101
|
|
102
|
|
103
|
Timbermont L, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F. Necrotic enteritis in broilers: an updated review on the pathogenesis. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:341-7. [PMID: 21812711 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.590967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis and related subclinical disease have become economically significant problems for the broiler industry. Fortunately, scientific interest in this topic has grown: new C. perfringens virulence factors have been discovered and new insight gained about the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis. It has been shown that alpha toxin, for a long time thought to be the key virulence factor, is not essential for the development of the disease. Moreover, it is now clearly established that only certain C. perfringens strains are capable of inducing necrotic enteritis under specific conditions that predispose to the disease and they constitute only a minority in the intestinal tract of healthy chickens. A novel pore-forming toxin, NetB, has been identified in these virulent avian C. perfringens strains. Using a gene knockout mutant, it has been shown that NetB is a critical virulence factor in the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in broilers. In addition to toxin production, other factors have been described that contribute to the ability of certain C. perfringens strains to cause necrotic enteritis in broilers. It has been suggested that proteolytic enzymes play an important role in the initial stages of necrotic enteritis since the villi are first affected at the level of the basement membrane and the lateral domain of the enterocytes. In field outbreaks of necrotic enteritis, a single clone of C. perfringens is dominant in intestines of all affected birds, as opposed to the mixture of different C. perfringens strains that can be isolated from healthy bird intestines. It has been proposed that bacteriocin production is responsible for the dominance of a single strain in necrotic enteritis cases. Furthermore, it has been shown that virulent strains are more able to adhere to extracellular matrix molecules than non-virulent strains. The current knowledge on the pathogenesis of the disease has been summarized in this short review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Timbermont
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Research Group Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Woyengo T, Golian A, Bennett C, Muc H, Crow G, Guenter W. Quality of meat from two 1970s and Ross 308 broiler strains fed drug-free low- and recommended-protein diets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2011. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2010-00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
105
|
Rahimi S, Kathariou S, Grimes J, Siletzky R. Effect of direct-fed microbials on performance and Clostridium perfringens colonization of turkey poults. Poult Sci 2011; 90:2656-62. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
106
|
Palliyeguru MWCD, Rose SP, Mackenzie AM. Effect of trypsin inhibitor activity in soya bean on growth performance, protein digestibility and incidence of sub-clinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chicken flocks. Br Poult Sci 2011; 52:359-67. [PMID: 21732882 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2011.577054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of three different levels of dietary trypsin inhibitor activity (achieved by varying the amount of non-toasted full fat soya bean in replacement for toasted full fat soya bean) on the incidence of spontaneously-occurring sub-clinical necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens was compared. A fourth dietary treatment compared the effect of a diet that used potato protein concentrate as the major protein source. The determined trypsin inhibitor activity increased with the increasing content of non-toasted soya bean: 1·90, 6·21, 8·46 and 3·72 mg/g for the three soya bean diets (0, 100 and 200 g of non-toasted soya bean/kg) and the potato protein diet respectively. 2. Although increasing amounts of the non-toasted full-fat soya bean increased the feed intakes of the birds, there was a marked reduction in protein digestibility, weight gain and feed conversion efficiency. 3. There was a linear increase in sub-clinical NE lesions in the duodenum, jejunum, mid small intestine and ileum with increasing non-toasted soya bean. Caecal Clostridium perfringens counts increased with the increasing dietary content of non-toasted soya bean. Serum α-toxin antibodies were higher in the birds fed the 200 g non-toasted soya bean/kg diet compared with the other diets. 4. The results demonstrated that variation in the amount of non-toasted dietary soya bean not only affects growth performance of broilers but also affects the incidence of sub-clinical necrotic enteritis in the flock. Ensuring the lowest possible trypsin-inhibitor activity in soya bean samples is a valuable tool to improve the health and welfare of birds and in reducing the financial losses from this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W C D Palliyeguru
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University College, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire, England.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Tillman GE, Haas GJ, Wise MG, Oakley B, Smith MA, Siragusa GR. Chicken intestine microbiota following the administration of lupulone, a hop-based antimicrobial. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 77:395-403. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
108
|
Kalmendal R, Elwinger K, Holm L, Tauson R. High-fibre sunflower cake affects small intestinal digestion and health in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2011; 52:86-96. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2010.547843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
109
|
Loar RE, Moritz JS, Donaldson JR, Corzo A. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles to broilers from 0 to 28 days posthatch on broiler performance, feed manufacturing efficiency, and selected intestinal characteristics. Poult Sci 2010; 89:2242-50. [PMID: 20852115 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of 2 levels (0 vs. 8%) of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in a starter broiler diet (0 to 14 d; 45 replicates/treatment) after these same birds were subsequently fed a grower diet (14 to 28 d) with either 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, or 30% DDGS (9 replicates/treatment). Ross×Ross 308 male broilers were used in this experiment, and evaluation criteria consisted of feed mill parameters, broiler growth, relative liver weight, ileal viscosity, and cecal content count of Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli analyzed by both selective media and real-time PCR. Increased inclusion of DDGS resulted in a nonlinear response for production rate (P<0.05), conditioner energy usage (P<0.01), and pellet mill energy usage (P<0.05). Increasing DDGS resulted in a linear decrease in pellet quality (P<0.001) and an increase (P<0.001) in total fines. Inclusion of DDGS decreased (P<0.001) energy usage at the pellet mill and decreased (P<0.05) bulk density of the diets. The DDGS levels fed during the starter phase (0 vs. 8%) had no effect on the broilers at 14 or at 28 d of age. Increasing DDGS inclusion levels during the grower phase resulted in a linear decrease (P<0.001) in BW gain and liver relative weight (P<0.001). A DDGS starter×grower interaction (P<0.05) was observed for feed consumption, in which birds that consumed no DDGS during the starter phase exhibited a decrease in feed consumption with the higher inclusion levels of DDGS during the grower phase, whereas birds that received 8% DDGS during the starter phase were unaffected by DDGS inclusion level in the grower phase. Feed conversion, mortality, ileal viscosity, and cecal C. perfringens and E. coli concentrations were unaffected by DDGS level in the grower diet. The feed intake response suggests a beneficial effect of exposing broiler chicks to DDGS if inclusion levels of 22.5% or higher are to be fed after 14 d of age. However, the data suggest that the young broiler can be negatively affected with inclusion levels of 15% DDGS or higher up to 28 d of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Loar
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Wu SB, Rodgers N, Choct M. Optimized necrotic enteritis model producing clinical and subclinical infection of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Avian Dis 2010; 54:1058-65. [PMID: 20945788 DOI: 10.1637/9338-032910-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study we assessed the roles of Eimeria infection and dietary manipulation (feeding a diet with a high level of fishmeal) in an Australian necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge model in broiler chickens. An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that Eimeria infection and dietary manipulation, i.e., inclusion of fishmeal in the diet, are necessary to induce NE experimentally. The results showed that the combination of Eimeria administration and fishmeal feeding had a significant effect on induction of clinical and subclinical Clostridium perfringens infection. The majority of the mortality that occurred during the second week of the trial was due to an NE outbreak following the C. perfringens challenge. The mortality rate of the birds was 12.00% for the high-fishmeal (HFM; 500 g/kg) group and 9.33% for the low-fishmeal (LFM; 250 g/kg) group when the birds were subjected to C. perfringens and Eimeria. Fishmeal alone did not induce significant mortality in birds challenged only with C. perfringens but showed a significantly higher C. perfringens count than the non-fishmeal (NFM) control group. Eimeria administration had a significant effect on NE-related mortality but did not have an effect on the C. perfringens count. In accordance with the time course of bird mortality, it can be determined that of the 3 successive days of oral gavage with C. perfringens, the first inoculation was essential for inducing NE, but the third had no additional effect on NE-related mortality. Also, reducing the fishmeal level from 500 to 250 g/kg had no negative impact on the reproducibility of the model. It may be concluded that NE can be consistently induced under experimental conditions by feeding broilers a diet containing 250 g/kg fishmeal, using a single inoculation with low numbers of Eimeria, administering one or two oral C. perfringens inoculations, and maintaining appropriate ambient temperatures and diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Woyengo T, Golian A, Bennett C, Muc H, Guenter W. Performance of two 1970s and Ross 308 broiler strains fed drug-free low-protein and recommended-protein diets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2009-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
112
|
Palliyeguru M, Rose S, Mackenzie A. Effect of dietary protein concentrates on the incidence of subclinical necrotic enteritis and growth performance of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2010; 89:34-43. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
113
|
Jiménez-Moreno E, González-Alvarado J, González-Serrano A, Lázaro R, Mateos G. Effect of dietary fiber and fat on performance and digestive traits of broilers from one to twenty-one days of age. Poult Sci 2009; 88:2562-74. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
114
|
Grilli E, Messina MR, Catelli E, Morlacchini M, Piva A. Pediocin A improves growth performance of broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens. Poult Sci 2009; 88:2152-8. [PMID: 19762869 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the anticlostridial pediocin A from Pediococcus pentosaceus FBB61 to contain negative effects associated to Clostridium proliferation in broilers, through 2 subsequent investigations. In the first study, 36 Ross 508 broilers were divided into 3 groups and fed for 21 d as follows: the control diet (CTR), the control diet supplemented with supernatant filtrate of a culture of P. pentosaceus FBB61-2 (Bac-, isogenic mutant nonproducing pediocin A), and the control diet supplemented with supernatant filtrate of a culture of P. pentosaceus FBB61 (Bac+) containing pediocin A. Birds were challenged with 10(6) cells of Clostridium perfringens. In the second study, 216 Ross 508 broilers were allocated in 18 pens and divided into 3 groups fed the same diet for 42 d: a control group (CTR), a group challenged with 10(8) cells of C. perfringens (CP), and a group challenged with 10(8) cells of C. perfringens and receiving the control diet supplemented with P. pentosaceus FBB61 and pediocin A (PA). Broiler BW, ADG, ADFI, and feed conversion rate were measured throughout the studies. At the end of both experiments, an appropriate number of birds was killed and analyzed for necrotic enteritis lesions and microbiological examinations. In the first study, on d 9, ADG and BW were 20% higher for Bac+ compared with CTR and Bac-; on d 14, ADG was higher for Bac+ (+23%, P<0.05), whereas BW was higher for Bac+ and Bac- compared with CTR (+23 and +14%, respectively; P<0.05). In the second study, on d 14, ADG and BW were higher for PA compared with CTR and CP (+15% on average; P<0.05), whereas between 15 and 42 d, there was only a tendency toward a higher ADG for PA when compared with the CP group (+4%, P=0.08). Diet supplementation with pediocin A improved broiler growth performance during the challenge with C. perfringens and tended to restore the ADG depletion during the 42-d period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Grilli
- Department of Morphophysiology and Animal Production (DIMORFIPA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Necrotic enteritis in chickens: A paradigm of enteric infection by Clostridium perfringens type A. Anaerobe 2009; 15:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
116
|
Jia W, Slominski B, Bruce H, Blank G, Crow G, Jones O. Effects of diet type and enzyme addition on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens during subclinical Clostridium perfringens challenge. Poult Sci 2009; 88:132-40. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
117
|
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has the most extensive exposed surface in the body and is constantly exposed to a wide variety of potentially harmful substances. The GI tract acts as a selective barrier between the tissues of the bird and its luminal environment. This barrier is composed of physical, chemical, immunological, and microbiological components. A wide range of factors associated with diet and infectious disease agents can negatively affect the delicate balance among the components of the chicken gut and, as a result, affect health status and production performance of birds in commercial poultry operations. Phasing out of antibiotic growth promoters from poultry diets in Europe and recent moves toward reduction or removal of these compounds in other parts of the world including North America will likely change the microbial profile of the GI tract environment in commercial poultry. This paper reviews the GI tract from developmental, immunological, and microbial standpoints and then discusses factors that can affect health status of this system. Necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis and their interactions, and possible consequences of antibiotic growth promoter removal from poultry diets with respect to these diseases, are discussed in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Yegani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Dahiya J, Hoehler D, Van Kessel A, Drew M. Effect of Different Dietary Methionine Sources on Intestinal Microbial Populations in Broiler Chickens. Poult Sci 2007; 86:2358-66. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
119
|
Drew M, Borgeson T, Thiessen D. A review of processing of feed ingredients to enhance diet digestibility in finfish. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
120
|
Wise MG, Siragusa GR. Quantitative analysis of the intestinal bacterial community in one- to three-week-old commercially reared broiler chickens fed conventional or antibiotic-free vegetable-based diets. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:1138-49. [PMID: 17381758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the effect of drug-free poultry production on the intestinal microflora of broiler chickens, the bacterial community of this environment was quantitatively profiled in both conventionally reared birds and birds reared without antibiotic growth promotants (AGPs) on a vegetable-based diet. METHODS AND RESULTS Quantitative, real-time PCR with group-specific 16S rDNA primer sets was used to enumerate the abundance of the following chicken gastrointestinal (GI) tract phylogenetic groups: the Clostridium leptum-Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subgroup (Clostridium genus cluster IV), the Clostridium coccoides - Eubacterium rectale subgroup (Clostridium cluster XIVa and XIVb), the Bacteroides group (including Prevotella and Porphyromonas), Bifidobacterium spp., the Enterobacteriaceae, the Lactobacillus group (including the genera Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Aerococcus and Weissella), the Clostridium perfringens subgroup (Clostridium cluster I), Enterococcus spp., Veillonella spp., Atopobium spp., Campylobacter spp. and the domain Bacteria. A species-specific 5'-nuclease (Taqman) assay was also employed to specifically assess Cl. perfringens abundance. Ten birds were sampled from each of two commercial chicken houses, one in which feed was supplemented with AGPs and exogenous animal protein, and the other vegetable-based and drug-free, at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. The ileal community was dominated by two large populations, the lactobacilli and the Enterobacteriaceae, with those taxa much more numerous in drug-free vegetable-based diet fed birds than those conventionally reared at the 7- and 14-day time periods. The progressive changes in microflora in both the conventional and drug-free caeca were similar to each other, with the Enterobacteriaceae sequences dominating at day 7, but being replaced by obligate anaerobe signature sequences by day 14. Of note was the finding that all the day 14 and day 21 replicate caecal samples from the drug-free house were positive for Campylobacter spp. averaging >10(8) 16S rDNA gene copies per gram wet weight. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative, real-time PCR indicates that the effects of drug-free rearing on the chicken GI tract microbial community are most pronounced in the ileal region, but AGPs may be important in controlling Campylobacter colonization of the caecum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A quantitative taxonomic understanding of the shifting microbial ecology of the broiler chicken gut microbiota is important in the light of AGP withdrawal. AGP withdrawal has occurred in response to concerns over the transfer of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to humans via the food production chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Wise
- Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Rehman HU, Vahjen W, Awad WA, Zentek J. Indigenous bacteria and bacterial metabolic products in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. Arch Anim Nutr 2007; 61:319-35. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390701556817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
122
|
Dahiya JP, Hoehler D, Van Kessel AG, Drew MD. Dietary encapsulated glycine influences Clostridium perfringens and Lactobacilli growth in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. J Nutr 2007; 137:1408-14. [PMID: 17513399 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.6.1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine whether there is a causative relation between dietary glycine concentration and intestinal Clostridium perfringens growth in broiler chickens. Expt. 1 showed that glycine concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in jejunum and ileum of birds fed fat-encapsulated glycine compared with crystalline glycine. In Expt. 2, 2 cages of 6 birds were assigned to 1 of 6 experimental diets formulated to contain 7.6 and 10.6, 17.8 and 40.6, 27.8 and 30.6, 37.8 and 20.6, 47.7 and 10.6, and 7.8 and 50.6 g/kg total glycine and proline, respectively, provided primarily by supplementation with encapsulated glycine or proline as required. In Expt. 3, 12 groups of 6 birds were fed 4 different diets supplemented with encapsulated glycine to achieve 7.6, 21.0, 34.3, or 47.7 g/kg total glycine. The birds were orally challenged with C. perfringens type A on d 1 and d 14-21 and killed on d 28. In Expt. 2, C. perfringens populations were higher (P < 0.05) in ileum and cecum of birds, which received either 37.8 or 47.7 g/kg total glycine compared with those fed 7.6 g/kg glycine. In Expt. 3, C. perfringens numbers were higher (P < 0.05) in ileum of birds fed either 34.3 or 47.7 g/kg dietary glycine than those given either 7.6 or 21.0 g/kg glycine. Conversely, lactobacilli counts in ileum and cecum were significantly lower in birds fed the higher levels of glycine in both experiments. High C. perfringens colonization and high intestinal lesion scores were associated with reduced performance (P < 0.05). We conclude that glycine is an important determinant of C. perfringens growth in the intestinal tract of broiler chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Dahiya
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Parker J, Oviedo-Rondón EO, Clack BA, Clemente-Hernández S, Osborne J, Remus JC, Kettunen H, Mäkivuokko H, Pierson EM. Enzymes as feed additive to aid in responses against Eimeria species in coccidia-vaccinated broilers fed corn-soybean meal diets with different protein levels. Poult Sci 2007; 86:643-53. [PMID: 17369534 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.4.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to evaluate the effects of adding a combination of exogenous enzymes to starter diets varying in protein content and fed to broilers vaccinated at day of hatch with live oocysts and then challenged with mixed Eimeria spp. Five hundred four 1-d-old male Cobb-500 chickens were distributed in 72 cages. The design consisted of 12 treatments. Three anticoccidial control programs [ionophore (IO), coccidian vaccine (COV), and coccidia-vaccine + enzymes (COV + EC)] were evaluated under 3 CP levels (19, 21, and 23%), and 3 unmedicated-uninfected (UU) negative controls were included for each one of the protein levels. All chickens except those in unmedicated-uninfected negative controls were infected at 17 d of age with a mixed oral inoculum of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella. Live performance, lesion scores, oocyst counts, and samples for gut microflora profiles were evaluated 7 d postinfection. Ileal digestibility of amino acids (IDAA) was determined 8 d postinfection. Microbial communities (MC) were analyzed by G + C%, microbial numbers were counted by flow cytometry, and IgA concentrations were measured by ELISA. The lowest CP diets had poorer (P < or = 0.001) BW gain and feed conversion ratio in the preinfection period. Coccidia-vaccinated broilers had lower performance than the ones fed ionophore diets during pre- and postchallenge periods. Intestinal lesion scores were affected (P < or = 0.05) by anticoccidial control programs, but responses changed according to gut section. Feed additives or vaccination had no effect (P > or = 0.05) on IDAA, and diets with 23% CP had the lowest (P < or = 0.001) IDAA. Coccidial infection had no effect on MC numbers in the ileum but reduced MC numbers in ceca and suppressed ileal IgA production. The COV + EC treatment modulated MC during mixed coccidiosis infection but did not significantly improve chicken performance. Results indicated that feed enzymes may be used to modulate the gut microflora of cocci-vaccinated broiler chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Parker
- Stephen F Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Effect on digestion and performance of dietary protein content and of increased substitution of lucerne hay with soya-bean protein concentrate in starter diets for young rabbits. Animal 2007; 1:651-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107708273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
125
|
Potential strategies for controlling necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens in post-antibiotic era. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
126
|
Wilkie DC, Van Kessel AG, Dumonceaux TJ, Drew MD. The effect of hen-egg antibodies on Clostridium perfringens colonization in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. Prev Vet Med 2006; 74:279-92. [PMID: 16430980 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of hen-egg antibodies (HEA) to reduce intestinal colonization by Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Antibodies against C. perfringens or cholera toxin (negative control) were obtained from the eggs of laying hens hyperimmunized using a C. perfringens bacterin or cholera toxin. Eggs were collected, pooled, and egg antibodies were concentrated by polyethylene-glycol precipitation. An initial experiment was conducted to determine the in vivo activity of the administered antibody along the length of the intestine. Thereafter, two feeding trials were performed to assess the efficacy of feed amended with the egg antibodies in reducing the level of colonization of C. perfringens in challenged birds. Antibody activity declined from proximal to distal regions of the intestine but remained detectable in the cecum. In the first experiment there was no significant reduction in the number of C. perfringens in the birds fed the diet amended with the anti-C. perfringens egg antibody, compared to the birds that received the anti-cholera toxin egg antibody (n=10), at any of the sampling times. In the second experiment there was a significant decrease in C. perfringens intestinal populations 72 h after treatment (n=15) as assessed by culture-based enumeration, but there was no decrease as measured by quantitative PCR based on the C. perfringens phospholipase C gene. Intestinal-lesion scores were higher in the birds that received the anti-C. perfringens HEA. Our work suggests that administration of HEA did not reduce the level of C. perfringens intestinal colonization and conversely might exacerbate necrotic enteritis.
Collapse
|
127
|
Dahiya JP, Hoehler D, Wilkie DC, Van Kessel AG, Drew MD. Dietary glycine concentration affects intestinal Clostridium perfringens and lactobacilli populations in broiler chickens1. Poult Sci 2005; 84:1875-85. [PMID: 16479944 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.12.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that intestinal populations of Clostridium perfringens, the causative agent of necrotic enteritis (NE), are correlated with diets high in glycine. To establish a direct causative link, 3 trials were conducted to examine the effect of dietary glycine levels on gut populations of C. perfringens, alpha-toxin production, and NE lesion scores in broiler chickens. In trials 1 and 2, 12 groups of 4 birds were fed 4 different ideal protein-balanced diets formulated to contain 0.75, 1.58, 3.04, or 4.21% glycine from d 14 to 28 of age. In trial 3, 24 groups of 4 birds were given 6 different ideal protein-balanced diets formulated to contain 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, or 4.00% glycine. All birds were orally challenged with a broth culture of C. perfringens type A on d 1 and between d 14 and 21 of age and killed on d 28. The majority of birds showed clinical signs of NE with 4.16 to 8.33% mortality in the 3 trials. The highest mortality and intestinal lesion scores were observed in chickens receiving 3.04% glycine in trials 1 and 2, and 4.00% glycine in trial 3. Clostridium perfringens populations in the cecum varied quadratically with increasing dietary glycine, with the maximal response seen at 3.30,3.89, and 3.51% dietary glycine in trials 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Numbers of lactobacilli in cecum declined significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of glycine. The results suggest that dietary glycine level has a significant effect on C. perfringens and lactobacilli populations and may be a predisposing factor for NE in broiler chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Dahiya
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Dumonceaux TJ, Hill JE, Briggs SA, Amoako KK, Hemmingsen SM, Van Kessel AG. Enumeration of specific bacterial populations in complex intestinal communities using quantitative PCR based on the chaperonin-60 target. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 64:46-62. [PMID: 16112762 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We used qPCR and the target gene chaperonin-60 (cpn60) to enumerate Clostridium perfringens genomes in DNA extracts from contents of the chicken gastrointestinal tract with the aim of optimizing this methodology to enumerate any bacterium of interest. To determine the most accurate protocols for determining target species abundance, we compared various DNA extraction methods in combination with four methods for producing standard curves. Factors affecting accuracy included the co-purification of PCR inhibitors and/or fluorescence quenchers and the yield of target DNA in the extract. Anion exchange chromatography of the spiked test samples enabled accurate enumeration of C. perfringens using a standard curve comprised of a plasmid containing a fragment of C. perfringens cpn60. We used qPCR to enumerate C. perfringens and other intestinal bacteria in ileum and cecum samples from chickens that had been challenged with C. perfringens and compared the results with viable counts on corresponding selective agars. We conclude that qPCR-based molecular enumeration of target species in the gastrointestinal tract is feasible, but care must be taken in order to mitigate the effects of confounding factors that can affect the apparent cell count.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Dumonceaux
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Williams RB. Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathol 2005; 34:159-80. [PMID: 16191699 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500112195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) are globally common, sometimes intercurrent, diseases of poultry. The risk of NE, due to the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium perfringens, has increased in recent years because of the voluntary or legally required withdrawal of the use of certain in-feed antibiotic growth promoters with anticlostridial activity. In-feed ionophorous anticoccidial drugs incidentally also possess anticlostridial activity. Such ionophores, although not banned, are usually precluded when live anticoccidial vaccines are used, potentially increasing yet further the risk of NE. This review provides information for the design of rational, integrated management strategies for the prevention and control of coccidiosis and NE in chickens by maintaining gut integrity. Because of differences in local availability of feed ingredients and national legislations regarding antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidial vaccine licensing, no universal strategy is applicable. The diseases and their interactions are described under the headings of forms of disease, diagnosis, sources of infection, pathophysiological effects, predisposing factors, and control methods. Elements of gut integrity, which influences host predisposition and clinical responses to disease, include physical development, immune competence, gut enzyme activity, mucin production, gut flora and epithelial damage. Experimental studies of coccidiosis and NE are compared, and where possible reconciled, with field observations. Gaps in knowledge and necessary further experiments are identified. Insights are provided regarding interactions between coccidiosis, NE, and the use of live anticoccidial vaccines. Recent changes in NE prevalence in commercial flocks, and their possible causes, are discussed. The necessarily wide range of topics reviewed emphasizes the enormous complexity of this disease combination, and indicates the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in order to reduce its harmful impact on the world's poultry industry.
Collapse
|