101
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Peng H, Tian Z. Natural Killer Cell Memory: Progress and Implications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1143. [PMID: 28955346 PMCID: PMC5601391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is a cardinal feature of adaptive immunity. Although natural killer (NK) cells have long been considered short-lived innate lymphocytes that respond rapidly to transformed and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization, accumulating evidence has recently shown that NK cells develop long-lasting and antigen-specific memory to haptens and viruses. Additionally, cytokine stimulation alone can induce memory-like NK cells with longevity and functional competence, leading to emerging interest in harnessing NK cell memory for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the evidence of NK cell memory in different settings, summarize recent advances in mechanisms driving the formation of NK cell memory, and discuss the therapeutic potential of NK cells with memory-like properties in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Institute of Immunology, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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102
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Memory responses of natural killer cells. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:11-19. [PMID: 28863960 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have traditionally been classified as a cellular component of the innate immune system, given their ability to rapidly produce effector cytokines and kill infected or transformed cells without prior exposure. More recently, NK cells have been shown to possess features of adaptive immunity such as clonal expansion, longevity, and robust recall responses. NK cell memory can be broadly divided into two categories: antigen-specific and antigen-independent. In the first case, exposure to certain viral or hapten stimuli endows NK cells with antigen-specific immunological memory, similar to T and B cells. In the second case, exposure of NK cells to specific cytokine milieus can imprint long-lasting changes on effector functions, resulting in antigen-independent memory-like NK cells. In this review, we discuss the various conditions that promote generation of these two categories of memory NK cells, and the mechanistic requirements underlying these processes.
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103
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Adams NM, O'Sullivan TE, Geary CD, Karo JM, Amezquita RA, Joshi NS, Kaech SM, Sun JC. NK Cell Responses Redefine Immunological Memory. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:2963-2970. [PMID: 27824591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory has traditionally been regarded as a unique trait of the adaptive immune system. Nevertheless, there is evidence of immunological memory in lower organisms and invertebrates, which lack an adaptive immune system. Despite their innate ability to rapidly produce effector cytokines and kill virally infected or transformed cells, NK cells also exhibit adaptive characteristics such as clonal expansion, longevity, self-renewal, and robust recall responses to antigenic or nonantigenic stimuli. In this review, we highlight the intracellular and extracellular requirements for memory NK cell generation and describe the emerging evidence for memory precursor NK cells and their derivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Adams
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Clair D Geary
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jenny M Karo
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Robert A Amezquita
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; .,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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104
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Liu LL, Béziat V, Oei VYS, Pfefferle A, Schaffer M, Lehmann S, Hellström-Lindberg E, Söderhäll S, Heyman M, Grandér D, Malmberg KJ. Ex Vivo Expanded Adaptive NK Cells Effectively Kill Primary Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:654-665. [PMID: 28637877 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of human natural killer (NK) cell repertoires promises more effective strategies for NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy. A subset of highly differentiated NK cells, termed adaptive NK cells, expands naturally in vivo in response to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, carries unique repertoires of inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), and displays strong cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Here, we established a robust and scalable protocol for ex vivo generation and expansion of adaptive NK cells for cell therapy against pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Culture of polyclonal NK cells together with feeder cells expressing HLA-E, the ligand for the activating NKG2C receptor, led to selective expansion of adaptive NK cells with enhanced alloreactivity against HLA-mismatched targets. The ex vivo expanded adaptive NK cells gradually obtained a more differentiated phenotype and were specific and highly efficient killers of allogeneic pediatric T- and precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) blasts, previously shown to be refractory to killing by autologous NK cells and the NK-cell line NK92 currently in clinical testing. Selective expansion of NK cells that express one single inhibitory KIR for self-HLA class I would allow exploitation of the full potential of NK-cell alloreactivity in cancer immunotherapy. In summary, our data suggest that adaptive NK cells may hold utility for therapy of refractory ALL, either as a bridge to transplant or for patients that lack stem cell donors. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(8); 654-65. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Liu
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Y S Oei
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aline Pfefferle
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Schaffer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Lehmann
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hellström-Lindberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Söderhäll
- Department of Women's and Children's Health & the Pediatric Cancer Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Heyman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health & the Pediatric Cancer Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dan Grandér
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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105
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Hearps AC, Agius PA, Zhou J, Brunt S, Chachage M, Angelovich TA, Cameron PU, Giles M, Price P, Elliott J, Jaworowski A. Persistence of Activated and Adaptive-Like NK Cells in HIV + Individuals despite 2 Years of Suppressive Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:731. [PMID: 28713370 PMCID: PMC5491541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune dysfunction persists in HIV+ individuals despite effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We recently demonstrated that an adaptive-like CD56dim NK cell population lacking the signal transducing protein FcRγ is expanded in HIV+ individuals. Here, we analyzed a cohort of HIV+ men who have sex with men (MSM, n = 20) at baseline and following 6, 12, and 24 months of cART and compared them with uninfected MSM (n = 15) to investigate the impact of cART on NK cell dysfunction. Proportions of NK cells expressing markers of early (CD69+) and late (HLA-DR+/CD38+) activation were elevated in cART-naïve HIV+ MSM (p = 0.004 and 0.015, respectively), as were FcRγ− NK cells (p = 0.003). Using latent growth curve modeling, we show that cART did not reduce levels of FcRγ− NK cells (p = 0.115) or activated HLA-DR+/CD38+ NK cells (p = 0.129) but did reduce T cell and monocyte activation (p < 0.001 for all). Proportions of FcRγ− NK cells were not associated with NK cell, T cell, or monocyte activation, suggesting different factors drive CD56dim FcRγ− NK cell expansion and immune activation in HIV+ individuals. While proportions of activated CD69+ NK cells declined significantly on cART (p = 0.003), the rate was significantly slower than the decline of T cell and monocyte activation, indicating a reduced potency of cART against NK cell activation. Our findings indicate that 2 years of suppressive cART have no impact on CD56dim FcRγ− NK cell expansion and that NK cell activation persists after normalization of other immune parameters. This may have implications for the development of malignancies and co-morbidities in HIV+ individuals on cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Hearps
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Agius
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jingling Zhou
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha Brunt
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mkunde Chachage
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Paul U Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Giles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia Price
- School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Julian Elliott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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106
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Transmembrane features governing Fc receptor CD16A assembly with CD16A signaling adaptor molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5645-E5654. [PMID: 28652325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706483114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many activating immunoreceptors associate with signaling adaptor molecules like FcεR1γ or CD247. FcεR1γ and CD247 share high sequence homology and form disulphide-linked homodimers that contain a pair of acidic aspartic acid residues in their transmembrane (TM) domains that mediate assembly, via interaction with an arginine residue at a similar register to these aspartic acids, with the activating immunoreceptors. However, this model cannot hold true for receptors like CD16A, whose TM domains do not contain basic residues. We have carried out an extensive site-directed mutagenesis analysis of the CD16A receptor complex and now report that the association of receptor with the signaling adaptor depends on a network of polar and aromatic residues along the length of the TM domain. Molecular modeling indicates that CD16A TM residues F202, D205, and T206 form the core of the membrane-embedded trimeric interface by establishing highly favorable contacts to the signaling modules through rearrangement of a hydrogen bond network previously identified in the CD247 TM dimer solution NMR structure. Strikingly, the amino acid D205 also regulates the turnover and surface expression of CD16A in the absence of FcεR1γ or CD247. Modeling studies indicate that similar features underlie the association of other activating immune receptors, including CD64 and FcεR1α, with signaling adaptor molecules, and we confirm experimentally that equivalent F, D, and T residues in the TM domain of FcεR1α markedly influence the biology of this receptor and its association with FcεR1γ.
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107
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Newhook N, Fudge N, Grant M. NK cells generate memory-type responses to human cytomegalovirus-infected fibroblasts. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1032-1039. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Newhook
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program; Division of BioMedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
| | - Neva Fudge
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program; Division of BioMedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
| | - Michael Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program; Division of BioMedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
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108
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Pollmann J, Rölle A, Hofmann M, Cerwenka A. Hepatitis C Virus and Human Cytomegalovirus-Natural Killer Cell Subsets in Persistent Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:566. [PMID: 28567042 PMCID: PMC5434107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are prominent examples of RNA and DNA viruses, respectively, that establish a persistent infection in their host. HCV affects over 185 million patients worldwide, who are at high risk for developing liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent breakthroughs in HCV therapy, using direct-acting antivirals have provided the opportunity to monitor natural killer (NK) cells after clearance of a chronic infection. There is now increasing evidence that the individual NK cell repertoire before infection is predictive for the course of disease. HCMV affects the majority of the global population. While being asymptomatic in healthy individuals, HCMV represents a severe clinical challenge in immunocompromised patients. Both viral infections, HCV and HCMV, lead to long-lasting and profound alterations within the entire NK cell compartment. This review article, will discuss the diverse range of changes in the NK cell compartment as well as potential consequences for the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pollmann
- Research Group Innate Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Rölle
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor-Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Research Group Innate Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, Division of Immunbiochemistry, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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109
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Malone DFG, Lunemann S, Hengst J, Ljunggren HG, Manns MP, Sandberg JK, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H, Björkström NK. Cytomegalovirus-Driven Adaptive-Like Natural Killer Cell Expansions Are Unaffected by Concurrent Chronic Hepatitis Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:525. [PMID: 28533779 PMCID: PMC5421146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive-like expansions of natural killer (NK) cell subsets are known to occur in response to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. These expansions are typically made up of NKG2C+ NK cells with particular killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) expression patterns. Such NK cell expansion patterns are also seen in patients with viral hepatitis infection. Yet, it is not known if the viral hepatitis infection promotes the appearance of such expansions or if effects are solely attributed to underlying CMV infection. In sizeable cohorts of CMV seropositive hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infected patients, we analyzed NK cells for expression of NKG2A, NKG2C, CD57, and inhibitory KIRs to assess the appearance of NK cell expansions characteristic of what has been seen in CMV seropositive healthy individuals. Adaptive-like NK cell expansions observed in viral hepatitis patients were strongly associated with CMV seropositivity. The number of subjects with these expansions did not differ between CMV seropositive viral hepatitis patients and corresponding healthy controls. Hence, we conclude that adaptive-like NK cell expansions observed in HBV, HCV, and/or HDV infected individuals are not caused by the chronic hepatitis infections per se, but rather are a consequence of underlying CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F G Malone
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Department for Viral Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hengst
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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110
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Darboe A, Danso E, Clarke E, Umesi A, Touray E, Wegmuller R, Moore SE, Riley EM, Goodier MR. Enhancement of cytokine-driven NK cell IFN-γ production after vaccination of HCMV infected Africans. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1040-1050. [PMID: 28383105 PMCID: PMC5888140 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection drives the phenotypic and functional differentiation of NK cells, thereby influencing the responses of these cells after vaccination. NK cell functional differentiation is particularly advanced in African populations with universal exposure to HCMV. To investigate the impact of advanced differentiation on vaccine‐induced responses, we studied NK‐cell function before and after vaccination with Trivalent Influenza Vaccine (TIV) or diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (DTPiP) in Africans with universal, lifelong HCMV exposure. In contrast to populations with lower prevalence of HCMV infection, no significant enhancement of NK‐cell responses (IFN‐γ, CD107a, CD25) occurred after in vitro re‐stimulation of post‐vaccination NK cells with TIV or DTPiP antigens compared to pre‐vaccination baseline cells. However, both vaccinations resulted in higher frequencies of NK cells producing IFN‐γ in response to exogenous IL‐12 with IL‐18, which persisted for up to 6 months. Enhanced cytokine responsiveness was restricted to less differentiated NK cells, with increased frequencies of IFN‐γ+ cells observed within CD56brightCD57−, CD56dimCD57−NKG2C− and CD56dimCD57−NKG2C+ NK‐cell subsets. These data suggest a common mechanism whereby different vaccines enhance NK cell IFN‐γ function in HCMV infected donors and raise the potential for further exploitation of NK cell “pre‐activation” to improve vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alansana Darboe
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,MRC International Nutrition Group, Nutrition Theme, MRC Keneba, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ebrima Danso
- MRC International Nutrition Group, Nutrition Theme, MRC Keneba, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ed Clarke
- Vaccine and Immunity Theme, Infant Immunology, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ama Umesi
- Vaccine and Immunity Theme, Infant Immunology, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ebrima Touray
- Vaccine and Immunity Theme, Infant Immunology, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rita Wegmuller
- MRC International Nutrition Group, Nutrition Theme, MRC Keneba, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie E Moore
- MRC International Nutrition Group, Nutrition Theme, MRC Keneba, Cambridge, UK.,MRC Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Martin R Goodier
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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111
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Kovalenko EI, Streltsova MA. Adaptive features of natural killer cells, lymphocytes of innate immunity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162016060066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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112
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Kovalenko EI, Streltsova MA, Kanevskiy LM, Erokhina SA, Telford WG. Identification of Human Memory-Like NK Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 79:9.50.1-9.50.11. [PMID: 28055112 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of NK biology is increased dramatically, a product of improved flow-cytometric techniques for analyzing these cells. NK cells undergo significant changes in repertoire during differentiation. A repeating stimulus, such as a cytomegalovirus infection, may result in accumulation of certain types of highly differentiated NK cells designated as memory-like, or adaptive NK cells. Adaptive NK cells are capable of rapid expansion and effective response to the recall stimulus. These cells differ significantly from conventional NK cells both functionally and phenotypically. Here we describe an approach for identification and analysis of adaptive NK cells in human peripheral blood. CD57-positive cells with high expression of activating-receptor NKG2C, increased expression of KIR receptors, lack of co-expression with inhibitory receptor NKG2A, and decreased expression of activating receptor NCR3 (NKp30) all characterize this cell type. The flow-cytometric method described below can identify this NK cell subset on a relatively simple flow cytometer. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Kovalenko
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria A Streltsova
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid M Kanevskiy
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sophia A Erokhina
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - William G Telford
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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113
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Abstract
Viral infections continuously challenge and shape our immune system. Due to their fine antigen recognition ability, adaptive lymphocytes protect against pathogen reencounter by generating specific immunological memory. Innate cells such as macrophages also adapt to pathogen challenge and mount resistance to reinfection, a phenomenon termed trained immunity. As part of the innate immunity, natural killer (NK) cells can display rapid effector functions and play a crucial role in the control of viral infections, especially by the β-herpesvirus cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV activates the NK-cell pool by inducing proinflammatory signals, which prime NK cells, paralleling macrophage training. In addition, CMV dramatically shapes the NK-cell repertoire due to its ability to trigger specific NK cell-activating receptors, and enables the expansion and persistence of a specific NK-cell subset displaying adaptive and memory features. In this chapter, we will discuss how different signals during CMV infection contribute to NK-cell training and acquisition of classical memory properties and how these events can impact on reinfection and cross-resistance.
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114
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Strauss-Albee DM, Liang EC, Ranganath T, Aziz N, Blish CA. The newborn human NK cell repertoire is phenotypically formed but functionally reduced. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 92:33-41. [PMID: 27718327 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection is a leading cause of death worldwide in babies under 1 month of age. Better vaccines and therapeutics are desperately needed for this vulnerable population. METHODS Because newborns rely heavily on the innate immune system, we evaluated cell phenotype and function of some of the earliest cellular responders during infection, natural killer (NK) cells. We used mass cytometry to provide a comprehensive comparison of NK cells from umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood. RESULTS In unsupervised analyses, including viSNE and principal component analysis, the structure of the cord blood and adult NK cell repertoires are highly similar, distinguishable mainly by maturity-related markers expressed on rare subpopulations of cells. However, in functional analyses, cord blood NK cells show reduced degranulation and cytokine production following target recognition, as well as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in targets. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that the structure of the NK cell repertoire is intact at birth, suggesting great potential for vaccine and therapeutic strategies targeting this cell population. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara M Strauss-Albee
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305
| | - Emily C Liang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305
| | - Thanmayi Ranganath
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305
| | - Natali Aziz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305
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Fehniger TA, Cooper MA. Harnessing NK Cell Memory for Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:877-888. [PMID: 27773685 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to their ability to kill cancer cells and produce proinflammatory cytokines, natural killer (NK) cells have long been of clinical interest for their antitumor properties. The recent discovery of NK cell memory demonstrates that NK cell functions, and potentially antitumor responses, can be enhanced long term. Following nonspecific activation with the cytokines IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 or in response to antigens or cytomegalovirus (CMV), human and mouse NK cells exhibit stable, enhanced functional responses with phenotypic and molecular changes. Here we review mechanisms driving the differentiation of NK cell memory-like properties, evidence for antitumor activity, and the challenges and opportunities in harnessing memory-like NK cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Fehniger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Della Chiesa M, Pesce S, Muccio L, Carlomagno S, Sivori S, Moretta A, Marcenaro E. Features of Memory-Like and PD-1(+) Human NK Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2016; 7:351. [PMID: 27683578 PMCID: PMC5021715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cells are distinguished into CD56brightCD16− cells and CD56dimCD16+ cells. These two subsets are conventionally associated with differential functional outcomes and are heterogeneous with respect to the expression of KIR and CD94/NKG2 heterodimers that represent the two major types of HLA-class I-specific receptors. Recent studies indicated that immature CD56bright NK cells, homogeneously expressing the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptor, are precursors of CD56dim NK cells that, in turn, during their process of differentiation, lose expression of CD94/NKG2A and subsequentially acquire inhibitory KIRs and LIR-1. The terminally differentiated phenotype of CD56dim cells is marked by the expression of the CD57 molecule that is associated with poor responsiveness to cytokine stimulation, but retained cytolytic capacity. Remarkably, this NKG2A−KIR+LIR-1+CD57+CD56dim NK cell subset when derived from individuals previously exposed to pathogens, such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), may contain “memory-like” NK cells. These cells are generally characterized by an upregulation of the activating receptor CD94/NKG2C and a downregulation of the inhibitory receptor Siglec-7. The “memory-like” NK cells are persistent over time and display some hallmarks of adaptive immunity, i.e., clonal expansion, more effective antitumor and antiviral immune responses, longevity, as well as given epigenetic modifications. Interestingly, unknown cofactors associated with HCMV infection may induce the onset of a recently identified fully mature NK cell subset, characterized by marked downregulation of the activating receptors NKp30 and NKp46 and by the unexpected expression of the inhibitory PD-1 receptor. This phenotype correlates with an impaired antitumor NK cell activity that can be partially restored by antibody-mediated disruption of PD-1/PD-L interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Della Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Silvia Pesce
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Letizia Muccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Simona Carlomagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy; CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy; CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy; CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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Rölle A, Halenius A, Ewen EM, Cerwenka A, Hengel H, Momburg F. CD2-CD58 interactions are pivotal for the activation and function of adaptive natural killer cells in human cytomegalovirus infection. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2420-2425. [PMID: 27469079 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The existence and expansion of adaptive NK-cell subsets have been linked to HCMV infection. Phenotypically, a majority of adaptive NK cells expresses the activating receptor NKG2C and CD57. Some of the molecular factors driving the expansion of NKG2C+ CD57+ NK cells in HCMV infection have been identified. The direct interaction of adaptive NK cells with HCMV-infected cells, preceding the expansion, however, remains less studied. Recently, adaptive NK cells were reported to express higher levels of the co-activating receptor CD2. We explored whether CD2 was directly involved in the response of adaptive NK cells to HCMV. In a co-culture system of human PBMCs and productively infected fibroblasts, we observed an upregulation of CD69, CD25, and HLA-DR on all NK cells. However, only in adaptive NK cells was this increase largely blocked by antibodies against CD2 and CD58. Functionally, this blockade also resulted in diminished production of IFN-γ and TNF-α by adaptive human NK cells in response to HCMV-infected cells. Our results demonstrate that binding of CD2 to upregulated CD58 on infected cells is a critical event for antibody-mediated activation and subsequent effector functions of adaptive NKG2C+ CD57+ NK cells during the antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rölle
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, Antigen Presentation & T/NK Cell Activation Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ/D121), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Anne Halenius
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Ewen
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Momburg
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, Antigen Presentation & T/NK Cell Activation Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ/D121), Heidelberg, Germany
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118
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NKG2C(+)CD57(+) Natural Killer Cell Expansion Parallels Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8(+) T Cell Evolution towards Senescence. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:7470124. [PMID: 27314055 PMCID: PMC4903150 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7470124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Measuring NKG2C+CD57+ natural killer (NK) cell expansion to investigate NK responses against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and assessing relationships with adaptive immunity against HCMV. Methods. Expansion of NKG2C+CD57+ NK was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from groups distinguished by HCMV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status. Anti-HCMV antibody levels against HCMV-infected MRC-5 cell lysate were assessed by ELISA and HCMV-specific CD8+ T cell responses characterized by intracellular flow cytometry following PBMC stimulation with immunodominant HCMV peptides. Results. Median NK, antibody, and CD8+ T cell responses against HCMV were significantly greater in the HCMV/HIV coinfected group than the group infected with CMV alone. The fraction of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells expressing CD28 correlated inversely with NKG2C+CD57+ NK expansion in HIV infection. Conclusion. Our data reveal no significant direct relationships between NK and adaptive immunity against HCMV. However, stronger NK and adaptive immune responses against HCMV and an inverse correlation between NKG2C+CD57+ NK expansion and proliferative reserve of HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells, as signified by CD28 expression, indicate parallel evolution of NK and T cell responses against HCMV in HIV infection. Similar aspects of chronic HCMV infection may drive both NK and CD8+ T cell memory inflation.
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119
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Konstantinus IN, Gamieldien H, Mkhize NN, Kriek JM, Passmore JAS. Comparing high-throughput methods to measure NK cell-mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity during HIV-infection. J Immunol Methods 2016; 434:46-52. [PMID: 27094485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-specific binding antibody responses, including those mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), provided the best functional correlate of lower risk of infection in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine clinical trial. The aim of this study was to compare two high-throughput flow cytometry based methods to measure HIV-specific ADCC responses, the GranToxilux and PanToxilux assays. Plasma from nine HIV-1 seropositive individuals was screened for binding antibody titres against HIV-1 subtype C gp120 by ELISA and western blot. Plasma from six HIV-negative individuals was included as controls. Both ADCC assays used subtype C gp120-coated CEM.NKRCCR5 cells as targets. The PanToxilux assay (which measured both granzyme B and caspase activity) measured higher levels of direct natural killer (NK) cell killing of K562 tumour cells than the GranToxilux assay (granzyme B alone; p<0.05). In ADCC assays in which NK cell killing was directed against gp120-coated CEM.NKRCCR5 cells in an antibody-dependent manner, plasma from HIV-positive individuals yielded significantly higher levels of ADCC activity than the HIV-negative controls. In contrast to direct killing, the GranToxilux assay measured similar levels of ADCC killing as the PanToxilux assay but had significantly lower background cytotoxicity against target cells coated with HIV negative serum. In conclusion, the PanToxilux assay was more sensitive for detecting direct NK cell killing of K562 cells than the GranToxilux assay, although the GranToxilux assay performed better at detecting HIV-specific ADCC activity, because of lower background cytotoxicity from HIV-negative serum. This is the first study to compare GranToxilux and PanToxilux ability to detect ADCC during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyaloo N Konstantinus
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hoyam Gamieldien
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa
| | - Jean-Mari Kriek
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa.
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120
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Ullah MA, Hill GR, Tey SK. Functional Reconstitution of Natural Killer Cells in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:144. [PMID: 27148263 PMCID: PMC4831973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the first lymphocyte population to reconstitute following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and are important in mediating immunity against both leukemia and pathogens. Although NK cell numbers generally reconstitute within a month, the acquisition of mature NK cell phenotype and full functional competency can take 6 months or more, and is influenced by graft composition, concurrent pharmacologic immunosuppression, graft-versus-host disease, and other clinical factors. In addition, cytomegalovirus infection and reactivation have a dominant effect on NK cell memory imprinting following allogeneic HSCT just as it does in healthy individuals. Our understanding of NK cell education and licensing has evolved in the years since the "missing self" hypothesis for NK-mediated graft-versus-leukemia effect was first put forward. For example, we now know that NK cell "re-education" can occur, and that unlicensed NK cells can be more protective than licensed NK cells in certain settings, thus raising new questions about how best to harness graft-versus-leukemia effect. Here, we review current understanding of the functional reconstitution of NK cells and NK cell education following allogeneic HSCT, highlighting a conceptual framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashik Ullah
- Bone Marrow Transplant Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Bone Marrow Transplant Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Siok-Keen Tey
- Bone Marrow Transplant Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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121
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Muntasell A, Pupuleku A, Cisneros E, Vera A, Moraru M, Vilches C, López-Botet M. Relationship of NKG2C Copy Number with the Distribution of Distinct Cytomegalovirus-Induced Adaptive NK Cell Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3818-27. [PMID: 26994220 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD94/NKG2C and lack of FcεRγ (FcRγ) expression are considered markers of the adaptive NK cell response to human CMV (HCMV) infection. Despite the fact that FcRγ(-) and NKG2C(bright) NK cells share some phenotypic, epigenetic, and functional features, their relationship remains unclear. To address this issue, a systematic analysis of NKG2C(bright) and FcRγ expression was carried out in NK cells from a cohort of healthy young adults (n = 81) considering NKG2C copy number, previously related to the magnitude of NKG2C(+) NK cell expansion. NKG2C(bright) and FcRγ(-) NK cells coincided in a subgroup of HCMV(+) individuals, pointing to a common host-virus interaction pattern. Even though FcRγ loss was often confined to expanded NKG2C(bright) NK cells, both markers appeared occasionally dissociated, consistent with the existence of distinct adaptive NK cell subsets. Remarkably, FcRγ loss was mostly accumulated within the NKG2C(bright) subset in NKG2C(+/+) subjects, whereas NKG2C(-)FcRγ(-) NK cell subpopulations were more frequently detected in NKG2C(+/del) donors and also in NKG2C(del) (/del) individuals, independently of activating killer Ig-like receptor expression. The distribution of other NK receptors (i.e., killer Ig-like receptor, LILRB1, or CD57) supported a sequential differentiation from NKG2C(bright)FcRγ(+) to NKG2C(bright)FcRγ(-) NK cells. Noticeably, NKG2C(bright) NK cells produced more TNF-α in response to Ab-dependent activation, regardless of their FcRγ levels. Moreover, the TNF-α response of NKG2C(-)FcRγ(-) subpopulations was lower than that of concurrent NKG2C(bright)FcRγ(-) NK cells, further supporting that FcRγ levels and enhanced potential for cytokine production are uncoupled. Overall, our data extend the characterization of adaptive NK cell subsets that differentiate in response to HCMV, supporting a relationship between their distribution and NKG2C copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Muntasell
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona 08003, Spain;
| | - Aldi Pupuleku
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08002, Spain; and
| | - Elisa Cisneros
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda 28222, Spain
| | - Andrea Vera
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08002, Spain; and
| | - Manuela Moraru
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda 28222, Spain
| | - Carlos Vilches
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda 28222, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08002, Spain; and
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122
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Immune Adaptation to Environmental Influence: The Case of NK Cells and HCMV. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:233-243. [PMID: 26869205 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The immune system of an individual human is determined by heritable traits and a continuous process of adaptation to a broad variety of extrinsic, non-heritable factors such as viruses, bacteria, dietary components and more. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) successfully infects the majority of the human population and establishes latency, thereby exerting a life-long influence on the immune system of its host. CMV has been shown to influence the majority of immune parameters in healthy individuals. Here we focus on adaptive changes induced by CMV in subsets of Natural Killer (NK) cells, changes that question our very definition of adaptive and innate immunity by suggesting that adaptations of immune cells to environmental influences occur across the entire human immune system and not restricted to the classical adaptive branch of the immune system.
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have historically been considered short-lived cytolytic cells that can rapidly respond against pathogens and tumors in an antigen-independent manner and then undergo cell death. Recently, however, NK cells have been shown to possess traits of adaptive immunity and can acquire immunological memory in a manner similar to that of T and B cells. In this review, we discuss evidence of NK cell memory and the mechanisms involved in the generation and survival of these innate lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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124
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Oh JS, Ali AK, Kim S, Corsi DJ, Cooper CL, Lee SH. NK cells lacking FcεRIγ are associated with reduced liver damage in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1020-9. [PMID: 26712042 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel subset of human natural killer (NK) cells, which displays potent and broad antiviral responsiveness in concert with virus-specific antibodies, was recently uncovered in cytomegalovirus (CMV)+ individuals. This NK-cell subset (g-NK) was characterized by a deficiency in the expression of FcεRIγ adaptor protein and the long-lasting memory-like NK-cell phenotype, suggesting a role in chronic infections. This study investigates whether the g-NK-cell subset is associated with the magnitude of liver disease during chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Analysis of g-NK-cell proportions and function in the PBMCs of healthy controls and chronic HCV subjects showed that chronic HCV subjects had slightly lower proportions of the g-NK-cell subset having similarly enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity responses compared to conventional NK cells. Notably, among CMV+ chronic HCV patients, lower levels of liver enzymes and fibrosis were found in those possessing g-NK cells. g-NK cells were predominant among the CD56(neg) NK cell population often found in chronic HCV patients, suggesting their involvement in immune response during HCV infection. For the first time, our findings indicate that the presence of the g-NK cells in CMV+ individuals is associated with amelioration of liver disease in chronic HCV infection, suggesting the beneficial roles of g-NK cells during a chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun S Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alaa K Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Curtis L Cooper
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital-General Campus, Ottawa, Canada.,School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventative Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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126
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Battella S, Cox MC, Santoni A, Palmieri G. Natural killer (NK) cells and anti-tumor therapeutic mAb: unexplored interactions. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:87-96. [PMID: 26136506 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5vmr0415-141r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-targeting mAb are widely used in the treatment of a variety of solid and hematopoietic tumors and represent the first immunotherapeutic approach successfully arrived to the clinic. Nevertheless, the role of distinct immune mechanisms in contributing to their therapeutic efficacy is not completely understood and may vary depending on tumor- or antigen/antibody-dependent characteristics. Availability of next-generation, engineered, tumor-targeting mAb, optimized in their capability to recruit selected immune effectors, re-enforces the need for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying anti-tumor mAb functionality. NK cells participate with a major role to innate anti-tumor responses, by exerting cytotoxic activity and producing a vast array of cytokines. As the CD16 (low-affinity FcγRIIIA)-activating receptor is expressed on the majority of NK cells, its effector functions can be ideally recruited against therapeutic mAb-opsonized tumor cells. The exact role of NK cells in determining therapeutic efficacy of tumor-targeting mAb is still unclear and much sought after. This knowledge will be instrumental to design innovative combination schemes with newly validated immunomodulatory agents. We will summarize what is known about the role of NK cells in therapeutic anti-tumor mAb therapy, with particular emphasis on RTX chimeric anti-CD20 mAb, the first one used in clinical practice for treating B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Battella
- Departments of *Experimental Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hematology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Christina Cox
- Departments of *Experimental Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hematology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Departments of *Experimental Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hematology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Palmieri
- Departments of *Experimental Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hematology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Baek HJ, Kim DW, Phan MTT, Kim JS, Yang JH, Choi JI, Lee JJ, Shin MG, Ryang DW, Kim SK, Lee SH, Kook H, Cho D. Comparison of FcRγ-Deficient and CD57+ Natural Killer Cells Between Cord Blood and Adult Blood in the Cytomegalovirus-Endemic Korean Population. Ann Lab Med 2015; 35:423-8. [PMID: 26131414 PMCID: PMC4446581 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2015.35.4.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FcRγ-deficient natural killer (NK) cells (g-NK cells) have been associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. However, the frequency of g-NK cells in a CMV-endemic area (i.e., Korea) has not yet been studied. We examined the frequency of g-NK cells and expression of CD57 on NK cells in cord blood (CB) and adult blood (AB). Methods Of the 24 AB samples collected, 95.8% (23/24) were CMV IgG+/IgM-, while 100% of the 13 healthy CB samples were CMV IgG+/IgM-. We performed whole-blood flow cytometry assays to analyze intracellular FcRγ and CD3ζ expression of CD3-/CD56dim NK cells from 13 CB and 24 AB samples, and surface CD57 expression on CD3-/CD56dim/CD16+ NK cells from 13 CB and 19 AB samples. Results All CMV seropositive AB samples contained g-NK cells (23/23), and the median proportion of g-NK cells in the CD3-/CD56dim NK cell pool was 35.0% (range: 11-77%). CD57+ NK cells in the CD3-/CD56dim/CD16+ NK cell population were detected in all 19 AB samples tested, but not in any CB samples. Conclusions Our data suggest that g-NK cells and CD57+ NK cells are present at a very high frequency in CMV-seropositive AB, but rare in CMV-naïve CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jo Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Da-Woon Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea. ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, KS Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Minh-Trang Thi Phan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea. ; Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea. ; Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Ju-Sun Kim
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnan National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Il Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnan National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Myung-Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Ryang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang-Ki Kim
- Department of Companion & Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hoon Kook
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea. ; Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea. ; Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
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128
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Schlums H, Cichocki F, Tesi B, Theorell J, Beziat V, Holmes TD, Han H, Chiang SCC, Foley B, Mattsson K, Larsson S, Schaffer M, Malmberg KJ, Ljunggren HG, Miller JS, Bryceson YT. Cytomegalovirus infection drives adaptive epigenetic diversification of NK cells with altered signaling and effector function. Immunity 2015; 42:443-56. [PMID: 25786176 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying human natural killer (NK) cell phenotypic and functional heterogeneity are unknown. Here, we describe the emergence of diverse subsets of human NK cells selectively lacking expression of signaling proteins after human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. The absence of B and myeloid cell-related signaling protein expression in these NK cell subsets correlated with promoter DNA hypermethylation. Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns were strikingly similar between HCMV-associated adaptive NK cells and cytotoxic effector T cells but differed from those of canonical NK cells. Functional interrogation demonstrated altered cytokine responsiveness in adaptive NK cells that was linked to reduced expression of the transcription factor PLZF. Furthermore, subsets of adaptive NK cells demonstrated significantly reduced functional responses to activated autologous T cells. The present results uncover a spectrum of epigenetically unique adaptive NK cell subsets that diversify in response to viral infection and have distinct functional capabilities compared to canonical NK cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Schlums
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Cichocki
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bianca Tesi
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Theorell
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivien Beziat
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim D Holmes
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hongya Han
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuel C C Chiang
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bree Foley
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kristin Mattsson
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stella Larsson
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Schaffer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; K.G. Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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129
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Lee J, Zhang T, Hwang I, Kim A, Nitschke L, Kim M, Scott JM, Kamimura Y, Lanier LL, Kim S. Epigenetic modification and antibody-dependent expansion of memory-like NK cells in human cytomegalovirus-infected individuals. Immunity 2015; 42:431-42. [PMID: 25786175 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived "memory-like" NK cells have been identified in individuals infected by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), but little is known about how the memory-like NK cell pool is formed. Here, we have shown that HCMV-infected individuals have several distinct subsets of memory-like NK cells that are often deficient for multiple transcription factors and signaling proteins, including tyrosine kinase SYK, for which the reduced expression was stable over time and correlated with epigenetic modification of the gene promoter. Deficient expression of these proteins was largely confined to the recently discovered FcRγ-deficient NK cells that display enhanced antibody-dependent functional activity. Importantly, FcRγ-deficient NK cells exhibited robust preferential expansion in response to virus-infected cells (both HCMV and influenza) in an antibody-dependent manner. These findings suggest that the memory-like NK cell pool is shaped and maintained by a mechanism that involves both epigenetic modification of gene expression and antibody-dependent expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tianxiang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ilwoong Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ahrom Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Larissa Nitschke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - MinJae Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jeannine M Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yosuke Kamimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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130
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Foley B, Felices M, Cichocki F, Cooley S, Verneris MR, Miller JS. The biology of NK cells and their receptors affects clinical outcomes after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Immunol Rev 2015; 258:45-63. [PMID: 24517425 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were first identified for their capacity to reject bone marrow allografts in lethally irradiated mice without prior sensitization. Subsequently, human NK cells were detected and defined by their non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxicity toward transformed or virally infected target cells. Karre et al. later proposed 'the missing self hypothesis' to explain the mechanism by which self-tolerant cells could kill targets that had lost self MHC class I. Subsequently, the receptors that recognize MHC class I to mediate tolerance in the host were identified on NK cells. These class I-recognizing receptors contribute to the acquisition of function by a dynamic process known as NK cell education or licensing. In the past, NK cells were assumed to be short lived, but more recently NK cells have been shown to mediate immunologic memory to secondary exposures to cytomegalovirus infection. Because of their ability to lyse tumors with aberrant MHC class I expression and to produce cytokines and chemokines upon activation, NK cells may be primed by many stimuli, including viruses and inflammation, to contribute to a graft-versus-tumor effect. In addition, interactions with other immune cells support the therapeutic potential of NK cells to eradicate tumor and to enhance outcomes after hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bree Foley
- Adult, Oncology and Transplantation, Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Martin Felices
- Adult, Oncology and Transplantation, Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Frank Cichocki
- Adult, Oncology and Transplantation, Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sarah Cooley
- Adult, Oncology and Transplantation, Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael R Verneris
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Adult, Oncology and Transplantation, Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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131
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Costa-Garcia M, Vera A, Moraru M, Vilches C, López-Botet M, Muntasell A. Antibody-mediated response of NKG2Cbright NK cells against human cytomegalovirus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2715-24. [PMID: 25667418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human CMV (HCMV) infection promotes a variable and persistent expansion of functionally mature NKG2C(bright) NK cells. We analyzed NKG2C(bright) NK cell responses triggered by Abs from HCMV(+) sera against HCMV-infected MRC5 fibroblasts. Specific Abs promoted the degranulation (i.e., CD107a expression) and the production of cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) by a significant fraction of NK cells, exceeding the low natural cytotoxicity against HCMV-infected targets. NK cell-mediated Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was limited by viral Ag availability and HLA class I expression on infected cells early postinfection and increased at late stages, overcoming viral immunoevasion strategies. Moreover, the presence of specific IgG triggered the activation of NK cells against Ab-opsonized cell-free HCMV virions. As compared with NKG2A(+) NK cells, a significant proportion of NKG2C(bright) NK cells was FcεR γ-chain defective and highly responsive to Ab-driven activation, being particularly efficient in the production of antiviral cytokines, mainly TNF-α. Remarkably, the expansion of NKG2C(bright) NK cells in HCMV(+) subjects was related to the overall magnitude of TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokine secretion upon Ab-dependent and -independent activation. We show the power and sensitivity of the anti-HCMV response resulting from the cooperation between specific Abs and the NKG2C(bright) NK-cell subset. Furthermore, we disclose the proinflammatory potential of NKG2C(bright) NK cells, a variable that could influence the individual responses to other pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Vera
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Moraru
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain; and
| | - Carlos Vilches
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain; and
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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132
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Forbes CA, Coudert JD. Mechanisms regulating NK cell activation during viral infection. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT NK cells constitute a population of lymphocytes involved in innate immune functions. They play a critical role in antiviral immune surveillance. Viruses have evolved with their host species for millions of years, each exerting a selective pressure upon the other. As a corollary, the pathways used by the immune system that are critical to control viral infection can be revealed by defining the role of viral gene products that are nonessential for virus replication. We relate here the battery of resources available to NK cells to recognize and eliminate viruses and reciprocally the immune evasion mechanisms developed by viruses to prevent NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Forbes
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jerome D Coudert
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology & Vision Science, M517, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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133
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Hendricks DW, Min-Oo G, Lanier LL. Sweet Is the Memory of Past Troubles: NK Cells Remember. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 395:147-71. [PMID: 26099194 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important in host defense against tumors and microbial pathogens. Recent studies indicate that NK cells share many features with the adaptive immune system, and like B cells and T cells, NK cells can acquire immunological memory. Here, we review evidence for NK cell memory and the molecules involved in the generation and maintenance of these self-renewing NK cells that provide enhanced protection of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah W Hendricks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0414, USA
| | - Gundula Min-Oo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0414, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0414, USA.
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134
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Corrales-Aguilar E, Hoffmann K, Hengel H. CMV-encoded Fcγ receptors: modulators at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:627-40. [PMID: 25288477 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The constant region of IgG antibodies mediates antiviral activities upon engaging host Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed by a variety of immune cells, such as antibody-dependent cellullar cytotoxcity (ADCC) executed by natural killer (NK)cells. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is unique among viruses by encoding also an array of several Fcγ-binding glycoproteins with cell surface disposition and concomitant incorporation into the virion. Evidence is increasing that the virus-encoded Fcγ receptors differ in their Fcγ binding mode but effectively operate as adversaries of host FcγRs since they are able to prevent IgG-mediated triggering of activating host FcγRs, i.e., FcγRI, FcγRIIA, and FcγRIIIA. Here we discuss virus-encoded FcγRs as the first known HCMV inhibitors of IgG-mediated immunity which could account for the limited efficacy of HCMV hyperimmune globulin in clinical settings. A better understanding of their molecular mode of action opens up new perspectives for improving IgG therapies against HCMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar
- Virology-CIET, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
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135
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Watzl C, Urlaub D, Fasbender F, Claus M. Natural killer cell regulation - beyond the receptors. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:87. [PMID: 25374665 PMCID: PMC4191275 DOI: 10.12703/p6-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that are important for early and effective immune responses against infections and cancer. In the last 40 years, many receptors, their corresponding ligands and signaling pathways that regulate NK cell functions have been identified. However, we now know that additional processes, such as NK cell education, differentiation and also the formation of NK cell memory, have a great impact on the reactivity of these cells. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about these modulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Watzl
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund Germany
| | - Doris Urlaub
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund Germany
| | - Frank Fasbender
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund Germany
| | - Maren Claus
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund Germany
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136
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A single-center, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of poly-gamma-glutamate on human NK cell activity after an 8-week oral administration in healthy volunteers. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2013:635960. [PMID: 24454502 PMCID: PMC3876837 DOI: 10.1155/2013/635960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled immunity study involving 99 healthy volunteers was performed to investigate the effect of poly- γ -glutamate ( γ -PGA) on human natural killer (NK) cell activity in peripheral blood. The volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three groups and orally treated with solutions (25 mL) containing 0 mg (placebo), 250 mg (low dosage), or 500 mg (high dosage) of γ -PGA. Each volunteer took one dose every 12 hours for 8 weeks. Blood samples were drawn before the initial treatment and at the 4th and the 8th weeks of treatment. NK cell activity was assessed by measuring its degranulation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity against the K562 cell line. Our results revealed that the cytotoxic activities of NK cells from the high-dosage γ -PGA group were significantly higher (P < 0.05 for all comparisons) compared to the low dosage and placebo groups at weeks 4 and 8 after the initial treatment. This increase in the NK cell activity among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy individuals was also confirmed in vitro (as assessed by the degranulation and cytokine production). These results suggest that the oral administration of γ -PGA induces a cell-mediated immunity by increasing the NK cell activity in humans.
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137
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Potential for Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity for Control of Human Cytomegalovirus. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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138
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Aylsworth CF, Aldhamen YA, Seregin SS, Godbehere S, Amalfitano A. Activation of human natural killer cells by the novel innate immune modulator recombinant Eimeria antigen. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:916-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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139
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Cichocki F, Miller JS, Anderson SK, Bryceson YT. Epigenetic regulation of NK cell differentiation and effector functions. Front Immunol 2013; 4:55. [PMID: 23450696 PMCID: PMC3584244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon maturation, natural killer (NK) cells acquire effector functions and regulatory receptors. New insights suggest a considerable functional heterogeneity and dynamic regulation of receptor expression in mature human NK cell subsets based on different developmental axes. Such processes include acquisition of lytic granules as well as regulation of cytokine production in response to exogenous cytokine stimulation or target cell interactions. One axis is regulated by expression of inhibitory receptors for self-MHC class I molecules, whereas other axes are less well defined but likely are driven by different activating receptor engagements or cytokines. Moreover, the recent identification of long-lived NK cell subsets in mice that are able to expand and respond rapidly following a secondary viral challenge suggest previously unappreciated plasticity in the programming of NK cell differentiation. Here, we review advances in our understanding of mature NK cell development and plasticity with regards to regulation of cellular function. Furthermore, we highlight some of the major questions that remain pertaining to the epigenetic changes that underlie the differentiation and functional specialization of NK cells and the regulation of their responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cichocki
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Stockholm, Sweden ; Adult Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center Minneapolis, MN, USA
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140
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Zhang T, Scott JM, Hwang I, Kim S. Cutting edge: antibody-dependent memory-like NK cells distinguished by FcRγ deficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1402-6. [PMID: 23345329 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because NK cells lack gene-recombination machinery and are thought to be relatively short-lived, it is unclear whether NK cells can mount long-term effective recall responses to reinfections by diverse pathogens. In this article, we report that FcRγ-deficient NK cells, which we recently identified and termed g(-)NK cells, possess distinct memory features directed by FcR-mediated Ab-dependent target recognition. The presence of g(-)NK cells was associated with prior human CMV (HMCV) infection, yet g(-)NK cell responses were not restricted to HCMV-infected target cells. In the presence of virus-specific Abs, g(-)NK cells had greatly enhanced functional capabilities, superior to conventional NK cells, and were highly responsive to cells infected with either HCMV or HSV-1. Remarkably, the g(-)NK cell subset persisted long-term at nearly constant levels in healthy individuals. Therefore, FcRγ deficiency distinguishes an Ab-dependent memory-like NK cell subset with enhanced potential for broad antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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