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Signaling through cannabinoid receptor 2 suppresses murine dendritic cell migration by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression. Blood 2012; 120:3741-9. [PMID: 22972984 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-435362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) agonists in inflammatory and autoimmune disease and CNS injury models results in significant attenuation of clinical disease, and reduction of inflammatory mediators. Previous studies reported that CB2R signaling also reduces leukocyte migration. Migration of dendritic cells (DCs) to various sites is required for their activation and for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Here, we report for the first time that CB2R signaling affects DC migration in vitro and in vivo, primarily through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression. Reduced MMP-9 production by DCs results in decreased migration to draining lymph nodes in vivo and in vitro in the matrigel migration assay. The effect on Mmp-9 expression is mediated through CB2R, resulting in reduction in cAMP levels, subsequent decrease in ERK activation, and reduced binding of c-Fos and c-Jun to Mmp-9 promoter activator protein 1 sites. We postulate that, by dampening production of MMP-9 and subsequent MMP-9-dependent DC migration, cannabinoids contribute to resolve acute inflammation and to reestablish homeostasis. Selective CB2R agonists might be valuable future therapeutic agents for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions by targeting activated immune cells, including DCs.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Only recently has it been realized that immune mechanisms contribute to the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, which for many years was regarded mainly as a vascular disease. These immunologic processes are present during all stages of stroke and involve both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This review highlights the latest findings related to the 'immunology of stroke'. RECENT FINDINGS During the early phase of an ischemic insult, 'danger signals' such as ATP are released from dying tissue to subsequently attract inflammatory cells. Unexpectedly, T cells have been identified as prominent mediators of stroke-induced tissue damage. Whereas during the acute stage of infarction T cells act independently from antigen-specific stimuli but rather interact with thrombotic pathways, antigen-dependent T-cell activation might be relevant at later stages. Moreover, certain T-cell subsets like γδ T cells or regulatory T cells are able to influence stroke outcome either in a detrimental or beneficial way. Finally, proof-of-principle studies using FTY720 or VLA-4 blockers have demonstrated that the concept of 'immunomodulation in stroke' is feasible. SUMMARY The insight that ischemic stroke at least in part is an immune-mediated disease may open new avenues for the treatment of this devastating neurologic condition.
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103
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Vandeputte C, Casteels C, Struys T, Koole M, van Veghel D, Evens N, Gerits A, Dresselaers T, Lambrichts I, Himmelreich U, Bormans G, Van Laere K. Small-animal PET imaging of the type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors in a photothrombotic stroke model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 39:1796-806. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-012-2209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Bátkai S, Mukhopadhyay P, Horváth B, Rajesh M, Gao RY, Mahadevan A, Amere M, Battista N, Lichtman AH, Gauson LA, Maccarrone M, Pertwee RG, Pacher P. Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabivarin prevents hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses through cannabinoid CB2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2450-61. [PMID: 21470208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Activation of cannabinoid CB(2) receptors protects against various forms of ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Δ(8) -Tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(8) -THCV) is a synthetic analogue of the plant cannabinoid Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin, which exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in rodents involving activation of CB(2) receptors. Here, we assessed effects of Δ(8) -THCV and its metabolite 11-OH-Δ(8) -THCV on CB(2) receptors and against hepatic I/R injury. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects in vitro were measured with human CB(2) receptors expressed in CHO cells. Hepatic I/R injury was assessed in mice with 1h ischaemia and 2, 6 or 24h reperfusion in vivo. KEY RESULTS Displacement of [(3) H]CP55940 by Δ(8) -THCV or 11-OH-Δ(8) -THCV from specific binding sites in CHO cell membranes transfected with human CB(2) receptors (hCB(2) ) yielded K(i) values of 68.4 and 59.95 nM respectively. Δ(8) -THCV or 11-OH-Δ(8) -THCV inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP production by hCB(2) CHO cells (EC(50) = 12.95 and 14.3 nM respectively). Δ(8) -THCV, given before induction of I/R, attenuated hepatic injury (measured by serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels), decreased tissue protein carbonyl adducts, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, the chemokines CCL3 and CXCL2,TNF-α, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54) mRNA levels, tissue neutrophil infiltration, caspase 3/7 activity and DNA fragmentation. Protective effects of Δ(8) -THCV against liver damage were still present when the compound was given at the beginning of reperfusion. Pretreatment with a CB(2) receptor antagonist attenuated the protective effects of Δ(8) -THCV, while a CB(1) antagonist tended to enhance it. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Δ(8) -THCV activated CB(2) receptors in vitro, and decreased tissue injury and inflammation in vivo, associated with I/R partly via CB(2) receptor activation. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Bátkai
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Horváth B, Magid L, Mukhopadhyay P, Bátkai S, Rajesh M, Park O, Tanchian G, Gao RY, Goodfellow CE, Glass M, Mechoulam R, Pacher P. A new cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist HU-910 attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death associated with hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2462-78. [PMID: 21449982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabinoid CB(2) receptor activation has been reported to attenuate myocardial, cerebral and hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We have investigated the effects of a novel CB(2) receptor agonist ((1S,4R)-2-(2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl)-7,7-dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-en-1-yl)methanol (HU-910) on liver injury induced by 1 h of ischaemia followed by 2, 6 or 24 h of reperfusion, using a well-established mouse model of segmental hepatic I/R. KEY RESULTS Displacement of [(3) H]CP55940 by HU-910 from specific binding sites in CHO cell membranes transfected with human CB(2) or CB(1) receptors (hCB(1/2) ) yielded K(i) values of 6 nM and 1.4 µM respectively. HU-910 inhibited forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production by hCB(2) CHO cells (EC(50) = 162 nM) and yielded EC(50) of 26.4 nM in [(35) S]GTPγS binding assays using hCB(2) expressing CHO membranes. HU-910 given before ischaemia significantly attenuated levels of I/R-induced hepatic pro-inflammatory chemokines (CCL3 and CXCL2), TNF-α, inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1, neutrophil infiltration, oxidative stress and cell death. Some of the beneficial effect of HU-910 also persisted when given at the beginning of the reperfusion or 1 h after the ischaemic episode. Furthermore, HU-910 attenuated the bacterial endotoxin-triggered TNF-α production in isolated Kupffer cells and expression of adhesion molecules in primary human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells stimulated with TNF-α. Pretreatment with a CB(2) receptor antagonist attenuated the protective effects of HU-910, while pretreatment with a CB(1) antagonist tended to enhance them. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS HU-910 is a potent CB(2) receptor agonist which may exert protective effects in various diseases associated with inflammation and tissue injury. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bėla Horváth
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies Liver Disease, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
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Zhang M, Mahadevan A, Amere M, Li H, Ganea D, Tuma RF. Unique effects of compounds active at both cannabinoid and serotonin receptors during stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 3:348-56. [PMID: 24323810 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that both a cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) agonist and a cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) antagonist were protective in the treatment of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion injury (MCAO/R) and that they acted in a synergistic manner when administered in combination. The goal of the current study was to determine which of the potential cannabinoid receptors participate in the protective effects of this drug combination in a mouse model of MCAO/R. The effects of administration of the CB2R agonist/CB1R antagonist combination on infarct size and cerebral blood flow during a 1-h occlusion were tested in CB1R-deficient animals, CB2R-deficient animals, and animals treated with capsazepine, the antagonist for the vanilloid receptor type I (TRPV1) and WAY100135, the antagonist for the hydroxytryptamine1A receptor (5-HT1A). The protective effect of the CB2R agonist/CB1R antagonist combination on infarct size was not influenced by the absence of the CB1R nor by blocking the TRPV1 receptor, but was attenuated by the absence of CB2R and by blocking the 5-HT1A receptor. Increases in cerebral blood flow and arteriolar diameter were also found to be independent of the CB1R and TRPV1 receptor. In conclusion, administration of the CB2R agonist/CB1R antagonist combination causes a significant reduction in infarct size in the MCAO/R model. The protective effect involves both the CB2R and the 5-HT1A receptor. Neither the CB1R nor the TRPV1 receptors appear to participate in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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107
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Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 attenuates leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and blood-brain barrier dysfunction under inflammatory conditions. J Neurosci 2012; 32:4004-16. [PMID: 22442067 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4628-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that modulation of the receptor-mediated cannabinoid system during neuroinflammation can produce potent neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. However, in this context, little is known about how selective activation of the cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB2R) affects the activated state of the brain endothelium and blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Using human brain tissues and primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), we demonstrate that the CB2R is highly upregulated during inflammatory insult. We then examined whether the CB2R agonists could attenuate inflammatory responses at the BBB using a mouse model of LPS-induced encephalitis and highly selective CB2R agonists. Visualization by intravital microscopy revealed that administration of JWH133 [(6aR,10aR)-3-(1,1-dimethylbutyl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran] or a novel resorcinol-based compound, O-1966 (1-[4-(1,1-dimethyl-heptyl)-2,6-dimethoxy-phenyl]-3-methyl-cyclohexanol), greatly attenuated leukocyte adhesion in surface pial vessels and in deep ascending cortical postcapillary venules. BBB permeability assessments with small and large fluorescent tracers showed that CB2R agonists were effective at preventing barrier leakiness after LPS administration. To determine whether the effects by CB2R agonists on barrier protection are not only due to the CB2R modulation of immune cell function, we tested the agonists in vitro with barrier-forming primary BMVECs. Remarkably, the addition of CB2R agonist increased transendothelial electrical resistance and increased the amount of tight junction protein present in membrane fractions. Furthermore, CB2R agonists decreased the induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 surface expression in BMVECs exposed to various proinflammatory mediators. Together, these results suggest that pharmacological CB2R ligands offer a new strategy for BBB protection during neuroinflammation.
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108
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Pasquini S, Mugnaini C, Ligresti A, Tafi A, Brogi S, Falciani C, Pedani V, Pesco N, Guida F, Luongo L, Varani K, Borea PA, Maione S, Di Marzo V, Corelli F. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization of indol-3-ylacetamides, indol-3-yloxoacetamides, and indol-3-ylcarboxamides: potent and selective CB2 cannabinoid receptor inverse agonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5391-402. [PMID: 22548457 DOI: 10.1021/jm3003334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In our search for new cannabinoid receptor modulators, we describe herein the design and synthesis of three sets of indole-based ligands characterized by an acetamide, oxalylamide, or carboxamide chain, respectively. Most of the compounds showed affinity for CB2 receptors in the nanomolar range, with K(i) values spanning 3 orders of magnitude (377-0.37 nM), and moderate to good selectivity over CB1 receptors. Their in vitro functional activity as inverse agonists was confirmed in vivo in the formalin test of acute peripheral and inflammatory pain in mice, in which compounds 10a and 11e proved to be able to reverse the effect of the CB2 selective agonist COR167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Pasquini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
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109
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Murphy N, Cowley TR, Blau CW, Dempsey CN, Noonan J, Gowran A, Tanveer R, Olango WM, Finn DP, Campbell VA, Lynch MA. The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 exerts anti-inflammatory effects in hippocampus of aged rats and restores an age-related deficit in long-term potentiation. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:79. [PMID: 22537429 PMCID: PMC3409037 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several factors contribute to the deterioration in synaptic plasticity which accompanies age and one of these is neuroinflammation. This is characterized by increased microglial activation associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In aged rats these neuroinflammatory changes are associated with a decreased ability of animals to sustain long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus. Importantly, treatment of aged rats with agents which possess anti-inflammatory properties to decrease microglial activation, improves LTP. It is known that endocannabinoids, such as anandamide (AEA), have anti-inflammatory properties and therefore have the potential to decrease the age-related microglial activation. However, endocannabinoids are extremely labile and are hydrolyzed quickly after production. Here we investigated the possibility that inhibiting the degradation of endocannabinoids with the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, URB597, could ameliorate age-related increases in microglial activation and the associated decrease in LTP. METHODS Young and aged rats received subcutaneous injections of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 every second day and controls which received subcutaneous injections of 30% DMSO-saline every second day for 28 days. Long-term potentiation was recorded on day 28 and the animals were sacrificed. Brain tissue was analyzed for markers of microglial activation by PCR and for levels of endocannabinoids by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The data indicate that expression of markers of microglial activation, MHCII, and CD68 mRNA, were increased in the hippocampus of aged, compared with young, rats and that these changes were associated with increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) which were attenuated by treatment with URB597. Coupled with these changes, we observed an age-related decrease in LTP in the dentate gyrus which was partially restored in URB597-treated aged rats. The data suggest that enhancement of levels of endocannabinoids in the brain by URB597 has beneficial effects on synaptic function, perhaps by modulating microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Murphy
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Janfelt C, Wellner N, Leger P, Kokesch‐Himmelreich J, Hansen SH, Charriaut‐Marlangue C, Hansen HS. Visualization by mass spectrometry of 2‐dimensional changes in rat brain lipids, including
N
‐acylphosphatidylethanolamines, during neonatal brain ischemia. FASEB J 2012; 26:2667-73. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-201152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Janfelt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Niels Wellner
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacotherapyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Pierre‐Louis Leger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U676Hôpital Robert DebréUniversite‐Denis Diderot‐Paris 7ParisFrance
| | | | - Steen Honoré Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Christiane Charriaut‐Marlangue
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U676Hôpital Robert DebréUniversite‐Denis Diderot‐Paris 7ParisFrance
| | - Harald Severin Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacotherapyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
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111
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Reduced infarct size and accumulation of microglia in rats treated with WIN 55,212-2 after neonatal stroke. Neuroscience 2012; 207:307-15. [PMID: 22285309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids have emerged as brain protective agents under neurodegenerative conditions. Many neuroprotective actions of cannabinoids depend on the activation of specific receptors, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R). The aim of the present study was to determine whether the CB2R and CB1R agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) protects neonatal brain against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and whether anti-inflammatory mechanisms play a role in protection. Seven-day-old rats were subjected to 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and injured rats were identified by diffusion-weighted MRI during the occlusion. After reperfusion, rats were subcutaneously administered 1 mg/kg of WIN or vehicle twice daily until sacrifice. MCAO led to increased mRNA expression of CB2R (but not CB1R), chemokine receptors (CCR2 and CX3CR1), and cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα), as well as increased protein expression of chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1α and microglial activation 24 h after MCAO. WIN administration significantly reduced microglial activation at this point and attenuated infarct volume and microglial accumulation and proliferation in the injured cortex 72 h after MCAO. Cumulatively, our results show that the cannabinoid agonist WIN protects against neonatal focal stroke in part due to inhibitory effects on microglia.
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112
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Abstract
There are two well characterized cannabinoid receptors (CBRs), CB1-Rs and CB2-Rs, with other candidates, such as GPR55, PPARs and vanilloid TRPV1 (VR1) receptors, which are either activated by cannabinoids and/or endocannabinoids (eCBs). The neuronal and functional expression of CB2-Rs in the brain has been much less well characterized in comparison with the expression of the ubiquitous CB1-Rs. CB2-Rs were previously thought to be predominantly expressed in immune cells in the periphery and were traditionally referred to as peripheral CB2-Rs. We and others have now demonstrated the expression of CB2-Rs in neuronal, glial and endothelial cells in the brain, and this warrants a re-evaluation of the CNS effects of CB2-Rs. In the present review we summarize our current understanding of CNR2 genomic structure, its polymorphic nature, subtype specificity, from mice to human subjects, and its variants that confer vulnerabilities to neuropsychiatric disorders beyond neuro-immuno-cannabinoid activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Onaivi
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA.
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113
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Abstract
Pannexin 1 (Px1, Panx1) and pannexin 2 (Px2, Panx2) form large-pore nonselective channels in the plasma membrane of cells and were suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. To directly test a potential contribution of pannexins in ischemia-related mechanisms, we performed experiments in Px1(-/-), Px2(-/-), and Px1(-/-)Px2(-/-) knockout mice. IL-1β release, channel function in astrocytes, and cortical spreading depolarization were not altered in Px1(-/-)Px2(-/-) mice, indicating that, in contrast to previous concepts, these processes occur normally in the absence of pannexin channels. However, ischemia-induced dye release from cortical neurons was lower, indicating that channel function in Px1(-/-)Px2(-/-) neurons was impaired. Furthermore, Px1(-/-)Px2(-/-) mice had a better functional outcome and smaller infarcts than wild-type mice when subjected to ischemic stroke. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that Px1 and Px2 underlie channel function in neurons and contribute to ischemic brain damage.
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114
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Singh UP, Singh NP, Singh B, Price RL, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2) agonist ameliorates colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice by attenuating the activation of T cells and promoting their apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 258:256-67. [PMID: 22119709 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammation caused by hyperactivated effector immune cells that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have shown that the cannabinoid system may play a critical role in mediating protection against intestinal inflammation. However, the effect of cannabinoid receptor induction after chronic colitis progression has not been investigated. Here, we investigate the effect of cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2) agonist, JWH-133, after chronic colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice. JWH-133 effectively attenuated the overall clinical score, and reversed colitis-associated pathogenesis and decrease in body weight in IL-10(-/-) mice. After JWH-133 treatment, the percentage of CD4(+) T cells, neutrophils, mast cells, natural killer (NK1.1) cells, and activated T cells declined in the intestinal lamina propria (LP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of mice with chronic colitis. JWH-133 was also effective in ameliorating dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. In this model, JWH-133 reduced the number and percentage of macrophages and IFN-γ expressing cells that were induced during colitis progression. Treatment with aminoalkylindole 6-iodo-pravadoline (AM630), a CB2 receptor antagonist, reversed the colitis protection provided by JWH-133 treatment. Also, activated T cells were found to undergo apoptosis following JWH-133 treatment both in-vivo and in-vitro. These findings suggest that JWH-133 mediates its effect through CB2 receptors, and ameliorates chronic colitis by inducing apoptosis in activated T cells, reducing the numbers of activated T cells, and suppressing induction of mast cells, NK cells, and neutrophils at sites of inflammation in the LP. These results support the idea that the CB2 receptor agonists may serve as a therapeutic modality against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udai P Singh
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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115
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Strecker JK, Minnerup J, Gess B, Ringelstein EB, Schäbitz WR, Schilling M. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-deficiency impairs the expression of IL-6, IL-1β and G-CSF after transient focal ischemia in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25863. [PMID: 22031820 PMCID: PMC3198727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a chemokine secreted by neurons and astrocytes following stroke is known to aggravate ischemia-related damage. Previous studies revealed that MCP-1-deficient mice develop smaller infarcts and have an improved neurological outcome, whereas mice overexpressing MCP-1 show worsened brain damage and impaired neurological function. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the molecular background of the enhanced recovery in MCP-1-deficient mice after stroke. For this purpose, we (1) performed expression analyses on crucial post-stroke related inflammatory genes in MCP-1-deficient mice compared to wildtype controls, (2) analyzed a possible impact of MCP-1 on astrocyte activation (3) investigated the cellular origin of respective inflammatory cytokines and (4) analyzed the impact of MCP-1 secretion on the migration of both neutrophil granulocytes and T-cells. Here we report that MCP-1-deficiency leads to a shift towards a less inflammatory state following experimental occlusion of the middle cerebral artery including an impaired induction of interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor expression as well as a subsequent diminished influx of hematogenous cells. Additionally, MCP-1-deficient mice developed smaller infarcts 36 hours after experimental stroke. Investigations revealed no differences in transcription of tumor necrosis factor-α and astrogliosis 12 and 36 hours after onset of ischemia. These novel results help to understand post ischemic, inflammatory mechanisms and might give further arguments towards therapeutical interventions by modulation of MCP-1 expression in post stroke inflammation.
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Zarruk JG, Fernández-López D, García-Yébenes I, García-Gutiérrez MS, Vivancos J, Nombela F, Torres M, Burguete MC, Manzanares J, Lizasoain I, Moro MA. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor activation downregulates stroke-induced classic and alternative brain macrophage/microglial activation concomitant to neuroprotection. Stroke 2011; 43:211-9. [PMID: 22020035 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.631044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ischemic stroke continues to be one of the main causes of death worldwide. Inflammation accounts for a large part of damage in this pathology. The cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) has been proposed to have neuroprotective properties in neurological diseases. Therefore, our aim was to determine the effects of the activation of CB2R on infarct outcome and on ischemia-induced brain expression of classic and alternative markers of macrophage/microglial activation. METHODS Swiss wild-type and CB2R knockout male mice were subjected to a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Mice were treated with either a CB2R agonist (JWH-133), with or without a CB2R antagonist (SR144528) or vehicle. Infarct outcome was determined by measuring infarct volume and neurological outcome. An additional group of animals was used to assess mRNA and protein expression of CB2R, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory peptide (MIP) -1α, RANTES, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, IL-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), arginase I, and Ym1. RESULTS Administration of JWH-133 significantly improved infarct outcome, as shown by a reduction in brain infarction and neurological impairment. This effect was reversed by the CB2R antagonist and was absent in CB2R knockout mice. Concomitantly, administration of JWH-133 led to a lower intensity of Iba1+ microglia/macrophages and a decrease in middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced gene expression of both classic (IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP-1α, RANTES, and iNOS) and alternative mediators/markers (IL-10, TGF-β, and Ym1) of microglial/macrophage activation after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect of CB2R on the activation of different subpopulations of microglia/macrophages may account for the protective effect of the selective CB2R agonist JWH-133 after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan G Zarruk
- Unidad de Investigacio´n Neurovascular, Dpto. Farmacología, Facultad Medicina, Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
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Liang OD, Kleibrink BE, Schuette-Nuetgen K, Khatwa UU, Mfarrej B, Subramaniam M. Green tea epigallo-catechin-galleate ameliorates the development of obliterative airway disease. Exp Lung Res 2011; 37:435-44. [PMID: 21787235 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2011.584359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung transplantation has the worst outcome compared to all solid organ transplants due to chronic rejection known as obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). Pathogenesis of OB is a complex interplay of alloimmune-dependent and -independent factors, which leads to the development of inflammation, fibrosis, and airway obliteration that have been resistant to therapy. The alloimmune-independent inflammatory pathway has been the recent focus in the pathogenesis of rejection, suggesting that targeting this may offer therapeutic benefits. As a potent anti-inflammatory agent, epigallo-catechin-galleate (EGCG), a green tea catechin, has been very effective in ameliorating inflammation in a variety of diseases, providing the rationale for its use in this study in a murine heterotopic tracheal allograft model of OB. Mice treated with EGCG had reduced inflammation, with significantly less neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and significantly reduced fibrosis. On further investigation into the mechanisms, inflammatory cytokines keratinocyte (KC), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), involved in neutrophil recruitment, were reduced in the EGCG-treated mice. In addition, monocyte chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was significantly reduced by EGCG treatment. Antifibrotic cytokine interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) was increased and profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was reduced, further characterizing the antifibrotic effects of EGCG. These findings suggest that EGCG has great potential in ameliorating the development of obliterative airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olin D Liang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cannabinoids inhibit migration of microglial-like cells to the HIV protein Tat. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:566-77. [PMID: 21735070 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are a population of macrophage-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) which, upon infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), secrete a plethora of inflammatory factors, including the virus-specified trans-activating protein Tat. Tat has been implicated in HIV neuropathogenesis since it elicits chemokines, cytokines, and a chemotactic response from microglia. It also harbors a β-chemokine receptor binding motif, articulating a mode by which it acts as a migration stimulus. Since select cannabinoids have anti-inflammatory properties, cross the blood-brain barrier, and target specific receptors, they have potential to serve as agents for dampening untoward neuroimmune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of select cannabinoids on the migration of microglial-like cells toward Tat. Using a mouse BV-2 microglial-like cell model, it was demonstrated that the exogenous cannabinoids Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CP55940 exerted a concentration-related reduction in the migration of BV-2 cells towards Tat. A similar inhibitory response was obtained when the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was used. The CB(2) receptor (CB2R) antagonist SR144528, but not the CB(1) receptor (CB1R) antagonist SR141716A, blocked this inhibition of migration. Similarly, CB2R knockdown with small interfering RNA reversed the cannabinoid-mediated inhibition. In addition, the level of the β-chemokine receptor CCR-3 was reduced and its intracellular compartmentation was altered. These results indicate that cannabinoid-mediated inhibition of BV-2 microglial-like cell migration to Tat is linked functionally to the CB2R. Furthermore, the results indicate that activation of the CB2R leads to altered expression and compartmentation of the β-chemokine receptor CCR-3.
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Persidsky Y, Ho W, Ramirez SH, Potula R, Abood ME, Unterwald E, Tuma R. HIV-1 infection and alcohol abuse: neurocognitive impairment, mechanisms of neurodegeneration and therapeutic interventions. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25 Suppl 1:S61-70. [PMID: 21397004 PMCID: PMC3098312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that alcohol dependence has an additive effect on cognitive deficits associated with HIV-1 infection. Findings in humans and animal models suggest that alcohol, similar to HIV-1, induces inflammatory processes in the brain leading to neurodegeneration. The causes of HIV-1-associated neurotoxicity are comparable to those mediating alcohol-induced neuronal injury. This review aims to present the mechanisms of the combined effects of HIV-1 and alcohol abuse in the brain and to discuss neuroprotective therapies. Oxidative stress, overproduction of pro-inflammatory factors, impairment of blood-brain barrier and glutamate associated neurotoxicity appear to play important roles in alcohol driven neurodegeneration. Diminution of neuroinflammation constitutes a logical approach for prevention of HIV-1 and alcohol mediated neurodegeneration. Agonists of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB₂) possess potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. We address multifaceted beneficial effects of CB₂ activation in the setting of HIV-1 brain infection and alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Servio H. Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Raghava Potula
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Mary E. Abood
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Ellen Unterwald
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Ronald Tuma
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
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A signaling cascade of nuclear calcium-CREB-ATF3 activated by synaptic NMDA receptors defines a gene repression module that protects against extrasynaptic NMDA receptor-induced neuronal cell death and ischemic brain damage. J Neurosci 2011; 31:4978-90. [PMID: 21451036 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2672-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse-to-nucleus signaling triggered by synaptic NMDA receptors can lead to the buildup of a neuroprotective shield. Nuclear calcium activating the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) plays a key role in neuroprotection acquired by synaptic activity. Here we show that in mouse hippocampal neurons, the transcription factor Atf3 (activating transcription factor 3) is a direct target of CREB. Induction of ATF3 expression by CREB in hippocampal neurons was initiated by calcium entry through synaptic NMDA receptors and required nuclear calcium transients and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV activity. Acting as a transcriptional repressor, ATF3 protects cultured hippocampal neurons from apoptosis and extrasynaptic NMDA receptor-induced cell death triggered by bath application of NMDA or oxygen-glucose deprivation. Expression of ATF3 in vivo using stereotaxic delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus reduces brain damage following a cerebral ischemic insult in mice. Conversion of ATF3 to a transcriptional activator transforms ATF3 into a potent prodeath protein that kills neurons in cell culture and, when expressed in vivo in the hippocampus, ablates the neuronal cell layer. These results link nuclear calcium-CREB signaling to an ATF3-mediated neuroprotective gene repression program, indicating that activity-dependent shutoff of genes is an important process for survival. ATF3 supplementation may counteract age- and disease-related neuronal cell loss caused by a reduction in synaptic activity, malfunctioning of calcium signaling toward and within the nucleus ("nuclear calciopathy"), or increases in death signaling by extrasynaptic NMDA receptors.
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Cannabinoid receptor 2 signaling does not modulate atherogenesis in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19405. [PMID: 21541300 PMCID: PMC3082575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Strong evidence supports a protective role of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) in inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, direct proof of its involvement in lesion formation is lacking. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize the role of the CB2 receptor in Murine atherogenesis. Methods and Findings Low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR−/−) mice subjected to intraperitoneal injections of the selective CB2 receptor agonist JWH-133 or vehicle three times per week consumed high cholesterol diet (HCD) for 16 weeks. Surprisingly, intimal lesion size did not differ between both groups in sections of the aortic roots and arches, suggesting that CB2 activation does not modulate atherogenesis in vivo. Plaque content of lipids, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, T cells, and collagen were also similar between both groups. Moreover, CB2−/−/LDLR−/− mice developed lesions of similar size containing more macrophages and lipids but similar amounts of smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers compared with CB2+/+/LDLR−/− controls. While JWH-133 treatment reduced intraperitoneal macrophage accumulation in thioglycollate-illicited peritonitis, neither genetic deficiency nor pharmacologic activation of the CB2 receptor altered inflammatory cytokine expression in vivo or inflammatory cell adhesion in the flow chamber in vitro. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that both activation and deletion of the CB2 receptor do not relevantly modulate atherogenesis in mice. Our data do not challenge the multiple reports involving CB2 in other inflammatory processes. However, in the context of atherosclerosis, CB2 does not appear to be a suitable therapeutic target for reduction of the atherosclerotic plaque.
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Chronic Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration increases lymphocyte CXCR4 expression in rhesus macaques. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:540-5. [PMID: 21484257 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been reported to produce various immunomodulatory effects, which could potentially impact the host response to bacterial or viral infection. We have recently demonstrated that chronic Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 0.32 mg/kg i.m., BID) decreased early mortality in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). However, the possibility that prolonged THC administration affects lymphocyte counts, phenotype, and proliferation indices has not been addressed. We examined expression of proliferative and phenotypic markers in circulating lymphocytes of male young adult rhesus macaques chronically-treated with THC (i.m. twice daily 0.32 mg/kg) for 12 months. Chronic THC administration did not alter lymphocyte subtypes, naïve and memory subsets, proliferation, or apoptosis of T lymphocytes when compared to time-matched vehicle-treated controls. However, chronic THC increased T lymphocyte CXCR4 expression on both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes compared to control. These results show that chronic THC administration produces changes in T cell phenotype, which can potentially contribute to host immunomodulation to infectious challenges.
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Muhammad S, Haasbach E, Kotchourko M, Strigli A, Krenz A, Ridder DA, Vogel AB, Marti HH, Al-Abed Y, Planz O, Schwaninger M. Influenza Virus Infection Aggravates Stroke Outcome. Stroke 2011; 42:783-91. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.596783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Stroke is triggered by several risk factors, including influenza and other respiratory tract infections. However, it is unknown how and in which way influenza infection affects stroke outcome.
Methods—
We infected mice intranasally with human influenza A (H1N1) virus and occluded the middle cerebral artery to induce ischemic strokes. Infarct volume and intracerebral hemorrhage were determined by histology. To evaluate the integrity of the blood–brain barrier and inflammation, we measured various cytokines in vivo and in vitro and performed immunohistochemistry of leukocyte markers, collagen IV, immunoglobulins, and matrix metalloproteinase-9.
Results—
Influenza virus infection increased infarct size. Whereas changes in cardiovascular parameters did not explain this effect, we found evidence for an inflammatory mechanism. In influenza virus infection, the respiratory tract released cytokines into the blood, such as RANTES that induced macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and other inflammatory mediators in the ischemic brain. In infected mice, there was an increased number of neutrophils expressing the matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the ischemic brain. This was accompanied by severe disruption of the blood–brain barrier and an increased rate of intracerebral hemorrhages after tissue plasminogen activator treatment. To investigate the role of cytokines, we blocked cytokine release by using GTS-21, a selective agonist of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. GTS-21 ameliorated ischemic brain damage and improved survival.
Conclusions—
Influenza virus infection triggers a cytokine cascade that aggravates ischemic brain damage and increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage after tissue plasminogen activator treatment. Blockade of cytokine production by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists is a novel therapeutic option to treat stroke in a proinflammatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Muhammad
- From the Department of Pharmacology (S.M., M.K., A.S., A.K., D.A.R., M.S.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (E.H., A.B.V., O.P.), Institute of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany; the Department of Physiology (H.H.M.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Y.A.A.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
| | - Emanuel Haasbach
- From the Department of Pharmacology (S.M., M.K., A.S., A.K., D.A.R., M.S.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (E.H., A.B.V., O.P.), Institute of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany; the Department of Physiology (H.H.M.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Y.A.A.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
| | - Maria Kotchourko
- From the Department of Pharmacology (S.M., M.K., A.S., A.K., D.A.R., M.S.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (E.H., A.B.V., O.P.), Institute of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany; the Department of Physiology (H.H.M.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Y.A.A.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
| | - Anne Strigli
- From the Department of Pharmacology (S.M., M.K., A.S., A.K., D.A.R., M.S.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (E.H., A.B.V., O.P.), Institute of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany; the Department of Physiology (H.H.M.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Y.A.A.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
| | - Antje Krenz
- From the Department of Pharmacology (S.M., M.K., A.S., A.K., D.A.R., M.S.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (E.H., A.B.V., O.P.), Institute of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany; the Department of Physiology (H.H.M.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Y.A.A.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
| | - Dirk A. Ridder
- From the Department of Pharmacology (S.M., M.K., A.S., A.K., D.A.R., M.S.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (E.H., A.B.V., O.P.), Institute of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany; the Department of Physiology (H.H.M.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Y.A.A.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
| | - Annette B. Vogel
- From the Department of Pharmacology (S.M., M.K., A.S., A.K., D.A.R., M.S.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (E.H., A.B.V., O.P.), Institute of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany; the Department of Physiology (H.H.M.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Y.A.A.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
| | - Hugo H. Marti
- From the Department of Pharmacology (S.M., M.K., A.S., A.K., D.A.R., M.S.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (E.H., A.B.V., O.P.), Institute of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany; the Department of Physiology (H.H.M.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Y.A.A.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- From the Department of Pharmacology (S.M., M.K., A.S., A.K., D.A.R., M.S.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (E.H., A.B.V., O.P.), Institute of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany; the Department of Physiology (H.H.M.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Y.A.A.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
| | - Oliver Planz
- From the Department of Pharmacology (S.M., M.K., A.S., A.K., D.A.R., M.S.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (E.H., A.B.V., O.P.), Institute of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany; the Department of Physiology (H.H.M.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Y.A.A.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- From the Department of Pharmacology (S.M., M.K., A.S., A.K., D.A.R., M.S.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (E.H., A.B.V., O.P.), Institute of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany; the Department of Physiology (H.H.M.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Y.A.A.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
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Is lipid signaling through cannabinoid 2 receptors part of a protective system? Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:193-211. [PMID: 21295074 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian body has a highly developed immune system which guards against continuous invading protein attacks and aims at preventing, attenuating or repairing the inflicted damage. It is conceivable that through evolution analogous biological protective systems have been evolved against non-protein attacks. There is emerging evidence that lipid endocannabinoid signaling through cannabinoid 2 (CB₂) receptors may represent an example/part of such a protective system/armamentarium. Inflammation/tissue injury triggers rapid elevations in local endocannabinoid levels, which in turn regulate signaling responses in immune and other cells modulating their critical functions. Changes in endocannabinoid levels and/or CB₂ receptor expressions have been reported in almost all diseases affecting humans, ranging from cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, liver, kidney, neurodegenerative, psychiatric, bone, skin, autoimmune, lung disorders to pain and cancer, and modulating CB₂ receptor activity holds tremendous therapeutic potential in these pathologies. While CB₂ receptor activation in general mediates immunosuppressive effects, which limit inflammation and associated tissue injury in large number of pathological conditions, in some disease states activation of the CB₂ receptor may enhance or even trigger tissue damage, which will also be discussed alongside the protective actions of the CB₂ receptor stimulation with endocannabinoids or synthetic agonists, and the possible biological mechanisms involved in these effects.
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Ofek O, Attar-Namdar M, Kram V, Dvir-Ginzberg M, Mechoulam R, Zimmer A, Frenkel B, Shohami E, Bab I. CB2 cannabinoid receptor targets mitogenic Gi protein-cyclin D1 axis in osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:308-16. [PMID: 20803555 PMCID: PMC3179350 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CB2 is a Gi protein-coupled receptor activated by endo- and phytocannabinoids, thus inhibiting stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. CB2 is expressed in bone cells and Cb2 null mice show a marked age-related bone loss. CB2-specific agonists both attenuate and rescue ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Activation of CB2 stimulates osteoblast proliferation and bone marrow derived colony-forming units osteoblastic. Here we show that selective and nonselective CB2 agonists are mitogenic in MC3T3 E1 and newborn mouse calvarial osteoblastic cultures. The CB2 mitogenic signaling depends critically on the stimulation of Erk1/2 phosphorylation and de novo synthesis of MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (Mapkapk2) mRNA and protein. Further downstream, CB2 activation enhances CREB transcriptional activity and cyclin D1 mRNA expression. The CB2-induced stimulation of CREB and cyclin D1 is inhibitable by pertussis toxin, the MEK-Erk1/2 inhibitors PD098059 and U0126, and Mapkapk2 siRNA. These data demonstrate that in osteoblasts CB2 targets a Gi protein-cyclin D1 mitogenic axis. Erk1/2 phosphorylation and Mapkapk2 protein synthesis are critical intermediates in this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orr Ofek
- Bone Laboratory, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Sansing LH, Harris TH, Kasner SE, Hunter CA, Kariko K. Neutrophil depletion diminishes monocyte infiltration and improves functional outcome after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 111:173-8. [PMID: 21725751 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to secondary injury and neuronal loss after intracerebral hemorrhage, but the role of individual immune populations in these processes is unclear. In a mouse model, the injection of autologous blood into the striatum was associated with an intense inflammatory cell infiltrate composed of neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Selective depletion of neutrophils resulted in decreased infiltration of monocytes and improved functional outcomes at day 3 post-hemorrhage. These findings indicate that neutrophil infiltration into the site of hemorrhage contributes to brain injury either by direct cellular damage or the recruitment of monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 3 W Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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TWEAK regulates proliferation and differentiation of adult neural progenitor cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 46:325-32. [PMID: 21040786 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine TWEAK is expressed in the brain and is induced in cerebral ischemia and other brain disorders. TWEAK regulates proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells but its effect on adult neural progenitor cells is still unknown. Therefore, we investigated the proliferation of neural progenitor cells from the subventricular zone of adult mice in response to TWEAK treatment. TWEAK inhibited proliferation of neural progenitor cells through its membrane receptor Fn14. The reduced proliferation was not due to cell death. By using a reporter assay we found that TWEAK activated the transcription factor NF-κB in adult neural progenitor cells. Blockade of NF-κB signaling reversed the inhibition of cell proliferation by TWEAK. In addition, TWEAK induced neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells and lowered the expression of hes1, a transcription factor that prevents neuronal differentiation. In adult mice deficient of the TWEAK receptor Fn14, neurogenesis was reduced in the subventricular zone. In conclusion, our data show that TWEAK regulates adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone by binding to the membrane receptor Fn14 and activating NF-κB.
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Mukhopadhyay P, Rajesh M, Pan H, Patel V, Mukhopadhyay B, Bátkai S, Gao B, Haskó G, Pacher P. Cannabinoid-2 receptor limits inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress, and cell death in nephropathy. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:457-67. [PMID: 19969072 PMCID: PMC2869084 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin is an important chemotherapeutic agent; however, its nephrotoxicity limits its clinical use. Enhanced inflammatory response and oxidative/nitrosative stress seem to play a key role in the development of cisplatin-induced nephropathy. Activation of cannabinoid-2 (CB(2)) receptors with selective agonists exerts anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects in various disease models. We have investigated the role of CB(2) receptors in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity using the selective CB(2) receptor agonist HU-308 and CB(2) knockout mice. Cisplatin significantly increased inflammation (leukocyte infiltration, CXCL1/2, MCP-1, TNFalpha, and IL-1beta levels) and expression of adhesion molecule ICAM-1 and superoxide-generating enzymes NOX2, NOX4, and NOX1 and enhanced ROS generation, iNOS expression, nitrotyrosine formation, and apoptotic and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent cell death in the kidneys of mice, associated with marked histopathological damage and impaired renal function (elevated serum BUN and creatinine levels) 3 days after the administration of the drug. CB(2) agonist attenuated the cisplatin-induced inflammatory response, oxidative/nitrosative stress, and cell death in the kidney and improved renal function, whereas CB(2) knockouts developed enhanced inflammation and tissue injury. Thus, the endocannabinoid system, through CB(2) receptors, protects against cisplatin-induced kidney damage by attenuating inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress, and selective CB(2) agonists may represent a promising novel approach to preventing this devastating complication of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohanraj Rajesh
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hao Pan
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 31003, China
| | - Vivek Patel
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bani Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sándor Bátkai
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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