101
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Gravastrand CS, Steinkjer B, Halvorsen B, Landsem A, Skjelland M, Jacobsen EA, Woodruff TM, Lambris JD, Mollnes TE, Brekke OL, Espevik T, Rokstad AMA. Cholesterol Crystals Induce Coagulation Activation through Complement-Dependent Expression of Monocytic Tissue Factor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:853-863. [PMID: 31270150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol crystals (CC) are strong activators of complement and could potentially be involved in thromboinflammation through complement-coagulation cross-talk. To explore the coagulation-inducing potential of CC, we performed studies in lepirudin-based human whole blood and plasma models. In addition, immunohistological examinations of brain thrombi and vulnerable plaque material from patients with advanced carotid atherosclerosis were performed using polarization filter reflected light microscopy to identify CC. In whole blood, CC exposure induced a time- and concentration-dependent generation of prothrombin fragment 1+2 (PTF1.2), tissue factor (TF) mRNA synthesis, and monocyte TF expression. Blocking Abs against TF abolished CC-mediated coagulation, thus indicating involvement of the TF-dependent pathway. Blockade of FXII by corn trypsin inhibitor had a significant inhibitory effect on CC-induced PTF1.2 in platelet-free plasma, although the overall activation potential was low. CC exposure did not induce platelet aggregation, TF microparticle induction, or TF on granulocytes or eosinophils. Inhibition of complement C3 by CP40 (compstatin), C5 by eculizumab, or C5aR1 by PMX53 blocked CC-induced PTF1.2 by 90% and reduced TF+ monocytes from 18-20 to 1-2%. The physiologic relevance was supported by birefringent CC structures adjacent to monocytes (CD14), TF, and activated complement iC3b and C5b-9 in a human brain thrombus. Furthermore, monocyte influx and TF induction in close proximity to CC-rich regions with activated complement were found in a vulnerable plaque. In conclusion, CC could be active, releasable contributors to thrombosis by inducing monocyte TF secondary to complement C5aR1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Gravastrand
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørg Steinkjer
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Landsem
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodo, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Mona Skjelland
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodo, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromso, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Ole-Lars Brekke
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodo, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Mari A Rokstad
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; .,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,Centre for Obesity, Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav's University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
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102
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- 1 Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Hubei University of Medicine Renmin Hospital Shiyan China.,2 Center for Translational Medicine Hubei University of Medicine Renmin Hospital Shiyan China
| | - Jian Fu
- 1 Laboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Biology Institute of Clinical Medicine Hubei University of Medicine Renmin Hospital Shiyan China.,2 Center for Translational Medicine Hubei University of Medicine Renmin Hospital Shiyan China
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103
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Why Is Very High Cholesterol Content Beneficial for the Eye Lens but Negative for Other Organs? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051083. [PMID: 31096723 PMCID: PMC6566707 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membranes of the human lens fiber cell are overloaded with cholesterol that not only saturates the phospholipid bilayer of these membranes but also leads to the formation of pure cholesterol bilayer domains. Cholesterol level increases with age, and for older persons, it exceeds the cholesterol solubility threshold, leading to the formation of cholesterol crystals. All these changes occur in the normal lens without too much compromise to lens transparency. If the cholesterol content in the cell membranes of other organs increases to extent where cholesterol crystals forma, a pathological condition begins. In arterial cells, minute cholesterol crystals activate inflammasomes, induce inflammation, and cause atherosclerosis development. In this review, we will indicate possible factors that distinguish between beneficial and negative cholesterol action, limiting cholesterol actions to those performed through cholesterol in cell membranes and by cholesterol crystals.
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104
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Ho CM, Ho SL, Jeng YM, Lai YS, Chen YH, Lu SC, Chen HL, Chang PY, Hu RH, Lee PH. Accumulation of free cholesterol and oxidized low-density lipoprotein is associated with portal inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2019; 16:7. [PMID: 30983887 PMCID: PMC6444889 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-019-0211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Macrophages engulf oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) leading to accumulation of cellular cholesterol and formation of foam cells, which is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Moreover, recent studies showed that accumulation of free cholesterol in macrophages leading to activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been linked to atherosclerosis-associated inflammation. However, it is not clear if cholesterol accumulation is associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. In this study, we investigated the association of free cholesterol and oxLDL accumulation in portal vein with the inflammation, atherosclerosis, and fibrosis in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods Serial sections derived from surgical specimens of NAFLD were stained with filipin and antibodies against IL-1β, CD68, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), oxLDL and lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). Results We show that free cholesterol was colocalized with oxLDL in the wall of portal vein, and which was associated with lumen narrowing, plaque formation, endothelium deformation, and portal venous inflammation. The inflammation was evidenced by the colocalization of Kupffer cells and IL-1β and the expression of LOX-1. Notably, ruptured plaque was closely associated with portal venous inflammation. Moreover, free cholesterol and oxLDL accumulation in periportal and sinusoidal fibrosis, which was associated with regional stellate cell activation and chicken-wire fibrosis. Conclusion These findings reveal a direct association between cholesterol accumulation, portal venous inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12950-019-0211-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Maw Ho
- 1Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,2Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Ho
- 1Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,2Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,8Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- 3Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lai
- 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 1, Jen Ai Rd, Sec 1, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chen
- 2Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,5Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Lu
- 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 1, Jen Ai Rd, Sec 1, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- 2Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Chang
- 6Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rey-Heng Hu
- 1Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- 1Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,7Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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105
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Incidence, factors, and clinical significance of cholesterol crystals in coronary plaque: An optical coherence tomography study. Atherosclerosis 2019; 283:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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106
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Nidorf SM, Thompson PL. Why Colchicine Should Be Considered for Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerosis: An Overview. Clin Ther 2018; 41:41-48. [PMID: 30591286 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colchicine is a widely available, inexpensive drug with a range of antiinflammatory properties that may make it suitable for the secondary prevention of atherosclerosis. This review examines how past and contemporary approaches to antiinflammatory therapy for atherosclerosis have led to a better understanding of the nature of the disease and sets out the reasons why colchicine has the potential to become a cornerstone therapy in its management. METHODS We performed a literature search using PubMed, the Cochrane library, and clinical trial registries to identify completed and ongoing clinical studies on colchicine in coronary artery disease, and a PubMed search to identify publications on the mechanism of action of colchicine relevant to atherosclerosis. FINDINGS A large body of data confirms that inflammation plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis. The translation of this extensive knowledge into improved clinical outcomes has until recently been elusive. Findings from statin trials support the possibility that targeting inflammation may be beneficial, but this evidence has been inconclusive. Direct inhibition of atherosclerotic inflammation is being explored in current clinical trials. Targeted inhibition of interleukin 1β with canakinumab provided the proof of principle that limiting inflammation can improve outcomes in atherosclerotic vascular disease, but long-term treatment with a monoclonal antibody is unlikely to have widespread uptake. Other approaches using agents with a wider set of targets are being explored. Findings from observational studies suggest that methotrexate may reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but CIRT (Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial) demonstrated that methotrexate provided no cardiovascular benefit in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. Recent demonstration that cholesterol crystals trigger the NLRP3 (nucleotide oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome and the release of inflammatory cytokines that also drive uric acid crystal-induced inflammation indicates that the multiple actions of colchicine that make it effective in gout may be relevant to preventing inflammation and limiting inflammatory injury in atherosclerosis. The ongoing LoDoCo2 (Low Dose Colchicine2) and COLCOT (Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial) trials and several other planned large-scale rigorous trials will determine the long-term tolerability and efficacy of low-dose colchicine for secondary prevention in patients with coronary disease. IMPLICATION Colchicine holds promise as an important, accessible drug that could be successfully repurposed for the secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease should its tolerability and cardiovascular benefits be confirmed in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mark Nidorf
- GenesisCare, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Heart Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Peter Lindsay Thompson
- GenesisCare, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Heart Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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107
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Mitrofanova A, Molina J, Varona Santos J, Guzman J, Morales XA, Ducasa GM, Bryn J, Sloan A, Volosenco I, Kim JJ, Ge M, Mallela SK, Kretzler M, Eddy S, Martini S, Wahl P, Pastori S, Mendez AJ, Burke GW, Merscher S, Fornoni A. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin protects from kidney disease in experimental Alport syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2018; 94:1151-1159. [PMID: 30301568 PMCID: PMC6278936 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that altered renal lipid metabolism plays a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease and that genetic or pharmacological induction of cholesterol efflux protects from the development of diabetic kidney disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Here we tested whether altered lipid metabolism contributes to renal failure in the Col4a3 knockout mouse model for Alport Syndrome. There was an eight-fold increase in the cholesterol content in renal cortexes of mice with Alport Syndrome. This was associated with increased glomerular lipid droplets and cholesterol crystals. Treatment of mice with Alport Syndrome with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) reduced cholesterol content in the kidneys of mice with Alport Syndrome and protected from the development of albuminuria, renal failure, inflammation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Cholesterol efflux and trafficking-related genes were primarily affected in mice with Alport Syndrome and were differentially regulated in the kidney cortex and isolated glomeruli. HPβCD also protected from proteinuria and mesangial expansion in a second model of non-metabolic kidney disease, adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Consistent with our experimental findings, microarray analysis confirmed dysregulation of several lipid-related genes in glomeruli isolated from kidney biopsies of patients with primary FSGS enrolled in the NEPTUNE study. Thus, lipid dysmetabolism occurs in non-metabolic glomerular disorders such as Alport Syndrome and FSGS, and HPβCD improves renal function in experimental Alport Syndrome and FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Mitrofanova
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Judith Molina
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Javier Varona Santos
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Johanna Guzman
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ximena A Morales
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - G Michelle Ducasa
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jonathan Bryn
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alexis Sloan
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ion Volosenco
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jin-Ju Kim
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mengyuan Ge
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shamroop K Mallela
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sean Eddy
- Division of Nephrology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sebastian Martini
- Division of Nephrology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patricia Wahl
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Santiago Pastori
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Armando J Mendez
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - George W Burke
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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108
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Wang Z, Hu W, Lu C, Ma Z, Jiang S, Gu C, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Yang Y. Targeting NLRP3 (Nucleotide-Binding Domain, Leucine-Rich–Containing Family, Pyrin Domain–Containing-3) Inflammasome in Cardiovascular Disorders. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:2765-2779. [PMID: 30571177 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important innate immune response to infection or tissue damage. Inflammasomes are involved in the onset and development of inflammation. The NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich–containing family, pyrin domain–containing-3) inflammasome is the best-characterized inflammasome. Recent evidence has indicated the importance of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders. To further understand the roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the cardiovascular system, we provide a comprehensive overview and discuss the remaining questions. First, a summary of NLRP3 inflammasome in the cardiovascular system is introduced. Then, the associations between NLRP3 inflammasome and cardiovascular disorders are presented. Finally, we discuss existing problems and potential directions with this issue. The information compiled here summarizes recent progress, thus potentially aiding in the understanding of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiovascular disorders, designing experimental and clinical research about the NLRP3 inflammasome, and promoting therapeutics for cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Taibai, Xi’an, China (Z.W., C.L., Y.Y.)
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wuhan General Hospital of The People’s Liberation Army, China (Z.W.)
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Immunology (W.H.), The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- From the Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Taibai, Xi’an, China (Z.W., C.L., Y.Y.)
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital (Z.M.), The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine (S.J.), The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunhu Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital (C.G.), The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Darío Acuña-Castroviejo
- Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology Park, University of Granada, Spain (D.A.-C.)
| | - Yang Yang
- From the Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Taibai, Xi’an, China (Z.W., C.L., Y.Y.)
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109
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lüscher
- Editor-in-Chief, Zurich Heart House, Careum Campus, Moussonstrasse 4, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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110
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Sadeghpour A, Parada ML, Vieira J, Povey M, Rappolt M. Global Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Data Analysis of Triacylglycerols in the Molten State (Part I). J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10320-10329. [PMID: 30351127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in their molten state is of fundamental importance for a deeper understanding of the TAG crystallization processes, being highly relevant for both manufacturing and medical applications. Although different models have been proposed to explain the nanostructured nature of the fluid state of TAGs, none of them are fully satisfactory. In this paper, we propose a new model consisting of positionally uncorrelated lamellar TAG assemblies embedded in an isotropic medium that assist as prenucleating structures. This model was validated by applying a novel global fitting method, resulting in an excellent agreement with the small-angle X-ray scattering data. A deeper analysis of the scattering patterns at different temperatures, both in cooling and heating directions, allowed us further to detect the crystalline traces of TAGs even after heating to 40 °C and record, on cooling, the onset of crystallization at 30-25 °C. The application of the presented novel model not only explains the outstandingly structured fluid of molten TAGs, but also lays the basis for analyzing first the crystallization steps in greater detail, which is outlined in our follow-up paper "Global Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Data Analysis of Triacylglycerols in the α-Phase (Part II)".
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sadeghpour
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K.,Department of Materials Meet Life, Empa , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Marjorie Ladd Parada
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | | | - Megan Povey
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
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111
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Choi C, Ahn J, Kim C. Intravascular Photothermal Strain Imaging for Lipid Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3609. [PMID: 30355999 PMCID: PMC6263484 DOI: 10.3390/s18113609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major threats to humanity, accounting for one-third of the world's deaths. For patients with high-risk CVD, plaque rupture can lead to critical condition. It is therefore important to determine the stability of the plaque and classify the patient's risk level. Lipid content is an important determinant of plaque stability. However, conventional intravascular imaging methods have limitations in finding lipids. Therefore, new intravascular imaging techniques for plaque risk assessment are urgently needed. In this study, a novel photothermal strain imaging (pTSI) was applied to an intravascular imaging system for detecting lipids in plaques. As a combination of thermal strain imaging and laser-induced heating, pTSI differentiates lipids from other tissues based on changes in ultrasound (US) velocity with temperature change. We designed an optical pathway to an intravascular ultrasound catheter to deliver 1210-nm laser and US simultaneously. To establish the feasibility of the intravascular pTSI system, we experimented with a tissue-mimicking phantom made of fat and gelatin. Due to the difference in the strain during laser heating, we can clearly distinguish fat and gelatin in the phantom. The result demonstrates that pTSI could be used with conventional intravascular imaging methods to detect the plaque lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Choi
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.
| | - Joongho Ahn
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.
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112
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Yang S, Ye ZM, Chen S, Luo XY, Chen SL, Mao L, Li Y, Jin H, Yu C, Xiang FX, Xie MX, Chang J, Xia YP, Hu B. MicroRNA-23a-5p promotes atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability by repressing ATP-binding cassette transporter A1/G1 in macrophages. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 123:139-149. [PMID: 30227118 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of carotid vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque is responsible for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and the early detection and intervention approach are greatly limited. Undertaking a microarray of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the plasma of AIS patients with carotid vulnerable plaques, miR-23a-5p was markedly elevated and was positively correlated with the plaque progression and vulnerability. Correspondingly, we found that miR-23a-5p expression was significantly increased in both plasma and macrophages from atherosclerosis mice. Bioinformatics analysis and in vitro knockdown experiments identified that ATP-binding cassette transporter A1/G1 as a novel target of miR-23a-5p. Luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-23a-5p repressed the 3' untranslated regions (UTR) activity of ABCA1/G1. Moreover, functional analyses demonstrated that transfection of miR-23a-5p inhibitor enhanced cholesterol efflux and decreased foam cell formation through upregulating ABCA1/G1 expression levels. Furthermore, long term in vivo systemically delivered miR-23a-5p antagomir significantly increased ABCA1/G1 expression in the aorta of ApoE-/- mice. Importantly, the miR-23a-5p antagomir therapy significantly reduced atherosclerosis progression and promoted plaque stability. Our observations indicate that miR-23a-5p promotes macrophage-derived foam cell formation and might be a key regulator contributing to atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zi-Ming Ye
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Shengcai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xue-Ying Luo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shao-Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Huijuan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fei-Xiang Xiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ming-Xing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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113
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Ruscica M, Ferri N, Macchi C, Corsini A, Sirtori CR. Lipid lowering drugs and inflammatory changes: an impact on cardiovascular outcomes? Ann Med 2018; 50:461-484. [PMID: 29976096 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2018.1498118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory changes are responsible for maintenance of the atherosclerotic process and may underlie some of the most feared vascular complications. Among the multiple mechanisms of inflammation, the arterial deposition of lipids and particularly of cholesterol crystals is the one responsible for the activation of inflammasome NLRP3, followed by the rise of circulating markers, mainly C-reactive protein (CRP). Elevation of lipoproteins, LDL but also VLDL and remnants, associates with increased inflammatory changes and coronary risk. Lipid lowering medications can reduce cholesterolemia and CRP: patients with elevations of both are at greatest cardiovascular (CV) risk and receive maximum benefit from therapy. Evaluation of the major drug series indicates that statins exert the largest LDL and CRP reduction, accompanied by reduced CV events. Other drugs, mainly active on the triglyceride/HDL axis, for example, PPAR agonists, may improve CRP and the lipid pattern, especially in patients with metabolic syndrome. PCSK9 antagonists, the newest most potent medications, do not induce significant changes in inflammatory markers, but patients with the highest baseline CRP levels show the best CV risk reduction. Parallel evaluation of lipids and inflammatory changes clearly indicates a significant link, both guiding to patients at highest risk, and to the best pharmacological approach. Key messages Lipid lowering agents with "pleiotropic" effects provide a more effective approach to CV prevention In CANTOS study, patients achieving on-treatment hsCRP concentrations ≤2 mg/L had a higher benefit in terms of reduction in major CV events The anti-inflammatory activity of PCSK9 antagonists appears to be of a minimal extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruscica
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - N Ferri
- b Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - C Macchi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - A Corsini
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - C R Sirtori
- c Centro Dislipidemie , A.S.S.T. Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda , Milan , Italy
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114
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lüscher
- Consultant and Director of Research, Education & Development, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital Trust, London, UK.,Chairman, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,EHJ Editorial Office, Zurich Heart House, Hottingerstreet 14, Zurich, Switzerland
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115
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Liu D, Yang G, Zhao X, Yang H. Effects of probucol on atherosclerotic plaque and soluble thrombomodulin in patients with coronary heart disease. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:886-890. [PMID: 30116341 PMCID: PMC6090215 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the effects of probucol on atherosclerotic plaques and soluble thrombomodulin in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Five hundred and eighty-three patients with CHD who were admitted to Jining First People's Hospital from February 2013 to February 2014. A total of 300 of them received conventional treatment, and were assigned to the control group, while the remaining 283 patients were treated with probucol in addition to the conventional treatment, and were assigned to the observation group. A retrospective analysis was performed on the total cholesterol levels, atherosclerotic plaque sizes, and soluble thrombomodulin levels. Probucol was administered at a dose of 500 mg twice a day for a period of 16 weeks. The total cholesterol level decreased gradually over time during the treatment. After 8 weeks of treatment, the total cholesterol level in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). After 8 weeks of treatment, the atherosclerotic plaque area in the observation group decreased compared with that before treatment (P<0.05). After 8 and 16 weeks of treatment, the plaque area in the observation group was smaller than that in the control group (P<0.05). The soluble thrombomodulin level at any time-point after treatment was lower than that before treatment in both groups (P<0.05). At the same time-point, the level in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The total cholesterol and soluble thrombomodulin levels were positively correlated with the atherosclerotic plaque area (r=0.841, P=0.001; r=0.725, P=0.008). When patients with CHD were treated with probucol in addition to the conventional treatment, a reduction of the atherosclerotic plaque area, as well as a decrease of both the total cholesterol and soluble thrombomodulin levels, was observed. Overall, patients with CHD experienced improved symptoms following treatment with probucol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Jining, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Guoping Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Zhoucun People's Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Xuebin Zhao
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Jining, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Huanzhi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou City Central Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 251700, P.R. China
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116
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SOAT1 deficiency attenuates atherosclerosis by regulating inflammation and cholesterol transportation via HO-1 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:343-350. [PMID: 29567472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1) is a key enzyme for cholesteryl ester biosynthesis. The objective of the present study is to investigate the role and underlying molecular mechanisms of SOAT1 in atherosclerosis. Our results indicated that SOAT1 was highly expressed in endothelial cells of atherosclerotic lesions in human patients with atherosclerosis and in apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE-/-) mice fed with high fat diet (HFD). We established a model of atherosclerosis using ApoE and SOAT1 gene double knockout (ApoE-/-SOAT1-/-) mice. SOAT1-/- alleviated HFD-induced and spontaneously developed atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/- mice, accompanied with the reduced triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), while the enhanced high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum of ApoE-/- mice. SOAT1-/- decreased collagen accumulation in the lesions. SOAT1-/- reduced macrophage infiltration and suppressed inflammation in ApoE-/- mice fed with HFD, as evidenced by the decreased expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Of importance, SOAT1-/--attenuated inflammation was along with the inactivation of β-catenin and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) ApoE-/- mice. Moreover, oxidative stress observed in ApoE-/- mice was inactivated by SOAT1 double knockout. In addition, expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK 9) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) were decreased in liver, peritoneal macrophages and abdominal aortas of SOAT1-knockout ApoE-/- mice. In contrast, SOAT1-/- displayed improved expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and lipoxygenase (LOX)-α in liver, peritoneal macrophages and abdominal aortas of ApoE-/- mice. Of note, the in vitro study, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) incubation reduced heme oxygenase (HO-1) expressions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which was improved by SOAT1 knockdown. Pre-treatment of sn-protoporphyrin (SnPP), an important HO-1 inhibitor, abolished the role of SOAT1 inhibition in suppressing inflammation and abnormal cholesterol transportation. These results indicated that SOAT1 deficiency protected against atherosclerosis progression via inhibiting cholesterol transportation in ApoE-/- mice, which was, at least partly, dependent on HO-1 expressions.
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117
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Cho S, Kim K, Kim T, Park H, Kim JM, Lee S, Kang Y, Chang K, Kim C. High-Contrast Imaging of Cholesterol Crystals in Rabbit Arteries Ex Vivo Using LED-Based Polarization Microscopy. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18041258. [PMID: 29671778 PMCID: PMC5948913 DOI: 10.3390/s18041258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Detection of cholesterol crystals (Chcs) in atherosclerosis disease is important for understanding the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Polarization microscopy (PM) has been in use traditionally for detecting Chcs, but they have difficulty in distinguishing Chcs with other crystalline materials in tissue, such as collagens. Thus, most studies using PM have been limited to studying cell-level samples. Although various methods have been proposed to detect Chcs with high specificity, most of them have low signal-to-noise ratios, a high system construction cost, and are difficult to operate due to a complex protocol. To address these problems, we have developed a simple and inexpensive universal serial bus (USB) PM system equipped with a 5700 K cool-white light-emitting diode (LED). In this system, Chcs are shown in a light blue color while collagen is shown in a yellow color. More importantly, the contrast between Chcs and collagens is improved by a factor of 2.3 under an aqueous condition in these PM images. These imaging results are well-matched with the ones acquired with two-photon microscopy (TPM). The system can visualize the features of atherosclerosis that cannot be visualized by the conventional hematoxylin and eosin and oil-red-o staining methods. Thus, we believe that this simple USB PM system can be widely used to identify Chcs in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghee Cho
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Hyoeun Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Jin-Moo Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - SeungHoon Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - YeonSu Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Kiyuk Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Chulhong Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.
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118
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Nilsson J. Atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability in the statin era. Eur Heart J 2018; 38:1638-1644. [PMID: 28387815 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Life style changes and improved medical therapy have decreased cardiovascular mortality in many countries over the last decades. This has been accompanied by changes in disease characteristics including more non-ST segment elevation myocardial infraction and less vulnerable plaques as assessed by histological analysis of surgical specimens. However, many patients with established disease still suffer from recurrent cardiovascular events in spite of treatment with state-of-the-art-therapy including statins. It is likely that this reflects a state of the disease in which statins control the pro-inflammatory effects of lipids allowing other statin-unresponsive disease mechanisms to become increasingly important. If this assumption is correct it means that patients with established disease with time will get insuffient protection by current therapies alone. Against this background it is critical to reach a better understanding of alternative mechanisms for plaque vulnerability. Examples of such mechanisms include altered patterns of blood flow caused by plaque stenosis resulting in down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic signals in the endothelium, impaired vascular repair associated with diabetes and plaque inflammation driven by cholesterol crystals, infectious pathogens as well as autoimmune responses against modified plaque components. Novel biomarkers and other diagnostics are needed to establish the clinical importance of these mechanisms as well as to determine how they are affected by current treatments. Consequently, there will also be a need for development of new treatments targeting these mechanisms and that can act in concert with current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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119
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Zayed MA, Hsu FF, Patterson BW, Yan Y, Naim U, Darwesh M, De Silva G, Yang C, Semenkovich CF. Diabetes adversely affects phospholipid profiles in human carotid artery endarterectomy plaques. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:730-738. [PMID: 29478028 PMCID: PMC5880490 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are at higher risk of developing carotid artery stenosis and resultant stroke. Arachidonoyl phospholipids affect plaque inflammation and vulnerability, but whether diabetic patients have unique carotid artery phospholipidomic profiles is unknown. We performed a comprehensive paired analysis of phospholipids in extracranial carotid endarterectomy (CEA) plaques of matched diabetic and nondiabetic patients and analyzed mass spectrometry-derived profiles of three phospholipids, plasmenyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (pPE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylinositol (PI), in maximally (MAX) and minimally (MIN) diseased CEA segments. We also measured levels of arachidonic acid (AA), produced by pPE hydrolysis, and choline-ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1 (CEPT1), responsible for most pPE de novo biosynthesis. In paired analysis, MIN CEA segments had higher levels than MAX segments of pPE (P < 0.001), PS (P < 0.001), and PI (P < 0.03). MIN diabetic plaques contained higher levels than MAX diabetic plaques of arachidonoyl pPE38:4 and pPE38:5 and CEPT1 was upregulated in diabetic versus nondiabetic plaques. AA levels were relatively greater in MIN versus MAX segments of all CEA segments, and were higher in diabetic than nondiabetic plaques. Our findings suggest that arachidonoyl phospholipids are more likely to be abundant in the extracranial carotid artery plaque of diabetic rather than nondiabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Zayed
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Human Nutrition Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, MO.
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bruce W Patterson
- Department of Medicine, and Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Uzma Naim
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Human Nutrition Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Malik Darwesh
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Human Nutrition Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gayan De Silva
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Human Nutrition Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chao Yang
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Human Nutrition Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
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120
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Pervaiz MH, Durga S, Janoudi A, Berger K, Abela GS. PET/CTA detection of muscle inflammation related to cholesterol crystal emboli without arterial obstruction. J Nucl Cardiol 2018; 25:433-440. [PMID: 28224451 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-017-0826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PET/CTA was used to evaluate the effect of cholesterol crystal emboli (CCE) on muscle injury. Cholesterol crystals (CCs) released during plaque rupture travel downstream and lodge in muscle triggering inflammation and tissue injury. METHODS Thigh muscles in three groups of rabbits (n = 22) were studied after intra-arterial injection of CCs, Group I (n = 10); polystyrene microspheres, Group II (n = 5); or normal saline, Group III (n = 7). After 48 hours, muscle inflammation and injury were measured by fluorodeoxy-glucose uptake using PET/CTA, serum tissue factor (TF), and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK). Macrophages were stained with RAM11 and CCs with Bodipy. RESULTS SUVmax of thigh muscles was greater for Group I vs Group II and III (0.40 ± 0.16 vs 0.21 ± 0.11, P = .038 and 0.23 ± 0.06, P = .036). CPK levels rose significantly in Group I vs Group II and III (6.7 ± 6.0 vs 0.6 ± 0.4, P = .007 and 0.9 ± 0.4 mg·dL-1, P = .023). No arterial thrombosis was detected by CTA or histology of embolized arteries and TF did not rise significantly. There were extensive macrophage infiltrates surrounding muscle necrosis in Group I only. CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol crystal emboli triggered muscle inflammation and necrosis with an intact circulation. PET/CTA may help in the early detection of inflammation caused by CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hassan Pervaiz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sridevi Durga
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Abed Janoudi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kevin Berger
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - George S Abela
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Division of Pathology, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Michigan State University, B208 Clinical Center, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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121
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Spacek M, Zemanek D, Hutyra M, Sluka M, Taborsky M. Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque - a review of current concepts and advanced imaging. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2018; 162:10-17. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2018.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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122
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Pirillo A, Bonacina F, Norata GD, Catapano AL. The Interplay of Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Immunity in Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2018; 20:12. [PMID: 29445885 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-018-0715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disorder of the arterial wall, in which several players contribute to the onset and progression of the disease. Besides the well-established role of lipids, specifically cholesterol, and immune cell activation, new insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying the atherogenic process have emerged. RECENT FINDINGS Meta-inflammation, a condition of low-grade immune response caused by metabolic dysregulation, immunological memory of innate immune cells (referred to as "trained immunity"), cholesterol homeostasis in dendritic cells, and immunometabolism, i.e., the interplay between immunological and metabolic processes, have all emerged as new actors during atherogenesis. These observations reinforced the interest in directly targeting inflammation to reduce cardiovascular disease. The novel acquisitions in pathophysiology of atherosclerosis reinforce the tight link between lipids, inflammation, and immune response, and support the benefit of targeting LDL-C as well as inflammation to decrease the CVD burden. How this will translate into the clinic will depend on the balance between costs (monoclonal antibodies either to PCSK9 or to IL-1ß), side effects (increased incidence of death due to infections for anti-IL-1ß antibody), and the benefits for patients at high CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pirillo
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan and IRCCS Multimedica, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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123
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death worldwide. The pathogenesis of various disease entities that comprise the area of CVD is complex and multifactorial. Inflammation serves a central role in these complex aetiologies. The inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes activated by danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) present in CVD such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (MI). After a two-step process of priming and activation, inflammasomes are responsible for the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, inducing a signal transduction cascade resulting in a strong immune response that culminates in disease progression. In the past few years, increased interest has been raised regarding the inflammasomes in CVD. Inflammasome activation is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of various disease entities such as atherosclerosis, MI and heart failure (HF). Interference with inflammasome-mediated signalling could reduce inflammation and attenuate the severity of disease. In this chapter we provide an overview of the current literature available on the role of inflammasome inhibition as a therapeutic intervention and the possible clinical implications for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardus P J van Hout
- Department of Cardiology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lena Bosch
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bryniarski KL, Yamamoto E, Takumi H, Xing L, Zanchin T, Sugiyama T, Lee H, Jang IK. Differences in coronary plaque characteristics between patients with and those without peripheral arterial disease. Coron Artery Dis 2017; 28:658-663. [DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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125
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Hyperlipidemia-induced cholesterol crystal production by endothelial cells promotes atherogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1129. [PMID: 29066718 PMCID: PMC5654750 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) play a key role in atherosclerosis. Although EC are in constant contact with low density lipoproteins (LDL), how EC process LDL and whether this influences atherogenesis, is unclear. Here we show that EC take up and metabolize LDL, and when overburdened with intracellular cholesterol, generate cholesterol crystals (CC). The CC are deposited on the basolateral side, and compromise endothelial function. When hyperlipidemic mice are given a high fat diet, CC appear in aortic sinus within 1 week. Treatment with cAMP-enhancing agents, forskolin/rolipram (F/R), mitigates effects of CC on endothelial function by not only improving barrier function, but also inhibiting CC formation both in vitro and in vivo. A proof of principle study using F/R incorporated into liposomes, designed to target inflamed endothelium, shows reduced atherosclerosis and CC formation in ApoE−/− mice. Our findings highlight an important mechanism by which EC contribute to atherogenesis under hyperlipidemic conditions. Atherosclerosis is characterized by subendothelial lipid retention believed to be the result of endothelial trancytosis. Here, the authors show that endothelium can take up and process LDL, generating cholesterol crystals that are deposited on the basolateral side of the cells, causing their dysfunction that can be prevented by forskolin/rolipram treatment.
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Abstract
Well into the 21st century, we still triage acute myocardial infarction on the basis of the presence or absence of ST-segment elevation, a century-old technology. Meanwhile, we have learned a great deal about the pathophysiology and mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) at the clinical, pathological, cellular, and molecular levels. Contemporary imaging studies have shed new light on the mechanisms of ACS. This review discusses these advances and their implications for clinical management of the ACS for the future. Plaque rupture has dominated our thinking about ACS pathophysiology for decades. However, current evidence suggests that a sole focus on plaque rupture vastly oversimplifies this complex collection of diseases and obscures other mechanisms that may mandate different management strategies. We propose segmenting coronary artery thrombosis caused by plaque rupture into cases with or without signs of concomitant inflammation. This distinction may have substantial therapeutic implications as direct anti-inflammatory interventions for atherosclerosis emerge. Coronary artery thrombosis caused by plaque erosion may be on the rise in an era of intense lipid lowering. Identification of patients with of ACS resulting from erosion may permit a less invasive approach to management than the current standard of care. We also now recognize ACS that occur without apparent epicardial coronary artery thrombus or stenosis. Such events may arise from spasm, microvascular disease, or other pathways. Emerging management strategies may likewise apply selectively to this category of ACS. We advocate this more mechanistic approach to the categorization of ACS to provide a framework for future tailoring, triage, and therapy for patients in a more personalized and precise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Crea
- From Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (F.C.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (P.L.)
| | - Peter Libby
- From Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (F.C.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (P.L.).
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127
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Jin X, Xu Z, Fan R, Wang C, Ji W, Ma Y, Cai W, Zhang Y, Yang N, Zou S, Zhou X, Li Y. HO‑1 alleviates cholesterol‑induced oxidative stress through activation of Nrf2/ERK and inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathways in endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3519-3527. [PMID: 28713890 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1), as an inducible and cytoprotective enzyme, has a protective effect against cellular oxidative stress. In the present study, cholesterol was used to induce lipid overload and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress in EA.hy926 cells. In the present study, western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis were used to detect the expression level of important molecules in the metabolism process of cholesterol. It was confirmed that cholesterol stimulation upregulated the expression of HO‑1 in a time‑dependent manner via the activation and translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2), activation of the mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway and increasing intercellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) concentration. The results showed that increasing the expression of HO‑1 decreased activation of the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway and inhibited the expression of c‑Myc. It was confirmed that cholesterol‑mediated oxidative damage in vascular endothelial cells induced an increase in the expression of HO‑1 via the activation of Nrf2 and the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, and increasing the [Ca2+]i concentration. The overexpression of HO‑1 alleviated oxidative damage through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and downregulation of the expression of c‑Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Zhongwei Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Rong Fan
- Central Laboratory, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300309, P.R. China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300309, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300309, P.R. China
| | - Ning Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Zou
- Central Laboratory, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300309, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
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128
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Choi C, Ahn J, Jeon S, Kim C. Photothermal strain imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:76005. [PMID: 28697232 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.7.076005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerable plaques are the major cause of cardiovascular disease, but they are difficult to detect with conventional intravascular imaging techniques. Techniques are needed to identify plaque vulnerability based on the presence of lipids in plaque. Thermal strain imaging (TSI) is an imaging technique based on ultrasound (US) wave propagation speed, which varies with the medium temperature. In TSI, the strain that occurs during tissue temperature change can be used for lipid detection because it has a different tendency depending on the type of tissue. Here, we demonstrate photothermal strain imaging (pTSI) using an intravascular ultrasound catheter. pTSI is performed by slightly and selectively heating lipid using a relatively inexpensive continuous laser source. We applied a speckle-tracking algorithm to US B-mode images for strain calculations. As a result, the strain produced in porcine fat was different from the strain produced in water-bearing gelatin phantom, which made it possible to distinguish the two. This suggests that pTSI could potentially be a way of differentiating lipids in coronary artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Choi
- Pohang University of Science and Technology, Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Joongho Ahn
- Pohang University of Science and Technology, Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwan Jeon
- Pohang University of Science and Technology, Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology, Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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Reventun P, Alique M, Cuadrado I, Márquez S, Toro R, Zaragoza C, Saura M. iNOS-Derived Nitric Oxide Induces Integrin-Linked Kinase Endocytic Lysosome-Mediated Degradation in the Vascular Endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1272-1281. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
ILK (integrin-linked kinase) plays a key role in controlling vasomotor tone and is decreased in atherosclerosis. The objective of this study is to test whether nitric oxide (NO) regulates ILK in vascular remodeling.
Approach and Results—
We found a striking correlation between increased levels of inducible nitric oxide and decreased ILK levels in human atherosclerosis and in a mouse model of vascular remodeling (carotid artery ligation) comparing with iNOS (inducible NO synthase) knockout mice. iNOS induction produced the same result in mouse aortic endothelial cells, and these effects were mimicked by an NO donor in a time-dependent manner. We found that NO decreased ILK protein stability by promoting the dissociation of the complex ILK/Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90)/eNOS (endothelial NO synthase), leading to eNOS uncoupling. NO also destabilized ILK signaling platform and lead to decreased levels of paxillin and α-parvin. ILK phosphorylation of its downstream target GSK3-β (glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta) was decreased by NO. Mechanistically, NO increased ILK ubiquitination mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP (C terminus of HSC70-interacting protein), but ILK ubiquitination was not followed by proteasome degradation. Alternatively, NO drove ILK to degradation through the endocytic-lysosomal pathway. ILK colocalized with the lysosome marker LAMP-1 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1) in endothelial cells, and inhibition of lysosome activity with chloroquine reversed the effect of NO. Likewise, ILK colocalized with the early endosome marker EEA1 (early endosome antigen 1). ILK endocytosis proceeded via dynamin because a specific inhibitor of dynamin (Dyngo 4a) was able to reverse ILK endocytosis and its lysosome degradation.
Conclusions—
Endocytosis regulates ILK signaling in vascular remodeling where there is an overload of inducible NO, and thus its inhibition may represent a novel target to fight atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Reventun
- From the Biology Systems Department, Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (P.R., M.A., S.M., M.S.); Cardiology Department, University Francisco de Vitoria/Hospital Ramón y Cajal Research Unit (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (C.Z.); and Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Cádiz University, Spain (R.T.)
| | - Matilde Alique
- From the Biology Systems Department, Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (P.R., M.A., S.M., M.S.); Cardiology Department, University Francisco de Vitoria/Hospital Ramón y Cajal Research Unit (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (C.Z.); and Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Cádiz University, Spain (R.T.)
| | - Irene Cuadrado
- From the Biology Systems Department, Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (P.R., M.A., S.M., M.S.); Cardiology Department, University Francisco de Vitoria/Hospital Ramón y Cajal Research Unit (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (C.Z.); and Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Cádiz University, Spain (R.T.)
| | - Susana Márquez
- From the Biology Systems Department, Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (P.R., M.A., S.M., M.S.); Cardiology Department, University Francisco de Vitoria/Hospital Ramón y Cajal Research Unit (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (C.Z.); and Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Cádiz University, Spain (R.T.)
| | - Rocío Toro
- From the Biology Systems Department, Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (P.R., M.A., S.M., M.S.); Cardiology Department, University Francisco de Vitoria/Hospital Ramón y Cajal Research Unit (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (C.Z.); and Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Cádiz University, Spain (R.T.)
| | - Carlos Zaragoza
- From the Biology Systems Department, Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (P.R., M.A., S.M., M.S.); Cardiology Department, University Francisco de Vitoria/Hospital Ramón y Cajal Research Unit (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (C.Z.); and Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Cádiz University, Spain (R.T.)
| | - Marta Saura
- From the Biology Systems Department, Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (P.R., M.A., S.M., M.S.); Cardiology Department, University Francisco de Vitoria/Hospital Ramón y Cajal Research Unit (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (C.Z.); and Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Cádiz University, Spain (R.T.)
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Lüscher TF. Coronary artery disease: risk factors, haemodynamic significance, anatomic complexity, and platelet lipidome. Eur Heart J 2017; 38:1939-1942. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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131
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Mamdani N, Tung B, Wang Y, Jaffer FA, Tawakol A. Imaging the Coronary Artery Plaque: Approaches, Advances, and Challenges. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-017-9419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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132
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Nanoparticles as agents targeting cholesterol crystallization in atherosclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2017; 102:19-22. [PMID: 28478823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article introduces a hypothesis on nanoparticle-mediated modulation of cholesterol crystal behaviour in the atherosclerotic plaques. The role of cholesterol crystals in progression of atherosclerosis is emphasized. Proposed mechanism of spontaneous cholesterol crystal formation in the organism is discussed. Mechanisms and factors associated with the nanoparticle-mediated modulation of cholesterol crystal behaviour are proposed. Authors hypothesize that specially designed nanoparticles may therapeutically modulate cholesterol crystal behaviour in atherosclerosis. Nano-sized agents used in stent coatings and imaging techniques can possibly prevent cholesterol crystallization in the diseased vessels. On the other hand, new nanotechnologies should be implemented with caution as certain types of nanoparticles could become crystal seeds for cholesterol deposited in the atherosclerotically damaged vascular walls causing destabilization of the plaques. Studying nanoparticle-induced alterations of cholesterol crystal formation requires multidisciplinary approach involving biomedical researchers, computer scientists, and physical chemists specializing in crystal growth. The proposed hypothesis on nanoparticle-mediated modulation of cholesterol crystal behaviour may be relevant to other medical conditions including gallbladder stones, arthritis, and ophthalmological diseases such as synchysis scintillans.
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133
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Kalavakunta JK, Mittal MK, Janoudi A, Abela OG, Alreefi F, Abela GS. Role of Cholesterol Crystals During Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cerebrovascular Accident. CARDIOVASCULAR INNOVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.15212/cvia.2017.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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134
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Stefanadis C, Antoniou CK, Tsiachris D, Pietri P. Coronary Atherosclerotic Vulnerable Plaque: Current Perspectives. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.005543. [PMID: 28314799 PMCID: PMC5524044 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimitrios Tsiachris
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and Athens Heart Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pietri
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and Athens Heart Center, Athens, Greece
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135
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Lüscher TF. Improving outcome in acute coronary syndromes: ischaemic conditioning, antithrombosis and bleeding, and inflammasome antagonism. Eur Heart J 2017; 38:763-766. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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136
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Ho-Tin-Noé B, Vo S, Bayles R, Ferrière S, Ladjal H, Toumi S, Deschildre C, Ollivier V, Michel JB. Cholesterol crystallization in human atherosclerosis is triggered in smooth muscle cells during the transition from fatty streak to fibroatheroma. J Pathol 2017; 241:671-682. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Ho-Tin-Noé
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Sophie Vo
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Richard Bayles
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Stephen Ferrière
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Hayette Ladjal
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Sondes Toumi
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Catherine Deschildre
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Véronique Ollivier
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
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Patel K, Tarkin J, Serruys PW, Tenekecioglu E, Foin N, Zhang YJ, Crake T, Moon J, Mathur A, Bourantas CV. Invasive or non-invasive imaging for detecting high-risk coronary lesions? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 15:165-179. [PMID: 28256179 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2017.1297231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in our understanding about atherosclerotic evolution have enabled us to identify specific plaque characteristics that are associated with coronary plaque vulnerability and cardiovascular events. With constant improvements in signal and image processing an arsenal of invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities have been developed that are capable of identifying these features allowing in vivo assessment of plaque vulnerability. Areas covered: This review article presents the available and emerging imaging modalities introduced to assess plaque morphology and biology, describes the evidence from the first large scale studies that evaluated the efficacy of invasive and non-invasive imaging in detecting lesions that are likely to progress and cause cardiovascular events and discusses the potential implications of the in vivo assessment of coronary artery pathology in the clinical setting. Expert commentary: Invasive imaging, with its high resolution, and in particular hybrid intravascular imaging appears as the ideal approach to study the mechanisms regulating atherosclerotic disease progression; whereas non-invasive imaging is expected to enable complete assessment of coronary tree pathology, detection of high-risk lesions, more accurate risk stratification and thus to allow a personalized treatment of vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush Patel
- a Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust , London , UK
| | - Jason Tarkin
- a Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust , London , UK.,b Division of Cardiovascular Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Patrick W Serruys
- c Thoraxcenter , Erasmus Medical Centre , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.,d Faculty of Medicine , National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College , London , UK
| | | | - Nicolas Foin
- e National Heart Centre Singapore , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Yao-Jun Zhang
- f Nanjing First Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Tom Crake
- a Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust , London , UK
| | - James Moon
- a Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust , London , UK
| | - Anthony Mathur
- a Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust , London , UK
| | - Christos V Bourantas
- a Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust , London , UK.,g Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University College London , London , UK
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139
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Ghanem F, Vodnala D, K Kalavakunta J, Durga S, Thormeier N, Subramaniyam P, Abela S, S Abela G. Cholesterol crystal embolization following plaque rupture: a systemic disease with unusual features. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:82-94. [PMID: 28808190 PMCID: PMC5445211 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol crystal embolic (CCE) syndrome is often a clinically challenging condition that has a poor prognostic implication. It is a result of plaque rupture with release of cholesterol crystals into the circulation that embolize into various tissue organs. Plaque rupture seems to be triggered by an expanding necrotic core during cholesterol crystallization forming sharp tipped crystals that perforate and tear the fibrous cap. Embolizing cholesterol crystals then initiate both local and systemic inflammation that eventually lead to vascular fibrosis and obstruction causing symptoms that can mimic other vasculitic conditions. In fact, animal studies have demonstrated that cholesterol crystals can trigger an inflammatory response via NLRP3 inflammasome similar to that seen with gout. The diagnosis of CCE syndrome often requires a high suspicion of the condition. Serum inflammation biomarkers including elevated sedimentation rate, abnormal renal function tests and eosinophilia are useful but non-specific. Common target organ involvement includes the skin, kidney, and brain. Various testing including fundoscopic eye examination and other non-invasive procedures such as trans-esophageal echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful in identifying the embolic source. Treatment includes aspirin and clopidogrel, high dose statin and possibly steroids. In rare cases, mechanical intervention using covered stents may help isolate the ruptured plaque. Anticoagulation with warfarin is not recommended and might even be harmful. Overall, CCE syndrome is usually a harbinger of extensive and unstable atherosclerotic disease that is often associated with acute cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Ghanem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Wheaton Franciscan Health, Brookfield, WI, USA
| | - Deepthi Vodnala
- University of Missouri, St. Luke's Health System, Kansas City, MO 48824, USA
| | - Jagadeesh K Kalavakunta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Borgess Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Sridevi Durga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Noah Thormeier
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Prem Subramaniyam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Scott Abela
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - George S Abela
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Division of Pathology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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140
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lüscher
- Editor-in-Chief, Zurich Heart House, Careum Campus, Moussonstrasse 4, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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141
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Abela OG, Ahsan CH, Alreefi F, Salehi N, Baig I, Janoudi A, Abela GS. Plaque Rupture and Thrombosis: the Value of the Atherosclerotic Rabbit Model in Defining the Mechanism. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2016; 18:29. [PMID: 27091328 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-016-0587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation and mechanical injury associated with cholesterol crystal accretion within atherosclerotic plaques typically precedes plaque disruption (rupture and/or erosion) and thrombosis--often the terminal events of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. To elucidate the mechanisms of these events, the atherosclerotic rabbit model provides a unique and powerful tool that facilitates studies of atherogenesis starting with plaque buildup to eventual disruption. Examination of human coronary arteries obtained from patients who died with myocardial infarction demonstrates evidence of cholesterol crystals perforating the plaque cap and intimal surface of the arterial wall that can lead to rupture. These observations were made possible by omitting ethanol, an avid lipid solvent, from the tissue processing steps. Importantly, the atherosclerotic rabbit model exhibits a similar pathology of cholesterol crystals perforating the intimal surface as seen in ruptured human plaques. Local and systemic inflammatory responses in the model are also similar to those observed in humans. The strong parallel between the rabbit and human pathology validates the atherosclerotic rabbit model as a predictor of human pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Thus, the atherosclerotic rabbit model can be used with confidence to evaluate diagnostic imaging and efficacy of novel anti-atherosclerotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver G Abela
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Chowdhury H Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Fadi Alreefi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Negar Salehi
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Imran Baig
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Abed Janoudi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - George S Abela
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Division of Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Michigan State University, B208 Clinical Center, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Pathophysiology of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122082. [PMID: 27973438 PMCID: PMC5187882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiopathology of fatty liver and metabolic syndrome are influenced by diet, life style and inflammation, which have a major impact on the severity of the clinicopathologic outcome of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A short comprehensive review is provided on current knowledge of the pathophysiological interplay among major circulating effectors/mediators of fatty liver, such as circulating lipids, mediators released by adipose, muscle and liver tissues and pancreatic and gut hormones in relation to diet, exercise and inflammation.
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143
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Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via activating ROS-TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pulanco MC, Cosman J, Ho MM, Huynh J, Fing K, Turcu J, Fraser DA. Complement Protein C1q Enhances Macrophage Foam Cell Survival and Efferocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:472-480. [PMID: 27895181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the atherosclerotic lesion, macrophages ingest high levels of damaged modified low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), generating macrophage foam cells. Foam cells undergo apoptosis and, if not efficiently cleared by efferocytosis, can undergo secondary necrosis, leading to plaque instability and rupture. As a component of the innate immune complement cascade, C1q recognizes and opsonizes modified forms of LDL, such as oxidized or acetylated LDL, and promotes ingestion by macrophages in vitro. C1q was shown to be protective in an atherosclerosis model in vivo. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether ingestion of modified LDL in the presence of C1q alters macrophage foam cell survival or function. In an unbiased transcriptome analysis, C1q was shown to modulate expression of clusters of genes involved in cell death and apoptosis pathways in human monocyte-derived macrophages ingesting modified LDL; this was validated by quantitative PCR in human and murine macrophages. C1q downregulated levels and activity of active caspase-3 and PARP-1 in human and mouse macrophages during ingestion of modified LDL. This led to a measurable increase in survival and decrease in cell death, as measured by alamarBlue and propidium iodide assays, respectively. C1q opsonization also increased phagocytosis and efferocytosis in macrophage foam cells. These data suggest that C1q promotes macrophage survival during ingestion of excess cholesterol, as well as improves foam cell efferocytic function. This may be important in slowing disease progression and provides insight into the protective role of C1q in early atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Pulanco
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Jason Cosman
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Minh-Minh Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Jessica Huynh
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Karina Fing
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Jacqueline Turcu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Deborah A Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
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Ho MM, Manughian-Peter A, Spivia WR, Taylor A, Fraser DA. Macrophage molecular signaling and inflammatory responses during ingestion of atherogenic lipoproteins are modulated by complement protein C1q. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:38-46. [PMID: 27573737 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study investigated the effect of innate immune protein C1q on macrophage programmed responses during the ingestion of atherogenic lipoproteins. C1q plays a dual role in atherosclerosis where activation of complement by C1q is known to drive inflammation and promote disease progression. However, C1q is atheroprotective in early disease using mouse models. Our previous studies have highlighted a non-complement associated role for C1q in polarizing macrophages towards an M2-like anti-inflammatory phenotype during ingestion of targets such as atherogenic lipoproteins. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS We investigated the molecular signaling mechanisms involved in macrophage polarization using an unbiased examination of gene expression profiles in human monocyte derived macrophages ingesting oxidized or acetylated low density lipoproteins in the presence or absence of C1q. RESULTS Expression of genes involved in Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling, peroxisome proliferator activating receptor (PPAR) signaling and toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling were modulated by C1q in this screen. C1q was also shown to significantly suppress JAK-STAT pathway activation (a maximum 55% ± 13% reduction, p = 0.044) and increase transcriptional activation of PPARs (a maximum 229% ± 54% increase, p = 0.0002), consistent with an M2-like polarized response. These pathways were regulated in macrophages by C1q bound to different types of modified atherogenic lipoprotein and led to a reduction in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies potential molecular mechanisms for the beneficial role C1q plays in early atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Minh Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Ayla Manughian-Peter
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Weston R Spivia
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Adam Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Deborah A Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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146
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Lüscher TF. Troponin: the basis of decision-making in suspected acute coronary syndromes and beyond. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:2385-7. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lüscher TF. Frontiers in lipid research: mechanisms, diet, and novel lipids. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:1935-7. [PMID: 27368368 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lüscher
- Editor-in-Chief, Zurich Heart House, Careum Campus, Moussonstrasse 4, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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148
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Lüscher TF. Frontiers of interventional cardiology: plaque imaging, thrombus load, and bifurcation lesions. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:1861-4. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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149
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Decano JL, Mattson PC, Aikawa M. Macrophages in Vascular Inflammation: Origins and Functions. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2016; 18:34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-016-0585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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