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Abrunzo R. Lissencephaly: presentation of a clinical case of LIS 1 with a diagnosis confirmed by MLPA method and indications for rehabilitation treatment in childhood. Neurocase 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38700449 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2024.2346985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Lissencephaly is a very rare clinical condition that affects the formation of the brain and causes severe psychomotor retardation, convulsions and muscular spasticity or hypotonia, often also associated with respiratory problems, facial dysmorphisms, abnormalities of the fingers and toes and difficulty swallowing resulting in reduced life expectancy. The clinical case described in the following article demonstrates the diagnostic process and rehabilitation treatment of a patient through a narrative review of the scientific literature and the presentation of this condition in order to provide indications to guide rehabilitation treatment in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Abrunzo
- Clinical Evaluator, TNPEE and MSc in Rehabilitation Sciences of the Health Professions, Fondazione Serena Onlus - Centro Clinico NeMO, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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2
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Safwat S, Flannery KP, El Beheiry AA, Mokhtar MM, Abdalla E, Manzini MC. Genetic blueprint of congenital muscular dystrophies with brain malformations in Egypt: A report of 11 families. Neurogenetics 2024; 25:93-102. [PMID: 38296890 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-024-00745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) are a group of rare muscle disorders characterized by early onset hypotonia and motor developmental delay associated with brain malformations with or without eye anomalies in the most severe cases. In this study, we aimed to uncover the genetic basis of severe CMD in Egypt and to determine the efficacy of whole exome sequencing (WES)-based genetic diagnosis in this population. We recruited twelve individuals from eleven families with a clinical diagnosis of CMD with brain malformations that fell into two groups: seven patients with suspected dystroglycanopathy and five patients with suspected merosin-deficient CMD. WES was analyzed by variant filtering using multiple approaches including splicing and copy number variant (CNV) analysis. We identified likely pathogenic variants in FKRP in two cases and variants in POMT1, POMK, and B3GALNT2 in three individuals. All individuals with merosin-deficient CMD had truncating variants in LAMA2. Further analysis in one of the two unsolved cases showed a homozygous protein-truncating variant in Feline Leukemia Virus subgroup C Receptor 1 (FLVCR1). FLVCR1 loss of function has never been previously reported. Yet, loss of function of its paralog, FLVCR2, causes lethal hydranencephaly-hydrocephaly syndrome (Fowler Syndrome) which should be considered in the differential diagnosis for dystroglycanopathy. Overall, we reached a diagnostic rate of 86% (6/7) for dystroglycanopathies and 100% (5/5) for merosinopathy. In conclusion, our results provide further evidence that WES is an important diagnostic method in CMD in developing countries to improve the diagnostic rate, management plan, and genetic counseling for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Safwat
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kyle P Flannery
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ahmed A El Beheiry
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Mokhtar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ebtesam Abdalla
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - M Chiara Manzini
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Tsai MH, Lin WC, Chen SY, Hsieh MY, Nian FS, Cheng HY, Zhao HJ, Hung SS, Hsu CH, Hou PS, Tung CY, Lee MH, Tsai JW. A lissencephaly-associated BAIAP2 variant causes defects in neuronal migration during brain development. Development 2024; 151:dev201912. [PMID: 38149472 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Lissencephaly is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a loss of brain surface convolutions caused by genetic variants that disrupt neuronal migration. However, the genetic origins of the disorder remain unidentified in nearly one-fifth of people with lissencephaly. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a de novo BAIAP2 variant, p.Arg29Trp, in an individual with lissencephaly with a posterior more severe than anterior (P>A) gradient, implicating BAIAP2 as a potential lissencephaly gene. Spatial transcriptome analysis in the developing mouse cortex revealed that Baiap2 is expressed in the cortical plate and intermediate zone in an anterior low to posterior high gradient. We next used in utero electroporation to explore the effects of the Baiap2 variant in the developing mouse cortex. We found that Baiap2 knockdown caused abnormalities in neuronal migration, morphogenesis and differentiation. Expression of the p.Arg29Trp variant failed to rescue the migration defect, suggesting a loss-of-function effect. Mechanistically, the variant interfered with the ability of BAIAP2 to localize to the cell membrane. These results suggest that the functions of BAIAP2 in the cytoskeleton, cell morphogenesis and migration are important for cortical development and for the pathogenesis of lissencephaly in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology & Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Cian Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology & Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ying Hsieh
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Shin Nian
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Haw-Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jun Zhao
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Hung
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsin Hsu
- Genomics Center for Clinical and Biotechnological Applications, Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Hou
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yi Tung
- Genomics Center for Clinical and Biotechnological Applications, Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Tsai MH, Ke HC, Lin WC, Nian FS, Huang CW, Cheng HY, Hsu CS, Granata T, Chang CH, Castellotti B, Lin SY, Doniselli FM, Lu CJ, Franceschetti S, Ragona F, Hou PS, Canafoglia L, Tung CY, Lee MH, Wang WJ, Tsai JW. Novel lissencephaly-associated NDEL1 variant reveals distinct roles of NDE1 and NDEL1 in nucleokinesis and human cortical malformations. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:13. [PMID: 38194050 PMCID: PMC10776482 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of the cerebral cortex involves a series of dynamic events, including cell proliferation and migration, which rely on the motor protein dynein and its regulators NDE1 and NDEL1. While the loss of function in NDE1 leads to microcephaly-related malformations of cortical development (MCDs), NDEL1 variants have not been detected in MCD patients. Here, we identified two patients with pachygyria, with or without subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), carrying the same de novo somatic mosaic NDEL1 variant, p.Arg105Pro (p.R105P). Through single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomic analysis, we observed complementary expression of Nde1/NDE1 and Ndel1/NDEL1 in neural progenitors and post-mitotic neurons, respectively. Ndel1 knockdown by in utero electroporation resulted in impaired neuronal migration, a phenotype that could not be rescued by p.R105P. Remarkably, p.R105P expression alone strongly disrupted neuronal migration, increased the length of the leading process, and impaired nucleus-centrosome coupling, suggesting a failure in nucleokinesis. Mechanistically, p.R105P disrupted NDEL1 binding to the dynein regulator LIS1. This study identifies the first lissencephaly-associated NDEL1 variant and sheds light on the distinct roles of NDE1 and NDEL1 in nucleokinesis and MCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chen Ke
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Cian Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Shin Nian
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Huang
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Haw-Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sin Hsu
- Genomics Center for Clinical and Biotechnological Applications, Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tiziana Granata
- Department of Paediatric Neuroscience, European Reference Network EPIcare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chien-Hui Chang
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Barbara Castellotti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Shin-Yi Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fabio M Doniselli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Cheng-Ju Lu
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Silvana Franceschetti
- Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, European Reference Network EPIcare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragona
- Department of Paediatric Neuroscience, European Reference Network EPIcare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Pei-Shan Hou
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Laura Canafoglia
- Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, European Reference Network EPIcare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chien-Yi Tung
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Won-Jing Wang
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecule Biology, College of Life Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Igreja L, Menezes C, Pinto PS, Freixo JP, Chorão R. Lissencephaly With Cerebellar Hypoplasia Due To a New RELN Mutation. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 149:137-140. [PMID: 37879138 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia (LCH) is a rare variant form of lissencephaly, its distinctive neuroradiological phenotype being an important investigation clue regarding the potential involved genes, including variants in RELN gene. We report on a case of LCH whose clinical and neuroradiological features led to the identification of a homozygous pathogenic variant in RELN gene that has not been previously reported in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Igreja
- Department of Neuroradiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Menezes
- Department of Pediatrics, Centro Materno Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro S Pinto
- Department of Neuroradiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Parente Freixo
- Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Chorão
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurophysiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Gao C, Liu N, Ma J, Zhao J, Zhao B, Song F, Dong R, Li Z, Lv Y, Liu Y, Gai Z. DCX variants in two unrelated Chinese families with subcortical band heterotopia: Two case reports and review of literature. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22323. [PMID: 38045215 PMCID: PMC10692899 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) is a rare brain developmental malformation caused by deficient neuronal migration during embryogenesis. Published literature on pediatric SBH cases caused by DCX mutations is limited. Methods The detailed clinical and genetic features of two pediatric SBH with DCX mutations were analyzed. The available literature on DCX mutations was reviewed. Results Both patients were girls with varying degrees of developmental delay. Patient 1 was short in stature with peculiar facial features. Patient 2 had an early seizure onset and developed drug-resistant epilepsy. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed two de novo heterozygous variants of DCX (NM_178153.3), including a novel missense variant of c.568A > G (p.K190E) in P1 and a reported nonsense variant of c.814C > T (p.R272*) in P2. We reviewed all the available literature regarding DCX mutations. A total of 153 different mutations have been reported, with the majority of 99 (64.7 %) being missense mutations. Conclusion Our study expanded the mutational spectrum of DCX, which has important implications for the study of genotype-phenotype correlations. Furthermore, it provided insights to better understand SBH and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlai Gao
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Jianshe Zhao
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Fengling Song
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Zilong Li
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Yuqiang Lv
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Zhongtao Gai
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
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Moloney PB, Benson KA, Phelan E, O'Regan M, Redmond J. Familial posterior predominant subcortical band heterotopia caused by a CEP85L missense mutation. Seizure 2022; 103:58-60. [PMID: 36306705 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Moloney
- Department of Neurology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Katherine A Benson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ethna Phelan
- Department of Radiology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary O'Regan
- Department of Neurology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Janice Redmond
- Department of Neurology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Maillard C, Roux CJ, Charbit-Henrion F, Steffann J, Laquerriere A, Quazza F, Buisson NB. Tubulin mutations in human neurodevelopmental disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 137:87-95. [PMID: 35915025 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations causing dysfunction of tubulins and microtubule-associated proteins, also known as tubulinopathies, are a group of recently described entities that lead to complex brain malformations. Anatomical and functional consequences of the disruption of tubulins include microcephaly, combined with abnormal corticogenesis due to impaired migration or lamination and abnormal growth cone dynamics of projecting and callosal axons. Key imaging features of tubulinopathies are characterized by three major patterns of malformations of cortical development (MCD): lissencephaly, microlissencephaly, and dysgyria. Additional distinctive MRI features include dysmorphism of the basal ganglia, midline commissural structure hypoplasia or agenesis, and cerebellar and brainstem hypoplasia. Tubulinopathies can be diagnosed as early as 21-24 gestational weeks using imaging and neuropathology, with possible extreme microlissencephaly with an extremely thin cortex, lissencephaly with either thick or thin/intermediate cortex, and dysgyria combined with cerebellar hypoplasia, pons hypoplasia and corpus callosum dysgenesis. More than 100 MCD-associated mutations have been reported in TUBA1A, TUBB2B, or TUBB3 genes, whereas fewer than ten are known in other genes such TUBB2A, TUBB or TUBG1. Although these mutations are scattered along the α- and β-tubulin sequences, recurrent mutations are consistently associated with almost identical cortical dysgenesis. Much of the evidence supports that these mutations alter the dynamic properties and functions of microtubules in several fashions. These include diminishing the abundance of functional tubulin heterodimers, altering GTP binding, altering longitudinal and lateral protofilament interactions, and impairing microtubule interactions with kinesin and/or dynein motors or with MAPs. In this review we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the effects of mutations of tubulins and microtubule-associated proteins on human brain development and the pathogenesis of malformations of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Maillard
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Charles Joris Roux
- Pediatric Radiology, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Charbit-Henrion
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine INSERM UMR1163, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, France
| | - Julie Steffann
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine INSERM UMR1163, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, France
| | - Annie Laquerriere
- Pathology Laboratory, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France; NeoVasc Region-Inserm Team ERI28, Laboratory of Microvascular Endothelium and Neonate Brain Lesions, Institute of Research for Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Floriane Quazza
- Pediatric Neurology, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Bahi Buisson
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France; Pediatric Neurology, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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Zhang YL, Jing XY, Zhen L, Pan M, Han J, Li DZ. Prenatal diagnosis of Miller-Dieker syndrome/PAFAH1B1-related lissencephaly: Ultrasonography and genetically investigative results. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2022; 274:28-32. [PMID: 35567955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the experience on prenatal diagnosis of Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS)/PAFAH1B1-related lissencephaly to further determine fetal phenotypes of this syndrome. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective study of ten pregnancies with fetal MDS/PAFAH1B1-related lissencephaly identified by chromosomal microarray (CMA)/exome sequencing (ES). Clinical and laboratory data were collected and reviewed for these cases, including maternal demographics, prenatal sonographic findings, CMA or ES results and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS Two cases were diagnosed in the first trimester because of an increased nuchal translucency. The remaining eight cases were identified at late gestation, including four in the second trimester because of fetal cardiac anomalies or ventriculomegaly, and four in the third trimester because of ventriculomegaly. CMA revealed 17p13.3 deletions in nine cases, and ES detected a de novo PAFAH1B1 missense mutation in one case. CONCLUSION The prenatal presentation of MDS/PAFAH1B1-related lissencephaly depended on the gestational age when the diagnosis was made. Mild ventriculomegaly was the most common prenatal sonographic sign identified in cases of MDS/PAFAH1B1-related lissencephaly. It is important that fetal MRI and invasive testing with CMA should be considered in fetuses with apparently 'isolated' mild ventriculomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ling Zhang
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang-Yi Jing
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhen
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Pan
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Han
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Li
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Kamate M, Goudar N, Hattiholi V. Antenatal presentation and supratentorial brain abnormalities in a child with Poretti-Boltshauser syndrome. Brain Dev 2022; 44:139-141. [PMID: 34666927 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessively inherited Poretti-Boltshauser syndrome (PBS) with loss-of-function variants in the LAMA1 gene are characterized by motor and speech developmental delay, high myopia, and cerebellar dysplasia with cysts without any supratentorial abnormalities on neuroimaging. There is no muscular involvement. We report an eight months child with genetically confirmed PBS who presented with antenatally detected ventriculomegaly and had global developmental delay, focal seizures, myopic degeneration of fundi. Neuroimaging showed asymmetric ventriculomegaly and lissencephaly in bilateral temporal horns along with cerebellar dysplasia and cysts. These supratentorial abnormalities and antenatal presentation as ventriculomegaly have not been reported earlier. Child also had a small subaortic ventricular septal defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kamate
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, KAHER University's J N Medical College, Belagavi, Karnataka State, India.
| | - Neha Goudar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, KAHER University's J N Medical College, Belagavi, Karnataka State, India
| | - Virupaxi Hattiholi
- Department of Radiology, KAHER University's J N Medical College, Belagavi, Karnataka State, India
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Domínguez-Sala E, Andreu-Cervera A, Martín-Climent P, Murcia-Ramón R, Martínez S, Geijo-Barrientos E. Properties of the epileptiform activity in the cingulate cortex of a mouse model of LIS1 dysfunction. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1599-1614. [PMID: 35103859 PMCID: PMC9098610 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the LIS1 gene causes lissencephaly, a drastic neurological disorder characterized by a deep disruption of the cortical structure. We aim to uncover alterations of the cortical neuronal networks related with the propagation of epileptiform activity in the Lis1/sLis1 mouse, a model lacking the LisH domain in heterozygosis. We did extracellular field-potential and intracellular recordings in brain slices of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) or the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) to study epileptiform activity evoked in the presence of bicuculline (10 µM), a blocker of GABAA receptors. The sensitivity to bicuculline of the generation of epileptiform discharges was similar in wild type (WT) and Lis1/sLis1 cortex (EC50 1.99 and 2.24 µM, respectively). In the Lis1/sLis1 cortex, we observed a decreased frequency of the oscillatory post-discharges of the epileptiform events; also, the propagation of epileptiform events along layer 2/3 was slower in the Lis1/sLis1 cortex (WT 47.69 ± 2.16 mm/s, n = 25; Lis1/sLis1 37.34 ± 2.43 mm/s, n = 15; p = 0.004). The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons were similar in WT and Lis1/sLis1 cortex, but the frequency of the spontaneous EPSCs was lower and their peak amplitude higher in Lis1/sLis1 pyramidal neurons. Finally, the propagation of epileptiform activity was differently affected by AMPA receptor blockers: CNQX had a larger effect in both ACC and RSC while GYKI53655 had a larger effect only in the ACC in the WT and Lis1/sLis1 cortex. All these changes indicate that the dysfunction of the LIS1 gene causes abnormalities in the properties of epileptiform discharges and in their propagation along the layer 2/3 in the anterior cingulate cortex and in the restrosplenial cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Domínguez-Sala
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, C/Ramón y Cajal sn, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain.
| | - A Andreu-Cervera
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, C/Ramón y Cajal sn, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - P Martín-Climent
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, C/Ramón y Cajal sn, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - R Murcia-Ramón
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, C/Ramón y Cajal sn, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - S Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, C/Ramón y Cajal sn, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM, Spain), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Geijo-Barrientos
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, C/Ramón y Cajal sn, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain.
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12
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Lin WX, Chai YY, Huang TT, Zhang X, Zheng G, Zhang G, Peng F, Huang YJ. Novel compound heterozygous GPR56 gene mutation in a twin with lissencephaly: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:607-617. [PMID: 35097086 PMCID: PMC8771398 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i2.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lissencephaly (LIS) is a malformation of cortical development with broad gyri, shallow sulci and thickened cortex characterized by developmental delays and seizures. Currently, 20 genes have been implicated in LIS. However, GRP56-related LIS has never been reported. GRP56 is considered one of the causative genes for bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria. Here, we report a twin infant with LIS and review the relevant literature. The twins both carried the novel compound heterozygous GPR56 mutations.
CASE SUMMARY A 5-mo-old female infant was hospitalized due to repeated convulsions for 1 d. The patient had a flat head deformity that manifested as developmental delays and a sudden onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures at 5 mo without any causes. The electroencephalography was normal. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a simple brain structure with widened and thickened gyri and shallow sulci. The white matter of the brain was significantly reduced. Patchy long T1 and T2 signals could be seen around the ventricles, which were expanded, and the extracerebral space was widened. Genetic testing confirmed that the patient carried the GPR56 gene compound heterozygous mutations c.228delC (p.F76fs) and c.1820_1821delAT (p.H607fs). The unaffected father carried a heterozygous c.1820_1821delAT mutation, and the unaffected mother carried a heterozygous c.228delC mutation. The twin sister carried the same mutations as the proband. The patient was diagnosed with LIS.
CONCLUSION This is the first case report of LIS that is likely caused by mutations of the GPR56 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying-Ying Chai
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guo Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yan-Jun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
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13
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Chiba E, Kimura Y, Shimizu-Motohashi Y, Miyagawa N, Ota M, Shigemoto Y, Ohnishi M, Nakaya M, Nakagawa E, Sasaki M, Sato N. Clinical and neuroimaging findings in patients with lissencephaly/subcortical band heterotopia spectrum: a magnetic resonance conventional and diffusion tensor study. Neuroradiology 2021; 64:825-836. [PMID: 34693484 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-021-02836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its clinical implications in lissencephaly/subcortical band heterotopia (LIS/SBH) spectrum patients. METHODS The clinical severity and classification according to Di Donato were retrospectively reviewed in 23 LIS/SBH spectrum patients. The morphological and signal abnormalities of the brainstem, corpus callosum, and basal ganglia were also assessed. The brainstem distribution pattern of the corticospinal tract (CST) was analyzed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and categorized into two types: normal pattern, in which the CST and medial lemniscus (ML) are separated by the dorsal portion of the transverse pontine fiber, and the abnormal pattern, in which the CST and ML are juxtaposed on the dorsal portion of a single transverse pontine fiber. Correlations between MR grading score and potential additional malformative findings of the brain and clinical symptoms were investigated. RESULTS All patients with grade 3 (n = 5) showed brainstem deformities, signal abnormalities of pontine surface and had a tendency of basal ganglia deformity and callosal hypoplasia whereas those abnormalities were rarely seen in patients with grade 1 and 2 (n = 18). For DTI analysis, the patients with grade 3 LIS/SBH had typically abnormal CST, whereas the patients with grade 1 and 2 LIS/SBH had normal CST. The classification was well correlated with CST and brainstem abnormalities and clinical severity. CONCLUSION MR assessment including DTI analysis may be useful in assessing the clinical severity in LIS/BH spectrum and may provide insight into its developmental pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Chiba
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Kimura
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Shimizu-Motohashi
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Miyagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoko Shigemoto
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohnishi
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moto Nakaya
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakagawa
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
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Matsumoto A, Kojima K, Miya F, Miyauchi A, Watanabe K, Iwamoto S, Kawai K, Kato M, Takahashi Y, Yamagata T. Two cases of DYNC1H1 mutations with intractable epilepsy. Brain Dev 2021; 43:857-862. [PMID: 34092403 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DYNC1H1 gene encodes the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein 1, a core structure of the cytoplasmic dynein complex. Dominant DYNC1H1 mutations are implicated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, axonal, type 20, spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity-predominant 1, and autosomal dominant mental retardation 13 with neuronal migration defects. We report two patients with DYNC1H1 mutations who had intractable epilepsy and intellectual disability (ID), one with and one without pachygyria. CASE REPORTS Patient 1 had severe ID. At the age of 2 months, she presented myoclonic seizures and tonic seizures, and later experienced atonic seizures and focal impaired-awareness seizures (FIAS). EEG showed slow waves in right central areas during myoclonic seizures. Brain MRI revealed pachygyria, predominantly in the occipital lobe. After callosal transection her atonic seizures disappeared, but FIAS remained. Patient 2 was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and severe ID. At the age of 7 years, he presented generalized tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonic seizures, and FIAS. Interictal EEG showed generalized spike-and-wave complexes, predominantly in the left frontal area. Brain MRI was unremarkable. Exome sequencing revealed novel de novo mutations in DYNC1H1: c.4691A > T, p.(Glu1564Val) in Patient 1 and c.12536 T > C, p.(Leu4179Ser) in Patient 2. CONCLUSIONS DYNC1H1 comprises a stem, stalk, and six AAA domains. Patient 2 is the second report of an AAA6 domain mutation without malformations of cortical development. The p.(Gly4072Ser) mutation in the AAA6 domain was also reported in a patient with ASD. It may be that the AAA6 domain has little effect on neuronal movement of DYNC1H1 along microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Karin Kojima
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Miya
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Miyauchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Watanabe
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Iwamoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Takahashi
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan
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Lerman-Sagie T, Pogledic I, Leibovitz Z, Malinger G. A practical approach to prenatal diagnosis of malformations of cortical development. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 34:50-61. [PMID: 34390998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCD) can frequently be diagnosed at multi-disciplinary Fetal Neurology clinics with the aid of multiplanar neurosonography and MRI. The patients are usually referred following prenatal sonographic screening that raises the suspicion of a possible underlying MCD. These indirect findings include, but are not limited to, ventriculomegaly (lateral ventricles larger than 10 mm), asymmetric ventricles, commissural anomalies, absent cavum septum pellucidum, cerebellar vermian and/or hemispheric anomalies, abnormal head circumference (microcephaly or macrocephaly), multiple CNS malformations, and associated systemic defects. The aim of this paper is to suggest a practical approach to prenatal diagnosis of malformations of cortical development utilizing dedicated neurosonography and MRI, based on the current literature and our own experience. We suggest that an MCD should be suspected in utero when the following intracranial imaging signs are present: abnormal development of the Sylvian fissure; delayed achievement of cortical milestones, premature appearance of sulcation; irregular ventricular borders, abnormal cortical thickness (thick, thin); abnormal shape and orientation of the sulci and gyri; irregular, abnormal, asymmetric, and enlarged hemisphere; simplified cortex; non continuous cortex or cleft; and intraparenchymal echogenic nodules. Following the putative diagnosis of fetal MCD by neurosonography and MRI, when appropriate and possible (depending on gestational age), the imaging diagnosis is supplemented by genetic studies (CMA and trio whole exome sequencing). In some instances, no further studies are required during pregnancy due to the clear dire prognosis and then the genetic evaluation can be deferred after delivery or termination of pregnancy (in countries where allowed).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Fetal Neurology Clinic, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Pediatric Neurology Unit, Center for Rare Diseases-Magen, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ivana Pogledic
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zvi Leibovitz
- Fetal Neurology Clinic, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gustavo Malinger
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Fetal Neurology Multidisciplinary Clinic, Division of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, Lis Hospital for Women, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Dobyns WB. The Names of Things: The 2018 Bernard Sachs Lecture. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 122:41-9. [PMID: 34330614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2018, I was honored to receive the Bernard Sachs Award for a lifetime of work expanding knowledge of diverse neurodevelopmental disorders. Summarizing work over more than 30 years is difficult but is an opportunity to chronicle the dramatic changes in the medical and scientific world that have transformed the field of Child Neurology over this time, as reflected in my own work. Here I have chosen to highlight five broad themes of my research beginning with my interest in descriptive terms that drive wider understanding and my choice for the title of this review. From there I will go on to contrast the state of knowledge as I entered the field with the state of knowledge today for four human brain malformations-lissencephaly, megalencephaly, cerebellar malformations, and polymicrogyria. For all, the changes have been dramatic.
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Kolbjer S, Martin DA, Pettersson M, Dahlin M, Anderlid BM. Lissencephaly in an epilepsy cohort: Molecular, radiological and clinical aspects. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 30:71-81. [PMID: 33453472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lissencephaly is a rare malformation of cortical development due to abnormal transmantle migration resulting in absent or reduced gyration. The lissencephaly spectrum consists of agyria, pachygyria and subcortical band heterotopia. In this study we compared genetic aetiology, neuroradiology, clinical phenotype and response to antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy and lissencephaly spectrum malformations. METHODS The study group consisted of 20 patients - 13 males and 7 females, aged 18 months to 21 years at the time of data collection. Genetic testing was performed by oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (microarray), multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), targeted gene panels and whole exome/genome sequencing. All neuroradiological investigations were re-evaluated and the malformations were classified by the same neuroradiologist. Clinical features and response to anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) were evaluated by retrospective review of medical records. RESULTS In eleven patients (55%) mutations in PAFAH1B1 (LIS1) or variable microdeletions of 17p13.3 including the PAFAH1B1 gene were detected. Four patients (20%) had tubulin encoding gene mutations (TUBA1A, TUBG1 and TUBGCP6). Mutations in DCX, DYNC1H1, ADGRG1 and WDR62 were identified in single patients. In one patient, a possibly pathogenic intragenic deletion in TRIO was detected. A clear radiologic distinction could be made between tubulinopathies and PAFAH1B1 related lissencephaly. The majority of the patients had therapy resistant epilepsy and epileptic spasms was the most prominent seizure type. The best therapeutic response to seizure control in our cohort was obtained by the ketogenic diet, vigabatrin, clobazam, phenobarbital and valproate. CONCLUSION The most common genetic aetiologies in our cohort of 20 individuals with epilepsy and lissencephaly spectrum were intragenic deletions or single nucleotide mutations in PAFAH1B1 or larger deletions in 17p13.3, encompassing PAFAH1B1, followed by mutations in tubulin encoding genes. Radiological findings could reliably predict molecular results only in agyria with a posterior to anterior gradient. Radiological and molecular findings did not correlate consistently with severity of clinical outcome or therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintia Kolbjer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuropaediatrics, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Daniel A Martin
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Paediatric Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Pettersson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Dahlin
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Anderlid
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jauhari P, Farmania R, Chakrabarty B, Kumar A, Gulati S. Electrographic pattern recognition: A simple tool to predict clinical outcome in children with lissencephaly. Seizure 2020; 83:175-180. [PMID: 33161247 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe and correlate the clinical, radiological and EEG findings in children with lissencephaly. METHOD Retrospective record analysis of children with lissencephaly presenting to tertiary health centre in Northern India was performed. Radiological classification and severity scoring were done. EEG findings were categorized into three patterns and its association with clinical severity was studied. RESULTS Twenty-eight children (males = 17) with lissencephaly were enrolled. Median age at diagnosis was 6.5months (range 3days-3years). Global developmental delay (median social quotient (SQ) = 25 (range15-68) was seen in all; motor deficits in 23 (82 %); epilepsy in 21 (75 %); behavioural problems in 18 (64 %); ophthalmic problems in 17 (61 %); microcephaly in 13 (46 %); feeding difficulty in 12 (43 %). Radiologically, classical Type I lissencephaly was seen in 18(64 %), cobblestone variant (Type II) in 5 (18 %) and microlissencephaly in 5 (18 %). Grade 4 (diffuse pachygyria) radiologic severity was most common (severity grade 1-6); no cases with severity score 5 or 6 were seen. The clinical profile did not correspond with radiological severity grading. EEG pattern recognition revealed pattern I in 14 (50 %); pattern II in 6 (21 %); pattern III in 8 (29 %). Children with pattern III EEG had drug resistant epilepsy and severe developmental delay. No relationship between EEG patterns and radiological severity grading was evident. CONCLUSION EEG is better predictor of clinical status and outcome rather than radiological severity grading. EEG pattern III is associated with severe developmental delay and drug resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Jauhari
- Center of Excellence and Advanced Research on Childhood Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rajni Farmania
- Center of Excellence and Advanced Research on Childhood Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Biswaroop Chakrabarty
- Center of Excellence and Advanced Research on Childhood Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Atin Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, JNPATC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sheffali Gulati
- Center of Excellence and Advanced Research on Childhood Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Alsugair F, Jadkareem D, Alhazmi R, Alhaidey A. Neuroimaging Findings in Griscelli syndrome: A case report and review of the literature. Radiol Case Rep 2020; 15:2339-2342. [PMID: 32994837 PMCID: PMC7501490 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our case involved a 1-year-old female with multiple admissions for chest infections. Given her family history and high clinical suspicion, a diagnosis of Griscelli syndrome and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was made. Her work-up included a brain MRI, which revealed diffuse volume loss and corpus callosum hypogenesis associated with a diffuse simplified pattern of the sulci and gyri compatible with lissencephaly. We describe hypogenesis of the corpus callosum and lissencephaly for the first time in this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Alsugair
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Jadkareem
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rami Alhazmi
- Department of Medical Imaging, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alhaidey
- Department of Radiology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City , Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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20
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Chhatre A, Sanghavi P, Mallik R. Lis1 co-localizes with actin in the phagocytic cup and regulates phagocytosis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:249-260. [PMID: 32524725 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis, the ingestion of solid particles by cells is essential for nutrient uptake, innate immune response, antigen presentation and organelle homeostasis. Here we show that Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1), a well-known regulator of the microtubule motor dynein, co-localizes with actin at the phagocytic cup in the early stages of phagocytosis. Both knockdown and overexpression of Lis1 perturb phagocytosis, suggesting that Lis1 levels may be regulated during particle engulfment to facilitate remodeling of actin filaments within the phagocytic cup. This requirement of Lis1 is replicated in mouse macrophage cells as well as in the amoeba Dictyostelium, indicating an evolutionarily conserved role for Lis1 in phagocytosis. In support of these findings, Dictyostelium cells overexpressing Lis1 show defects in migration possibly caused by dysregulated actin. Taken together, Lis1 localizes to the phagocytic cup and influences the actin cytoskeleton in a manner that appears important for the uptake of solid particles into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Chhatre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Paulomi Sanghavi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Roop Mallik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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21
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Kodani A, Kenny C, Lai A, Gonzalez DM, Stronge E, Sejourne GM, Isacco L, Partlow JN, O'Donnell A, McWalter K, Byrne AB, Barkovich AJ, Yang E, Hill RS, Gawlinski P, Wiszniewski W, Cohen JS, Fatemi SA, Baranano KW, Sahin M, Vossler DG, Yuskaitis CJ, Walsh CA. Posterior Neocortex-Specific Regulation of Neuronal Migration by CEP85L Identifies Maternal Centriole-Dependent Activation of CDK5. Neuron 2020; 106:246-255.e6. [PMID: 32097629 PMCID: PMC7255387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genes mutated in human neuronal migration disorders encode tubulin proteins and a variety of tubulin-binding and -regulating proteins, but it is very poorly understood how these proteins function together to coordinate migration. Additionally, the way in which regional differences in neocortical migration are controlled is completely unknown. Here we describe a new syndrome with remarkably region-specific effects on neuronal migration in the posterior cortex, reflecting de novo variants in CEP85L. We show that CEP85L is required cell autonomously in vivo and in vitro for migration, that it localizes to the maternal centriole, and that it forms a complex with many other proteins required for migration, including CDK5, LIS1, NDE1, KIF2A, and DYNC1H1. Loss of CEP85L disrupts CDK5 localization and activation, leading to centrosome disorganization and disrupted microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Together, our findings suggest that CEP85L highlights a complex that controls CDK5 activity to promote neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kodani
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Connor Kenny
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abbe Lai
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dilenny M Gonzalez
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Stronge
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Sejourne
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Isacco
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer N Partlow
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne O'Donnell
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Mendelian Genomics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alicia B Byrne
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - A James Barkovich
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward Yang
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Sean Hill
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pawel Gawlinski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wiszniewski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Julie S Cohen
- Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Ali Fatemi
- Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristin W Baranano
- Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David G Vossler
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher J Yuskaitis
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Epilepsy and Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormal structure of the cerebral cortex. MCDs are an important cause of development delay and intractable epilepsy in children. In this review, we explore the embryological stages of development of neo-cortex, the imageology of various malformations which may occur during the journey of this development, the recent advances in imaging techniques used for diagnosing these malformations, and finally a simplified radiological approach to malformations of cortical development. REVIEW We discuss the classification of MCD according to the embryologic stage of cerebral cortex at which the abnormality occurred and the unique imaging features of various malformations, including microcephaly, hemimegalencephaly, lissencephaly, focal cortical dysplasia, heterotopias, polymicrogyria, schizencephaly, and neonatal CMV infection. Also, a rare variant of hemimegalencephaly, namely posterior quadrantic dysplasia, is illustrated; the diagnosis of which is crucial for neurosurgeons to decide management. The technological advancement in the imaging of MCD has taken a leap in the recent years. Imaging now also plays an enormous role in mapping of the abnormalities, delineation of proper surgical boundaries, and quantifying risks of visual, language, and sensorimotor dysfunction. With the introduction of various motor-sparing surgeries and disconnection procedures, proper identification and delineation of these malformations have gained utmost significance. CONCLUSION Knowledge of the wide imaging spectrum of MCD, familiarity with recent advances in imaging and an optimal radiological approach is essential for the general radiologist to accurately diagnose and prognosticate MCD as well as provide the best surgical approach to the operating surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjuna Reghunath
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Rohini Gupta Ghasi
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Mitani T, Punetha J, Akalin I, Pehlivan D, Dawidziuk M, Coban Akdemir Z, Yilmaz S, Aslan E, Hunter JV, Hijazi H, Grochowski CM, Jhangiani SN, Karaca E, Fatih JM, Iwanowski P, Gambin T, Wlasienko P, Goszczanska-Ciuchta A, Bekiesinska-Figatowska M, Hosseini M, Arzhangi S, Najmabadi H, Rosenfeld JA, Du H, Marafi D, Blaser S, Teitelbaum R, Silver R, Posey JE, Ropers HH, Gibbs RA, Wiszniewski W, Lupski JR, Chitayat D, Kahrizi K, Gawlinski P, Gawlinski P. Bi-allelic Pathogenic Variants in TUBGCP2 Cause Microcephaly and Lissencephaly Spectrum Disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:1005-1015. [PMID: 31630790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly comprises a spectrum of malformations of cortical development. This spectrum includes agyria, pachygyria, and subcortical band heterotopia; each represents anatomical malformations of brain cortical development caused by neuronal migration defects. The molecular etiologies of neuronal migration anomalies are highly enriched for genes encoding microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins, and this enrichment highlights the critical role for these genes in cortical growth and gyrification. Using exome sequencing and family based rare variant analyses, we identified a homozygous variant (c.997C>T [p.Arg333Cys]) in TUBGCP2, encoding gamma-tubulin complex protein 2 (GCP2), in two individuals from a consanguineous family; both individuals presented with microcephaly and developmental delay. GCP2 forms the multiprotein γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) together with γ-tubulin and other GCPs to regulate the assembly of microtubules. By querying clinical exome sequencing cases and through GeneMatcher-facilitated collaborations, we found three additional families with bi-allelic variation and similarly affected phenotypes including a homozygous variant (c.1843G>C [p.Ala615Pro]) in two families and compound heterozygous variants consisting of one missense variant (c.889C>T [p.Arg297Cys]) and one splice variant (c.2025-2A>G) in another family. Brain imaging from all five affected individuals revealed varying degrees of cortical malformations including pachygyria and subcortical band heterotopia, presumably caused by disruption of neuronal migration. Our data demonstrate that pathogenic variants in TUBGCP2 cause an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental trait consisting of a neuronal migration disorder, and our data implicate GCP2 as a core component of γ-TuRC in neuronal migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pawel Gawlinski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, 01-211, Poland.
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24
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Pogledic I. [Disorders of migration and gyration]. Radiologe 2018; 58:653-8. [PMID: 29846745 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-018-0400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of migration and gyration are a versatile group of pathologies that may cause epilepsy and/or neurodevelopmental delay. With the recent improvement of imaging methods, it is possible to detect these pathologies, not only on postnatal MRI but also in utero using fetal MRI. The use of MRI together with genetic tests and knowledge of the classification of these malformations makes early diagnosis possible. Furthermore, the exact diagnosis of disorders of gyration and migration will help ensure better treatment of symptomatic epilepsies as well as be of great help in counselling the parents if detected in utero. Ultimately, it may enable the development of new treatment strategies. Therefore, in this review the fetal neuroanatomy and pathologies due to migration and abnormal postmigratory processes together with the recent classification of these malformations are elucidated, which will ensure early diagnosis of these types of developmental disorders.
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25
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Geis T, Rödl T, Topaloğlu H, Balci-Hayta B, Hinreiner S, Müller-Felber W, Schoser B, Mehraein Y, Hübner A, Zirn B, Hoopmann M, Reutter H, Mowat D, Schuierer G, Schara U, Hehr U, Kölbel H. Clinical long-time course, novel mutations and genotype-phenotype correlation in a cohort of 27 families with POMT1-related disorders. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:179. [PMID: 31311558 PMCID: PMC6636095 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protein O-mannosyltransferase 1, encoded by the POMT1 gene, is a key enzyme in the glycosylation of α-dystroglycan. POMT1–related disorders belong to the group of dystroglycanopathies characterized by a proximally pronounced muscular dystrophy with structural or functional involvement of the brain and/or the eyes. The phenotypic spectrum ranges from the severe Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) to milder forms of limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD). The phenotypic severity of POMT1-related dystroglycanopathies depends on the residual enzyme activity. A genotype-phenotype correlation can be assumed. Results The clinical, neuroradiological, and genetic findings of 35 patients with biallelic POMT1 mutations (15 WWS, 1 MEB (muscle-eye-brain disease), 19 LGMD) from 27 independent families are reported. The representative clinical course of an infant with WWS and the long-term course of a 32 years old patient with LGMD are described in more detail. Specific features of 15 patients with the homozygous founder mutation p.Ala200Pro are defined as a distinct and mildly affected LGMD subgroup. Ten previously reported and 8 novel POMT1 mutations were identified. Type and location of each of the POMT1 mutations are evaluated in detail and a list of all POMT1 mutations reported by now is provided. Patients with two mutations leading to premature protein termination had a WWS phenotype, while the presence of at least one missense mutation was associated with milder phenotypes. In the patient with MEB-like phenotype two missense mutations were observed within the catalytic active domain of the enzyme. Conclusions Our large cohort confirms the importance of type and location of each POMT1 mutation for the individual clinical manifestation and thereby expands the knowledge on the genotype-phenotype correlation in POMT1-related dystroglycanopathies. This genotype-phenotype correlation is further supported by the observation of an intrafamiliar analogous clinical manifestation observed in all affected 13 siblings from 5 independent families. Our data confirm the progressive nature of the disease also in milder LGMD phenotypes, ultimately resulting in loss of ambulation at a variable age. Our data define two major clinical POMT1 phenotypes, which should prompt genetic testing including the POMT1 gene: patients with a severe WWS manifestation predominantly present with profound neonatal muscular hypotonia and a severe and progressive hydrocephalus with involvement of brainstem and/or cerebellum. The presence of an occipital encephalocele in a WWS patient might point to POMT1 as causative gene within the different genes associated with WWS. The milder LGMD phenotypes constantly show markedly elevated creatine kinase values in combination with microcephaly and cognitive impairment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-019-1119-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Geis
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Klinik St. Hedwig, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Steinmetzstr. 1-3, 93049, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Tanja Rödl
- Center for Human Genetics, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Haluk Topaloğlu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Balci-Hayta
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Benedikt Schoser
- Friedrich-Baur-Institut, Neurologische Klinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yasmin Mehraein
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Angela Hübner
- Pediatrics, University Hospital, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Zirn
- Genetic Counselling and Diagnostic, Genetikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Hoopmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Reutter
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Mowat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schuierer
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schara
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ute Hehr
- Center for Human Genetics, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Heike Kölbel
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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26
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Cauley ES, Hamed A, Mohamed IN, Elseed M, Martinez S, Yahia A, Abozar F, Abubakr R, Koko M, Elsayed L, Piao X, Salih MA, Manzini MC. Overlap of polymicrogyria, hydrocephalus, and Joubert syndrome in a family with novel truncating mutations in ADGRG1/GPR56 and KIAA0556. Neurogenetics 2019; 20:91-8. [PMID: 30982090 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-019-00577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mutations associated with brain malformations can lead to a spectrum of severity and it is often difficult to determine whether there are additional pathogenic variants contributing to the phenotype. Here, we present a family affected by a severe brain malformation including bilateral polymicrogyria, hydrocephalus, patchy white matter signal changes, and cerebellar and pontine hypoplasia with elongated cerebellar peduncles leading to the molar tooth sign. While the malformation is reminiscent of bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP), the phenotype is more severe than previously reported and also includes features of Joubert syndrome (JBTS). Via exome sequencing, we identified homozygous truncating mutations in both ADGRG1/GPR56 and KIAA0556, which are known to cause BFPP and mild brain-specific JBTS, respectively. This study shows how two independent mutations can interact leading to complex brain malformations.
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27
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Hebebrand M, Hüffmeier U, Trollmann R, Hehr U, Uebe S, Ekici AB, Kraus C, Krumbiegel M, Reis A, Thiel CT, Popp B. The mutational and phenotypic spectrum of TUBA1A-associated tubulinopathy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:38. [PMID: 30744660 PMCID: PMC6371496 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TUBA1A-associated tubulinopathy is clinically heterogeneous with brain malformations, microcephaly, developmental delay and epilepsy being the main clinical features. It is an autosomal dominant disorder mostly caused by de novo variants in TUBA1A. RESULTS In three individuals with developmental delay we identified heterozygous de novo missense variants in TUBA1A using exome sequencing. While the c.1307G > A, p.(Gly436Asp) variant was novel, the two variants c.518C > T, p.(Pro173Leu) and c.641G > A, p.(Arg214His) were previously described. We compared the variable phenotype observed in these individuals with a carefully conducted review of the current literature and identified 166 individuals, 146 born and 20 fetuses with a TUBA1A variant. In 107 cases with available clinical information we standardized the reported phenotypes according to the Human Phenotype Ontology. The most commonly reported features were developmental delay (98%), anomalies of the corpus callosum (96%), microcephaly (76%) and lissencephaly (agyria-pachygyria) (70%), although reporting was incomplete in the different studies. We identified a total of 121 specific variants, including 15 recurrent ones. Missense variants cluster in the C-terminal region around the most commonly affected amino acid position Arg402 (13.3%). In a three-dimensional protein model, 38.6% of all disease-causing variants including those in the C-terminal region are predicted to affect the binding of microtubule-associated proteins or motor proteins. Genotype-phenotype analysis for recurrent variants showed an overrepresentation of certain clinical features. However, individuals with these variants are often reported in the same publication. CONCLUSIONS With 166 individuals, we present the most comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic standardized synopsis for clinical interpretation of TUBA1A variants. Despite this considerable number, a detailed genotype-phenotype characterization is limited by large inter-study variability in reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hebebrand
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hüffmeier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Trollmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ute Hehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mandy Krumbiegel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian T Thiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Bernt Popp
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Ikemoto S, Hamano SI, Hirata Y, Matsuura R, Koichihara R. Perampanel in lissencephaly-associated epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep 2019; 11:67-69. [PMID: 30723672 PMCID: PMC6351285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We retrospectively investigated whether perampanel (PER) could serve as an alternative for treating drug-resistant seizures in lissencephaly. We investigated the following data: age at onset of epilepsy, age at start of PER, etiology, brain MRI findings, seizure type, seizure frequency, adverse effects, and concomitant anti-epileptic drugs. There were 5 patients with lissencephaly, including 2 with Miller-Dieker syndrome. Four out of five patients exhibited ≥ 50% seizure reduction. Myoclonic seizures disappeared in 1 patient. PER was an effective adjunctive anti-seizure drug in our series of patients with lissencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ikemoto
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 2-1 Shin-toshin, Chuou-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama 330-8777, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Hamano
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 2-1 Shin-toshin, Chuou-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama 330-8777, Japan
- Department for Child Health and Human Development, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 2-1 Shin-toshin, Chuou-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama 330-8777, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirata
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 2-1 Shin-toshin, Chuou-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama 330-8777, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan
| | - Ryuki Matsuura
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 2-1 Shin-toshin, Chuou-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama 330-8777, Japan
| | - Reiko Koichihara
- Department for Child Health and Human Development, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 2-1 Shin-toshin, Chuou-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama 330-8777, Japan
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Shi CH, Zhang S, Yang ZH, Liu YT, Li YS, Li Z, Hu ZW, Xu YM. Identification of a novel PAFAH1B1 missense mutation as a cause of mild lissencephaly with basal ganglia calcification. Brain Dev 2019; 41:29-35. [PMID: 30100227 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the genetic and clinical features of a Chinese family exhibiting an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of lissencephaly. METHODS Clinical examinations and cranial imaging studies were performed for all members of the family (two unaffected members and three surviving members from a total of four affected members). In addition, whole-exome sequencing analysis was performed for DNA from an affected patient to scan for candidate mutations, followed by Sanger sequencing to verify these candidate mutations in the entire family. A total of 200 ethnicity-matched healthy controls without neuropsychiatric disorder were also included and analyzed. RESULTS We identified a novel missense mutation, c.412G > A, p.(E138K), that cosegregated with the disease in exon 6 of the platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b regulatory subunit 1 (PAFAH1B1) gene in the affected members; this mutation was not found in the 200 controls. Multiple sequence alignments showed that codon 138, where the mutation (c.G412A) occurred, was located within a phylogenetically conserved region. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed calcification within the bilateral globus pallidus in all three affected members. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel missense mutation, c.412G > A, p.(E138K),in the PAFAH1B1 gene of a Chinese family with lissencephaly. In addition, our findings suggest that basal ganglia calcification is a novel clinical feature of PAFAH1B1-related lissencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-He Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China; Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Yu-Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China; Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yu-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China.
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Gely-Rojas L, García-Fragoso L, Negrón J, Deynes D, García-García I, Zorrilla CD. Congenital Zika Syndrome in Puerto Rico, Beyond Microcephaly, A Multiorgan Approach. P R Health Sci J 2018; 37:S73-S76. [PMID: 30576581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zika virus (ZIKV) infection was identified in Puerto Rico on December 2015, and the outbreak encouraged us to characterize clinical manifestations and laboratory findings of intrauterine exposed infants. METHODS Retrospective medical record review of infants born to mothers with confirmed ZIKV infection during pregnancy was performed from January 2016-June 2017. We included patients admitted to UPH Neonatal Intensive Care Unit or referred for follow-up at UPH High Risk Clinics. The database was approved by the University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, IRB. RESULTS 191 infants born to ZIKV positive mothers during pregnancy were identified. Normal head sonogram was found in 93% of the normo cephalic infants. Ocular findings were reported in 50% of the patients with microcephaly and 31% of the normo-cephalics. Fifteen newborns (7.8%) presented with microcephaly, of which 73% showed calcifications in head sonogram, and had severe anomalies on brain MRI. Auditory brainstem response test was performed on all newborns, 80% were within normal limits. CONCLUSION Among the group of infants born to mothers with Zika positive test 4% had microcephaly. Of concern to us is the fact that 31% of normo cephalic infants had ocular manifestations and 7% of them had findings on head sonogram. While microcephaly is the severest form of Congenital Zika Syndrome, ocular manifestations might characterize the spectrum of disease. These findings reiterate the importance of detailed neonatal evaluations of exposed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Gely-Rojas
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Resident, Neonatology Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
| | - Lourdes García-Fragoso
- Professor, Neonatology Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
| | - Juanita Negrón
- Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
| | - Daymara Deynes
- Medical Student, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus
| | - Ines García-García
- Professor, Neonatology Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
| | - Carmen D Zorrilla
- Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
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Romaniello R, Arrigoni F, Fry AE, Bassi MT, Rees MI, Borgatti R, Pilz DT, Cushion TD. Tubulin genes and malformations of cortical development. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:744-54. [PMID: 30016746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A large number of genes encoding for tubulin proteins are expressed in the developing brain. Each is subject to specific spatial and temporal expression patterns. However, most are highly expressed in post-mitotic neurons during stages of neuronal migration and differentiation. The major tubulin subclasses (alpha- and beta-tubulin) share high sequence and structural homology. These globular proteins form heterodimers and subsequently co-assemble into microtubules. Microtubules are dynamic, cytoskeletal polymers which play key roles in cellular processes crucial for cortical development, including neuronal proliferation, migration and cortical laminar organisation. Mutations in seven genes encoding alpha-tubulin (TUBA1A), beta-tubulin (TUBB2A, TUBB2B, TUBB3, TUBB4A, TUBB) and gamma-tubulin (TUBG1) isoforms have been associated with a wide and overlapping range of brain malformations or "Tubulinopathies". The majority of cortical phenotypes include lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, microlissencephaly and simplified gyration. Well-known hallmarks of the tubulinopathies include dysmorphism of the basal ganglia (fusion of the caudate nucleus and putamen with absence of the anterior limb of the internal capsule), midline commissural structures hypoplasia and/or agenesis (anterior commissure, corpus callosum and fornix), hypoplasia of the oculomotor and optic nerves, cerebellar hypoplasia or dysplasia and dysmorphism of the hind-brain structures. The cortical and extra-cortical brain phenotypes observed are largely dependent on the specific tubulin gene affected. In the present review, all the published data on tubulin family gene mutations and the associated cortical phenotypes are summarized. In addition, the most typical neuroimaging patterns of malformations of cortical development associated with tubulin gene mutations detected on the basis of our own experience are described.
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Iefremova V, Manikakis G, Krefft O, Jabali A, Weynans K, Wilkens R, Marsoner F, Brändl B, Müller FJ, Koch P, Ladewig J. An Organoid-Based Model of Cortical Development Identifies Non-Cell-Autonomous Defects in Wnt Signaling Contributing to Miller-Dieker Syndrome. Cell Rep 2017; 19:50-59. [PMID: 28380362 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) is caused by a heterozygous deletion of chromosome 17p13.3 involving the genes LIS1 and YWHAE (coding for 14.3.3ε) and leads to malformations during cortical development. Here, we used patient-specific forebrain-type organoids to investigate pathological changes associated with MDS. Patient-derived organoids are significantly reduced in size, a change accompanied by a switch from symmetric to asymmetric cell division of ventricular zone radial glia cells (vRGCs). Alterations in microtubule network organization in vRGCs and a disruption of cortical niche architecture, including altered expression of cell adhesion molecules, are also observed. These phenotypic changes lead to a non-cell-autonomous disturbance of the N-cadherin/β-catenin signaling axis. Reinstalling active β-catenin signaling rescues division modes and ameliorates growth defects. Our data define the role of LIS1 and 14.3.3ε in maintaining the cortical niche and highlight the utility of organoid-based systems for modeling complex cell-cell interactions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vira Iefremova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - George Manikakis
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Olivia Krefft
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Ammar Jabali
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Kevin Weynans
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Ruven Wilkens
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Fabio Marsoner
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Björn Brändl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
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Cavallin M, Bijlsma EK, El Morjani A, Moutton S, Peeters EA, Maillard C, Pedespan JM, Guerrot AM, Drouin-Garaud V, Coubes C, Genevieve D, Bole-Feysot C, Fourrage C, Steffann J, Bahi-Buisson N. Recurrent KIF2A mutations are responsible for classic lissencephaly. Neurogenetics 2017; 18:73-9. [PMID: 27747449 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-016-0499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kinesins play a critical role in the organization and dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton, making them central players in neuronal proliferation, neuronal migration, and postmigrational development. Recently, KIF2A mutations were identified in cortical malformation syndromes associated with microcephaly. Here, we detected two de novo p.Ser317Asn and p.His321Pro mutations in KIF2A in two patients with lissencephaly and microcephaly. In parallel, we re-evaluated the two previously reported cases showing de novo mutations of the same residues. The identification of mutations only in the residues Ser317 and His321 suggests these are hotspots for de novo mutations. Both mutations lead to a classic form of lissencephaly, with a posterior to anterior gradient, almost indistinguishable from LIS1-related lissencephaly. However, three fourths of patients also showed variable congenital and postnatal microcephaly, up to -5 SD. Located in the motor domain of the KIF2A protein, the Ser317 and His321 alterations are expected to disrupt binding or hydrolysis of ATP and consequently the MT depolymerizing activity. This report also establishes that KIF2A mutations represent significant causes of classic lissencephaly with microcephaly.
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Tsai MH, Kuo PW, Myers CT, Li SW, Lin WC, Fu TY, Chang HY, Mefford HC, Chang YC, Tsai JW. A novel DCX missense mutation in a family with X-linked lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia syndrome inherited from a low-level somatic mosaic mother: Genetic and functional studies. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2016; 20:788-94. [PMID: 27292316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the genetics and functional alteration of a family with X-linked lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia. METHODS Five affected patients (one male with lissencephaly, four female with subcortical band heterotopia) and their relatives were studied. Sanger sequencing of DCX gene, allele specific PCR and molecular inversion probe technique were performed. Mutant and wild type of the gene products, namely doublecortin, were expressed in cells followed by immunostaining to explore the localization of doublecortin and microtubules in cells. In vitro microtubule-binding protein spin-down assay was performed to quantify the binding ability of doublecortin to microtubules. KEY FINDINGS We identified a novel DCX mutation c.785A > G, p.Asp262Gly that segregated with the affected members of the family. Allele specific PCR and molecular inversion probe technique demonstrated that the asymptomatic female carrier had an 8% mutant allele fraction in DNA derived from peripheral leukocytes. This mother had 7 children, 4 of whom were affected and all four affected siblings carried the mutation. Functional study showed that the mutant doublecortin protein had a significant reduction of its ability to bind microtubules. SIGNIFICANCE Low level mosaicism could be a cause of inherited risk from asymptomatic parents for DCX related lissencephaly-subcortical band heterotopia spectrum. This is particularly important in terms of genetic counselling for recurrent risk of future pregnancies. The reduced binding affinity of mutant doublecortin may contribute to developmental malformation of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Kuo
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Candace T Myers
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Shih-Wen Li
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ying Fu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veteran General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yun Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yao-Chung Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCD) represent a major cause of developmental disabilities, severe epilepsy, and reproductive disadvantage. Genes that have been associated to MCD are mainly involved in cell proliferation and specification, neuronal migration, and late cortical organization. Lissencephaly-pachygyria-severe band heterotopia are diffuse neuronal migration disorders causing severe global neurological impairment. Abnormalities of the LIS1, DCX, ARX, RELN, VLDLR, ACTB, ACTG1, TUBG1, KIF5C, KIF2A, and CDK5 genes have been associated with these malformations. More recent studies have also established a relationship between lissencephaly, with or without associated microcephaly, corpus callosum dysgenesis as well as cerebellar hypoplasia, and at times, a morphological pattern consistent with polymicrogyria with mutations of several genes (TUBA1A, TUBA8, TUBB, TUBB2B, TUBB3, and DYNC1H1), regulating the synthesis and function of microtubule and centrosome key components and hence defined as tubulinopathies. MCD only affecting subsets of neurons, such as mild subcortical band heterotopia and periventricular heterotopia, have been associated with abnormalities of the DCX, FLN1A, and ARFGEF2 genes and cause neurological and cognitive impairment that vary from severe to mild deficits. Polymicrogyria results from abnormal late cortical organization and is inconstantly associated with abnormal neuronal migration. Localized polymicrogyria has been associated with anatomo-specific deficits, including disorders of language and higher cognition. Polymicrogyria is genetically heterogeneous, and only in a small minority of patients, a definite genetic cause has been identified. Megalencephaly with normal cortex or polymicrogyria by MRI imaging, hemimegalencephaly and focal cortical dysplasia can all result from mutations in genes of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Postzygotic mutations have been described for most MCD and can be limited to the dysplastic tissue in the less diffuse forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Parrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valerio Conti
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - William B Dobyns
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash., USA
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Bamba Y, Shofuda T, Kato M, Pooh RK, Tateishi Y, Takanashi J, Utsunomiya H, Sumida M, Kanematsu D, Suemizu H, Higuchi Y, Akamatsu W, Gallagher D, Miller FD, Yamasaki M, Kanemura Y, Okano H. In vitro characterization of neurite extension using induced pluripotent stem cells derived from lissencephaly patients with TUBA1A missense mutations. Mol Brain 2016; 9:70. [PMID: 27431206 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lissencephaly, or smooth brain, is a severe congenital brain malformation that is thought to be associated with impaired neuronal migration during corticogenesis. However, the exact etiology of lissencephaly in humans remains unknown. Research on congenital diseases is limited by the shortage of clinically derived resources, especially for rare pediatric diseases. The research on lissencephaly is further limited because gyration in humans is more evolved than that in model animals such as mice. To overcome these limitations, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from the umbilical cord and peripheral blood of two lissencephaly patients with different clinical severities carrying alpha tubulin (TUBA1A) missense mutations (Patient A, p.N329S; Patient B, p.R264C). Results Neural progenitor cells were generated from these iPSCs (iPSC-NPCs) using SMAD signaling inhibitors. These iPSC-NPCs expressed TUBA1A at much higher levels than undifferentiated iPSCs and, like fetal NPCs, readily differentiated into neurons. Using these lissencephaly iPSC-NPCs, we showed that the neurons derived from the iPSCs obtained from Patient A but not those obtained from Patient B showed abnormal neurite extension, which correlated with the pathological severity in the brains of the patients. Conclusion We established iPSCs derived from lissencephaly patients and successfully modeled one aspect of the pathogenesis of lissencephaly in vitro using iPSC-NPCs and iPSC-derived neurons. The iPSCs from patients with brain malformation diseases helped us understand the mechanism underlying rare diseases and human corticogenesis without the use of postmortem brains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-016-0246-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Cavalheiro S, Lopez A, Serra S, Da Cunha A, da Costa MDS, Moron A, Lederman HM. Microcephaly and Zika virus: neonatal neuroradiological aspects. Childs Nerv Syst 2016; 32:1057-60. [PMID: 27080092 PMCID: PMC4882355 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-016-3074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to describe some radiological features in the newborns with microcephaly caused by Zika virus infection during pregnancy. METHODS We radiologically analyzed 13 cases of newborns with microcephaly born to mothers who were infected by the Zika virus in the early stage of pregnancy. RESULTS The most frequently observed radiological findings were microcephaly and decreased brain parenchymal volume associated with lissencephaly, ventriculomegaly secondary to the lack of brain tissue (not hypertensive), and coarse and anarchic calcifications mainly involving the subcortical cortical transition, and the basal ganglia. CONCLUSIONS Although it cannot be concluded that there is a definitive pathognomonic radiographic pattern of microcephaly caused by Zika virus, gross calcifications and anarchic distribution involving the subcortical cortical transition and the basal ganglia, in association with lissencephaly and in the absence of hypertensive ventriculomegaly, are characteristic of this type of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cavalheiro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 591, conj 41, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Lopez
- Neurosurgery Service of Hospital da Restauração, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Suzana Serra
- Neurosurgery Service of Hospital da Restauração, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Arthur Da Cunha
- Neurosurgery Service of Hospital da Restauração, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcos Devanir S da Costa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 591, conj 41, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Antonio Moron
- Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique M Lederman
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Pachygyria is considered a subtype of lissencephaly which, in turn, is a spectrum of disorders caused by abnormal neuronal migration. Clinical presentation in this disorder may be varied including microcephaly, developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, seizures, and mental retardation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain identifies the exact nature and extent of the disease and helps in delineating further plan of management. A Tigroid pattern on axial MRI scan and leopard pattern on a sagittal plane has been classically reported in disorders of myelin formation such as metachromatic leukodystrophy and Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease. We present here a case of pachygyria who presented to us with some atypical features including “tigroid-like stripes” and “leopard-like pattern” on MRI brain which has not been reported in the medical literature previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjawal Roy
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, IPGMER, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Alak Pandit
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, IPGMER, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Urmila Das
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, IPGMER, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ajay Panwar
- Department of Neurology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Herbst SM, Proepper CR, Geis T, Borggraefe I, Hahn A, Debus O, Haeussler M, von Gersdorff G, Kurlemann G, Ensslen M, Beaud N, Budde J, Gilbert M, Heiming R, Morgner R, Philippi H, Ross S, Strobl-Wildemann G, Muelleder K, Vosschulte P, Morris-Rosendahl DJ, Schuierer G, Hehr U. LIS1-associated classic lissencephaly: A retrospective, multicenter survey of the epileptogenic phenotype and response to antiepileptic drugs. Brain Dev 2016; 38:399-406. [PMID: 26494205 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with LIS1-associated classic lissencephaly typically present with severe psychomotor retardation and drug-resistant epilepsy within the first year. AIM To analyze the epileptogenic phenotype and response to antiepileptic therapy in LIS1-associated classic lissencephaly. METHOD Retrospective evaluation of 22 patients (8 months-24 years) with genetically and radiologically confirmed LIS1-associated classic lissencephaly in 16 study centers. RESULTS All patients in our cohort developed drug-resistant epilepsy. In 82% onset of seizures was noted within the first six months of life, most frequently with infantile spasms. Later in infancy the epileptogentic phenotype became more variable and included different forms of focal seizures as well generalized as tonic-clonic seizures, with generalized tonic-clonic seizures being the predominant type. Lamotrigine and valproate were rated most successful with good or partial response rates in 88-100% of the patients. Both were evaluated significantly better than levetiracetam (p<0.05) and sulthiame (p<0.01) in the neuropediatric assessment and better than levetiracetam, sulthiame (p<0.05) and topiramate (p<0.01) in the family survey. Phenobarbital and vigabatrin achieved good or partial response in 62-83% of the patients. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that patients with LIS1-associated lissencephaly might benefit most from lamotrigine, valproate, vigabatrin or phenobarbital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia M Herbst
- Center for and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Christiane R Proepper
- Center for and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Geis
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Klinik St. Hedwig, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Borggraefe
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Otfried Debus
- Clemenshospital, Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Haeussler
- Frühdiagnosezentrum Würzburg, University Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Kurlemann
- University Children's Hospital Muenster, Department of General Pediatrics, Neuropediatrics, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Ensslen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Beaud
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Westküstenklinikum Heide, Heide, Germany
| | - Joerg Budde
- Department of Pediatrics St. Hedwig, St. Josefskrankenhaus Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Heike Philippi
- Center of Developmental Neurology Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sophia Ross
- Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Deborah J Morris-Rosendahl
- Genomic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Schuierer
- Center for Neuroradiology, Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ute Hehr
- Center for and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Takahashi S, Tanaka R, Okano S, Okayama A, Suzuki N, Azuma H. Characterization of intragenic tandem duplication in the PAFAH1B1 gene leading to isolated lissencephaly sequence. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:84. [PMID: 26523152 PMCID: PMC4628255 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic aberrations in PAFAH1B1 result in isolated lissencephaly sequence (ILS), a neuronal migration disorder associated with severe mental retardation and intractable epilepsy. Approximately 60 % of patients with ILS show a 17p13.3 deletion or an intragenic variation of PAFAH1B1 that can be identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis or gene sequencing. Using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), 40–80 % of the remaining patients show small genomic deletions or duplications of PAFAH1B1. The intragenic duplications within PAFAH1B1 are predicted to abolish the PAFAH1B1 function, although a detailed characterization of the duplication regions have not been reported. Results Here we describe a female patient with ILS occurring predominantly in the posterior brain regions. MLPA was used to identify a small duplication within PAFAH1B1. This result was confirmed by array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis, revealing a duplication of the 29-kb region encompassing putative regulatory elements and exon 2 of PAFAH1B1. The region was characterized as an intragenic tandem duplication by sequencing, revealing a 28-bp microhomology sequence at the breakpoint junctions. Parental genetic testing confirmed that the tandem duplication occurred de novo. Reverse transcription-PCR on RNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes revealed that the expression level of PAFAH1B1 decreased to that in a patient with Miller-Dieker syndrome, a contiguous gene-deletion disorder characterized by classical lissencephaly and a facial dysmorphism. Conclusions This study expanded the spectrum of PAFAH1B1 variants and identified a unique genomic architecture including microhomology sequences in PAFAH1B1 underlying an intragenic tandem duplication leading to ILS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
| | - Satomi Okano
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
| | - Akie Okayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
| | - Nao Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Azuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
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Battal B, Ince S, Akgun V, Kocaoglu M, Ozcan E, Tasar M. Malformations of cortical development: 3T magnetic resonance imaging features. World J Radiol 2015; 7:329-335. [PMID: 26516429 PMCID: PMC4620113 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v7.i10.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malformation of cortical development (MCD) is a term representing an inhomogeneous group of central nervous system abnormalities, referring particularly to embriyological aspect as a consequence of any of the three developmental stages, i.e., cell proliferation, cell migration and cortical organization. These include cotical dysgenesis, microcephaly, polymicrogyria, schizencephaly, lissencephaly, hemimegalencephaly, heterotopia and focal cortical dysplasia. Since magnetic resonance imaging is the modality of choice that best identifies the structural anomalies of the brain cortex, we aimed to provide a mini review of MCD by using 3T magnetic resonance scanner images.
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Wakiguchi C, Godai K, Mukaihara K, Ohnou T, Kuniyoshi T, Masuda M, Kanmura Y. Management of general anesthesia in a child with Miller-Dieker syndrome: a case report. JA Clin Rep 2015; 1:14. [PMID: 29497646 PMCID: PMC5818703 DOI: 10.1186/s40981-015-0017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Miller–Dieker syndrome (MDS) is a rare disorder characterized by type I lissencephaly and a distinctive facial appearance that may include prominent forehead, bitemporal hollowing, and micrognathia. MDS is associated with epilepsy. We here report an 18-month-old girl with MDS who required general anesthesia. The child had an extremely low Bispectral Index (BIS) value prior to undergoing general anesthesia. Her perioperative course was uneventful. This case highlights some of the important anesthetic concerns in patients with MDS, which include potentially difficult airways and extremely low BIS values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Wakiguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
| | - Kohei Godai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
| | - Keika Mukaihara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ohnou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kuniyoshi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
| | - Mina Masuda
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
| | - Yuichi Kanmura
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
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Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are a common cause of neurodevelopmental delay and epilepsy and are caused by disruptions in the normal development of the cerebral cortex. Several causative genes have been identified in patients with MCD. There is increasing evidence of role of de novo mutations, including those occurring post fertilization, in MCD. These somatic mutations may not be detectable by traditional methods of genetic testing performed on blood DNA. Identification of the genetic cause can help in guiding families in future pregnancies. Research has highlighted how elucidation of key molecular pathways can also allow for targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya S Jamuar
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Paediatrics Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Wong M, Roper SN. Genetic animal models of malformations of cortical development and epilepsy. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 260:73-82. [PMID: 25911067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development constitute a variety of pathological brain abnormalities that commonly cause severe, medically-refractory epilepsy, including focal lesions, such as focal cortical dysplasia, heterotopias, and tubers of tuberous sclerosis complex, and diffuse malformations, such as lissencephaly. Although some cortical malformations result from environmental insults during cortical development in utero, genetic factors are increasingly recognized as primary pathogenic factors across the entire spectrum of malformations. Genes implicated in causing different cortical malformations are involved in a variety of physiological functions, but many are focused on regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and neuronal migration. Advances in molecular genetic methods have allowed the engineering of increasingly sophisticated animal models of cortical malformations and associated epilepsy. These animal models have identified some common mechanistic themes shared by a number of different cortical malformations, but also revealed the diversity and complexity of cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of the pathological lesions and resulting epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Steven N Roper
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Inui T, Kobayashi T, Kobayashi S, Sato R, Endo W, Kikuchi A, Nakayama T, Uematsu M, Takayanagi M, Kato M, Saitsu H, Matsumoto N, Kure S, Haginoya K. Efficacy of long term weekly ACTH therapy for intractable epilepsy. Brain Dev 2015; 37:449-54. [PMID: 25149137 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) therapy is the first-line therapy for infantile spasms, and is effective for many other intractable epilepsies. While spasms may respond to ACTH for weeks, a substantial proportion of patients develop recurrent seizures over a yearly period. To maintain efficacy, we treated two children with intractable epilepsy with weekly ACTH therapy for 1 year and described the changes in clinical seizures, electroencephalograms, developmental assessments and side effects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A girl with infantile spasms due to lissencephaly and a boy with atypical absence seizures were studied. In both cases, seizures were frequent and resistant to antiepileptic drugs; electroencephalograms showed continuous epileptiform activities, and the patients' development was delayed and stagnant prior to ACTH treatment. The initial ACTH therapy (daily 0.015 mg/kg for 2 weeks, 0.015 mg/kg every 2 days for 1 week, 0.0075 mg/kg every 2 days for 1 week), was transiently effective in both cases. The second-round ACTH therapy consisted of the initial ACTH therapy protocol followed by weekly ACTH injections (0.015 mg/kg or 0.0075 mg/kg) for 1 year. Both cases were followed for at least 1 year after therapy. RESULTS In both patients, clinical seizures were completely controlled during and 1 year after the second-round AHCH therapy. Continuous epileptiform discharges disappeared, while intermittent interictal epileptiform discharges remained. Both patients showed some developmental gains after achieving seizure control. No serious side effects were recorded. CONCLUSION Further studies are warranted to determine if a long-term weekly ACTH is a safe and effective treatment for intractable epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Inui
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, 20 Shishioto, Akiu Yumoto, Taihaku-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi 982-0241, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, 20 Shishioto, Akiu Yumoto, Taihaku-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi 982-0241, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, 20 Shishioto, Akiu Yumoto, Taihaku-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi 982-0241, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wakaba Endo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, 20 Shishioto, Akiu Yumoto, Taihaku-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi 982-0241, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kikuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tojo Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Uematsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Haginoya
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, 20 Shishioto, Akiu Yumoto, Taihaku-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi 982-0241, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Hikita N, Hattori H, Kato M, Sakuma S, Morotomi Y, Ishida H, Seto T, Tanaka K, Shimono T, Shintaku H, Tokuhara D. A case of TUBA1A mutation presenting with lissencephaly and Hirschsprung disease. Brain Dev 2014; 36:159-62. [PMID: 23528852 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene mutation of tubulin alpha-1A (TUBA1A), a critical component of microtubules of the cytoskeleton, impairs neural migration and causes lissencephaly (LIS). The approximately 45 cases of disease-associated TUBA1A mutations reported to date demonstrate a wide spectrum of phenotypes. Here we describe an 8-year-old girl with lissencephaly, microcephaly, and early-onset epileptic seizures associated with a novel mutation in the TUBA1A gene. The patient developed Hirschsprung disease and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), which had not previously been described in TUBA1A mutation-associated disease. Our case provides new insight into the wide spectrum of disease phenotypes associated with TUBA1A mutation.
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Dubuissez M, Faiderbe P, Pinte S, Dehennaut V, Rood BR, Leprince D. The Reelin receptors ApoER2 and VLDLR are direct target genes of HIC1 (Hypermethylated In Cancer 1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:424-30. [PMID: 24076391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene HIC1 (Hypermethylated In Cancer 1) is located in 17p13.3 a region frequently hypermethylated or deleted in tumors and in a contiguous-gene syndrome, the Miller-Dieker syndrome which includes classical lissencephaly (smooth brain) and severe developmental defects. HIC1 encodes a transcriptional repressor involved in the regulation of growth control, DNA damage response and cell migration properties. We previously demonstrated that the membrane-associated G-protein-coupled receptors CXCR7, ADRB2 and the tyrosine kinase receptor EphA2 are direct target genes of HIC1. Here we show that ectopic expression of HIC1 in U2OS and MDA-MB-231 cell lines decreases expression of the ApoER2 and VLDLR genes, encoding two canonical tyrosine kinase receptors for Reelin. Conversely, knock-down of endogenous HIC1 in BJ-Tert normal human fibroblasts through RNA interference results in the up-regulation of these two Reelin receptors. Finally, through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in BJ-Tert fibroblasts, we demonstrate that HIC1 is a direct transcriptional repressor of ApoER2 and VLDLR. These data provide evidence that HIC1 is a new regulator of the Reelin pathway which is essential for the proper migration of neuronal precursors during the normal development of the cerebral cortex, of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and of mammary epithelial cells. Deregulation of this pathway through HIC1 inactivation or deletion may contribute to its role in tumor promotion. Moreover, HIC1, through the direct transcriptional repression of ATOH1 and the Reelin receptors ApoER2 and VLDLR, could play an essential role in normal cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Dubuissez
- CNRS-UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR 142, 1 rue Calmette, BP447, 59017 Lille Cedex, France
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Lee EK, Kim JE, Lee YY, Kim S, Choi KH. A case of cecal volvulus presenting with chronic constipation in lissencephaly. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2013; 16:131-4. [PMID: 24010118 PMCID: PMC3760704 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2013.16.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cecal volvulus is uncommon in pediatric patients and there are few reports of cecal volvulus with cerebral palsy. Here, we report the case of a 19-year-old male patient who presented with abdominal distension, a history of cerebral palsy, refractory epilepsy due to lissencephaly, and chronic constipation. An abdominal x-ray and computed tomography without contrast enhancement showed fixed dilated bowel intensity in the right lower abdomen. Despite decompression with gastric and rectal tube insertion, symptoms did not improve. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy that revealed cecal volvulus. Cecal volvulus usually occurs following intestinal malrotation or previous surgery. In this patient, however, intestinal distension accompanying mental disability and chronic constipation resulted in the development of cecal volvulus. We suggest that cecal and proximal large bowel volvulus should be considered in patients presenting with progressive abdominal distension combined with a history of neuro-developmental delay and constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
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Bedri HA, Mustafa BM, Jadallah YM. Walker-Warburg Syndrome: A Case with multiple uncommon features. Sudan J Paediatr 2011; 11:59-63. [PMID: 27493321 PMCID: PMC4949837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) is a rare and lethal autosomal recessive disorder, caused by defective glycosylation of α-dystroglycan that is important for muscle integrity and neuronal migration. Mutations in six genes involved in the glycosylation of α-dystroglycan (POMT1, POMT2, POMGNT1, FCMD, FKRP and LARGE) have been identified in WWS patients, and others remain under study. Prenatal diagnosis may be possible by means of prenatal ultrasonography, or magnetic resonance imaging. We report a patient demonstrating the typical clinical features of lissencephaly, congenital muscular dystrophy and ocular abnormalities, in addition to other features including hydrocephalus, occipital encephalocele, agenesis of the corpus collosum, microphthalmia, ventricular septal defect, and rocker bottom feet deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibba A. Bedri
- Department of Pediatrics, Al Ribat Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Yosif M. Jadallah
- Department of Pediatrics, Al Ribat Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
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