.); (S.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Marzia Pollazzon
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.C.); (R.Z.); (S.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessandra Terracciano
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (A.T.); (A.N.)
| | - Manuela Napoli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Susanna Rizzi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.R.); (G.G.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Grazia Gabriella Salerno
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.R.); (G.G.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Francesca Clementina Radio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.C.R.); (M.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcello Niceta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.C.R.); (M.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Elena Parrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.R.); (G.G.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Giancarlo Gargano
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.C.R.); (M.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (A.T.); (A.N.)
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.C.); (R.Z.); (S.R.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0522-296244 or +39-0522-295463
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147
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Perilesional white matter integrity in drug-resistant epilepsy related to focal cortical dysplasia. Seizure 2021; 91:484-489. [PMID: 34343860 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the differences of white matter (WM) between the focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and those with drug-responsive epilepsy. METHODS Thirty epileptic patients with MRI-identified or histologically proven FCD were consecutively enrolled. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of the ipsilateral perilesional WM and contralateral homotopic WM layer masks were computed and corrected by the FA/MD of the corresponding hemispheric WM. The difference was evaluated using paired t-tests. The FA, MD and volumes of hemispheric WM and corpus callosum were also calculated. RESULTS Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy showed significantly decreased FA and increased MD among ipsilateral perilesional WM layer 1 and 2, while patients with drug-responsive epilepsy showed decreased FA in only ipsilateral perilesional WM layer l, compared to remaining ipsilateral perilesional WM layers and contralateral layers 1 through 6. The integrity and volumes of the hemispheric WM and corpus callosum were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the WM microstructural alterations differed between epileptic patients with FCD according to their antiepileptic drug responses. More extensive perilesional WM abnormality is observed in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy related to FCD.
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148
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Malformations of Cortical Development, Cognitive Involvementand Epilepsy: A Single Institution Experience in 19 Young Patients. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8080637. [PMID: 34438528 PMCID: PMC8392186 DOI: 10.3390/children8080637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malformations of cortical development (MCD) include a wide range of congenital disorders mostly causing severe cognitive dysfunction and epilepsy. OBJECTIVE to report on clinical features including cognitive involvement, epileptic seizures with response to antiseizure medications, comorbidities in young patients affected by MCD and followed in a single tertiary hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review of the medical records and magnetic resonance images (MRI) of 19 young patients with an age ranging between eight days and fifteen years affected by MCD and admitted to Pediatrics Department University of Catania, Italy from October 2009 and October 2020 were selected. Patients were distinguished in three groups following the Barcovich et al. 2012 classification for MCD: 4 (21%) in Group I; 8 (42%) in Group II; and, and 7 (37%) in Group III. Clinical features and MRI of the patients including cognitive involvement, epilepsy type and response to drugs treatment were analyzed. RESULTS In Group I, two patients showed cortical dysplasia and two dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors plus focal cortical dysplasia; developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID) was severe in one, moderate in one and absent in two; the type of seizures was in all the cases focal to bilateral tonic-clonic (FBTCs), and drug resistant was found in one case. In Group II, three patients showed neuronal hetero-topias and five had pachygyria-lissencephaly: DD/ID was severe in four, moderate in two, and absent in two; the type of seizure was focal (FS) in five, focal to bilateral tonic-clonic (FBTCs) in two, infantile spasms (IS) in one, and drug resistant was found in three. In Group III, six showed polymicrogyria and one schizencephaly: DD/ID was found severe in five, moderate in two, and the type of seizure was focal (FS) in five, FBTCS in two, and drug resistance was found in three.
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149
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Qian X, Liu X, Zhu Z, Wang S, Song X, Chen G, Wu J, Cao Y, Luan X, Tang H, Cao L. Variants in LAMC3 Causes Occipital Cortical Malformation. Front Genet 2021; 12:616761. [PMID: 34354730 PMCID: PMC8329496 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.616761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Occipital cortical malformation (OCCM) is a disease caused by malformations of cortical development characterized by polymicrogyria and pachygyria of the occipital lobes and childhood-onset seizures. The recessive or complex heterozygous variants of the LAMC3 gene are identified as the cause of OCCM. In the present study, we identified novel complex heterozygous variants (c.470G > A and c.4030 + 1G > A) of the LAMC3 gene in a Chinese female with childhood-onset seizures. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging was normal. Functional experiments confirmed that both variant sites caused premature truncation of the laminin γ3 chain. Bioinformatics analysis predicted 10 genes interacted with LAMC3 with an interaction score of 0.4 (P value = 1.0e–16). The proteins encoded by these genes were mainly located in the basement membrane and extracellular matrix component. Furthermore, the biological processes and molecular functions from gene ontology analysis indicated that laminin γ3 chain and related proteins played an important role in structural support and cellular processes through protein-containing complex binding and signaling receptor binding. KEGG pathway enrichment predicted that the LAMC3 gene variant was most likely to participate in the occurrence and development of OCCM through extracellular matrix receptor interaction and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Qian
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyu Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shige Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Song
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwen Cao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghua Luan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Huidong Tang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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150
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Corroenne R, Sanz Cortes M, Johnson RM, Whitehead WE, Donepudi R, Mehollin-Ray AR, Huisman TAGM, Espinoza J, Nassr AA, Belfort MA, Shamshirsaz AA. Impact of the cystic neural tube defects on fetal motor function in prenatal myelomeningocele repairs: A retrospective cohort study. Prenat Diagn 2021; 41:965-971. [PMID: 34145612 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of the lesion type (cystic [myelomeningocele] or flat [myeloschisis]) on the fetal motor function (MF) in cases candidates for prenatal open neural tube defect (ONTD) repair. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of patients with ONTD who underwent prenatal repair at a single institution between 2011 and 2019. The lesion type and the measurements of the length and width of the lesions to calculate the surface of the ellipsoid lesion were performed using MR scans. Prenatal MF of the lower extremities was evaluated by ultrasound following a metameric distribution at the time of referral. Intact MF was defined as the observation of plantar flexion of the ankle. Logistic regression was performed to determine the predictive value of the type of lesion for having an intact MF at the time of referral. RESULTS 103 patients were included at 22.9 (19-25.4) weeks; 65% had cystic and 35% had flat lesions. At the time of referral, there was a higher proportion of cases with an intact MF in the presence of flat lesions (34/36; 94.4%) as compared to cystic lesion (48/67; 71.6%, p < 0.01). When adjusting for gestational age and anatomical level of the lesion, flat ONTD were 3.1 times more likely to be associated by intact motor function (CI%95 [2.1-4.6], p < 0.01) at the time of referral. CONCLUSION Cystic ONTD are more likely to be associated with impaired MF at mid-gestation in candidates for prenatal ONTD repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Corroenne
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Magdalena Sanz Cortes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca M Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - William E Whitehead
- Department of Neurosurgery, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Roopali Donepudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amy R Mehollin-Ray
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,E. B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital & Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thierry A G M Huisman
- E. B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital & Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jimmy Espinoza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ahmed A Nassr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael A Belfort
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alireza A Shamshirsaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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