101
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Lopez S, Jaramillo S, Varela LM, Ortega A, Bermudez B, Abia R, Muriana FJG. p38 MAPK protects human monocytes from postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein-induced toxicity. J Nutr 2013; 143:620-6. [PMID: 23486980 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.174656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) transport dietary fatty acids through the circulatory system to satisfy the energy and structural needs of the tissues. However, fatty acids are also able to modulate gene expression and/or induce cell death. We investigated the underlying mechanism by which postprandial TRLs of different fatty acid compositions can induce cell death in human monocytes. Three types of dietary fat [refined olive oil (ROO), high-palmitic sunflower oil (HPSO), and butter] with progressively increasing SFA:MUFA ratios (0.18, 0.41, and 2.08, respectively) were used as a source of postprandial TRLs (TRL-ROO, TRL-HPSO, and TRL-BUTTER) from healthy men. The monocytic cell line THP-1 was used as a model for this study. We demonstrated that postprandial TRLs increased intracellular lipid accumulation (31-106%), reactive oxygen species production (268-349%), DNA damage (133-1467%), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (800-1710%) and caspase-3 (696-1244%) activities, and phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) (54 kDa, 141-288%) and p38 (24-92%). These effects were significantly greater with TRL-BUTTER, and TRL-ROO did not induce DNA damage, DNA fragmentation, or p38 phosphorylation. In addition, blockade of p38, but not of JNK, significantly decreased intracellular lipid accumulation and increased cell death in postprandial TRL-treated cells. These results suggest that in human monocytes, p38 is involved in survival signaling pathways that protect against the lipid-mediated cytotoxicity induced by postprandial TRLs that are abundant in saturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Lopez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, The Spanish National Research Council, Seville, Spain.
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102
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Drechsler M, Soehnlein O. The complexity of arterial classical monocyte recruitment. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:358-66. [PMID: 23571485 PMCID: PMC6741506 DOI: 10.1159/000348795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of classical monocytes is imperative for the progression of atherosclerosis. Hence, therapeutic interference with mechanisms of lesional monocyte recruitment, the primary mechanism controlling macrophage accumulation, may allow for targeting atheroprogression and its clinical complications. Here, we review the important role of classical monocytes in atheroprogression as well as their routes of arterial recruitment. We specifically highlight the role of cell adhesion molecules as well as of platelet-derived chemokines and neutrophil-borne alarmins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Drechsler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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103
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Rouault C, Pellegrinelli V, Schilch R, Cotillard A, Poitou C, Tordjman J, Sell H, Clément K, Lacasa D. Roles of chemokine ligand-2 (CXCL2) and neutrophils in influencing endothelial cell function and inflammation of human adipose tissue. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1069-79. [PMID: 23372021 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The hypertrophied white adipose tissue (WAT) during human obesity produces inflammatory mediators, including cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα) and chemokines ([C-C motif] chemokine ligand 2 and IL-8). These inflammatory factors are preferentially produced by the nonadipose cells, particularly the adipose tissue infiltrating macrophages. We identified the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) by a transcriptomic approach. Because CXCL2 could represent a WAT-produced chemokine, we explored its role in obesity-associated inflammation. CXCL2 levels in serum and mRNA in WAT were higher in obese subjects compared with lean ones. CXCL2 secretions were higher in sc and visceral (vis) WAT from obese compared with lean subjects. In vis WAT, CXCL2 mRNA expression was higher in macrophages compared with other WAT cells and positively correlated with the inflammatory macrophage markers TNFα and IL-6. CXCL2 triggered the in vitro adhesion of the neutrophils, its selective cell targets, to endothelial cells (ECs) of vis WAT (vis WAT-ECs). Immunohistological analysis indicated that activated neutrophils were adherent to the endothelium of vis WAT from human obese subjects. Blood neutrophils from obese subjects released high levels of proinflammatory mediators (IL-8, chemokine motif ligand 2 [CCL2], matrix metalloproteinase [MMP] 9, and myeloperoxidase [MPO]). Visceral WAT-ECs, treated by neutrophil-conditioned media prepared from obese subjects, displayed an increase of the expression of inflammatory molecules associated with senescence and angiogenic capacities. To conclude, CXCL2, a WAT-produced chemokine being up-regulated in obesity, stimulates neutrophil adhesion to vis WAT-ECs. Activated neutrophils in obesity may influence vis WAT-ECs functions and contribute to WAT inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rouault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 872, Team 7, Nutriomique, 15 Rue de l'École de Médecine, F-75006 Paris, France
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104
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Borissoff JI, Otten JJT, Heeneman S, Leenders P, van Oerle R, Soehnlein O, Loubele STBG, Hamulyák K, Hackeng TM, Daemen MJAP, Degen JL, Weiler H, Esmon CT, van Ryn J, Biessen EAL, Spronk HMH, ten Cate H. Genetic and pharmacological modifications of thrombin formation in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice determine atherosclerosis severity and atherothrombosis onset in a neutrophil-dependent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55784. [PMID: 23409043 PMCID: PMC3567111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variations in the blood coagulation activity, determined genetically or by medication, may alter atherosclerotic plaque progression, by influencing pleiotropic effects of coagulation proteases. Published experimental studies have yielded contradictory findings on the role of hypercoagulability in atherogenesis. We therefore sought to address this matter by extensively investigating the in vivo significance of genetic alterations and pharmacologic inhibition of thrombin formation for the onset and progression of atherosclerosis, and plaque phenotype determination. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We generated transgenic atherosclerosis-prone mice with diminished coagulant or hypercoagulable phenotype and employed two distinct models of atherosclerosis. Gene-targeted 50% reduction in prothrombin (FII(-/WT):ApoE(-/-)) was remarkably effective in limiting disease compared to control ApoE(-/-) mice, associated with significant qualitative benefits, including diminished leukocyte infiltration, altered collagen and vascular smooth muscle cell content. Genetically-imposed hypercoagulability in TM(Pro/Pro):ApoE(-/-) mice resulted in severe atherosclerosis, plaque vulnerability and spontaneous atherothrombosis. Hypercoagulability was associated with a pronounced neutrophilia, neutrophil hyper-reactivity, markedly increased oxidative stress, neutrophil intraplaque infiltration and apoptosis. Administration of either the synthetic specific thrombin inhibitor Dabigatran etexilate, or recombinant activated protein C (APC), counteracted the pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic phenotype of pro-thrombotic TM(Pro/Pro):ApoE(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We provide new evidence highlighting the importance of neutrophils in the coagulation-inflammation interplay during atherogenesis. Our findings reveal that thrombin-mediated proteolysis is an unexpectedly powerful determinant of atherosclerosis in multiple distinct settings. These studies suggest that selective anticoagulants employed to prevent thrombotic events may also be remarkably effective in clinically impeding the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian I Borissoff
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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105
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Kumar B, Gupta SK, Srinivasan BP, Nag TC, Srivastava S, Saxena R, Jha KA. Hesperetin rescues retinal oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis in diabetic rats. Microvasc Res 2013; 87:65-74. [PMID: 23376836 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of hesperetin (Hsp) on diabetes-induced retinal oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis in rats. The Hsp treatment (100 mg/kg body weight) was carried for twenty four weeks in STZ-induced diabetic rats and evaluated for antioxidant (Superoxide dismutase; SOD, Catalase; CAT and glutathione; GSH) enzymes, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), caspase-3, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporin-4(AQP4) expression. Histological changes were evaluated by light and transmission electron microscopic (LM and TEM) studies. Retinal GSH levels and anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) activity were significantly decreased in diabetic group as compared to normal group. However, in Hsp-treated rats, retinal GSH levels were restored close to normal levels and positive modulation of anti-oxidant enzyme activity was observed. Diabetic retinae showed significantly increased expression of Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) as compared to normal retinae. While Hsp-treated retinae showed significantly lower levels of cytokines as compared to diabetic retinae. Diabetic retinae showed increased caspase-3, GFAP and AQP4 expression. However, Hsp-treated retinae showed inhibitory effect on caspase-3, GFAP and AQP4 expression. LM images showed edematous Müller cell endfeet, and also degenerated photoreceptor layer; however, protective effect of Hsp was seen on Müller cell processes and photoreceptors. TEM study showed increased basement membrane (BM) thickness in diabetic retina, while relatively thin BM was recorded in Hsp-treated retina. It can be postulated that dietary flavanoids, like Hsp, can be effective for the prevention of diabetes induced neurovascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binit Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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106
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In vivo imaging of leukocyte recruitment to the atheroprone femoral artery reveals anti-inflammatory effects of rosuvastatin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:962369. [PMID: 23509822 PMCID: PMC3591208 DOI: 10.1155/2013/962369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To monitor the anti-inflammatory effect of rosuvastatin in leukocyte endothelial interactions in the atheroprone femoral artery in vivo. Methods and Results. Male Apolipoprotein E null mice (ApoE−/− mice, 6 weeks old) were fed a high-fat diet (20% fat, 1.25% cholesterol) with or without the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. Significant leukocyte adhesion was observed in the femoral artery of ApoE−/− mice, but not of wild type mice, in the absence of rosuvastatin. Interestingly, no obvious plaque formation was observed in the artery at this time point. The number of adherent leukocytes was dramatically diminished in ApoE−/− mice treated with rosuvastatin. DHE-associated oxidative stress and the expression of gp91-phox, a component of NADPH oxidase, were induced in ApoE−/− mice and were abolished by rosuvastatin treatment. Conclusion. Our data documented leukocyte recruitment prior to lipid accumulation and subsequent inhibition by rosuvastatin. The underlying mechanism seemed to involve oxidative stress and an anti-inflammatory effect on the endothelium of atheroprone vessels.
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107
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Regulation of atherogenesis by chemokines and chemokine receptors. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 61:1-14. [PMID: 23224338 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and metabolic disorder affecting large- and medium-sized arteries, and the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves accumulation of lipids and leukocytes in the intima of blood vessel walls creating plaque. How leukocytes accumulate in plaque remains poorly understood; however, chemokines acting at specific G protein-coupled receptors appear to be important. Studies using knockout mice suggest that chemokine receptor signaling may either promote or inhibit atherogenesis, depending on the receptor. These proof of concept studies have spurred efforts to develop drugs targeting the chemokine system in atherosclerosis, and several have shown beneficial effects in animal models. This study will review key discoveries in basic and translational research in this area.
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108
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Park HJ, Yun DH, Kim SK, Chung JH, Lee JS, Park HK, Chon J, Kim DH, Yoo SD, Kim HS. Association of CXCL1 promoter polymorphism with ischaemic stroke in Korean population. Int J Immunogenet 2012. [PMID: 23198952 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This is a pilot study analysing association of chemokine gene polymorphisms (CXCL1, rs3117604; CXCL2, rs3806792; CCL2, rs2857656 and rs3760396; CCL5, rs2107538) in Korean patients with ischemic stroke (IS) (n = 120) and age-matched controls (n = 267). The CXCL1 gene and particularly T allele of rs3117604 was associated with IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Park
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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109
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Koenen R, Weber C. Chemokines and Their Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b13723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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110
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Rius C, Piqueras L, González-Navarro H, Albertos F, Company C, López-Ginés C, Ludwig A, Blanes JI, Morcillo EJ, Sanz MJ. Arterial and venous endothelia display differential functional fractalkine (CX3CL1) expression by angiotensin-II. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 33:96-104. [PMID: 23117657 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.254870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) promotes the interaction of mononuclear cells with arterioles and neutrophils with postcapillary venules. To investigate the mechanisms underlying this dissimilar response, the involvement of fractalkine (CX(3)CL1) was explored. METHODS AND RESULTS Enhanced CX(3)CL1 expression was detected in both cremasteric arterioles and postcapillary venules 24 hours after Ang-II intrascrotal injection. Arteriolar leukocyte adhesion was the unique parameter significantly reduced (83%) in animals lacking CX(3)CL1 receptor (CX(3)CR1). Human umbilical arterial and venous endothelial cell stimulation with 1 μmol/L Ang-II increased CX(3)CL1 expression, yet neutralization of CX(3)CL1 activity only significantly inhibited Ang-II-induced mononuclear cell-human umbilical arterial endothelial cell interactions (73%) but not with human umbilical venous endothelial cells. The use of small interfering RNA revealed the involvement of tumor necrosis factor-α in Ang-II-induced CX(3)CL1 upregulation and mononuclear cell arrest. Nox5 knockdown with small interfering RNA or pharmacological inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor-κB also abolished these responses. Finally, when human umbilical arterial endothelial cells were costimulated with Ang-II, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, CX(3)CL1 expression and mononuclear cell adhesiveness were more pronounced than when each stimulus was provided alone. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Ang-II induces functional CX(3)CL1 expression in arterial but not in venous endothelia. Thus, targeting endothelial CX(3)CL1-mononuclear leukocyte CX(3)CR1 interactions may constitute a new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Ang-II-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rius
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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111
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Impact of multiple antigenic epitopes from ApoB100, hHSP60 and Chlamydophila pneumoniae on atherosclerotic lesion development in Apobtm2SgyLdlrtm1Her J mice. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225:56-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Borst O, Münzer P, Gatidis S, Schmidt EM, Schönberger T, Schmid E, Towhid ST, Stellos K, Seizer P, May AE, Lang F, Gawaz M. The Inflammatory Chemokine CXC Motif Ligand 16 Triggers Platelet Activation and Adhesion Via CXC Motif Receptor 6–Dependent Phosphatidylinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling. Circ Res 2012; 111:1297-307. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.276444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rationale:
The recently discovered chemokine CXC motif ligand 16 (CXCL16) is highly expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and is a potential pathogenic mediator in coronary artery disease.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to test the role of CXCL16 on platelet activation and vascular adhesion, as well as the underlying mechanism and signaling pathway.
Methods and Results:
Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry revealed that CXCL16-specific receptor, CXC motif receptor 6, is highly expressed in platelets. According to flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, stimulation of platelets with CXCL16 induced platelet degranulation, integrin α
IIb
β
3
activation, and shape change. CXCL16 increased Akt phosphorylation (Thr
308
/Ser
473
), an effect abrogated by phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin (100 nmol/L) and LY294002 (25 µmol/L). The phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitors and Akt inhibitor SH-6 (20 µmol/L) further diminished CXCL16-induced platelet activation. CXCL16-mediated platelet degranulation, integrin α
IIb
β
3
activation, and Akt phosphorylation were blunted in platelets lacking CXCL16-specific receptor CXC motif receptor 6. CXCL16-induced platelet activation was abrogated in Akt1- or Akt2-deficient platelets. CXCL16 enhanced platelet adhesion to endothelium in vitro after high arterial shear stress (2000
−s
) and to injured vascular wall in vivo after carotid ligation. CXCL16-induced stimulation of platelet adhesion again was prevented by phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase and Akt inhibitors. Apyrase and antagonists of platelet purinergic receptors P
2
Y
1
(MRS2179, 100 µmol/L) and especially P
2
Y
12
(Cangrelor, 10 µmol/L) blunted CXCL16-triggered platelet activation as well as CXCL16-induced platelet adhesion under high arterial shear stress in vitro and after carotid ligation in vivo.
Conclusions:
The inflammatory chemokine CXCL16 triggers platelet activation and adhesion via CXC motif receptor 6–dependent phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling and paracrine activation, suggesting a decisive role for CXCL16 in linking vascular inflammation and thrombo-occlusive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Borst
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Münzer
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sergios Gatidis
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Schmidt
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Schönberger
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Evi Schmid
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Syeda T. Towhid
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Stellos
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Seizer
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas E. May
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Liu J, Jia YJ, Li XL, Xu RX, Zhu CG, Guo YL, Wu NQ, Li JJ. RANTES gene G-403A polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta analysis of observational studies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47211. [PMID: 23071760 PMCID: PMC3468465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The G-403A polymorphism in RANTES gene may be involved in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) through increasing RANTES-mediated leukocyte trafficking and activation. However, studies investigating the relationship between G-403A polymorphism and CAD yielded contradictory and inconclusive results. In order to shed some light on these inconsistent findings, a meta analysis was performed to clarify the role of G-403A polymorphism of RANTES gene in the susceptibility of CAD. Methods A systemic literature search of PubMed and EMBASE was conducted from their inception to March 23, 2012, to retrieve related studies. In addition, Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science was searched, authors of relevant studies were contacted, and reference lists of the included studies and their related citations in PubMed were reviewed for additional pertinent studies. Results A total of 8 eligible studies were identified, with a total of 4252 CAD cases and 2150 controls. There was no evidence of significant association between G-403A polymorphism and CAD risk in any genetic model or pairwise comparisons (additive model: OR = 1.046, 95% CI = 0.883–1.239, I2 = 65.9%; recessive model: OR = 1.140, 95% CI = 0.774–1.678, I2 = 53.1%; dominant model: OR = 1.000, 95% CI = 0.820–1.21), I2 = 62.6%; AA vs GG: OR = 1.141, 95% CI = 0.734–1.773, I2 = 61.2%; GA vs GG: OR = 0.993, 95% CI = 0.800–1.232, I2 = 64.6%). Subgroup analysis and meta regression indicated that ethnicity and genotyping method accounted for the significant heterogeneity among studies. In the stratified analysis by ethnic group, G-403A polymorphism was found to be associated with increased CAD risk in Caucasian population whereas its protective role was observed in Asian population in some but not all comparisons. Conclusion Data from the current meta-analysis do not support the existence of a relationship between G-403A polymorphism and the development of CAD, and large sample size study employing unified genotyping method is needed to further evaluate the influence of G-403A polymorphism on susceptibility of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Jun Jia
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Li
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Xa Xu
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zhu
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Guo
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na-Qiong Wu
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Lu X, Xia M, Endresz V, Faludi I, Mundkur L, Gonczol E, Chen D, Kakkar VV. Immunization With a Combination of 2 Peptides Derived From the C5a Receptor Significantly Reduces Early Atherosclerotic Lesion in
Ldlr
tm1Her
Apob
tm2Sgy
J Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2358-71. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.253179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
The goal of this study was to assess whether immunization of
Ldlr
tm1Her
Apob
tm2Sgy
J mice with 2 peptides located at the N-terminus of the C5a receptor (C5aR), either alone or in combination, is effective in reducing atherosclerotic lesions.
Methods and Results—
Five- to 6-week-old female
Ldlr
tm1Her
Apob
tm2Sgy
J mice were immunized using a repetitive immunization multiple sites strategy with keyhole limpet hemocyanin-conjugated peptides derived from the C5aR, either alone (designated as C5aR-P1 [aa 1–21] and C5aR-P2 [aa 19–31]) or in combination (designated as C5aR-P1+C5aR-P2). Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. Lesions were evaluated histologically; local and systemic immune responses were analyzed by immunohistochemistry of aorta samples and cytokine measurements in plasma samples and splenocyte supernatants. Immunization of
Ldlr
tm1Her
Apob
tm2Sgy
J mice with these peptides elicited high concentrations of antibodies against each peptide. Immunization with the single peptide inhibited plaque development. Combined inoculation with C5aR-P1+C5aR-P2 had an additive effect on reducing the lesion in the aorta sinus and descending aortas when compared with controls. This effect correlated with cellular infiltration and cytokine/chemokine secretion in the serum or in stimulated spleen cells as well as specific cellular immune responses when compared with controls.
Conclusion—
Immunization of mice with C5aR-P1 and C5aR-P2, either alone or in combination, was effective in reducing early atherosclerotic lesion development. The combined peptide is more potential than either epitope alone to reduce atherosclerotic lesion formation through the induction of a specific Treg cell response as well as blockage of monocyte differentiation into macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Lu
- From the Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK (X.L., M.X., D.C., V.V.K.); Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (V.E., I.F.); Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary (E.G.); MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, London, UK (D.C.); and the Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India (L.M., V.V.K.)
| | - Min Xia
- From the Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK (X.L., M.X., D.C., V.V.K.); Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (V.E., I.F.); Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary (E.G.); MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, London, UK (D.C.); and the Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India (L.M., V.V.K.)
| | - Valeria Endresz
- From the Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK (X.L., M.X., D.C., V.V.K.); Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (V.E., I.F.); Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary (E.G.); MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, London, UK (D.C.); and the Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India (L.M., V.V.K.)
| | - Ildiko Faludi
- From the Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK (X.L., M.X., D.C., V.V.K.); Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (V.E., I.F.); Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary (E.G.); MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, London, UK (D.C.); and the Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India (L.M., V.V.K.)
| | - Lakshmi Mundkur
- From the Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK (X.L., M.X., D.C., V.V.K.); Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (V.E., I.F.); Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary (E.G.); MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, London, UK (D.C.); and the Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India (L.M., V.V.K.)
| | - Eva Gonczol
- From the Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK (X.L., M.X., D.C., V.V.K.); Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (V.E., I.F.); Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary (E.G.); MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, London, UK (D.C.); and the Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India (L.M., V.V.K.)
| | - Daxin Chen
- From the Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK (X.L., M.X., D.C., V.V.K.); Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (V.E., I.F.); Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary (E.G.); MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, London, UK (D.C.); and the Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India (L.M., V.V.K.)
| | - Vijay V. Kakkar
- From the Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK (X.L., M.X., D.C., V.V.K.); Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (V.E., I.F.); Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary (E.G.); MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, London, UK (D.C.); and the Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India (L.M., V.V.K.)
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115
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Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Carotid Plaque Vulnerability: Impact on Ischemic Stroke. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:431-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Koltsova EK, Kim G, Lloyd KM, Saris CJM, von Vietinghoff S, Kronenberg M, Ley K. Interleukin-27 receptor limits atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice. Circ Res 2012; 111:1274-85. [PMID: 22927332 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.277525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Several proinflammatory cytokines are known to promote atherosclerosis, but less is known about the physiological role of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-27 is a recently discovered member of the IL-6/IL-12 family. The IL-27 receptor is composed of IL-27 receptor A (WSX-1) and gp130 and is required for all established IL-27 signaling pathways. The expression of the IL-27 subunit Ebi3 is elevated in human atheromas, yet its function in atherosclerosis remains unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test the role of IL-27 receptor signaling in immune cells in atherosclerosis development. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis-prone Ldlr(-/-) mice transplanted with Il27ra(-/-) bone marrow and fed Western diet for 16 weeks developed significantly larger atherosclerotic lesions in aortic roots, aortic arches, and abdominal aortas. Augmented disease correlated with increased accumulation of CD45(+) leukocytes and CD4(+) T cells in the aorta, which produced increased amounts of IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor. Several chemokines, including CCL2, were upregulated in the aortas of Ldlr(-/-) mice receiving Il27ra(-/-) bone marrow, resulting in accumulation of CD11b(+) and CD11c(+) macrophages and dendritic cells in atherosclerotic aortas. CONCLUSIONS The absence of anti-inflammatory IL-27 signaling skews immune responses toward T-helper 17, resulting in increased production of IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor, which in turn enhances chemokine expression and drives the accumulation of proatherogenic myeloid cells in atherosclerotic aortas. These findings establish a novel antiatherogenic role for IL-27 receptor signaling, which acts to suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and to curb the recruitment of inflammatory myeloid cells into atherosclerotic aortas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina K Koltsova
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Wu X, Schauss AG. Mitigation of inflammation with foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6703-6717. [PMID: 22468569 DOI: 10.1021/jf3007008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Constant overproduction of pro-inflammatory molecules leads to chronic inflammation. Unlike acute inflammation, which is essential for healing, chronic inflammation can delay healing and, if left unchecked, contribute to a host of diseases. There is growing evidence that some dietary factors can play important roles in maintaining health and even reversing the progression of chronic diseases, with anti-inflammatory effects as important underlying mechanism. Such findings add to the body of evidence that certain dietary components, including polyphenols and other types of compounds, found in various dietary factors including fruits, berries, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, and foods of marine origin, can play an important role in attenuating and mitigating chronic pro-inflammatory processes associated with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wu
- USDA Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center , Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, United States
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118
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Wan W, Gao JL. Leukocyte chemoattractant receptor FPR2 may accelerate atherogenesis. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:101-3. [PMID: 22541858 PMCID: PMC3361548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and the number one cause of mortality worldwide. The fundamental causes of atherosclerosis have not been precisely delineated, although pathogenesis clearly involves endothelial dysfunction and both innate and adaptive immunity. Recent evidence suggests that formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), mediates a range of inflammatory responses including superoxide production in neutrophils, chemotaxis of monocytes and neutrophils, CCL2 production in endothelial cells (ECs) and monocytes, and increased CXCL8 expression in neutrophils, which are all related with atherogenesis. Therefore, we propose that FPR2 may play a pathogenic role in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuzhou Wan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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119
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Xu L, Li Y, Li L, Zhou S, Hou T. Understanding microscopic binding of macrophage migration inhibitory factor with phenolic hydrazones by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:2260-73. [PMID: 22739754 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an immunoregulatory protein, is a potential target for a number of inflammatory diseases. In the current work, the interactions between MIF and a series of phenolic hydrazones were studied by molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, binding free energy calculations, and binding energy decomposition analysis to determine the structural requirement for achieving favorable biological activity of phenolic hydrazones. First, molecular docking was used to predict the binding modes of inhibitors in the binding site of MIF. The good correlation between the predicted docking scores and the experimental activities shows that the binding conformations of the inhibitors in the active site of MIF are well predicted. Moreover, our results suggest that the flexibility of MIF is essential in ligand binding process. Then, MD simulations and MM/GBSA free energy calculations were employed to determine the dynamic binding process and compare the binding modes of the inhibitors with different activities. The predicted binding free energies given by MM/GBSA are not well correlated with the experimental activities for the two subsets of the inhibitors; however, for each subset, a good correlation between the predicted binding free energies and the experimental activities is achieved. The MM/GBSA free energy decomposition analysis highlights the importance of hydrophobic residues for the MIF binding of the studied inhibitors. Based on the essential factors for MIF-inhibitor interactions derived from the theoretical predictions, some derivatives were designed and the higher inhibitory activities of several candidates were confirmed by molecular docking studies. The structural insights obtained from our study are useful for designing potent inhibitors of MIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Murdaca G, Colombo BM, Cagnati P, Gulli R, Spanò F, Puppo F. Endothelial dysfunction in rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:309-17. [PMID: 22673743 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatic autoimmune diseases have been associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and various types of vasculopathies. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory condition which starts as a "response to injury" favoring endothelial dysfunction which is associated with increased expression of adhesion molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, pro-thrombotic factors, oxidative stress upregulation and abnormal vascular tone modulation. Endothelial dysfunction in rheumatic autoimmune diseases involves innate immune responses, including macrophages and dendritic cells expression of scavenger and toll-like receptors for modified or native LDL as well as neutrophil and complement activation, and dysregulation of adaptive immune responses, including proliferation of autoreactive T-helper-1 lymphocytes and defective function of dendritic and regulatory T cells. Specific differences for endothelial function among different disorders include: a) increased amounts of pro-atherogenic hormones, decreased amounts of anti-atherogenic hormones and increased insulin resistance in rheumatoid arthritis; b) autoantibodies production in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome; c) smooth muscle cells proliferation, destruction of internal elastic lamina, fibrosis and coagulation and fibrinolytic system dysfunction in systemic sclerosis. Several self-antigens (i.e. high density lipoproteins, heat shock proteins, β2-glycoprotein1) and self-molecules modified by oxidative events (i.e. low density lipoproteins and oxidized hemoglobin) have been identified as targets of autoimmune responses. Endothelial dysfunction leads to accelerated atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and spondyloarthropaties whereas obliterative vasculopathy is associated with systemic sclerosis. In this paper, we will briefly review the most relevant information upon endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis and we will summarize the similarities and differences in vascular disease patterns underlying different rheumatic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Viale Benedetto XV, n. 6, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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Wu S, Li Y, Jin C, Yang P, Li D, Li H, Shen C. Intra-individual variability of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Chinese general population. Int J Cardiol 2012; 157:75-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Barish GD, Yu RT, Karunasiri MS, Becerra D, Kim J, Tseng TW, Tai LJ, Leblanc M, Diehl C, Cerchietti L, Miller YI, Witztum JL, Melnick AM, Dent AL, Tangirala RK, Evans RM. The Bcl6-SMRT/NCoR cistrome represses inflammation to attenuate atherosclerosis. Cell Metab 2012; 15:554-62. [PMID: 22465074 PMCID: PMC3367511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, but its transcriptional underpinnings are poorly understood. We show that the transcriptional repressor Bcl6 is an anti-inflammatory regulator whose loss in bone marrow of Ldlr(-/-) mice results in severe atherosclerosis and xanthomatous tendonitis, a virtually pathognomonic complication in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Disruption of the interaction between Bcl6 and SMRT or NCoR with a peptide inhibitor in vitro recapitulated atherogenic gene changes in mice transplanted with Bcl6-deficient bone marrow, pointing to these cofactors as key mediators of Bcl6 inflammatory suppression. Using ChIP-seq, we reveal the SMRT and NCoR corepressor cistromes, each consisting of over 30,000 binding sites with a nearly 50% overlap. While the complete cistromes identify a diversity of signaling pathways, the Bcl6-bound subcistromes for each corepressor are highly enriched for NF-κB-driven inflammatory and tissue remodeling genes. These results reveal that Bcl6-SMRT/NCoR complexes constrain immune responses and contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant D Barish
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Poller W, Rother M, Skurk C, Scheibenbogen C. Endogenous migration modulators as parent compounds for the development of novel cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2044-58. [PMID: 22035209 PMCID: PMC3413843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of novel cell migration modulators for anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular therapy is a complex task since any modulator will necessarily interfere with a balanced system of physiological regulators directing proper positioning of diverse immune cell types within the body. Whereas this shall serve efficient pathogen elimination, lack of proper control over these processes may result in counterproductive chronic inflammation and progressive tissue injury instead of healing. Prediction of the therapeutic potential or side effects of any migration modulator is not possible based on theoretical considerations alone but needs to be experimentally evaluated in preclinical disease models and by clinical studies. Here, we briefly summarize basic mechanism of cell migration, and groups of synthetic drugs currently in use for migration modulation. We then discuss one fundamental problem encountered with single-target approaches that arises from the complexity of any inflammation, with multiple interacting and often redundant factors being involved. This issue is likely to arise for any class of therapeutic agent (small molecules, peptides, antibodies, regulatory RNAs) addressing a single gene or protein. Against this background of studies on synthetic migration modulators addressing single targets, we then discuss the potential of endogenous proteins as therapeutic migration modulators, or as parent compounds for the development of mimetic drugs. Regulatory proteins of this type commonly address multiple receptors and signalling pathways and act upon the immune response in a phase-specific manner. Based on recent evidence, we suggest investigation of such endogenous migration modulators as novel starting points for anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Poller
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin CBF, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Daniel JM, Dutzmann J, Bielenberg W, Widmer-Teske R, Gündüz D, Hamm CW, Sedding DG. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling prevents vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:261. [PMID: 22418922 PMCID: PMC3350628 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dedifferentiation, migration, and proliferation of resident vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are key components of neointima formation after vascular injury. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) is suggested to be critically involved in this process, but the complex regulation of STAT3-dependent genes and the functional significance of inhibiting this pathway during the development of vascular proliferative diseases remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that STAT3 was activated in neointimal lesions following wire-induced injury in mice. Phosphorylation of STAT3 induced trans-activation of cyclin D1 and survivin in SMCs in vitro and in neointimal cells in vivo, thus promoting proliferation and migration of SMCs as well as reducing apoptotic cell death. WP1066, a highly potent inhibitor of STAT3 signaling, abrogated phosphorylation of STAT3 and dose-dependently inhibited the functional effects of activated STAT3 in stimulated SMCs. The local application of WP1066 via a thermosensitive pluronic F-127 gel around the dilated arteries significantly inhibited proliferation of neointimal cells and decreased the neointimal lesion size at 3 weeks after injury. Even though WP1066 application attenuated the injury-induced up-regulation of the chemokine RANTES at 6 h after injury, there was no significant effect on the accumulation of circulating cells at 1 week after injury. In conclusion, these data identify STAT3 as a key molecule for the proliferative response of SMC and neointima formation. Moreover, inhibition of STAT3 by the potent and specific compound WP1066 might represent a novel and attractive approach for the local treatment of vascular proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Marcus Daniel
- Department of Cardiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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125
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Ammirati E, Cianflone D, Vecchio V, Banfi M, Vermi AC, De Metrio M, Grigore L, Pellegatta F, Pirillo A, Garlaschelli K, Manfredi AA, Catapano AL, Maseri A, Palini AG, Norata GD. Effector Memory T cells Are Associated With Atherosclerosis in Humans and Animal Models. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1:27-41. [PMID: 23130116 PMCID: PMC3487313 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.111.000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND#ENTITYSTARTX02014;: Adaptive T-cell response is promoted during atherogenesis and results in the differentiation of naïve CD4(+)T cells to effector and/or memory cells of specialized T-cell subsets. Aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between circulating CD4(+)T-cell subsets and atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS#ENTITYSTARTX02014;: We analyzed 57 subsets of circulating CD4(+)T cells by 10-parameter/8-color polychromatic flow cytometry (markers: CD3/CD4/CD45RO/CD45RA/CCR7/CCR5/CXCR3/HLA-DR) in peripheral blood from 313 subjects derived from 2 independent cohorts. In the first cohort of subjects from a free-living population (n=183), effector memory T cells (T(EM): CD3(+)CD4(+)CD45RA(-)CD45RO(+)CCR7(-) cells) were strongly related with intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery, even after adjustment for age (r=0.27; P<0.001). Of note, a significant correlation between T(EM) and low-density lipoproteins was observed. In the second cohort (n=130), T(EM) levels were significantly increased in patients with chronic stable angina or acute myocardial infarction compared with controls. HLA-DR(+)T(EM) were the T(EM) subpopulation with the strongest association with the atherosclerotic process (r=0.37; P<0.01). Finally, in animal models of atherosclerosis, T(EM) (identified as CD4(+)CD44(+)CD62L(-)) were significantly increased in low-density lipoprotein receptor and apolipoprotein E deficient mice compared with controls and were correlated with the extent of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root (r=0.56; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS#ENTITYSTARTX02014;: Circulating T(EM) cells are associated with increased atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease in humans and in animal models and could represent a key CD4(+)T-cell subset related to the atherosclerotic process. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:27-41.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ammirati
- Clinical Cardiovascular Biology Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and the Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milan, Italy (E.A., D.C., M.B.) ; Heart Transplantation Division, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda , Milan, Italy (E.A.) ; Heart Care Foundation , Florence, Italy (E.A., A.M.)
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Döring Y, Noels H, Weber C. The Use of High-Throughput Technologies to Investigate Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:182-95. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.232686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The greatest challenge of scientific research is to understand the causes and consequences of disease. In recent years, great efforts have been devoted to unraveling the basic mechanisms of atherosclerosis (the underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease), which remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Because of the complex and multifactorial pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, different research techniques have increasingly been combined to unravel genetic aspects, molecular pathways, and cellular functions involved in atherogenesis, vascular inflammation, and dyslipidemia to gain a multifaceted picture addressing this complexity. Thanks to the rapid evolution of high-throughput technologies, we are now able to generate large-scale data on the DNA, RNA, and protein levels. With the help of sophisticated computational tools, these data sets are integrated to enhance information extraction and are being increasingly used in a systems biology approach to model biological processes as interconnected and regulated networks. This review exemplifies the use of high-throughput technologies—such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and epigenomics—and systems biology to explore pathomechanisms of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.D., C.W.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, University Clinic Aachen, Aachen, Germany (H.N.); Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (C.W.)
| | - Heidi Noels
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.D., C.W.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, University Clinic Aachen, Aachen, Germany (H.N.); Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (C.W.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.D., C.W.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, University Clinic Aachen, Aachen, Germany (H.N.); Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (C.W.)
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Calvayrac O, Rodríguez-Calvo R, Alonso J, Orbe J, Martín-Ventura JL, Guadall A, Gentile M, Juan-Babot O, Egido J, Beloqui O, Paramo JA, Rodríguez C, Martínez-González J. CCL20 is increased in hypercholesterolemic subjects and is upregulated by LDL in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of NF-κB. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 31:2733-41. [PMID: 21852561 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.235721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to analyze the regulation of CC Chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) by LDL in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). METHODS AND RESULTS In asymptomatic subjects, circulating CCL20 levels were higher in patients with hypercholesterolemia (18.5±3.2 versus 9.1±1.3 pg/mL; P<0.01). LDL induced the expression of CCL20 in VSMC in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Increased levels of CCL20 secreted by LDL-treated VSMC significantly induced human lymphocyte migration, an effect reduced by CCL20 silencing. The upregulation of CCL20 by LDL was dependent on the activation of kinase signaling pathways and NF-κB. By site-directed mutagenesis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we identified a NF-κB site (-80/-71) in CCL20 promoter critical for LDL responsiveness. Lysophosphatidic acid mimicked the upregulation of CCL20 induced by LDL, and minimal oxidation of LDL increased the ability of LDL to induce CCL20 through a mechanism that involves lysophosphatidic acid receptors. CCL20 was overexpressed in atherosclerotic lesions from coronary artery patients, colocalizing with VSMC. CCL20 was detected in conditioned media from healthy human aorta and its levels were significantly higher in secretomes from carotid endarterectomy specimens. CONCLUSION This study identifies CCL20 in atherosclerotic lesions and recognizes this chemokine as a mediator highly sensitive to the inflammatory response elicited by LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Calvayrac
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de Ciències Cardiovasculars, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Yao C, Li H, Shen X, He Z, He L, Guo Z. Reproducibility and concordance of differential DNA methylation and gene expression in cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29686. [PMID: 22235325 PMCID: PMC3250460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hundreds of genes with differential DNA methylation of promoters have been identified for various cancers. However, the reproducibility of differential DNA methylation discoveries for cancer and the relationship between DNA methylation and aberrant gene expression have not been systematically analysed. Methodology/Principal Findings Using array data for seven types of cancers, we first evaluated the effects of experimental batches on differential DNA methylation detection. Second, we compared the directions of DNA methylation changes detected from different datasets for the same cancer. Third, we evaluated the concordance between methylation and gene expression changes. Finally, we compared DNA methylation changes in different cancers. For a given cancer, the directions of methylation and expression changes detected from different datasets, excluding potential batch effects, were highly consistent. In different cancers, DNA hypermethylation was highly inversely correlated with the down-regulation of gene expression, whereas hypomethylation was only weakly correlated with the up-regulation of genes. Finally, we found that genes commonly hypomethylated in different cancers primarily performed functions associated with chronic inflammation, such as ‘keratinization’, ‘chemotaxis’ and ‘immune response’. Conclusions Batch effects could greatly affect the discovery of DNA methylation biomarkers. For a particular cancer, both differential DNA methylation and gene expression can be reproducibly detected from different studies with no batch effects. While DNA hypermethylation is significantly linked to gene down-regulation, hypomethylation is only weakly correlated with gene up-regulation and is likely to be linked to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yao
- Bioinformatics Centre and Key Laboratory for NeuroInfomation of the Education Ministry of China, School of Life Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongdong Li
- Bioinformatics Centre and Key Laboratory for NeuroInfomation of the Education Ministry of China, School of Life Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaopei Shen
- Bioinformatics Centre and Key Laboratory for NeuroInfomation of the Education Ministry of China, School of Life Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng He
- Bioinformatics Centre and Key Laboratory for NeuroInfomation of the Education Ministry of China, School of Life Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lang He
- Bioinformatics Centre and Key Laboratory for NeuroInfomation of the Education Ministry of China, School of Life Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Bioinformatics Centre and Key Laboratory for NeuroInfomation of the Education Ministry of China, School of Life Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Colleges of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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Pols TWH, Nomura M, Harach T, Lo Sasso G, Oosterveer MH, Thomas C, Rizzo G, Gioiello A, Adorini L, Pellicciari R, Auwerx J, Schoonjans K. TGR5 activation inhibits atherosclerosis by reducing macrophage inflammation and lipid loading. Cell Metab 2011; 14:747-57. [PMID: 22152303 PMCID: PMC3627293 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 has been identified as an important component of the bile acid signaling network, and its activation has been linked to enhanced energy expenditure and improved glycemic control. Here, we demonstrate that activation of TGR5 in macrophages by 6α-ethyl-23(S)-methylcholic acid (6-EMCA, INT-777), a semisynthetic BA, inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production, an effect mediated by TGR5-induced cAMP signaling and subsequent NF-κB inhibition. TGR5 activation attenuated atherosclerosis in Ldlr(-/-)Tgr5(+/+) mice but not in Ldlr(-/-)Tgr5(-/-) double-knockout mice. The inhibition of lesion formation was associated with decreased intraplaque inflammation and less plaque macrophage content. Furthermore, Ldlr(-/-) animals transplanted with Tgr5(-/-) bone marrow did not show an inhibition of atherosclerosis by INT-777, further establishing an important role of leukocytes in INT-777-mediated inhibition of vascular lesion formation. Taken together, these data attribute a significant immune modulating function to TGR5 activation in the prevention of atherosclerosis, an important facet of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs W H Pols
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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130
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Cam A, de Mejia EG. Role of dietary proteins and peptides in cardiovascular disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:53-66. [PMID: 22121103 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States and most other countries. Therefore, a disease of such wide-ranging impact calls for the development of multiple viable strategies for prevention. Diet plays an important role in the development of the major risk factors of CVD such as low-grade systemic inflammation, hypertension, obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis, the most significant. Thus, diet-based methods of prevention would not only be more feasible, but ultimately more cost-effective than relying on drugs to combat this condition. In recent years, peptides derived from either animal or plant sources have been found to have various bioactive properties. Nevertheless, their potential impact on inflammation and prevention of atherosclerosis has not been fully explored, particularly at the molecular level. In this review, the most current scientific information from in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on the role of dietary proteins and peptides on CVD has been summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cam
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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131
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Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) arising from atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. The underlying pathogenesis involves an imbalanced lipid metabolism and a maladaptive immune response entailing a chronic inflammation of the arterial wall. The disturbed equilibrium of lipid accumulation, immune responses and their clearance is shaped by leukocyte trafficking and homeostasis governed by chemokines and their receptors. New pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways linking lipid and inflammation biology have been discovered, and genetic profiling studies have unveiled variations involved in human CAD. The growing understanding of the inflammatory processes and mediators has uncovered an intriguing diversity of targetable mechanisms that can be exploited to complement lipid-lowering therapies. Here we aim to systematically survey recently identified molecular mechanisms, translational developments and clinical strategies for targeting lipid-related inflammation in atherosclerosis and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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132
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Koenen RR, Weber C. Chemokines: established and novel targets in atherosclerosis. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3:713-25. [PMID: 22038924 PMCID: PMC3377113 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In their role as small chemotactic cytokines, chemokines are crucial mediators and regulators of leukocyte trafficking during immune surveillance and inflammation. Their involvement in the development and progression of inflammatory diseases has been subject of intense investigation. Concordantly, the chemokine system has been explored in search for therapeutic targets to prevent or treat inflammatory disorders, such as atherosclerosis. Targeting the chemokine system offers various entry points for a causative treatment of this widespread and chronic illness. Although this approach has encountered some setbacks, several innovative compounds are currently in an advanced stage of development. In this review, the current standing of this dynamic field is highlighted and the potential advantages and drawbacks of particular strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory R Koenen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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133
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Platelet-derived chemokines, PF-4 and RANTES, are significantly increased in hemodynamically significant degenerative aortic stenosis. Int J Cardiol 2011; 152:273-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Raffetseder U, Liehn EA, Weber C, Mertens PR. Role of cold shock Y-box protein-1 in inflammation, atherosclerosis and organ transplant rejection. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:567-75. [PMID: 21943779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines (chemoattractant cytokines) are crucial regulators of immune cell extravasation from the bloodstream into inflamed tissue. Dysfunctional regulation and perpetuated chemokine gene expression are linked to progressive chronic inflammatory diseases and, in respect to transplanted organs, may trigger graft rejection. RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (also known as CCL5)) is a model chemokine with relevance in numerous inflammatory diseases where the innate immune response predominates. Transcription factor Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) serves as a trans-regulator of CCL5 gene transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells and leucocytes. This review provides an update on YB-1 as a mediator of inflammatory processes and focuses on the role of YB-1 in CCL5 expression in diseases with monocytic cell infiltrates, albeit acute or chronic. Paradigms of such diseases encompass atherosclerosis and transplant rejection where cold shock protein YB-1 takes a dominant role in transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Raffetseder
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH-Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany.
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135
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Zhao S, Li C, Ye YB, Peng F, Chen Q. Expression of Chemerin Correlates With a Favorable Prognosis in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Lab Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1309/lmww79nits6zadpt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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136
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Pamukcu B, Lip GYH, Shantsila E. The nuclear factor – kappa B pathway in atherosclerosis: A potential therapeutic target for atherothrombotic vascular disease. Thromb Res 2011; 128:117-23. [PMID: 21636112 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Burak Pamukcu
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, B18 7QH England, United Kingdom
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137
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Goossens P, Vergouwe MN, Gijbels MJJ, Curfs DMJ, van Woezik JHG, Hoeksema MA, Xanthoulea S, Leenen PJM, Rupec RA, Hofker MH, de Winther MPJ. Myeloid IκBα deficiency promotes atherogenesis by enhancing leukocyte recruitment to the plaques. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22327. [PMID: 21814576 PMCID: PMC3141029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor NF-κB appears to be involved in different stages of atherogenesis. In this paper we investigate the role of NF-κB inhibitor IκBα in atherosclerosis. Myeloid-specific deletion of IκBα results in larger and more advanced lesions in LDL-R-deficient mice without affecting the compositional phenotype of the plaques or systemic inflammatory markers in the plasma. We show that IκBα-deleted macrophages display enhanced adhesion to an in vitro endothelial cell layer, coinciding with an increased expression of the chemokine CCL5. Also, in vivo we found that IκBαdel mice had more leukocytes adhering to the luminal side of the endothelial cell layers that cover the atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, we introduce ER-MP58 in this paper as a new immunohistochemical tool for quantifying newly recruited myeloid cells in the atherosclerotic lesion. This staining confirms that in IκBαdel mice more leukocytes are attracted to the plaques. In conclusion, we show that IκBα deletion in myeloid cells promotes atherogenesis, probably through an induced leukocyte recruitment to plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Goossens
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique N. Vergouwe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J. J. Gijbels
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle M. J. Curfs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H. G. van Woezik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marten A. Hoeksema
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Xanthoulea
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. M. Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A. Rupec
- Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marten H. Hofker
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P. J. de Winther
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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138
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Jones KL, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Chemokine receptor CCR5: from AIDS to atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1453-69. [PMID: 21133894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing recognition of an important contribution of chemokines and their receptors in the pathology of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disease. The chemokine receptor CCR5 was initially known for its role as a co-receptor for HIV infection of macrophages and is the target of the recently approved CCR5 antagonist maraviroc. However, evidence is now emerging supporting a role for CCR5 and its ligands CCL3 (MIP-1α), CCL4 (MIP-1β) and CCL5 (RANTES) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Specifically, the CCR5 deletion polymorphism CCR5delta32, which confers resistance to HIV infection, has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and both CCR5 antagonism and gene deletion reduce atherosclerosis in mouse models of the disease. Antagonism of CCL5 has also been shown to reduce atherosclerotic burden in these animal models. Crucially, CCR5 and its ligands CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 have been identified in human and mouse vasculature and have been detected in human atherosclerotic plaque. Not unexpectedly, CC chemokines have also been linked to saphenous vein graft disease, which shares similarity to native vessel atherosclerosis. Distinct roles for chemokine-receptor systems in atherogenesis have been proposed, with CCR5 likely to be critical in recruitment of monocytes to developing plaques. With an increased burden of cardiovascular disease observed in HIV-infected individuals, the potential cardiovascular-protective effects of drugs that target the CCR5 receptor warrant greater attention. The availability of clinically validated antagonists such as maraviroc currently provides an advantage for targeting of CCR5 over other chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Jones
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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139
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Pechenino AS, Lin L, Mbai FN, Lee AR, He XM, Stallone JN, Knowlton AA. Impact of aging vs. estrogen loss on cardiac gene expression: estrogen replacement and inflammation. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1065-73. [PMID: 21750230 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00228.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an abundance of evidence to the contrary from animal studies, large clinical trials on humans have shown that estrogen administered to postmenopausal women increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, timing may be everything, as estrogen is often administered immediately after ovariectomy (Ovx) in animal studies, while estrogen administration in human studies occurred many years postmenopause. This study investigates the discrepancy by administering 17β-estradiol (E2) in a slow-release capsule to Norway Brown rats both immediately following Ovx and 9 wk post-Ovx (Late), and studying differences in gene expression between these two groups compared with age-matched Ovx and sham-operated animals. Two different types of microarray were used to analyze the left ventricles from these groups: an Affymetrix array (n = 3/group) and an inflammatory cytokines and receptors PCR array (n = 4/group). Key genes were analyzed by Western blotting. Ovx without replacement led to an increase in caspase 3, caspase 9, calpain 2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9, and TNF-α. Caspase 6, STAT3, and CD11b increased in the Late group, while tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2, MMP14, and collagen I α1 were decreased. MADD and fibronectin were increased in both Ovx and Late. TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels increased with Late replacement. Many of these changes were prevented by early E2 replacement. These findings suggest that increased expression of inflammatory genes, such as TNF-α and iNOS, may be involved in some of the deleterious effects of delayed E2 administration seen in human studies.
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140
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Wang D, Zou T, Yang Y, Yan X, Ling W. Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside with the aid of its metabolite protocatechuic acid, reduces monocyte infiltration in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:713-9. [PMID: 21569764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols, including anthocyanins, from various plant foods are effective in reducing the severity of atherosclerosis in animal and human studies. Due to the poor understanding of the bioavailability of anthocyanins, the potential antiatherogenic mechanisms underlying the action remain largely unknown. Herein, we found that oral gavage of cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy-3-G) could be transformed into protocatechuic acid (PCA), and the plasma maximal levels of Cy-3-G were 3.7-fold lower than that of PCA in the apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice. Subsequently, we observed that PCA treatment has a higher capacity than Cy-3-G treatment in decreasing CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expression in the mouse peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs), along with reducing the mouse PBMs chemokine toward CC ligand-2 (CCL2) in a Boyden chamber. Interesting, in the ApoE-deficient mouse model, orally gavaged with Cy-3-G has a higher ability than gavaged with PCA to reduce CCR2 expression in PBMs. PBMs deprived from the Cy-3-G-treated ApoE-deficient mice have a lower ability than those from PCA-treated animals to migrate toward CCL2. Furthermore, as compared with the PCA group, Cy-3-G treatment more efficiently reduced thioglycollate-induced macrophage infiltration into the abdominal cavity. Thus, we suggest that Cy-3-G may reduce the monocyte infiltration in mice via down-regulation of CCR2 expression in monocytes, at least in part, with the aid of its metabolite PCA. These above data imply that the anti-monocyte/macrophage infiltration property of Cy-3-G and its metabolite PCA may be an important antiatherogenic mechanism for anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
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141
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Nash M, Dalal K, Martinez-Barrizonte J, Cardenas D. Suppression of Proatherogenic Inflammatory Cytokines as a Therapeutic Countermeasure to CVD Risks Accompanying SCI. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2011. [DOI: 10.1310/sci1603-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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142
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Drechsler M, Megens RT, van Zandvoort M, Weber C, Soehnlein O. Hyperlipidemia-Triggered Neutrophilia Promotes Early Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2010; 122:1837-45. [PMID: 20956207 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.961714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Inflammation and activation of immune cells are key mechanisms in the development of atherosclerosis. Previous data indicate important roles for monocytes and T lymphocytes in lesion formation, whereas the contribution of neutrophils remains to be firmly established. Here, we investigate the effect of hypercholesterolemia on peripheral neutrophil counts, neutrophil recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions, and the importance of neutrophils in atherosclerotic lesion formation in
Apoe
−/−
mice.
Methods and Results—
Hypercholesterolemia induces neutrophilia, which was attributable to enhanced granulopoiesis and enhanced mobilization from the bone marrow. The degree of hypercholesterolemia-induced neutrophilia was positively correlated with the extent of early atherosclerotic lesion formation. In turn, neutropenic mice display reduced plaque sizes at early but not late stages of atherosclerotic lesion formation. Flow cytometry of enzymatically digested aortas further shows altered cellular plaque composition in neutropenic mice with reduced numbers of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages. Aortic neutrophil infiltration peaks 4 weeks after the start of a high-fat diet and decreases afterward. The recruitment of neutrophils to large arteries was found to depend on CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR2, which contrasts to peripheral venous recruitment, which requires CCR2 and CXCR2 only. The involvement of CCR1 and CCR5 corresponded to the endothelial deposition of the platelet-derived chemokine CCL5 in arteries but not in veins.
Conclusions—
Our data provide evidence that hypercholesterolemia-induced neutrophilia is multifactorial and that neutrophils infiltrate arteries primarily during early stages of atherosclerosis. Collectively, these data suggest an important role of neutrophils in the initiation of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Drechsler
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.D., R.T.A.M., M.v.Z., C.W., O.S.) and Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (R.T.A.M.), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.)
| | - Remco T.A. Megens
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.D., R.T.A.M., M.v.Z., C.W., O.S.) and Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (R.T.A.M.), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.)
| | - Marc van Zandvoort
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.D., R.T.A.M., M.v.Z., C.W., O.S.) and Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (R.T.A.M.), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.D., R.T.A.M., M.v.Z., C.W., O.S.) and Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (R.T.A.M.), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.)
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- From the Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.D., R.T.A.M., M.v.Z., C.W., O.S.) and Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (R.T.A.M.), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands (M.v.Z., C.W.)
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Ouertatani-Sakouhi H, El-Turk F, Fauvet B, Cho MK, Pinar Karpinar D, Le Roy D, Dewor M, Roger T, Bernhagen J, Calandra T, Zweckstetter M, Lashuel HA. Identification and characterization of novel classes of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of action. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26581-98. [PMID: 20516071 PMCID: PMC2924096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.113951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a proinflammatory cytokine, is considered an attractive therapeutic target in multiple inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In addition to its known biologic activities, MIF can also function as a tautomerase. Several small molecules have been reported to be effective inhibitors of MIF tautomerase activity in vitro. Herein we employed a robust activity-based assay to identify different classes of novel inhibitors of the catalytic and biological activities of MIF. Several novel chemical classes of inhibitors of the catalytic activity of MIF with IC(50) values in the range of 0.2-15.5 microm were identified and validated. The interaction site and mechanism of action of these inhibitors were defined using structure-activity studies and a battery of biochemical and biophysical methods. MIF inhibitors emerging from these studies could be divided into three categories based on their mechanism of action: 1) molecules that covalently modify the catalytic site at the N-terminal proline residue, Pro(1); 2) a novel class of catalytic site inhibitors; and finally 3) molecules that disrupt the trimeric structure of MIF. Importantly, all inhibitors demonstrated total inhibition of MIF-mediated glucocorticoid overriding and AKT phosphorylation, whereas ebselen, a trimer-disrupting inhibitor, additionally acted as a potent hyperagonist in MIF-mediated chemotactic migration. The identification of biologically active compounds with known toxicity, pharmacokinetic properties, and biological activities in vivo should accelerate the development of clinically relevant MIF inhibitors. Furthermore, the diversity of chemical structures and mechanisms of action of our inhibitors makes them ideal mechanistic probes for elucidating the structure-function relationships of MIF and to further determine the role of the oligomerization state and catalytic activity of MIF in regulating the function(s) of MIF in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Ouertatani-Sakouhi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Functional Neuroproteomics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farah El-Turk
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Functional Neuroproteomics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fauvet
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Functional Neuroproteomics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Min-Kyu Cho
- the Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Damla Pinar Karpinar
- the Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Didier Le Roy
- the Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland, and
| | - Manfred Dewor
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische, Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Thierry Roger
- the Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland, and
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische, Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Thierry Calandra
- the Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland, and
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- the Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Functional Neuroproteomics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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144
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Farouk S, Rader DJ, Reilly MP, Mehta NN. CXCL12: a new player in coronary disease identified through human genetics. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2010; 20:204-9. [PMID: 22137643 PMCID: PMC3235407 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of more than 100,000 people have revealed novel loci associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction that present exciting opportunities to discover novel disease pathways. One such recently identified locus is on chromosome 10q11, near the gene for the chemokine CXCL12, which has been implicated in cardiovascular disease in both mouse and human studies. These GWAS demonstrate that CXCL12 may emerge as a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Muredach P. Reilly
- Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nehal N. Mehta
- Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Philadelphia, PA
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145
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