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Li N, Liu JY, Qiu H, Harris TR, Sirish P, Hammock BD, Chiamvimonvat N. Use of metabolomic profiling in the study of arachidonic acid metabolism in cardiovascular disease. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (GREENWICH, CONN.) 2011; 17:42-6. [PMID: 21272227 PMCID: PMC3583533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2010.00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid is one of the pivotal signaling molecules associated with inflammation, pain and homeostatic function. Drugs specifically targeting these signaling pathways represent more than 25% of annual pharmaceutical sales worldwide. However, chronic administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and rofecoxib (Vioxx), a potent cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, have been associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Understanding the possible mechanisms underlying these adverse events is critical for evaluating the risks and benefits of this group of drugs and for development of safer drugs. Using a powerful metabolomics approach, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) was identified among many of arachidonic acid metabolic products as a likely culprit for adverse cardiovascular side effect associated with rofecoxib and NSAIDs. In addition, using a similar metabolomic approach, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid through the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase pathway, have been shown to exhibit cardioprotective effects in a murine myocardial infarction (MI) model. Inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase increase titers of epoxy fatty acids and both block and reverse cardiac hypertrophy in rodent models. These highly potent, orally available compounds may be promising for treating heart failure and other cardiovascular disease. In this review, we will summarize some of the recent advances using metabolomic profiling to gain insights into the involvement of arachidonic acid pathways in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Hong Qiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Todd R. Harris
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Padmini Sirish
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System Mather, CA
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102
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Charles RL, Burgoyne JR, Mayr M, Weldon SM, Hubner N, Dong H, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Landar A, Eaton P. Redox regulation of soluble epoxide hydrolase by 15-deoxy-delta-prostaglandin J2 controls coronary hypoxic vasodilation. Circ Res 2010; 108:324-34. [PMID: 21164107 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.235879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE 15-Deoxy-Δ-prostaglandin (15d-PG)J(2) is an electrophilic oxidant that dilates the coronary vasculature. This lipid can adduct to redox active protein thiols to induce oxidative posttranslational modifications that modulate protein and tissue function. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of oxidative protein modifications in 15d-PGJ(2)-mediated coronary vasodilation and define the distal signaling pathways leading to enhanced perfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS Proteomic screening with biotinylated 15d-PGJ(2) identified novel vascular targets to which it adducts, most notably soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). 15d-PGJ(2) inhibited sEH by specifically adducting to a highly conserved thiol (Cys521) adjacent to the catalytic center of the hydrolase. Indeed a Cys521Ser sEH "redox-dead" mutant was resistant to 15d-PGJ(2)-induced hydrolase inhibition. 15d-PGJ(2) dilated coronary vessels and a role for hydrolase inhibition was supported by 2 structurally different sEH antagonists each independently inducing vasorelaxation. Furthermore, 15d-PGJ(2) and sEH antagonists also increased coronary effluent epoxyeicosatrienoic acids consistent with their vasodilatory actions. Indeed 14,15-EET alone induced relaxation and 15d-PGJ(2)-mediated vasodilation was blocked by the EET receptor antagonist 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid (14,15-EEZE). Additionally, the coronary vasculature of sEH-null mice was basally dilated compared to wild-type controls and failed to vasodilate in response to 15d-PGJ(2). Coronary vasodilation to hypoxia in wild-types was accompanied by 15d-PGJ(2) adduction to and inhibition of sEH. Consistent with the importance of hydrolase inhibition, sEH-null mice failed to vasodilate during hypoxia. CONCLUSION This represents a new paradigm for the regulation of sEH by an endogenous lipid, which is integral to the fundamental physiological response of coronary hypoxic vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Charles
- King's College London, Cardiovascular Division, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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103
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Rose TE, Morisseau C, Liu JY, Inceoglu B, Jones PD, Sanborn JR, Hammock BD. 1-Aryl-3-(1-acylpiperidin-4-yl)urea inhibitors of human and murine soluble epoxide hydrolase: structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics, and reduction of inflammatory pain. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7067-75. [PMID: 20812725 DOI: 10.1021/jm100691c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Disubstituted ureas possessing a piperidyl moiety have been synthesized to investigate their structure-activity relationships as inhibitors of the human and murine soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Oral administration of 13 1-aryl-3-(1-acylpiperidin-4-yl)urea inhibitors in mice revealed substantial improvements in pharmacokinetic parameters over previously reported 1-adamantylurea based inhibitors. For example, 1-(1-(cyclopropanecarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)urea (52) showed a 7-fold increase in potency, a 65-fold increase in C(max), and a 3300-fold increase in AUC over its adamantane analogue 1-(1-adamantyl)-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl)urea (2). This novel sEH inhibitor showed a 1000-fold increase in potency when compared to morphine by reducing hyperalgesia as measured by mechanical withdrawal threshold using the in vivo carrageenan induced inflammatory pain model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan E Rose
- Department of Entomology and University of California Davis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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104
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Jiang H, Anderson GD, McGiff JC. Red blood cells (RBCs), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:468-74. [PMID: 20631410 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In addition to serving as carriers of O(2), red blood cells (RBCs) regulate vascular resistance and the distribution of microvascular perfusion by liberating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) upon exposure to a low O(2) environment. Therefore, RBCs act as sensors that respond to low pO(2) by releasing millimolar amounts of ATP, a signaling molecule, and lipid mediators (EETs). The release of EETs occurs by a mechanism that is activated by ATP stimulation of P2X(7) receptors coupled to ATP transporters, which should greatly amplify the circulatory response to ATP. RBCs are reservoirs of EETs and the primary sources of plasma EETs, which are esterified to the phospholipids of lipoproteins. Levels of free EETs in plasma are low, about 3% of circulating EETs. RBC EETs are produced by direct oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) esterified to glycerophospholipids and the monooxygenase-like activity of hemoglobin. On release, EETs affect vascular tone, produce profibrinolysis and dampen inflammation. A soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) regulates the concentrations of RBC and vascular EETs by metabolizing both cis- and trans-EETs to form dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). The function and pathophysiological roles of trans-EETs and erythro-DHETs has yet to be integrated into a physiological and pathophysiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houli Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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105
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Jung O, Jansen F, Mieth A, Barbosa-Sicard E, Pliquett RU, Babelova A, Morisseau C, Hwang SH, Tsai C, Hammock BD, Schaefer L, Geisslinger G, Amann K, Brandes RP. Inhibition of the soluble epoxide hydrolase promotes albuminuria in mice with progressive renal disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11979. [PMID: 20694143 PMCID: PMC2915917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicotrienoic acids (EETs) are cytochrome P450-dependent anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory derivatives of arachidonic acid, which are highly abundant in the kidney and considered reno-protective. EETs are degraded by the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and sEH inhibitors are considered treatment for chronic renal failure (CRF). We determined whether sEH inhibition attenuates the progression of CRF in the 5/6-nephrectomy model (5/6-Nx) in mice. 5/6-Nx mice were treated with a placebo, an ACE-inhibitor (Ramipril, 40 mg/kg), the sEH-inhibitor cAUCB or the CYP-inhibitor fenbendazole for 8 weeks. 5/6-Nx induced hypertension, albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis and tubulo-interstitial damage and these effects were attenuated by Ramipril. In contrast, cAUCB failed to lower the blood pressure and albuminuria was more severe as compared to placebo. Plasma EET-levels were doubled in 5/6 Nx-mice as compared to sham mice receiving placebo. Renal sEH expression was attenuated in 5/6-Nx mice but cAUCB in these animals still further increased the EET-level. cAUCB also increased 5-HETE and 15-HETE, which derive from peroxidation or lipoxygenases. Similar to cAUCB, CYP450 inhibition increased HETEs and promoted albuminuria. Thus, sEH-inhibition failed to elicit protective effects in the 5/6-Nx model and showed a tendency to aggravate the disease. These effects might be consequence of a shift of arachidonic acid metabolism into the lipoxygenase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Jung
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik III, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Jansen
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Mieth
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eduardo Barbosa-Sicard
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rainer U. Pliquett
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik III, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrea Babelova
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sung H. Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Cindy Tsai
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES/Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES/Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Pathology, Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Ralf P. Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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106
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Luo P, Chang HH, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Hwang SH, Morisseau C, Wang CY, Inscho EW, Hammock BD, Wang MH. Inhibition or deletion of soluble epoxide hydrolase prevents hyperglycemia, promotes insulin secretion, and reduces islet apoptosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:430-8. [PMID: 20439437 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.167544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of endogenous inflammatory and antiapoptotic mediators. However, the roles of sEH in diabetes and the pancreas are unknown. Our aims were to determine whether sEH is involved in the regulation of hyperglycemia in diabetic mice and to investigate the reasons for the regulation of insulin secretion by sEH deletion or inhibition in islets. We used two separate approaches, targeted disruption of Ephx2 gene [sEH knockout (KO)] and a selective inhibitor of sEH [trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-ylureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (t-AUCB)], to assess the role of sEH in glucose and insulin homeostasis in streptozotocin (STZ) mice. We also examined the effects of sEH KO or t-AUCB on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and intracellular calcium levels in islets. Hyperglycemia in STZ mice was prevented by both sEH KO and t-AUCB. In addition, STZ mice with sEH KO had improved glucose tolerance. More important, when insulin levels were assessed by hyperglycemic clamp study, sEH KO was found to promote insulin secretion. In addition, sEH KO and t-AUCB treatment augmented islet GSIS. Islets with sEH KO had a greater intracellular calcium influx when challenged with high glucose or KCl in the presence of diazoxide. Moreover, sEH KO reduced islet cell apoptosis in STZ mice. These results show not only that sEH KO and its inhibition prevent hyperglycemia in diabetes, but also that sEH KO enhances islet GSIS through the amplifying pathway and decreases islet cell apoptosis in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Luo
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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107
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Abstract
Like many eicosanoids, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have multiple biological functions, including reduction of blood pressure, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in multiple species. Hydration of EETs by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is the major route of their degradation to the less bioactive diols. Inhibition of the sEH stabilizes EETs, thus, enhancing the beneficial effects of EETs. Human data show an association of sEH (Ephx2) gene polymorphisms with increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. These data suggest a potential therapeutic effect of sEH inhibitors (sEHI) in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Indeed, two laboratories reported independently that using different sEHIs in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice significantly attenuated atherosclerosis development and aneurysm formation. The antiatherosclerotic effects of sEHI are correlated with elevation in EET levels and associated with reduction of low-density lipoprotein and elevation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterols, as well as attenuation of expression of proinflammatory genes and proteins. In addition, the antihypertensive effects and improvement of endothelial function also contribute to the mechanism of the antiatherosclerotic effects of sEHI. The broad spectrum of biological action of EETs and sEHIs with multiple biological beneficial actions provides a promising new class of therapeutics for atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Jim Wang
- Arete Therapeutics Inc., 7000 Shoreline Court, Suite 201, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Arzu Ulu
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | | | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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108
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Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase by trans-4- [4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid is protective against ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 55:67-73. [PMID: 19834332 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181c37d69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, can be metabolized to cardioprotective epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, which are subsequently hydrolyzed to less bioactive dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). To study the effects of pharmacological inhibitor of sEH (sEHi), C57BL6 mice hearts were perfused in Langendorff mode for 40 minutes of baseline and subjected to 30 minutes of global no-flow ischemia followed by 40 minutes of reperfusion. Hearts were perfused with the sEHi, trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (t-AUCB; 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 microM). To study the mechanism(s), hearts were perfused with 0.1 microM t-AUCB in the presence or absence of putative EET receptor antagonist 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid (10 microM) or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors wortmannin (200 nM) or LY294002 (5 microM).Infarct size was determined at the end of 2-hour reperfusion by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Inhibition of sEH by t-AUCB significantly improved postischemic left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) recovery and reduced the infarct size after ischemia and reperfusion, as compared with control hearts. Perfusion with 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid, wortmannin or LY294002 before ischemia abolished the cardioprotective phenotype; however, co-perfusion of both t-AUCB and 11,12-EET did not result in an additive effect on improved LVDP recovery. Together, our data suggest that pharmacological inhibition of sEH by t-AUCB is cardioprotective.
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109
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Bahl CD, Morisseau C, Bomberger JM, Stanton BA, Hammock BD, O'Toole GA, Madden DR. Crystal structure of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitory factor Cif reveals novel active-site features of an epoxide hydrolase virulence factor. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:1785-95. [PMID: 20118260 PMCID: PMC2838060 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01348-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibitory factor (Cif) is a virulence factor secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that reduces the quantity of CFTR in the apical membrane of human airway epithelial cells. Initial sequence analysis suggested that Cif is an epoxide hydrolase (EH), but its sequence violates two strictly conserved EH motifs and also is compatible with other alpha/beta hydrolase family members with diverse substrate specificities. To investigate the mechanistic basis of Cif activity, we have determined its structure at 1.8-A resolution by X-ray crystallography. The catalytic triad consists of residues Asp129, His297, and Glu153, which are conserved across the family of EHs. At other positions, sequence deviations from canonical EH active-site motifs are stereochemically conservative. Furthermore, detailed enzymatic analysis confirms that Cif catalyzes the hydrolysis of epoxide compounds, with specific activity against both epibromohydrin and cis-stilbene oxide, but with a relatively narrow range of substrate selectivity. Although closely related to two other classes of alpha/beta hydrolase in both sequence and structure, Cif does not exhibit activity as either a haloacetate dehalogenase or a haloalkane dehalogenase. A reassessment of the structural and functional consequences of the H269A mutation suggests that Cif's effect on host-cell CFTR expression requires the hydrolysis of an extended endogenous epoxide substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Bahl
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Jennifer M. Bomberger
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Bruce A. Stanton
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - George A. O'Toole
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Dean R. Madden
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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110
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Tsai HJ, Hwang SH, Morisseau C, Yang J, Jones PD, Kasagami T, Kim IH, Hammock BD. Pharmacokinetic screening of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in dogs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:222-38. [PMID: 20359531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids that have anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties are mainly metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH, EC 3.3.2.3). Therefore, sEH has emerged as a therapeutic target for treating various cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory pain. N,N'-Disubstituted ureas are potent sEH inhibitors in vitro. However, in vivo usage of early sEH inhibitors has been limited by their low bioavailability and poor physiochemical properties. Therefore, a group of highly potent compounds with more drug-like physiochemical properties were evaluated by monitoring their plasma profiles in dogs treated orally with sEH inhibitors. Urea compounds with an adamantyl or a 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group on one side and a piperidyl or a cyclohexyl ether group on the other side of the urea function showed pharmacokinetic profiles with high plasma concentrations and long half lives. In particular, the inhibitor trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (t-AUCB) not only is very potent with good physiochemical properties, but also shows high oral bioavailability for doses ranging from 0.01 to 1mg/kg. This compound is also very potent against the sEH of several mammals, suggesting that t-AUCB will be an excellent tool to evaluate the biology of sEH in multiple animal models. Such compounds may also be a valuable lead for the development of veterinary therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Ju Tsai
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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111
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Development of a High Throughput Cell-Based Assay for Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Using BacMam Technology. Mol Biotechnol 2010; 45:207-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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112
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Pozzi A, Popescu V, Yang S, Mei S, Shi M, Puolitaival SM, Caprioli RM, Capdevila JH. The anti-tumorigenic properties of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha are arachidonic acid epoxygenase-mediated. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:12840-50. [PMID: 20178979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.081554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence and mortality make cancer a health challenge in need of effective and better tolerated therapeutic approaches, with tumor angiogenesis identified as a promising target for drug development. The epoxygenase products, the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, are pro-angiogenic, and down-regulation of their biosynthesis by peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) ligands reduces tumor angiogenesis and growth. Endothelial cells lacking a Cyp2c44 epoxygenase, a PPARalpha target, show reduced proliferative and tubulogenic activities that are reversed by the enzyme's metabolites. In a mouse xenograft model of tumorigenesis, disruption of the host Cyp2c44 gene causes marked reductions in tumor volume, mass, and vascularization. The relevance of these studies to human cancer is indicated by the demonstration that: (a) activation of human PPARalpha down-regulates endothelial cell CYP2C9 epoxygenase expression and blunts proliferation and tubulogenesis, (b) in a PPARalpha-humanized mouse model, activation of the receptor inhibits tumor angiogenesis and growth, and (c) the CYP2C9 epoxygenase is expressed in the vasculature of human tumors. The identification of anti-angiogenic/anti-tumorigenic properties of PPARalpha points to a role for the receptor and its epoxygenase regulatory target in the pathophysiology of cancer, and for its ligands as candidates for the development of a new generation of safer and better tolerated anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Pozzi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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113
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Keserü B, Barbosa-Sicard E, Schermuly RT, Tanaka H, Hammock BD, Weissmann N, Fisslthaler B, Fleming I. Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension: comparison of soluble epoxide hydrolase deletion vs. inhibition. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 85:232-40. [PMID: 19679679 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The C-terminal domain of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) metabolizes epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to their less active diols, while the N-terminal domain demonstrates lipid phosphatase activity. As EETs are potent vasoconstrictors in the pulmonary circulation, we assessed the development of pulmonary hypertension induced by exposure to hypoxia (10% O(2)) for 21 days in wild-type (WT) and sEH(-/-) mice and compared the effects with chronic (4 months) sEH inhibition. METHODS AND RESULTS In isolated lungs from WT mice, acute hypoxic vasoconstriction (HPV) was potentiated by sEH inhibition and attenuated by an EET antagonist. After prolonged hypoxia, the acute HPV and sensitivity to the EET antagonist were increased, but potentiation of vasoconstriction following sEH inhibition was not evident. Chronic hypoxia also stimulated the muscularization of pulmonary arteries and decreased sEH expression in WT mice. In normoxic sEH(-/-) mice, acute HPV and small artery muscularization were greater than that in WT lungs and enhanced muscularization was accompanied with decreased voluntary exercise capacity. Acute HPV in sEH(-/-) mice was insensitive to sEH inhibition but inhibited by the EET antagonist and chronic hypoxia induced an exaggerated pulmonary vascular remodelling. In WT mice, chronic sEH inhibition increased serum EET levels but failed to affect acute HPV, right ventricle weight, pulmonary artery muscularization, or voluntary running distance. In human donor lungs, the sEH was expressed in the wall of pulmonary arteries, however, sEH expression was absent in samples from patients with pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSION These data suggest that a decrease in sEH expression is intimately linked to pathophysiology of hypoxia-induced pulmonary remodelling and hypertension. However, as sEH inhibitors do not promote the development of pulmonary hypertension it seems likely that the N-terminal lipid phosphatase may play a role in the development of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Keserü
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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114
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Snider NT, Walker VJ, Hollenberg PF. Oxidation of the endogenous cannabinoid arachidonoyl ethanolamide by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: physiological and pharmacological implications. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:136-54. [PMID: 20133390 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide) is an endogenous amide of arachidonic acid and an important signaling mediator of the endocannabinoid system. Given its numerous roles in maintaining normal physiological function and modulating pathophysiological responses throughout the body, the endocannabinoid system is an important pharmacological target amenable to manipulation directly by cannabinoid receptor ligands or indirectly by drugs that alter endocannabinoid synthesis and inactivation. The latter approach has the possible advantage of more selectivity, thus there is the potential for fewer untoward effects like those that are traditionally associated with cannabinoid receptor ligands. In that regard, inhibitors of the principal inactivating enzyme for anandamide, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), are currently in development for the treatment of pain and inflammation. However, several pathways involved in anandamide synthesis, metabolism, and inactivation all need to be taken into account when evaluating the effects of FAAH inhibitors and similar agents in preclinical models and assessing their clinical potential. Anandamide undergoes oxidation by several human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, including CYP3A4, CYP4F2, CYP4X1, and the highly polymorphic CYP2D6, forming numerous structurally diverse lipids, which are likely to have important physiological roles, as evidenced by the demonstration that a P450-derived epoxide of anandamide is a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptor 2. The focus of this review is to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the P450-mediated pathways of the metabolism of anandamide, because these are likely to be important in mediating endocannabinoid signaling as well as the pharmacological responses to endocannabinoid-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T Snider
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 7720 Medical Science II, 1301 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, USA.
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115
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Ai D, Shyy JYJ, Zhu Y. Linking an insect enzyme to hypertension: angiotensin II-epoxide hydrolase interactions. Kidney Int 2010; 77:88-92. [PMID: 19847158 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Derived from arachidonic acid, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids function as antihypertensive and antihypertrophic mediators in the cardiovascular system. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are generated by soluble epoxide hydrolase, an enzyme hydrolyzing the epoxide moiety of juvenile hormones in insects, and are endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors that induce vessel dilation for cardioprotection. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic ablation of soluble epoxide hydrolase increases the level of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Recent findings suggest that the level of soluble epoxide hydrolase in the heart and endothelium is upregulated by angiotensin II in vitro in cultured cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells and in vivo in rodent models. Treatment with soluble epoxide hydrolase-selective inhibitors in angiotensin II-infused hypertensive rats increases the level of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, with attendant decrease in systolic blood pressure. Shear stress, the physiological stimulation of vessel dilation, downregulates soluble epoxide hydrolase and hence increases epoxyeicosatrienoic acid level in endothelial cells. Because of the close association of the angiotensin II/soluble epoxide hydrolase/epoxyeicosatrienoic acid system and blood pressure regulation, pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase would be a useful approach to prevent and treat angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and hypertension, as well as vascular impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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116
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Luria A, Morisseau C, Tsai HJ, Yang J, Inceoglu B, De Taeye B, Watkins SM, Wiest MM, German JB, Hammock BD. Alteration in plasma testosterone levels in male mice lacking soluble epoxide hydrolase. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E375-83. [PMID: 19458064 PMCID: PMC2724109 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00131.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (Ephx2, sEH) is a bifunctional enzyme with COOH-terminal hydrolase and NH(2)-terminal phosphatase activities. sEH converts epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), and the phosphatase activity is suggested to be involved in cholesterol metabolism. EETs participate in a wide range of biological functions, including regulation of vascular tone, renal tubular transport, cardiac contractility, and inflammation. Inhibition of sEH is a potential approach for enhancing the biological activity of EETs. Therefore, disruption of sEH activity is becoming an attractive therapeutic target for both cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. To define the physiological role of sEH, we characterized a knockout mouse colony lacking expression of the Ephx2 gene. Lack of sEH enzyme is characterized by elevation of EET to DHET ratios in both the linoleate and arachidonate series in plasma and tissues of both female and male mice. In male mice, this lack of expression was also associated with decreased plasma testosterone levels, sperm count, and testicular size. However, this genotype was still able to sire litters. Plasma cholesterol levels also declined in this genotype. Behavior tests such as anxiety-like behavior and hedonic response were also examined in Ephx2-null and WT mice, as all can be related to hormonal changes. Null mice showed a level of anxiety with a decreased hedonic response. In conclusion, this study provides a broad biochemical, physiological, and behavioral characterization of the Ephx2-null mouse colony and suggests a mechanism by which sEH and its substrates may regulate circulating levels of testosterone through cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayala Luria
- Departmentsof Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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117
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Stice JP, Lee JS, Pechenino AS, Knowlton AA. Estrogen, aging and the cardiovascular system. Future Cardiol 2009; 5:93-103. [PMID: 19371207 DOI: 10.2217/14796678.5.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is a powerful hormone with pleiotropic effects. Estrogens have potent antioxidant effects and are able to reduce inflammation, induce vasorelaxation and alter gene expression in both the vasculature and the heart. Estrogen treatment of cultured cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells rapidly activates NFkappaB, induces heat-shock protein (HSP)-72, a potent intracellular protective protein, and protects cells from simulated ischemia. In in vivo models, estrogens protect against ischemia and trauma/hemorrhage. Estrogens may decrease the expression of soluble epoxide hydrolase, which has deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system through metabolism of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Natural (endogenous) estrogens in premenopausal women appear to protect against cardiovascular disease and yet controlled clinical trials have not indicated a benefit from estrogen replacement postmenopause. Much remains to be understood in regards to the many properties of this powerful hormone and how changes in this hormone interact with aging-associated changes. The unexpected negative results of trials of estrogen replacement postmenopause probably arise from our lack of understanding of the many effects of this hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Stice
- Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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118
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Anandan SK, Webb HK, Do ZN, Gless RD. Unsymmetrical non-adamantyl N,N'-diaryl urea and amide inhibitors of soluble expoxide hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4259-63. [PMID: 19520575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of an adamantyl group in prototypical soluble expoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors afforded improved enzyme potency. We explored replacement of the adamantyl group in unsymmetrical ureas and amides with substituted aryl rings to identify equipotent and metabolically stable sEH inhibitors. We found that aryl rings, especially those substituted in the para position with a strongly electron withdrawing substituent, afforded enzyme IC(50) values comparable to the adamantyl compounds in an ether substituted, unsymmetrical N,N'-diaryl urea or amide scaffold.
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119
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Simpkins AN, Rudic RD, Schreihofer DA, Roy S, Manhiani M, Tsai HJ, Hammock BD, Imig JD. Soluble epoxide inhibition is protective against cerebral ischemia via vascular and neural protection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:2086-95. [PMID: 19435785 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (SEH), the enzyme responsible for degradation of vasoactive epoxides, protects against cerebral ischemia in rats. However, the molecular and biological mechanisms that confer protection in normotension and hypertension remain unclear. Here we show that 6 weeks of SEH inhibition via 2 mg/day of 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido) dodecanoic acid (AUDA) in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHRSP) rats protects against cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, reducing percent hemispheric infarct and neurodeficit score without decreasing blood pressure. This level of cerebral protection was similar to that of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, which significantly lowered blood pressure. SEH inhibition is also protective in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, reducing both hemispheric infarct and neurodeficit score. In SHRSP rats, SEH inhibition reduced wall-to-lumen ratio and collagen deposition and increased cerebral microvessel density, although AUDA did not alter middle cerebral artery structure or microvessel density in WKY rats. An apoptosis mRNA expression microarray of brain tissues from AUDA-treated rats revealed that AUDA modulates gene expression of mediators involved in the regulation of apoptosis in neural tissues of both WKY and SHRSP rats. Hence, we conclude that chronic SEH inhibition protects against cerebral ischemia via vascular protection in SHRSP rats and neural protection in both the SHRSP and WKY rats, indicating that SEH inhibition has broad pharmacological potential for treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis N Simpkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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120
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Grgic I, Kaistha BP, Hoyer J, Köhler R. Endothelial Ca+-activated K+ channels in normal and impaired EDHF-dilator responses--relevance to cardiovascular pathologies and drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:509-26. [PMID: 19302590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The arterial endothelium critically contributes to blood pressure control by releasing vasodilating autacoids such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin and a third factor or pathway termed 'endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor' (EDHF). The nature of EDHF and EDHF-signalling pathways is not fully understood yet. However, endothelial hyperpolarization mediated by the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (K(Ca)) has been suggested to play a critical role in initializing EDHF-dilator responses in conduit and resistance-sized arteries of many species including humans. Endothelial K(Ca) currents are mediated by the two K(Ca) subtypes, intermediate-conductance K(Ca) (KCa3.1) (also known as, a.k.a. IK(Ca)) and small-conductance K(Ca) type 3 (KCa2.3) (a.k.a. SK(Ca)). In this review, we summarize current knowledge about endothelial KCa3.1 and KCa2.3 channels, their molecular and pharmacological properties and their specific roles in endothelial function and, particularly, in the EDHF-dilator response. In addition we focus on recent experimental evidences derived from KCa3.1- and/or KCa2.3-deficient mice that exhibit severe defects in EDHF signalling and elevated blood pressures, thus highlighting the importance of the KCa3.1/KCa2.3-EDHF-dilator system for blood pressure control. Moreover, we outline differential and overlapping roles of KCa3.1 and KCa2.3 for EDHF signalling as well as for nitric oxide synthesis and discuss recent evidence for a heterogeneous (sub) cellular distribution of KCa3.1 (at endothelial projections towards the smooth muscle) and KCa2.3 (at inter-endothelial borders and caveolae), which may explain their distinct roles for endothelial function. Finally, we summarize the interrelations of altered KCa3.1/KCa2.3 and EDHF system impairments with cardiovascular disease states such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis and discuss the therapeutic potential of KCa3.1/KCa2.3 openers as novel types of blood pressure-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Grgic
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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121
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Kung HF, Lieberman BP, Zhuang ZP, Oya S, Kung MP, Choi SR, Poessl K, Blankemeyer E, Hou C, Skovronsky D, Kilbourn M. In vivo imaging of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 in pancreas using an (18)F epoxide derivative of tetrabenazine. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 35:825-37. [PMID: 19026944 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Development of imaging agents for pancreatic beta cell mass may provide tools for studying insulin-secreting beta cells and their relationship with diabetes mellitus. In this paper, a new imaging agent, [(18)F](+)-2-oxiranyl-3-isobutyl-9-(3-fluoropropoxy)-10-methoxy-2,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinoline [(18)F](+)4, which displays properties targeting vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) binding sites of beta cells in the pancreas, was evaluated as a positron emission tomography (PET) agent for estimating beta cell mass in vivo. The hydrolyzable epoxide group of (+)4 may provide a mechanism for shifting biodistribution from liver to kidney, thus reducing the background signal. METHODS Both (18)F- and (19)F-labeled (+) and (-) isomers of 4 were synthesized and evaluated. Organ distribution was carried out in normal rats. Uptake of [(18)F](+)4 in pancreas of normal rats was measured and correlated with blocking studies using competing drugs, (+)dihydrotetrabenazine [(+)-DTBZ] or 9-fluoropropyl-(+)dihydro tetrabenazine [FP-(+)-DTBZ, (+)2]. RESULTS In vitro binding study of VMAT2 using rat brain striatum showed a K(i) value of 0.08 and 0.15 nM for the (+)4 and (+/-)4, respectively. The in vivo biodistribution of [(18)F](+)4 in rats showed the highest uptake in the pancreas (2.68 %ID/g at 60 min postinjection). In vivo competition experiments with cold FP-(+)-DTBZ, (+)2, (3.5 mg/kg, 5 min iv pretreatment) led to a significant reduction of pancreas uptake (85% blockade at 60 min). The inactive isomer [(18)F](-)4 showed significantly lower pancreas uptake (0.22 %ID/g at 30 min postinjection). Animal PET imaging studies of [(18)F](+)4 in normal rats demonstrated an avid pancreatic uptake in rats. CONCLUSION The preliminary results suggest that the epoxide, [(18)F](+)4, is highly selective in binding to VMAT2 and it has an excellent uptake in the pancreas of rats. The liver uptake was significantly reduced through the use of the epoxide group. Therefore, it may be potentially useful for imaging beta cell mass in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hank F Kung
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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122
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Iliff JJ, Alkayed NJ. Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition: Targeting Multiple Mechanisms of Ischemic Brain Injury with a Single Agent. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2009; 4:179-199. [PMID: 19779591 DOI: 10.2217/14796708.4.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a key enzyme in the metabolic conversion and degradation of P450 eicosanoids called epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Genetic variations in the sEH gene, designated EPHX2, are associated with ischemic stroke risk. In experimental studies, sEH inhibition and gene deletion reduce infarct size after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Although the precise mechanism of protection afforded by sEH inhibition remains under investigation, EETs exhibit a wide array of potentially beneficial actions in stroke, including vasodilation, neuroprotection, promotion of angiogenesis and suppression of platelet aggregation, oxidative stress and post-ischemic inflammation. Herein we argue that by capitalizing on this broad protective profile, sEH inhibition represents a prototype "combination therapy" targeting multiple mechanisms of stroke injury with a single agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Iliff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR 97239
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123
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Snider NT, Nast JA, Tesmer LA, Hollenberg PF. A cytochrome P450-derived epoxygenated metabolite of anandamide is a potent cannabinoid receptor 2-selective agonist. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 75:965-72. [PMID: 19171674 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.053439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of the endocannabinoid anandamide by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes has the potential to affect signaling pathways within the endocannabinoid system and pharmacological responses to novel drug candidates targeting this system. We previously reported that the human cytochromes P450 2D6, 3A4, and 4F2 are high-affinity, high-turnover anandamide oxygenases in vitro, forming the novel metabolites hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamides and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible biological significance of these metabolic pathways. We report that the 5,6-epoxide of anandamide, 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamide (5,6-EET-EA), is a potent and selective cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonist. The K(i) values for the binding of 5,6-EET-EA to membranes from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing either recombinant human CB1 or CB2 receptor were 11.4 microM and 8.9 nM, respectively. In addition, 5,6-EET-EA inhibited the forskolin-stimulated accumulation of cAMP in CHO cells stably expressing the CB2 receptor (IC(50) = 9.8 +/- 1.3 nM). Within the central nervous system, the CB2 receptor is expressed on activated microglia and is a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammation. BV-2 microglial cells stimulated with low doses of interferon-gamma exhibited an increased capacity for converting anandamide to 5,6-EET-EA, which correlated with increased protein expression of microglial P450 4F and 3A isoforms. Finally, we demonstrate that 5,6-EET-EA is more stable than anandamide in mouse brain homogenates and is primarily metabolized by epoxide hydrolase. Combined, our results suggest that epoxidation of anandamide by P450s to form 5,6-EET-EA represents an endocannabinoid bioactivation pathway in the context of immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T Snider
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5632, USA
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Anandan SK, Do ZN, Webb HK, Patel DV, Gless RD. Non-urea functionality as the primary pharmacophore in soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1066-70. [PMID: 19168352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase has been proposed as a promising new pharmaceutical target for diseases involving hypertension and vascular inflammation. The most potent sEH inhibitors reported to date contain a urea or amide moiety as the central or 'primary' pharmacophore. We evaluated replacing the urea pharmacophore with other functional groups such as thiourea, sulfonamide, sulfonylurea, aminomethylene amide, hydroxyamide, and ketoamide to identify novel and potent inhibitors. The hydroxyamide moiety was identified as a novel pharmacophore affording potency comparable to urea.
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125
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Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors reduce the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e-knockout mouse model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 52:314-23. [PMID: 18791465 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318185fa3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether sEH inhibitors influence atherosclerotic lesion formation, we used an established murine model of accelerated atherogenesis, ApoE knockout (-/-) mice. The sEH inhibitor, 1-adamantan-3-(5-(2-(2-ethylethoxy)ethoxy)pentyl)urea (AEPU) was delivered in drinking water. All animals were fed an atherogenic diet while simultaneously infused with angiotensin II by osmotic minipump to induce atherosclerosis. In AEPU-treated animals, there was a 53% reduction in atherosclerotic lesions in the descending aortae as compared to control aortae. AEPU and its major metabolites were detected in the plasma of animals which received it. As expected from the inhibition of sEH, a significant increase in linoleic and arachidonic acid epoxides, as well as an increase in individual 11,12-EET/DHET and 14,15-EET/DHET ratios, were observed. The reduction in atherosclerotic lesion area was inversely correlated with 11,12- and 14,15- EET/DHET ratios, suggesting that the reduction corresponds to the inhibition of sEH. Our data suggest that orally-available sEH inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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126
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Soluble epoxide hydrolase plays an essential role in angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:564-9. [PMID: 19126686 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811022106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological cardiac hypertrophy is one of the most common causes of heart failure. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, hydrolyzed and degraded by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), can function as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors to induce dilation of coronary arteries and thus are cardioprotective. In this study, we investigated the role of sEH in two rodent models of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac hypertrophy. The protein level of sEH was elevated in the heart of both spontaneously hypertensive rats and Ang II-infused Wistar rats. Blocking the Ang II type 1 receptor with losartan could abolish this induction. Administration of a potent sEH inhibitor (sEHI) prevented the pathogenesis of the Ang II-induced hypertrophy, as demonstrated by decreased left-ventricular hypertrophy assessed by echocardiography, reduced cardiomyocyte size, and attenuated expression of hypertrophy markers, including atrial natriuretic factor and beta-myosin heavy chain. Because sEH elevation was not observed in exercise- or norepinephrine-induced hypertrophy, the sEH induction was closely associated with Ang II-induced hypertrophy. In vitro, Ang II upregulated sEH and hypertrophy markers in neonatal cardiomyocytes isolated from rat and mouse. Expression of these marker genes was elevated with adenovirus-mediated sEH overexpression but decreased with sEHI treatment. These results were supported by studies in neonatal cardiomyocytes from sEH(-/-) mice. Our results suggest that sEH is specifically upregulated by Ang II, which directly mediates Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of sEH would be a useful approach to prevent and treat Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
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Stoelting M, Geyer M, Reuter S, Reichelt R, Bek MJ, Pavenstädt H. Alpha/beta hydrolase 1 is upregulated in D5 dopamine receptor knockout mice and reduces O2- production of NADPH oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 379:81-5. [PMID: 19073140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Renal dopamine receptors have been shown to play a critical role in ROS-dependent hypertension. D5 dopamine receptor deficient (D5-/-) mice are hypertensive and have increased systemic oxidative stress which is manifested in the kidney and the brain. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms of hypertension in D5-/- mice, we used RNA arrays to compare mRNA levels of kidneys from wildtype and D5-/- mice. Our data show, that the mRNA level of alpha/beta hydrolase 1 (ABHD1) is significantly upregulated in D5-/- mice. Additionally, overexpression of ABHD1 in a new established renal proximal tubule cell line reduced the amount of O(2)(-) produced by the NADPH oxidase. Therefore the upregulation of ABHD1 in D5-/- mice could be an answer to the increased oxidative stress. While oxidative stress is an important factor for the development of hypertension, ABHD1 could play a protective role in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Stoelting
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic D, University clinics Münster, Münster, Germany
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EnayetAllah AE, Luria A, Luo B, Tsai HJ, Sura P, Hammock BD, Grant DF. Opposite regulation of cholesterol levels by the phosphatase and hydrolase domains of soluble epoxide hydrolase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:36592-8. [PMID: 18974052 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806315200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a bifunctional enzyme with two catalytic domains: a C-terminal epoxide hydrolase domain and an N-terminal phosphatase domain. Epidemiology and animal studies have attributed a variety of cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory effects to the C-terminal epoxide hydrolase domain. The recent association of sEH with cholesterol-related disorders, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activity, and the isoprenoid/cholesterol biosynthesis pathway additionally suggest a role of sEH in regulating cholesterol metabolism. Here we used sEH knock-out (sEH-KO) mice and transfected HepG2 cells to evaluate the phosphatase and hydrolase domains in regulating cholesterol levels. In sEH-KO male mice we found a approximately 25% decrease in plasma total cholesterol as compared with wild type (sEH-WT) male mice. Consistent with plasma cholesterol levels, liver expression of HMG-CoA reductase was found to be approximately 2-fold lower in sEH-KO male mice. Additionally, HepG2 cells stably expressing human sEH with phosphatase only or hydrolase only activity demonstrate independent and opposite roles of the two sEH domains. Whereas the phosphatase domain elevated cholesterol levels, the hydrolase domain lowered cholesterol levels. Hydrolase inhibitor treatment in sEH-WT male and female mice as well as HepG2 cells expressing human sEH resulted in higher cholesterol levels, thus mimicking the effect of expressing the phosphatase domain in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, we show that sEH regulates cholesterol levels in vivo and in vitro, and we propose the phosphatase domain as a potential therapeutic target in hypercholesterolemia-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E EnayetAllah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, USA
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129
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Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases convert arachidonic acid to four epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) regioisomers, 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EET, that function as autacrine and paracrine mediators. EETs produce vascular relaxation by activating smooth muscle large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa). In addition, they have anti-inflammatory effects on blood vessels and in the kidney, promote angiogenesis, and protect ischemic myocardium and brain. CYP epoxygenases also convert eicosapentaenoic acid to vasoactive epoxy-derivatives, and endocannabinoids containing 11,12- and 14,15-EET are formed. Many EET actions appear to be initiated by EET binding to a membrane receptor that activates ion channels and intracellular signal transduction pathways. However, EETs also are taken up by cells, are incorporated into phospholipids, and bind to cytosolic proteins and nuclear receptors, suggesting that some functions may occur through direct interaction of the EET with intracellular effector systems. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts EETs to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). Because this attenuates many of the functional effects of EETs, sEH inhibition is being evaluated as a mechanism for increasing and prolonging the beneficial actions of EETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Spector
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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130
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Xie Y, Liu Y, Gong G, Smith DH, Yan F, Rinderspacher A, Feng Y, Zhu Z, Li X, Deng SX, Branden L, Vidović D, Chung C, Schürer S, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Landry DW. Discovery of potent non-urea inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 19:2354-9. [PMID: 19303288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a novel target for the treatment of hypertension and vascular inflammation. A new class of potent non-urea sEH inhibitors was identified via high throughput screening (HTS) and chemical modification. IC(50)s of the most potent compounds range from micromolar to low nanomolar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Xie
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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131
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Keserü B, Barbosa-Sicard E, Popp R, Fisslthaler B, Dietrich A, Gudermann T, Hammock BD, Falck JR, Weissmann N, Busse R, Fleming I. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and the soluble epoxide hydrolase are determinants of pulmonary artery pressure and the acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response. FASEB J 2008; 22:4306-15. [PMID: 18725458 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-112821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have indicated a role for cytochrome P-450 (CYP) epoxygenase-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) in acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). Given that the intracellular concentration of EETs is determined by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), we assessed the influence of the sEH and 11,12-EET on pulmonary artery pressure and HPV in the isolated mouse lung. In lungs from wild-type mice, HPV was significantly increased by sEH inhibition, an effect abolished by pretreatment with CYP epoxygenase inhibitors and the EET antagonist 14,15-EEZE. HPV and EET production were greater in lungs from sEH(-/-) mice than from wild-type mice and sEH inhibition had no further effect on HPV, while MSPPOH and 14,15-EEZE decreased the response. 11,12-EET increased pulmonary artery pressure in a concentration-dependent manner and enhanced HPV via a Rho-dependent mechanism. Both 11,12-EET and hypoxia elicited the membrane translocation of a transient receptor potential (TRP) C6-V5 fusion protein, the latter effect was sensitive to 14,15-EEZE. Moreover, while acute hypoxia and 11,12-EET increased pulmonary pressure in lungs from TRPC6(+/-) mice, lungs from TRPC6(-/-) mice did not respond to either stimuli. These data demonstrate that CYP-derived EETs are involved in HPV and that EET-induced pulmonary contraction under normoxic and hypoxic conditions involves a TRPC6-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Keserü
- Vascular Signalling Group, Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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132
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Loot AE, Popp R, Fisslthaler B, Vriens J, Nilius B, Fleming I. Role of cytochrome P450-dependent transient receptor potential V4 activation in flow-induced vasodilatation. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80:445-52. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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133
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Harris TR, Li N, Nipavan C, Hammock BD. The Potential of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition in the Treatment of Cardiac Hypertrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 14:219-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2008.08430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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134
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Production of epoxide hydrolases in batch fermentations of Botryosphaeria rhodina. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:485-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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135
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