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PELLISSIER L, RASMANN S, LITSIOS G, FIEDLER K, DUBUIS A, POTTIER J, GUISAN A. High host-plant nitrogen content: a prerequisite for the evolution of ant-caterpillar mutualism? J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1658-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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102
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Condamine FL, Silva-Brandão KL, Kergoat GJ, Sperling FAH. Biogeographic and diversification patterns of Neotropical Troidini butterflies (Papilionidae) support a museum model of diversity dynamics for Amazonia. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:82. [PMID: 22690927 PMCID: PMC3464124 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The temporal and geographical diversification of Neotropical insects remains poorly understood because of the complex changes in geological and climatic conditions that occurred during the Cenozoic. To better understand extant patterns in Neotropical biodiversity, we investigated the evolutionary history of three Neotropical swallowtail Troidini genera (Papilionidae). First, DNA-based species delimitation analyses were conducted to assess species boundaries within Neotropical Troidini using an enlarged fragment of the standard barcode gene. Molecularly delineated species were then used to infer a time-calibrated species-level phylogeny based on a three-gene dataset and Bayesian dating analyses. The corresponding chronogram was used to explore their temporal and geographical diversification through distinct likelihood-based methods. RESULTS The phylogeny for Neotropical Troidini was well resolved and strongly supported. Molecular dating and biogeographic analyses indicate that the extant lineages of Neotropical Troidini have a late Eocene (33-42 Ma) origin in North America. Two independent lineages (Battus and Euryades+Parides) reached South America via the GAARlandia temporary connection, and later became extinct in North America. They only began substantive diversification during the early Miocene in Amazonia. Macroevolutionary analysis supports the "museum model" of diversification, rather than Pleistocene refugia, as the best explanation for the diversification of these lineages. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that: (i) current Neotropical biodiversity may have originated ex situ; (ii) the GAARlandia bridge was important in facilitating invasions of South America; (iii) colonization of Amazonia initiated the crown diversification of these swallowtails; and (iv) Amazonia is not only a species-rich region but also acted as a sanctuary for the dynamics of this diversity. In particular, Amazonia probably allowed the persistence of old lineages and contributed to the steady accumulation of diversity over time with constant net diversification rates, a result that contrasts with previous studies on other South American butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien L Condamine
- INRA, UMR Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, CBGP, (INRA/IRD/CIRAD/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, CS30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (École Polytechnique), Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Karina L Silva-Brandão
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Padua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 13418-900
| | - Gael J Kergoat
- INRA, UMR Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, CBGP, (INRA/IRD/CIRAD/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, CS30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Felix AH Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
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103
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Ragland GJ, Sim SB, Goudarzi S, Feder JL, Hahn DA. Environmental interactions during host race formation: host fruit environment moderates a seasonal shift in phenology in host races of Rhagoletis pomonella. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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104
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Forister ML, Dyer LA, Singer MS, Stireman III JO, Lill JT. Revisiting the evolution of ecological specialization, with emphasis on insect–plant interactions. Ecology 2012; 93:981-91. [DOI: 10.1890/11-0650.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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105
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Opitz SEW, Boevé JL, Nagy ZT, Sonet G, Koch F, Müller C. Host shifts from Lamiales to Brassicaceae in the sawfly genus Athalia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33649. [PMID: 22485146 PMCID: PMC3317781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant chemistry can be a key driver of host shifts in herbivores. Several species in the sawfly genus Athalia are important economic pests on Brassicaceae, whereas other Athalia species are specialized on Lamiales. These host plants have glucosides in common, which are sequestered by larvae. To disentangle the possible direction of host shifts in this genus, we examined the sequestration specificity and feeding deterrence of iridoid glucosides (IGs) and glucosinolates (GSs) in larvae of five species which either naturally sequester IGs from their hosts within the Plantaginaceae (Lamiales) or GSs from Brassicaceae, respectively. Furthermore, adults were tested for feeding stimulation by a neo-clerodane diterpenoid which occurs in Lamiales. Larvae of the Plantaginaceae-feeders did not sequester artificially administered p-hydroxybenzylGS and were more deterred by GSs than Brassicaceae-feeders were by IGs. In contrast, larvae of Brassicaceae-feeders were able to sequester artificially administered catalpol (IG), which points to an ancestral association with Lamiales. In line with this finding, adults of all tested species were stimulated by the neo-clerodane diterpenoid. Finally, in a phylogenetic tree inferred from genetic marker sequences of 21 Athalia species, the sister species of all remaining 20 Athalia species also turned out to be a Lamiales-feeder. Fundamental physiological pre-adaptations, such as the establishment of a glucoside transporter, and mechanisms to circumvent activation of glucosides by glucosidases are therefore necessary prerequisites for successful host shifts between Lamiales and Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Luc Boevé
- IRSNB-KBIN, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Zoltán Tamás Nagy
- IRSNB-KBIN, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gontran Sonet
- IRSNB-KBIN, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Frank Koch
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- * E-mail:
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106
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Wilson JS, Forister ML, Dyer LA, O'Connor JM, Burls K, Feldman CR, Jaramillo MA, Miller JS, Rodríguez-Castañeda G, Tepe EJ, Whitfield JB, Young B. Host conservatism, host shifts and diversification across three trophic levels in two Neotropical forests. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:532-46. [PMID: 22268676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Host-parasite systems have been models for understanding the connection between shifts in resource use and diversification. Despite theoretical expectations, ambiguity remains regarding the frequency and importance of host switches as drivers of speciation in herbivorous insects and their parasitoids. We examine phylogenetic patterns with multiple genetic markers across three trophic levels using a diverse lineage of geometrid moths (Eois), specialist braconid parasitoids (Parapanteles) and plants in the genus Piper. Host-parasite associations are mapped onto phylogenies, and levels of cospeciation are assessed. We find nonrandom patterns of host use within both the moth and wasp phylogenies. The moth-plant associations in particular are characterized by small radiations of moths associated with unique host plants in the same geographic area (i.e. closely related moths using the same host plant species). We suggest a model of diversification that emphasizes an interplay of factors including host shifts, vicariance and adaptation to intraspecific variation within hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wilson
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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107
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Condamine FL, Sperling FAH, Wahlberg N, Rasplus JY, Kergoat GJ. What causes latitudinal gradients in species diversity? Evolutionary processes and ecological constraints on swallowtail biodiversity. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:267-77. [PMID: 22251895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most striking ecological patterns on our planet. Determining the evolutionary causes of this pattern remains a challenging task. To address this issue, previous LDG studies have usually relied on correlations between environmental variables and species richness, only considering evolutionary processes indirectly. Instead, we use a phylogenetically integrated approach to investigate the ecological and evolutionary processes responsible for the global LDG observed in swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae). We find evidence for the 'diversification rate hypothesis' with different diversification rates between two similarly aged tropical and temperate clades. We conclude that the LDG is caused by (1) climatically driven changes in both clades based on evidence of responses to cooling and warming events, and (2) distinct biogeographical histories constrained by tropical niche conservatism and niche evolution. This multidisciplinary approach provides new findings that allow better understanding of the factors that shape LDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien L Condamine
- INRA, UMR Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, CBGP (INRA/IRD/CIRAD/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France.
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108
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Janz N. Ehrlich and Raven Revisited: Mechanisms Underlying Codiversification of Plants and Enemies. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2011. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
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109
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DeVries PJ, Alexander LG, Chacon IA, Fordyce JA. Similarity and difference among rainforest fruit-feeding butterfly communities in Central and South America. J Anim Ecol 2011; 81:472-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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110
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Etienne RS, Haegeman B, Stadler T, Aze T, Pearson PN, Purvis A, Phillimore AB. Diversity-dependence brings molecular phylogenies closer to agreement with the fossil record. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:1300-9. [PMID: 21993508 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The branching times of molecular phylogenies allow us to infer speciation and extinction dynamics even when fossils are absent. Troublingly, phylogenetic approaches usually return estimates of zero extinction, conflicting with fossil evidence. Phylogenies and fossils do agree, however, that there are often limits to diversity. Here, we present a general approach to evaluate the likelihood of a phylogeny under a model that accommodates diversity-dependence and extinction. We find, by likelihood maximization, that extinction is estimated most precisely if the rate of increase in the number of lineages in the phylogeny saturates towards the present or first decreases and then increases. We demonstrate the utility and limits of our approach by applying it to the phylogenies for two cases where a fossil record exists (Cetacea and Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera) and to three radiations lacking fossil evidence (Dendroica, Plethodon and Heliconius). We propose that the diversity-dependence model with extinction be used as the standard model for macro-evolutionary dynamics because of its biological realism and flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rampal S Etienne
- Community and Conservation Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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111
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Mahdi SH, Yamasaki H, Otaki JM. Heat-shock-induced color-pattern changes of the blue pansy butterfly Junonia orithya: Physiological and evolutionary implications. J Therm Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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112
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Mullen SP, Savage WK, Wahlberg N, Willmott KR. Rapid diversification and not clade age explains high diversity in neotropical Adelpha butterflies. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:1777-85. [PMID: 21106589 PMCID: PMC3097834 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Latitudinal gradients in species richness are among the most well-known biogeographic patterns in nature, and yet there remains much debate and little consensus over the ecological and evolutionary causes of these gradients. Here, we evaluated whether two prominent alternative hypotheses (namely differences in diversification rate or clade age) could account for the latitudinal diversity gradient in one of the most speciose neotropical butterfly genera (Adelpha) and its close relatives. We generated a multilocus phylogeny of a diverse group of butterflies in the containing tribe Limenitidini, which has both temperate and tropical representatives. Our results suggest there is no relationship between clade age and species richness that could account for the diversity gradient, but that instead it could be explained by a significantly higher diversification rate within the predominantly tropical genus Adelpha. An apparent early larval host-plant shift to Rubiaceae and other plant families suggests that the availability of new potential host plants probably contributed to an increase in diversification of Adelpha in the lowland Neotropics. Collectively, our results support the hypothesis that the equatorial peak in species richness observed within Adelpha is the result of increased diversification rate in the last 10-15 Myr rather than a function of clade age, perhaps reflecting adaptive divergence in response to the dramatic host-plant diversity found within neotropical ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Mullen
- Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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113
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Slove J, Janz N. The relationship between diet breadth and geographic range size in the butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae--a study of global scale. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16057. [PMID: 21246054 PMCID: PMC3016415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The "oscillation hypothesis" has been proposed as a general explanation for the exceptional diversification of herbivorous insect species. The hypothesis states that speciation rates are elevated through repeated correlated changes--oscillations--in degree of host plant specificity and geographic range. The aim of this study is to test one of the predictions from the oscillation hypothesis: a positive correlation between diet breadth (number of host plants used) and geographic range size, using the globally distributed butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae. Data on diet breadth and global geographic range were collected for 182 Nymphalinae butterflies species and the size of the geographic range was measured using a GIS. We tested both diet breadth and geographic range size for phylogenetic signal to see if species are independent of each other with respect to these characters. As this test gave inconclusive results, data was analysed both using cross-species comparisons and taking phylogeny into account using generalised estimating equations as applied in the APE package in R. Irrespective of which method was used, we found a significant positive correlation between diet breadth and geographic range size. These results are consistent for two different measures of diet breadth and removal of outliers. We conclude that the global range sizes of Nymphalinae butterflies are correlated to diet breadth. That is, butterflies that feed on a large number of host plants tend to have larger geographic ranges than do butterflies that feed on fewer plants. These results lend support for an important step in the oscillation hypothesis of plant-driven diversification, in that it can provide the necessary fuel for future population fragmentation and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Slove
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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