1
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Parks KS, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W, Fernández-Triana J, Dyer LA, Rodriguez JJ, Arias-Penna DC, Whitfield JB. A five-gene molecular phylogeny reveals Parapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to be polyphyletic as currently composed. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 150:106859. [PMID: 32497831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parapanteles Ashmead (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) is a medium-sized genus of microgastrine wasps that was erected over a century ago and lacks a unique synapomorphic character, and its monophyly has not been tested by any means. Parapanteles usually are parasitoids of large, unconcealed caterpillars (macrolepidoptera) and have been reared from an unusually large diversity of hosts for a relatively small microgastrine genus. We used Cytochrome Oxidase I sequences ("DNA barcodes") available for Parapanteles and other microgastrines to sample the generic diversity of described and undescribed species currently placed in Parapanteles, and then sequenced four additional genes for this subsample (wingless, elongation factor 1-alpha, ribosomal subunit 28s, and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1). We constructed individual gene trees and concatenated Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenies for this 5-gene subsample. In these phylogenies, most Parapanteles species formed a monophyletic clade within another genus, Dolichogenidea, while the remaining Parapanteles species were recovered polyphyletically within several other genera. The latter likely represent misidentified members of other morphologically similar genera. Species in the monophyletic clade containing most Parapanteles parasitized caterpillars from only five families - Erebidae (Arctiinae), Geometridae, Saturniidae, Notodontidae, and Crambidae. We do not make any formal taxonomic decisions here because we were not able to include representatives of type species for Parapanteles or other relevant genera, and because we feel such decisions should be reserved until a comprehensive morphological analysis of the boundaries of these genera is accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Parks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - D H Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - W Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | | | - L A Dyer
- Department of Biology, Reno, NV 89557, United States.
| | - J J Rodriguez
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Wise, VA 24293, United States.
| | - D C Arias-Penna
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - J B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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2
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Valerio AA, Whitfield JB. Taxonomic review of the genus Hypomicrogaster Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae), with descriptions of 40 new species. Zootaxa 2015; 3979:1-98. [PMID: 26249935 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3979.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A taxonomic review of the genus Hypomicrogaster Ashmead is presented with the redescription and redelimitation of the already named species Hypomicrogaster ecus Nixon, H. imitator (Ashmead), H. tydeus Nixon and H. zonaria (Say). The review also implies eleven new synonymies, and a new combination for the species H. areolaris (Blanchard). Also, the present revision identified 40 new Hypomicrogaster species: Hypomicrogaster aodous n. sp., H. aplebis n. sp., H. cernus n. sp., H. crocinus n. sp., H. daktulios n. sp., H. deltis n. sp., H. duo n. sp., H. epipagis n. sp., H. espera n. sp., H. evrys n. sp., H. guille n. sp., H. hektos n. sp., H. hupsos n. sp., H. ingensis n. sp., H. insolitus n. sp., H. inversalis n. sp., H. koinos n. sp., H. largus n. sp., H. laxus n. sp., H. linearis n. sp., H. lineatus n. sp., H. luisi n. sp., H. masoni n. sp., H. mesos n. sp., H. mikrosus n. sp., H. multus n. sp., H. pectinatus n. sp., H. plagios n. sp., H. pollex n. sp., H. rugosus n. sp., H. scindus n. sp., H. sicingens n. sp., H. sicpollex n. sp., H. sicscindus n. sp., H. siderion n. sp., H. spatulae n. sp., H. specialis n. sp., H. tantillus n. sp., H. tetra n. sp., H. zan n. sp. The Hypomicrogaster species are using as hosts 11 families of Lepidoptera, and 52 confirmed lepidopteran species feeding on 34 families of plants. Additionally, a fully illustrated key to all known described species of Hypomicrogaster is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Valerio
- Central American Institute of Biological Research and Conservation (CIBRC). P.O. Box 2398-2050 San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica.;
| | - J B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.;
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3
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Zimmermann E, Ängquist LH, Mirza SS, Zhao JH, Chasman DI, Fischer K, Qi Q, Smith AV, Thinggaard M, Jarczok MN, Nalls MA, Trompet S, Timpson NJ, Schmidt B, Jackson AU, Lyytikäinen LP, Verweij N, Mueller-Nurasyid M, Vikström M, Marques-Vidal P, Wong A, Meidtner K, Middelberg RP, Strawbridge RJ, Christiansen L, Kyvik KO, Hamsten A, Jääskeläinen T, Tjønneland A, Eriksson JG, Whitfield JB, Boeing H, Hardy R, Vollenweider P, Leander K, Peters A, van der Harst P, Kumari M, Lehtimäki T, Meirhaeghe A, Tuomilehto J, Jöckel KH, Ben-Shlomo Y, Sattar N, Baumeister SE, Smith GD, Casas JP, Houston DK, März W, Christensen K, Gudnason V, Hu FB, Metspalu A, Ridker PM, Wareham NJ, Loos RJF, Tiemeier H, Sonestedt E, Sørensen TIA. Is the adiposity-associated FTO gene variant related to all-cause mortality independent of adiposity? Meta-analysis of data from 169,551 Caucasian adults. Obes Rev 2015; 16:327-340. [PMID: 25752329 PMCID: PMC4564522 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs9939609, in the FTO gene showed a much stronger association with all-cause mortality than expected from its association with body mass index (BMI), body fat mass index (FMI) and waist circumference (WC). This finding implies that the SNP has strong pleiotropic effects on adiposity and adiposity-independent pathological pathways that leads to increased mortality. To investigate this further, we conducted a meta-analysis of similar data from 34 longitudinal studies including 169,551 adult Caucasians among whom 27,100 died during follow-up. Linear regression showed that the minor allele of the FTO SNP was associated with greater BMI (n = 169,551; 0.32 kg m(-2) ; 95% CI 0.28-0.32, P < 1 × 10(-32) ), WC (n = 152,631; 0.76 cm; 0.68-0.84, P < 1 × 10(-32) ) and FMI (n = 48,192; 0.17 kg m(-2) ; 0.13-0.22, P = 1.0 × 10(-13) ). Cox proportional hazard regression analyses for mortality showed that the hazards ratio (HR) for the minor allele of the FTO SNPs was 1.02 (1.00-1.04, P = 0.097), but the apparent excess risk was eliminated after adjustment for BMI and WC (HR: 1.00; 0.98-1.03, P = 0.662) and for FMI (HR: 1.00; 0.96-1.04, P = 0.932). In conclusion, this study does not support that the FTO SNP is associated with all-cause mortality independently of the adiposity phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zimmermann
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L H Ängquist
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S S Mirza
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Q Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - A V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.,University of Icelandic, Reykajvik, Iceland
| | - M Thinggaard
- The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - M N Jarczok
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - S Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - N J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - B Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - L P Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.,School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - N Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Mueller-Nurasyid
- Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - M Vikström
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - K Meidtner
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.,Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - R P Middelberg
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - R J Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Christiansen
- The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - K O Kyvik
- Institute of Regional Health Services Research and Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - A Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J G Eriksson
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.,Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J B Whitfield
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - H Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - R Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - P Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Leander
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Peters
- Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - P van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetic, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Neterlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.,ISER, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - T Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.,School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - A Meirhaeghe
- Inserm, U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - J Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario LaPaz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.,Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - K-H Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Y Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - N Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - S E Baumeister
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J P Casas
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - D K Houston
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - W März
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - K Christensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - V Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.,University of Icelandic, Reykajvik, Iceland
| | - F B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - N J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R J F Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - H Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Sonestedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - T I A Sørensen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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4
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Alex Smith M, Fernández‐Triana JL, Eveleigh E, Gómez J, Guclu C, Hallwachs W, Hebert PDN, Hrcek J, Huber JT, Janzen D, Mason PG, Miller S, Quicke DLJ, Rodriguez JJ, Rougerie R, Shaw MR, Várkonyi G, Ward DF, Whitfield JB, Zaldívar‐Riverón A. DNA barcoding and the taxonomy of
M
icrogastrinae wasps (
H
ymenoptera,
B
raconidae): impacts after 8 years and nearly 20 000 sequences. Mol Ecol Resour 2012; 13:168-76. [PMID: 23228011 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
| | - J. L. Fernández‐Triana
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
- Research Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 960 Carling Avenue Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0C6
| | - E. Eveleigh
- Atlantic Forestry Centre Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Fredericton New Brunswick Canada E3B 5P7
| | - J. Gómez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Barrio María Auxiliadora San Cristóbal de Las Casas Chiapas CP 29290, Mexico
| | - C. Guclu
- Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture Atatürk University Erzurum 25240 Turkey
| | - W. Hallwachs
- Department of Biology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - P. D. N. Hebert
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
| | - J. Hrcek
- Faculty of Science Czech Academy of Sciences University of South Bohemia and Biology Center Branisovska 31 Ceske Budejovice 37005 Czech Republic
| | - J. T. Huber
- Natural Resources Canada c/o Canadian National Collection of Insects Research Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 960 Carling Avenue Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0C6
| | - D. Janzen
- Department of Biology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - P. G. Mason
- Research Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 960 Carling Avenue Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0C6
| | - S. Miller
- National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution PO Box 37012 MRC 105 Washington DC 20013‐7012 USA
| | - D. L. J. Quicke
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY UK
- Department of Entomology The Natural History Museum Cromwell Rd London SW7 5DB UK
| | - J. J. Rodriguez
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara 735 State St. Suite 300 Santa Barbara CA 93101 USA
| | - R. Rougerie
- Laboratoire ECODIV Université de Rouen Batiment IRESE A Place Emile Blondel F‐76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex France
| | - M. R. Shaw
- Honorary Research Associate National Museums of Scotland Chambers Street Edinburgh EH1 1JF UK
| | - G. Várkonyi
- Finnish Environment Institute Friendship Park Research Centre, Lentiirantie 342B FI‐88900 Kuhmo Finland
| | - D. F. Ward
- New Zealand Arthropod Collection Landcare Research Private Bag 92170 Auckland New Zealand
| | - J. B. Whitfield
- Department of Entomology University of Illinois Urbana IL 62801 USA
| | - A. Zaldívar‐Riverón
- Colección Nacional de Insectos Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 3er. circuito exterior s/n Cd. Universitaria AP 70‐233 Copilco Coyoacán DF CP 04510 México
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5
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Agrawal A, Verweij KJH, Gillespie NA, Heath AC, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Martin NG, Nelson EC, Slutske WS, Whitfield JB, Lynskey MT. The genetics of addiction-a translational perspective. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e140. [PMID: 22806211 PMCID: PMC3410620 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Addictions are serious and common psychiatric disorders, and are among the leading contributors to preventable death. This selective review outlines and highlights the need for a multi-method translational approach to genetic studies of these important conditions, including both licit (alcohol, nicotine) and illicit (cannabis, cocaine, opiates) drug addictions and the behavioral addiction of disordered gambling. First, we review existing knowledge from twin studies that indicates both the substantial heritability of substance-specific addictions and the genetic overlap across addiction to different substances. Next, we discuss the limited number of candidate genes which have shown consistent replication, and the implications of emerging genomewide association findings for the genetic architecture of addictions. Finally, we review the utility of extensions to existing methods such as novel phenotyping, including the use of endophenotypes, biomarkers and neuroimaging outcomes; emerging methods for identifying alternative sources of genetic variation and accompanying statistical methodologies to interpret them; the role of gene-environment interplay; and importantly, the potential role of genetic variation in suggesting new alternatives for treatment of addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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6
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Wilson JS, Forister ML, Dyer LA, O'Connor JM, Burls K, Feldman CR, Jaramillo MA, Miller JS, Rodríguez-Castañeda G, Tepe EJ, Whitfield JB, Young B. Host conservatism, host shifts and diversification across three trophic levels in two Neotropical forests. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:532-46. [PMID: 22268676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Host-parasite systems have been models for understanding the connection between shifts in resource use and diversification. Despite theoretical expectations, ambiguity remains regarding the frequency and importance of host switches as drivers of speciation in herbivorous insects and their parasitoids. We examine phylogenetic patterns with multiple genetic markers across three trophic levels using a diverse lineage of geometrid moths (Eois), specialist braconid parasitoids (Parapanteles) and plants in the genus Piper. Host-parasite associations are mapped onto phylogenies, and levels of cospeciation are assessed. We find nonrandom patterns of host use within both the moth and wasp phylogenies. The moth-plant associations in particular are characterized by small radiations of moths associated with unique host plants in the same geographic area (i.e. closely related moths using the same host plant species). We suggest a model of diversification that emphasizes an interplay of factors including host shifts, vicariance and adaptation to intraspecific variation within hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wilson
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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7
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Chen X, Belokobylskij SA, Van achterberg C, Whitfield JB. Cornutorogas, a new genus with four new species of the subfamily Rogadinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from the Oriental region. J NAT HIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930310001618912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Applied Entomology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310 029, China
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61 801, USA
| | - S. A. Belokobylskij
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab., 1, St Petersburg 199 034, Russia
| | - C. Van achterberg
- Department of Entomology, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J. B. Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61 801, USA
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8
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Byrne EM, McRae AF, Duffy DL, Zhao ZZ, Martin NG, Whitfield JB, Visscher PM, Montgomery GW. Family-based mitochondrial association study of traits related to type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2359-2368. [PMID: 19760390 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS There has been much focus on the potential role of mitochondria in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, and many case-control mitochondrial association studies have been undertaken for these conditions. We tested for a potential association between common mitochondrial variants and a number of quantitative traits related to type 2 diabetes in a large sample of >2,000 healthy Australian adolescent twins and their siblings, many of whom were measured on more than one occasion. METHODS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first mitochondrial association study of quantitative traits undertaken using family data. The maternal inheritance pattern of mitochondria means established association methodologies are unsuitable for analysis of mitochondrial data in families. We present a methodology, implemented in the freely available program Sib-Pair for performing such an analysis. RESULTS Despite our study having the power to detect variants with modest effects on these phenotypes, only one significant association was found after correction for multiple testing in any of four age groups. This was for mt14365 with triacylglycerol levels (unadjusted p = 0.0006). This association was not replicated in other age groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We find little evidence in our sample to suggest that common European mitochondrial variants contribute to variation in quantitative phenotypes related to diabetes. Only one variant showed a significant association in our sample, and this association will need to be replicated in a larger cohort. Such replication studies or future meta-analyses may reveal more subtle effects that could not be detected here because of limitations of sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Byrne
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - A F McRae
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - D L Duffy
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Z Z Zhao
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J B Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - P M Visscher
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - G W Montgomery
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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9
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Abstract
We provide the first phylogenetic evidence supporting complementary sex determination (CSD) as the ancestral mechanism for haplodiploidy in the Hymenoptera. It is currently not possible, however, to distinguish the evolutionary polarity of single locus (sl) CSD and multiple-locus (ml) CSD given the available data. In this light, we discuss the seemingly maladaptive hypothesis of ml-CSD ancestry, suggesting that collapse from ml-CSD to sl-CSD should remain a viable evolutionary hypothesis based on (i) likely weakening of frequency-dependent selection on sex alleles under ml-CSD and (ii) recent findings with respect to the evolutionary novelty of the complementary sex determiner gene in honeybees. Our findings help provide a phylogenetically informed blueprint for future sampling of sex determination mechanisms in the Hymenoptera, as they yield hypotheses for many unsampled or ambiguous taxa and highlight taxa whose further sampling will influence reconstruction of the evolutionary polarity of sex determination mechanisms in major clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Asplen
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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10
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Valle AM, Radić Z, Rana BK, Whitfield JB, O'Connor DT, Martin NG, Taylor P. The cholinesterases: analysis by pharmacogenomics in man. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 175:343-5. [PMID: 18541229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have undertaken a study on variations in cholinesterase (ChE) genes in relation to cardiovascular (CV) function and the metabolic syndrome. Peripheral and central nervous system control of cardiovascular (CV) function mediated through cholinergic pathways is critical in homeostatic maintenance of blood pressure and responsiveness to stress. For acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) our focus is to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene that are linked to cardiovascular function. For butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8) we examined whether BChE activity correlated with parameters of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular function. ChE can be found in whole blood enabling a characterization of biochemical phenotype in addition to correlating genotype with phenotypic physiologic responses. Analysis of enzymatic activity was determined spectrophotometrically in blood samples from twin and other subject registries. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between enzyme activity and certain CV endpoints. Linkage analysis with data from a dizygotic (DZ) twin set showed a suggestive linkage at the BChE locus, and statistical analysis revealed a high correlation between BChE activity and variables associated with cardiovascular risk and the metabolic syndrome. Pattern of within-pair twin correlations by zygosity and the ACE model-fitting findings suggest the major source of this variation (65%) is attributable to an additive genetic component. To date 19 SNPs have been identified by the re-sequencing of AChE including four nonsynonymous coding SNPs (cSNPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Valle
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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11
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de Boer JG, Ode PJ, Vet LEM, Whitfield JB, Heimpel GE. Diploid males sire triploid daughters and sons in the parasitoid wasp Cotesia vestalis. Heredity (Edinb) 2007; 99:288-94. [PMID: 17551527 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Hymenoptera, males develop as haploids from unfertilized eggs and females develop as diploids from fertilized eggs. In species with complementary sex determination (CSD), however, diploid males develop from zygotes that are homozygous at a highly polymorphic sex locus or loci. We investigated mating behavior and reproduction of diploid males of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia vestalis (C. plutellae), for which we recently demonstrated CSD. We show that the behavior of diploid males of C. vestalis is similar to that of haploid males, when measured as the proportion of males that display wing fanning, and the proportion of males that mount a female. Approximately 29% of diploid males sired daughters, showing their ability to produce viable sperm that can fertilize eggs. Females mated to diploid males produced all-male offspring more frequently (71%) than females mated to haploid males (27%). Daughter-producing females that had mated to diploid males produced more male-biased sex ratios than females mated to haploid males. All daughters of diploid males were triploid and sterile. Three triploid sons were also found among the offspring of diploid males. It has been suggested that this scenario, that is, diploid males mating with females and constraining them to the production of haploid sons, has a large negative impact on population growth rate and secondary sex ratio. Selection for adaptations to reduce diploid male production in natural populations is therefore likely to be strong. We discuss different scenarios that may reduce the sex determination load in C. vestalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G de Boer
- 1Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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12
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Birley AJ, Whitfield JB, Neale MC, Duffy DL, Heath AC, Boomsma DI, Martin NG. Genetic time-series analysis identifies a major QTL for in vivo alcohol metabolism not predicted by in vitro studies of structural protein polymorphism at the ADH1B or ADH1C loci. Behav Genet 2006; 35:509-24. [PMID: 16184481 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-005-3851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
After ingestion of a standardized dose of ethanol, alcohol concentrations were assessed, over 3.5 hours from blood (six readings) and breath (10 readings) in a sample of 412 MZ and DZ twins who took part in an Alcohol Challenge Twin Study (ACTS). Nearly all participants were subsequently genotyped on two polymorphic SNPs in the ADH1B and ADH1C loci known to affect in vitro ADH activity. In the DZ pairs, 14 microsatellite markers covering a 20.5 cM region on chromosome 4 that includes the ADH gene family were assessed, Variation in the timed series of autocorrelated blood and breath alcohol readings was studied using a bivariate simplex design. The contribution of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) or QTL's linked to the ADH region was estimated via a mixture of likelihoods weighted by identity-by-descent probabilities. The effects of allelic substitution at the ADH1B and ADH1C loci were estimated in the means part of the model simultaneously with the effects sex and age. There was a major contribution to variance in alcohol metabolism due to a QTL which accounted for about 64% of the additive genetic covariation common to both blood and breath alcohol readings at the first time point. No effects of the ADH1B*47His or ADH1C*349Ile alleles on in vivo metabolism were observed, although these have been shown to have major effects in vitro. This implies that there is a major determinant of variation for in vivo alcohol metabolism in the ADH region that is not accounted for by these polymorphisms. Earlier analyses of these data suggested that alcohol metabolism is related to drinking behavior and imply that this QTL may be protective against alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Birley
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Joint Genetics Program, University of Queensland, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
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13
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Luciano M, Zhu G, Kirk KM, Whitfield JB, Butler R, Heath AC, Madden PAF, Martin NG. Effects of dopamine receptor D4 variation on alcohol and tobacco use and on novelty seeking: multivariate linkage and association analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 124B:113-23. [PMID: 14681925 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D4 receptor gene contains a polymorphic sequence consisting of a variable number of 48-base-pair (bp) repeats, and there have been a number of reports that this polymorphism is associated with variation in novelty seeking or in substance abuse and addictive behaviors. In this study we have assessed the linkage and association of DRD4 genotype with novelty seeking, alcohol use, and smoking in a sample of 377 dizygotic twin pairs and 15 single twins recruited from the Australian Twin Registry (ATR). We found no evidence of linkage or association of the DRD4 locus with any of the phenotypes. We made use of repeated measures for some phenotypes to increase power by multivariate genetic analysis, but allelic effects were still non-significant. Specifically, it has been suggested that the DRD4 7-repeat allele is associated with increased novelty seeking in males but we found no evidence for this, despite considerable power to do so. We conclude that DRD4 variation does not have an effect on use of alcohol and the problems that arise from it, on smoking, or on novelty seeking behavior.
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14
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Kirk KM, Whitfield JB, Pang D, Heath AC, Martin NG. Genetic covariation of neuroticism with monoamine oxidase activity and smoking. Am J Med Genet 2001; 105:700-6. [PMID: 11803517 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the personality trait of neuroticism is known to be affected by genetic influences, but despite a number of association studies, the genes involved have not yet been characterized. In a recent study of platelet monoamine oxidase in 1,551 twin subjects, we found a significant association between monoamine oxidase activity and scores on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire neuroticism scale. Further analyses presented here indicate that both neuroticism and monoamine oxidase activity are associated with variation in smoking habits, and that adjusting for the effect of smoking strengthens the association between MAO and neuroticism. Analysis of the genetic and environmental sources of covariation between neuroticism, smoking, and monoamine oxidase activity show that approximately 8% of the genetic variance in neuroticism is due to the same additive genetic effects that contribute to variation in monoamine oxidase activity, suggesting that variation in neuroticism is associated in part with aspects of serotonin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kirk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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15
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Abstract
Birthweight affects neonatal mortality and morbidity and has been used as a marker of foetal undernutrition in studies of prenatal effects on adult characteristics. It is potentially influenced by genetic and environmental influences on the mother, and effects of foetal genotype, which is partially derived from the maternal genotype. Interpretations of variation in birthweight and associated characteristics as being due to prenatal environment ignore other possible modes of materno-foetal transmission. Subjects were adult twins recruited through the Australian Twin Registry, aged 17 to 87 years, and the sample comprised 1820 men and 4048 women. Twins reported their own birthweight as part of a health questionnaire. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated from self-reports of height and weight. Correlations between co-twins' birthweights were high for both monozygotic (r = 0.77) and dizygotic (r = 0.67) pairs, leading to substantial estimates of shared environmental effects (56% of variance) with significant additive genetic (23%) and non-shared environmental (21%) components. Adult BMI was mainly influenced by genetic factors, both additive (36% of variance) and nonadditive (35%). The correlation between birthweight and BMI was positive, in that heavier babies became on average more obese adults. A bivariate model of birthweight and adult BMI showed significant positive genetic (r(g) = 0.16, p = 0.005) and environmental (r(e) = 0.08, p = 0.000011) correlations. Intra-uterine environmental or perinatal influences shared by cotwins exercise a strong influence on birthweight, but the factors which affect both birthweight and adult BMI are partly genetic and partly non-shared environmental.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney
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16
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Whitfield JB, Zhu G, Heath AC, Powell LW, Martin NG. Effects of alcohol consumption on indices of iron stores and of iron stores on alcohol intake markers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [PMID: 11505030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol increases body iron stores. Alcohol and iron may increase oxidative stress and the risk of alcohol-related liver disease. The relationship between low or "safe" levels of alcohol use and indices of body iron stores, and the factors that affect the alcohol-iron relationship, have not been fully characterized. Other aspects of the biological response to alcohol use have been reported to depend on iron status. METHODS We have measured serum iron, transferrin, and ferritin as indices of iron stores in 3375 adult twin subjects recruited through the Australian Twin Registry. Information on alcohol use and dependence and smoking was obtained from questionnaires and interviews. RESULTS Serum iron and ferritin increased progressively across classes of alcohol intake. The effects of beer consumption were greater than those of wine or spirits. Ferritin concentration was significantly higher in subjects who had ever been alcohol dependent. There was no evidence of interactions between HFE genotype or body mass index and alcohol. Alcohol intake-adjusted carbohydrate-deficient transferrin was increased in women in the lowest quartile of ferritin results, whereas adjusted gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase values were increased in subjects with high ferritin. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol intake at low level increases ferritin and, by inference, body iron stores. This may be either beneficial or harmful, depending on circumstances. The response of biological markers of alcohol intake can be affected by body iron stores; this has implications for test sensitivity and specificity and for variation in biological responses to alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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17
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Whitfield JB, Zhu G, Duffy DL, Birley AJ, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Martin NG. Variation in Alcohol Pharmacokinetics as a Risk Factor for Alcohol Dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Whitfield JB, Zhu G, Duffy DL, Birley AJ, Madden PA, Heath AC, Martin NG. Variation in alcohol pharmacokinetics as a risk factor for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25:1257-63. [PMID: 11584143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The significant association between alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-2 genotype and alcohol-dependence risk, demonstrated in both Asian and non-Asian populations, suggests a link between the metabolism of alcohol (ethanol) and individual differences in susceptibility to dependence. METHODS We tested this hypothesis by following up on subjects who took part in the Alcohol Challenge Twin Study conducted in 1979-1981 and comparing the blood and breath alcohol results in that study between subjects who subsequently did or did not meet diagnostic criteria for lifetime alcohol dependence in 1992-1993. RESULTS Subjects who met DSM-III-R criteria for lifetime alcohol dependence at follow-up had higher blood and breath alcohol values after alcohol challenge than never-dependent subjects. Multivariate analysis showed independent effects of susceptibility to alcohol dependence and smoking status on blood alcohol concentrations, whereas habitual alcohol intake at the time of the initial study had marginally significant effects. The risk of alcohol dependence was 2-fold higher in men and 3-fold higher in women with blood or breath alcohol concentrations in the highest quartile than in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS In view of this association and the known genetic influences on both alcohol pharmacokinetics and alcohol dependence, it is probable that part of the heritability of dependence is mediated by genes (other than the known ADH2 and ADH3 polymorphisms) affecting alcohol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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19
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Abstract
Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) has been widely used as an index of liver dysfunction and marker of alcohol intake. The last few years have seen improvements in these areas and advances in understanding of its physiological role in counteracting oxidative stress by breaking down extracellular glutathione and making its component amino acids available to the cells. Conditions that increase serum GGT, such as obstructive liver disease, high alcohol consumption, and use of enzyme-inducing drugs, lead to increased free radical production and the threat of glutathione depletion. However, the products of the GGT reaction may themselves lead to increased free radical production, particularly in the presence of iron. There have also been important advances in the definition of the associations between serum GGT and risk of coronary heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, and stroke. People with high serum GGT have higher mortality, partly because of the association between GGT and other risk factors and partly because GGT is an independent predictor of risk. This review aims to summarize the knowledge about GGT's clinical applications, to present information on its physiological roles, consider the results of epidemiological studies, and assess how far these separate areas can be combined into an integrated view.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, and University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Eriksson CJ, Fukunaga T, Sarkola T, Chen WJ, Chen CC, Ju JM, Cheng AT, Yamamoto H, Kohlenberg-Müller K, Kimura M, Murayama M, Matsushita S, Kashima H, Higuchi S, Carr L, Viljoen D, Brooke L, Stewart T, Foroud T, Su J, Li TK, Whitfield JB. Functional relevance of human adh polymorphism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25:157S-163S. [PMID: 11391066 DOI: 10.1097/00000374-200105051-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2000 ISBRA Meeting in Yokohama, Japan. The chairs were C. J. Peter Eriksson and Tatsushige Fukunaga. The presentations were (1) 4-Methylpyrazole as a tool in the investigation of the role of ADH in the actions of alcohol in humans, by Taisto Sarkola and C. J. Peter Eriksson; (2) ADH2 polymorphism and flushing in Asian populations, by Wei J. Chen, C. C. Chen, J. M. Ju, and Andrew T. A. Cheng; (3) Role of ADH3 genotypes in the acute effects of alcohol in a Finnish population, by Hidetaka Yamamoto, Kathrin Kohlenberg-Müller, and C. J. Peter Eriksson; (4) Clinical characteristics and disease course of alcoholics with different ADH2 genotypes, by Mitsuru Kimura, Masanobu Murayama, Sachio Matsushita, Haruo Kashima, and Susumu Higuchi; (5) ADH2 polymorphism, alcohol drinking, and birth defects, by Lucinda Carr, D. Viljoen, L. Brooke, T. Stewart, T. Foroud, J. Su, and Ting-Kai Li; and (6) ADH genotypes and alcohol use in Europeans, by John B. Whitfield.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Eriksson
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki Finland.
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21
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Jacob T, Sher KJ, Bucholz KK, True WT, Sirevaag EJ, Rohrbaugh J, Nelson E, Neuman RJ, Todd RD, Slutske WS, Whitfield JB, Kirk KM, Martin NG, Madden PA, Heath AC. An integrative approach for studying the etiology of alcoholism and other addictions. Twin Res 2001; 4:103-18. [PMID: 11665331 DOI: 10.1375/1369052012218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Studies of alcoholism etiology often focus on genetic or psychosocial approaches, but not both. Greater understanding of the etiology of alcohol, tobacco and other addictions will come from integration of these research traditions. A research approach is outlined to test three models for the etiology of addictions--behavioral undercontrol, pharmacologic vulnerability, negative affect regulation--addressing key questions including (i) mediators of genetic effects, (ii) genotype-environment correlation effects, (iii) genotype x environment interaction effects, (iv) the developmental unfolding of genetic and environmental effects, (v) subtyping including identification of distinct trajectories of substance involvement, (vi) identification of individual genes that contribute to risk, and (vii) the consequences of excessive use. By using coordinated research designs, including prospective assessment of adolescent twins and their siblings and parents; of adult substance dependent and control twins and their MZ and DZ cotwins, the spouses of these pairs, and their adolescent offspring; and of regular families; by selecting for gene-mapping approaches sibships screened for extreme concordance or discordance on quantitative indices of substance use; and by using experimental (drug challenge) as well as survey approaches, a number of key questions concerning addiction etiology can be addressed. We discuss complementary strengths and weaknesses of different sampling strategies, as well as methods to implement such an integrated approach illustrated for the study of alcoholism etiology. A coordinated program of twin and family studies will allow a comprehensive dissection of the interplay of genetic and environmental risk-factors in the etiology of alcoholism and other addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jacob
- Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Heath AC, Whitfield JB, Madden PA, Bucholz KK, Dinwiddie SH, Slutske WS, Bierut LJ, Statham DB, Martin NG. Towards a molecular epidemiology of alcohol dependence: analysing the interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2001; 40:s33-40. [PMID: 11315223 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.178.40.s33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progress in identifying genetic factors protective against alcohol dependence (AlcD) requires a paradigm shift in psychiatric epidemiology. AIMS To integrate analysis of research into the genetics of alcoholism. METHOD Data from prospective questionnaire and interview surveys of the Australian twin panel, and from a subsample who underwent alcohol challenge, were analysed. RESULTS In men, effects of alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2*1/*2 genotype or high alcohol sensitivity (risk-decreasing), and of history of childhood conduct disorder, or having monozygotic co-twin or twin sister with AlcD (risk-increasing) were significant and comparable in magnitude. Religious affiliation (Anglican versus other) was associated with the ADH2 genotype, but did not explain the associations with AlcD symptoms. No protective effect of the ADH2*1/*2 genotype was observed in women. CONCLUSIONS The early onset and strong familial aggregation of AlcD, and opportunity for within-family tests of genetic association to avoid confounding effects, make epidemiological family studies of adolescents and young adults and their families a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Heath
- Missouri Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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23
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Barbosa P, Segarra AE, Gross P, Caldas A, Ahlstrom K, Carlson RW, Ferguson DC, Grissell EE, Hodges RW, Marsh PM, Poole RW, Schauff ME, Shaw SR, Whitfield JB, Woodley NE. DIFFERENTIAL PARASITISM OF MACROLEPIDOPTERAN HERBIVORES ON TWO DECIDUOUS TREE SPECIES. Ecology 2001. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0698:dpomho]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Scouller K, Conigrave KM, Macaskill P, Irwig L, Whitfield JB. Should we use carbohydrate-deficient transferrin instead of gamma-glutamyltransferase for detecting problem drinkers? A systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin Chem 2000; 46:1894-902. [PMID: 11106319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) has been used as a test for excessive alcohol consumption in research, clinical, and medico-legal settings, but there remain conflicting data on its accuracy, with sensitivities ranging from <20% to 100%. We examined evidence of its benefit over a conventional and less expensive test, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and compared the accuracy of different CDT assay methods. METHODS We performed a systematic review using summary ROC analysis of 110 studies prior to June 1998 on the use of CDT in the detection of alcohol dependence or hazardous/harmful alcohol use. RESULTS We identified several potential sources of bias in studies. In studies examining CDT and GGT in the same subjects, subject characteristics were less likely to influence the comparison. In such paired studies, the original Pharmacia CDT assay was significantly more accurate than GGT, but the modified CDTect assay did not perform as well as the original and was not significantly better than GGT. The accuracy of the AXIS %CDT assay was statistically indistinguishable from modified CDTect. Several CDT assay methods appeared promising, in particular, liquid chromatography (chromatofocusing, HPLC, fast protein liquid chromatography) and isoelectric focusing, but there were insufficient paired studies from which to draw firm conclusions. CONCLUSIONS In studies published before June 1998, the results obtained with commercially available CDT assays were not significantly better than GGT as markers of excessive alcohol use in paired studies. Further high-quality studies comparing CDTect (modified) and other CDT assays with GGT in the same subjects are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scouller
- Drug and Alcohol Departments, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd., Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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Menninger JA, Barón AE, Conigrave KM, Whitfield JB, Saunders JB, Helander A, Eriksson CJ, Grant B, Hoffman PL, Tabakoff B. Platelet adenylyl cyclase activity as a trait marker of alcohol dependence. WHO/ISBRA Collaborative Study Investigators. International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24:810-21. [PMID: 10888069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is compelling evidence that genetic factors play a major role in the development of alcohol dependence. Platelet adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity has been proposed as a biochemical marker for differentiating alcohol-dependent and nondependent subjects, but the sensitivity and specificity of this marker have not been ascertained. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of platelet AC activity in identifying alcohol-dependent subjects and to ascertain the effect of medical/ psychiatric variables, drinking and smoking history, and age and body weight on AC activity. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted from 1995 to 1998. Participants were 210 Australian White men who were community volunteers and alcohol treatment inpatients in Sydney, Australia. There were 41 nondrinkers, 140 drinkers, and 29 men who were entering alcohol treatment. The main outcome measure was platelet AC activity. Classification variables were plasma ethanol, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), and urinary 5-hydroxytryptophol/5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HTOL/5-HIAA) levels, and World Health Organization/International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Interview Schedule variables, which included alcohol use and dependence criteria. RESULTS Among subjects who reported abstinence for at least 4 days, both cesium fluoride (CsF)- and forskolin-stimulated platelet AC activities were significantly lower in those with a lifetime history of alcohol dependence compared with those with no such history (p < 0.005 and p < 0.05, respectively). The sensitivity and specificity of CsF-stimulated AC activity to discriminate individuals with a lifetime history of alcohol dependence were 75% and 79%, respectively. Similar values for sensitivity and specificity for CsF-stimulated AC activity were calculated when discriminating current alcohol dependence in the subjects in our sample. Irrespective of the history of alcohol dependence, persons who had consumed alcohol recently (within the last 3-4 days) showed significantly higher mean basal, CsF-stimulated, and forskolin-stimulated AC activity (p < 0.001), as did those who had elevated 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratios or CDT levels, indicative of recent (heavy) drinking. The "normalization" of platelet AC activity to baseline levels after an individual stops drinking may be related to the generation of new platelets during the abstinence period. Conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder were not associated with low AC activity, but low forskolin-stimulated AC activity was associated with major depression. CONCLUSIONS We found that CsF- and forskolin-stimulated platelet AC activity discriminates between subjects with and without alcohol dependence in a population of subjects who had not consumed significant quantities of ethanol recently. Recent alcohol consumption is a confounding variable that can alter the measured levels of AC activity. Forskolin-stimulated platelet AC activity also may be influenced by a history of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Menninger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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Whitfield JB, Cullen LM, Jazwinska EC, Powell LW, Heath AC, Zhu G, Duffy DL, Martin NG. Effects of HFE C282Y and H63D polymorphisms and polygenic background on iron stores in a large community sample of twins. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:1246-58. [PMID: 10739755 PMCID: PMC1288192 DOI: 10.1086/302862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/1999] [Accepted: 01/31/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess and to compare the role of HFE polymorphisms and other genetic factors in variation in iron stores. Blood samples were obtained from 3,375 adult male and female twins (age range 29-82 years) recruited from the Australian Twin Registry. There were 1,233 complete pairs (562 monozygotic and 571 dizygotic twins). Serum iron, transferrin, transferrin saturation with iron, and ferritin were measured, and the HFE C282Y and H63D genotypes were determined. The frequency of the C282Y allele was.072, and that of the H63D allele was.141. Significant sources of variation in the indices of iron status included age, sex, age-sex interaction, body-mass index, and both the C282Y and H63D genotypes. The iron, transferrin, and saturation values of CC and CY subjects differed significantly, but the ferritin values did not. After correction for age and body-mass index, 23% and 31% of the variance in iron, 66% and 49% of the variance in transferrin, 33% and 47% of the variance in transferrin saturation, and 47% and 47% of the variance in ferritin could be explained by additive genetic factors, for men and women, respectively. HFE C282Y and H63D variation accounted for <5% of the corrected phenotypic variance, except for saturation (12% in women and 5% in men). We conclude that HFE CY and HD heterozygotes differ in iron status from the CC and HH homozygotes and that serum transferrin saturation is more affected than is serum ferritin. There are highly significant effects of other as-yet-unidentified genes on iron stores, in addition to HFE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- Biochemistry Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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Whitfield JB, Pang D, Bucholz KK, Madden PA, Heath AC, Statham DJ, Martin NG. Monoamine oxidase: associations with alcohol dependence, smoking and other measures of psychopathology. Psychol Med 2000; 30:443-454. [PMID: 10824664 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291799001798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many reports have appeared on associations between platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and susceptibility to psychiatric conditions; principally alcohol dependence but also conduct disorder, other drug use and depression. Recently, it has become apparent that MAO activity is inhibited by some component of cigarette smoke, and smokers have low platelet MAO activity. Since the prevalence of smoking is higher in many of the conditions in which MAO has been implicated, the MAO susceptibility associations may be partly, or entirely, false. METHODS We have measured platelet MAO in 1551 subjects, recruited from the Australian NHMRC Twin Registry, who have provided information on alcohol use and dependence, smoking, conduct disorder, depression, attempted suicide, panic disorder and social phobia. RESULTS Current smoking reduced platelet MAO activity in a significant and dose-related manner, with no evidence of lower MAO in ex-smokers or in non-smoking subjects with co-twins who smoked. Alcohol use and lifetime DSM-III-R alcohol dependence history were not associated with MAO activity when smoking was taken into account. Depression, panic disorder and social phobia showed no significant associations with platelet MAO activity. Subjects with a history of serious attempts at suicide had low platelet MAO activity; but although the difference from controls was as great as the reduction associated with smoking it was not significant after correction for smoking effects. CONCLUSIONS Although synaptic MAO activity undoubtedly plays a role in psychopathology, the concept that platelet MAO activity is a direct genetic marker of vulnerability to alcohol dependence cannot be sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Grant JD, Heath AC, Madden PA, Bucholz KK, Whitfield JB, Martin NG. An assessment of the genetic relationship between alcohol metabolism and alcoholism risk in Australian twins of European ancestry. Behav Genet 1999; 29:463-72. [PMID: 10857251 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021683106532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present analyses examined genetic influences on alcohol metabolism and their possible relationship to risk of alcohol dependence. Subjects were 206 Australian twin pairs who participated in an alcohol challenge protocol in 1979-1981, in which they were given a 0.75 g/kg dose of alcohol; blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) measured at five times over a 3-hr period after alcohol ingestion were examined. Structural equation modeling, fitting a combined autoregressive and common factor model, indicated significant heritabilities for both men and women (h2 range = 0.19-0.71), with significant parameter heterogeneity as a function of gender. In 1992-1993, both twins from 159 of the alcohol challenge pairs completed a telephone-administered psychiatric diagnostic interview. Repeated-measures MANOVAs were used to examine whether respondent's or cotwin's DSM-III-R alcohol dependence status, or parental history of alcohol problems, was associated with variation in alcohol metabolism. There was some evidence that individuals at increased genetic risk of alcohol dependence [with either a paternal history of alcohol problems (women) or an MZ male cotwin who reported a history of alcohol dependence by 1992-1993] showed lower initial BACs than other groups. However, this effect was not seen in those who themselves had a history of alcohol dependence by interview follow-up, perhaps because this relationship was already masked by a history of excessive drinking at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Grant
- Missouri Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis 63108, USA.
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Heath AC, Madden PA, Bucholz KK, Dinwiddie SH, Slutske WS, Bierut LJ, Rohrbaugh JW, Statham DJ, Dunne MP, Whitfield JB, Martin NG. Genetic differences in alcohol sensitivity and the inheritance of alcoholism risk. Psychol Med 1999; 29:1069-1081. [PMID: 10576299 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291799008909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial evidence exists for an important genetic contribution to alcohol dependence risk in women and men. It has been suggested that genetically determined differences in alcohol sensitivity may represent one pathway by which an increase in alcohol dependence risk occurs. METHODS Telephone interview follow-up data were obtained on twins from male, female and unlike-sex twin pairs who had participated in an alcohol challenge study in 1979-81, as well as other pairs from the same Australian twin panel surveyed by mail in 1980-82. RESULTS At follow-up, alcohol challenge men did not differ from other male twins from the same age cohort on measures of lifetime psychopathology or drinking habits; but alcohol challenge omen were on average heavier drinkers than other women. A composite alcohol sensitivity measure, combining subjective intoxication and increase in body-sway after alcohol challenge in 1979-81, exhibited high heritability (60 %). Parental alcoholism history was weakly associated with decreased alcohol sensitivity in women, but not after adjustment for baseline drinking history, or in men. High alcohol sensitivity in men was associated with substantially reduced alcohol dependence risk (OR = 0.05, 95% CI 0.01-0.39). Furthermore, significantly decreased (i.e. low) alcohol sensitivity was observed in non-alcoholic males whose MZ co-twin had a history of alcohol dependence, compared to other non-alcoholics. These associations remained significant in conservative analyses that controlled for respondents' alcohol consumption levels and alcohol problems in 1979-81. CONCLUSIONS Men (but not women) at increased genetic risk of alcohol dependence (assessed by MZ co-twin's history of alcohol dependence) exhibited reduced alcohol sensitivity. Associations with parental alcoholism were inconsistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
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Mardulyn P, Whitfield JB. Phylogenetic signal in the COI, 16S, and 28S genes for inferring relationships among genera of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera; Braconidae): evidence of a high diversification rate in this group of parasitoids. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1999; 12:282-94. [PMID: 10413623 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1999.0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The subfamily Microgastrinae is a highly diversified group of parasitoid wasps that attacks all of the different groups of Lepidoptera. We explore here the phylogenetic signal in three gene (mitochondrial COI and 16S, and nuclear 28S) fragments as an assessment of their utility in resolving generic relationships within this species-rich insect group. These genes were chosen because their level of sequence divergence is thought to be appropriate for this study and because they have resolved relationships among other braconid wasps at similar taxonomic levels. True phylogenetic signal, as opposed to random signal or noise, was detected in the 16S and 28S data sets. Phylogenetic analyses conducted on each microgastrine data set, however, have all resulted in poorly resolved trees, with most clades being supported by low bootstrap values. The phylogenetic signal, if present, is therefore concentrated on a few well-supported clades. Some rapidly evolving sites may be too saturated to be phylogenetically useful. Nonetheless, the sequence data (nearly 2300 nucleotides) used here appear to exhibit the appropriate level of variation, theoretically, to resolve the relationships studied. Moreover, the clades that are well supported by the data are usually supported by more than one data set and represent different levels of sequence divergence. We suggest that the lack of phylogenetic signal observed is an indication of the presence of many short internal branches on the phylogeny being estimated, which in turn might be the result of a rapid diversification of the taxa examined. Relative specialization of diet, which is typically associated with parasitic behavior, is believed to result in high radiation rates, which may have been especially high in microgastrine wasps because of the great diversity of their lepidopteran hosts. This hypothesis of a rapid diversification caused by an abundance of host species remains speculative and more data will be needed to test it further.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mardulyn
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, 321 Agriculture Building, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
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Abstract
The genera of Cardiochilinae are revised on the basis of a phylogeneticanalysis of qualitative and morphometric characters. Partition homogeneitytesting was used to evaluate the congruence between qualitative andmorphometric data sets. Three most-parsimonious cladograms of 217.9 steps werefound when morphometric characters were ordered and fractionally reweighteddepending on the number of states. Sixteen monophyletic genera are recognisedfor the subfamily, with six described as new:Asiacardiochiles Telenga, stat. rev. (Australasian and Palaearctic), Austerocardiochiles, gen. nov. (typespecies: Cardiochiles pollinator Dangerfield & Austin) (Afrotropical, Oriental, Australasian and Palaearctic),Bohayella Belokobylskij (Afrotropical, Oriental,Australasian, Nearctic and Palaearctic), CardiochilesNees ab Esenbeck, s. str. (Cosmopolitan),Eurycardiochiles, gen. nov. (type species:C. occidentalis Dangerfield & Austin) (Australasianand Oriental), Gwenia, gen. nov. (type species:C.turneri Dangerfield & Austin) (Australasian),Hansonia Dangerfield (Neotropical),Hartemita Cameron (Oriental),Heteropteron Brullé (Neotropical),Hymenicis, gen. nov. (type species:C. noongarensis Dangerfield & Austin)(Australasian), Latitergum, gen. nov. (type species:C. areyongensis Dangerfield & Austin)(Australasian), Pseudcardiochilus Hedwig (Australasian and Palaearctic), PsilommiscusEnderlein, stat. rev.(Oriental), Retusigaster, gen. nov. (type species:C. rubidus Mao) (Nearctic and Palaearctic),Schoenlandella Cameron (Cosmopolitan) andToxoneuron Say (Afrotropical, Nearctic, Neotropical,introduced into Oriental). Wesmaelella Spinola andNeocardiochiles Szépligeti are placed as juniorsynonyms of Heteropteron.Cardiochiles ruficollis (Szépligeti), stat. rev.,is brought out of synonymy with C. saltator (F.), alectotype has been designated for S. testaceipes(Cameron) and Cardiochiles croceum (Cameron), comb. nov.is transferred to Phanerotoma Wesmael (Cheloninae).Diagnoses, information on distribution and hosts, and an illustrated key togenera are provided. After examination of all available holotypes, 169 of the182 described species are placed in the new generic classification.
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Whitfield JB, Fletcher LM, Murphy TL, Powell LW, Halliday J, Heath AC, Martin NG. Smoking, obesity, and hypertension alter the dose-response curve and test sensitivity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker of alcohol intake. Clin Chem 1998; 44:2480-9. [PMID: 9836715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a specific and comparatively sensitive marker of excessive alcohol use; however, reports of its sensitivity vary according to the population or patient groups studied and their average alcohol intake. We have characterized the dose-response curve between alcohol intake and CDT concentrations in a study of 1400 men and women from a community-based twin registry. Our results show that mean CDT increases with increasing reported alcohol consumption even within the range of alcohol use considered to be nonhazardous. We found significant effects of sex, age, smoking, previous alcohol dependence, body mass index, and diastolic hypertension on the alcohol-CDT dose-response curve. These variables either affect test sensitivity or require adjustment of reference intervals. The results also provide insight into the physiological and biochemical factors that affect CDT concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
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Abstract
Nucleotide sequences from a 434-bp region of the 16S rRNA gene were analyzed for 65 taxa of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, parasitoid wasps, sawflies) to examine the patterns of variation within the gene fragment and the taxonomic levels for which it shows maximum utility in phylogeny estimation. A hierarchical approach was adopted in the study through comparison of levels of sequence variation among taxa at different taxonomic levels. As previously reported for many holometabolous insects, the 16S data reported here for Hymenoptera are highly AT-rich and exhibit strong site-to-site variation in substitution rate. More precise estimates of the shape parameter (alpha) of the gamma distribution and the proportion of invariant sites were obtained in this study by employing a reference phylogeny and utilizing maximum-likelihood estimation. The effectiveness of this approach to recovering expected phylogenies of selected hymenopteran taxa has been tested against the use of maximum parsimony. This study finds that the 16S gene is most informative for phylogenetic analysis at two different levels: among closely related species or populations, and among tribes, subfamilies, and families. Maximization of the phylogenetic signal extracted from the 16S gene at higher taxonomic levels may require consideration of the base composition bias and the site-to-site rate variation in a maximum-likelihood framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
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Whitfield JB, Nightingale BN, Bucholz KK, Madden PA, Heath AC, Martin NG. ADH genotypes and alcohol use and dependence in Europeans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998; 22:1463-9. [PMID: 9802529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We have tested for effects of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genotypes on self-reported alcohol consumption and symptoms of alcohol dependence, recorded on three occasions up to 15 years apart, in 377 male and female subjects of European descent. ADH2 genotype had significant effects on both consumption and dependence in the men, but not in the women. The effects of ADH3 genotype were considerably less than those of ADH2, but significant results could be demonstrated when the combined genotypes were considered. The direction of the effects on alcohol consumption and dependence risk were consistent with reports on Asian subjects, and with the in vitro properties of ADH isoenzymes. As with previous studies on the relationship between ADH type and alcohol use, population stratification cannot be excluded as a contributing factor in these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Whitfield JB, Nightingale BN, O'Brien ME, Heath AC, Birley AJ, Martin NG. Molecular biology of alcohol dependence, a complex polygenic disorder. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998; 36:633-6. [PMID: 9806475 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1998.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence, and the medical conditions which arise from prolonged excessive alcohol use, have no single cause. Like other complex diseases, they result from a combination of social, personal and genetic contributions; but within any society genetic variation has a substantial influence on individual risk. The genes presently known to affect alcohol dependence produce variation in alcohol metabolism; other genes which affect personality or susceptibility to intoxication are likely to be significant but so far reproducible evidence is scanty. Designs which include related subjects have advantages for the study of complex diseases, because any association effects can be placed in the context of overall heritability and because linkage analysis can also be included. Examples of our studies of alcohol metabolism, consumption and dependence are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
Recent studies of hymenopteran phylogeny using both comparative morphology and DNA sequence data have greatly enhanced our understanding of the evolution of that order. Resulting phylogenetic hypotheses make possible more rigorous investigations of the evolution of various biological life-styles, among them the parasitoid habit. This paper reviews the current findings from higher-taxon phylogenetic analyses of the order. A "consensus" phylogeny derived from these findings is used to trace the most likely evolutionary pathways leading to the current diversity of parasitoid habits. Taxa and biological phenomena for which our current understanding is fragmentary are highlighted. Based on current evidence, it appears that parasitism arose, from mycophagous ancestors, a single time within the order. Many subsequent elaborations of the parasitic mode of life (e.g. endoparasitism, secondary phytophagy, etc) apparently evolved independently more than once.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- Entomology Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
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Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Madden PA, Dinwiddie SH, Slutske WS, Bierut LJ, Statham DJ, Dunne MP, Whitfield JB, Martin NG. Genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol dependence risk in a national twin sample: consistency of findings in women and men. Psychol Med 1997; 27:1381-1396. [PMID: 9403910 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291797005643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic influences on alcoholism risk are well-documented in men, but uncertain in women. We tested for gender differences in genetic influences on, and risk-factors for, DSM-III-R alcohol dependence (AD). METHOD Diagnostic follow-up interviews were conducted in 1992-3 by telephone with twins from an Australian twin panel first surveyed in 1980-82 (N = 5889 respondents). Data were analysed using logistic regression models. RESULTS Significantly higher twin pair concordances were observed in MZ compared to DZ same-sex twin pairs in women and men, even when data were weighted to adjust for over-representation of well-educated respondents, and for selective attrition. AD risk was increased in younger birth cohorts, in Catholic males or women reporting no religious affiliation, in those reporting a history of conduct disorder or major depression and in those with high Neuroticism, Social Non-conformity, Toughmindedness, Novelty-Seeking or (in women only) Extraversion scores; and decreased in 'Other Protestants', weekly church attenders, and university-educated males. Controlling for these variables, however, did not remove the significant association with having an alcoholic MZ co-twin, implying that much of the genetic influence on AD risk remained unexplained. No significant gender difference in the genetic variance in AD was found (64% heritability, 95% confidence interval 32-73%). CONCLUSIONS Genetic risk-factors play as important a role in determining AD risk in women as in men. With the exception of certain sociocultural variables such as religious affiliation, the same personality, sociodemographic and axis I correlates of alcoholism risk are observed in women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to assemble and evaluate existing data on the effect of genetic variation in ADH2 and ADH3 on the risk of alcohol dependence, and on the risk of alcoholic liver disease. Calculations of odds ratios and their confidence limits, and tests for heterogeneity of the results from the available studies, have been performed. It is clear that possession of the ADH2-2 allele decreases the risk of alcohol dependence, but it increases the risk of alcoholic liver disease among alcoholics. ADH3 variation also has significant effects on alcohol dependence, which may be due to linkage to ADH2; the ADH3 effect differs significantly between Asian and European subjects. Therefore ADH genotype has substantial effects on risk of alcohol dependence and alcoholic liver disease, but more work is needed on the generalizability of these findings to non-Asian populations, and on possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Self-reports of reactions to small amounts of alcohol, obtained between 1990 and 1992, were compared with reports of alcohol use, obtained in 1990-1992 and also in 1979-1981, in twin subjects of European descent. Data on subjective, physiological, psychomotor, and metabolic responses to a test dose of alcohol, taken in 1979-1981, were also available. Alcohol reactions were more common in women than in men, and were associated with less alcohol use, both at the time that information about reactions was obtained and as recorded on average 12 years previously, in both sexes. Physiological and psychomotor responses to alcohol were similar across the reaction groups, except that deterioration in standing steadiness was greater in those who subsequently reported adverse reactions to alcohol. Contrary to expectation, skin temperature changes after alcohol were less in the subjects who reported always reacting to alcohol than in the other groups. Subjective reports of intoxication were greatest in subjects who subsequently reported alcohol reactions. The pattern of twin pair concordance for reactions suggests low heritability, so alcohol reactions in subjects of European descent are not caused by a single gene of high penetrance of the type found in the Asian alcohol flush reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Whitfield
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Many studies have found genetic effects to contribute to alcoholism risk in both men and women. Based on preliminary evidence for shared genetic risk between smoking and drinking problems, a reanalysis of alcohol challenge data on 412 Australian twins was performed to explore the possibility that smoking may diminish or moderate the intoxicating effects of alcohol. We found history of smoking to be strongly associated with self-reported intoxication after alcohol challenge in women (women: r = -0.44 +/- 0.08; men: r = -0.21 +/- 0.08), comparable with self-reported average weekly consumption of alcohol, which was more strongly associated in men (women: r = -0.37 +/- 0.07; men: r = -0.54 +/- 0.06). Structural equation model-fitting indicated a strong association between heavy drinking and smoking, but the association between smoking and postalcohol intoxication remained even when the effects of heavy drinking were controlled for. These results prompt the question of whether smoking cigarettes directly influences the transition from moderate to excessive use of alcohol by diminishing feelings of alcohol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Zybenko AN, Nightingale BN, Whitfield JB. Rapid detection of ALDH2 genotypes by constant denaturant gel electrophoresis. Clin Chem 1995; 41:1191-3. [PMID: 7628098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A N Zybenko
- Dept. of Clin. Biochem., Royal Prince Alfred Hosp., Camperdown, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Zybenko
- Dept. of Clin. Biochem., Royal Prince Alfred Hosp., Camperdown, Australia
| | - B N Nightingale
- Dept. of Clin. Biochem., Royal Prince Alfred Hosp., Camperdown, Australia
| | - J B Whitfield
- Dept. of Clin. Biochem., Royal Prince Alfred Hosp., Camperdown, Australia
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Slutske WS, Heath AC, Madden PA, Bucholz KK, Dinwiddie SH, Dunne MP, Statham DS, Whitfield JB, Martin NG. Is alcohol-related flushing a protective factor for alcoholism in Caucasians? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19:582-92. [PMID: 7573778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although alcohol-related flushing seems to be a genetically influenced protective factor for alcoholism in some Asian groups, little is known about whether this is true for Caucasians. The evidence for alcohol-related flushing as a protective factor for the development of alcoholism was examined in a sample of 5831 Australian twins (2041 men, 3790 women) who were administered a structured psychiatric interview. Twin correlations for self-reported adverse alcohol reactions (e.g., "flushing or blushing" and "feeling very sleepy" after drinking 1 or 2 drinks) were modest, suggesting minimal contribution of genetic factors, but when corrected for reliability of measurement, were consistent with moderate heritabilities. In accord with studies examining Asian samples, we found that individuals who experienced adverse reactions after drinking small amounts of alcohol drank less often and slightly less per drinking occasion than those who did not experience adverse reactions. However, those who experienced adverse reactions were more likely to have symptoms of alcoholism and to report a parental history of alcohol problems. We conclude that self-reported alcohol-related flushing is not a protective factor for alcoholism in Caucasians and may be a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Slutske
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Conigrave KM, Saunders JB, Whitfield JB. Diagnostic tests for alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol 1995; 30:13-26. [PMID: 7748270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of laboratory tests are available to assist in the diagnosis of hazardous alcohol consumption and related disorders. Standard tests, such as serum gamma glutamyltransferase activity and erythrocyte mean cell volume, have limited sensitivity, particularly in detecting non-dependent hazardous consumption. Most also have poor specificity in that results are affected by common diseases and medications. Over the past 10 years a number of new laboratory tests have emerged. One of these, carbohydrate deficient transferrin, has high sensitivity in detecting persons with alcohol dependence, and shows promise for identification of non-dependent hazardous drinking; it is also highly specific. Others such as measurement of bound acetaldehyde, serum beta-hexosaminidase and the ratio of urinary serotonin metabolites offer promise in detecting recent heavy drinking. However, many issues remain unresolved. The newer markers have often been judged by contrasting their values in patients who are clearly alcohol dependent and abstainers or very light drinkers. It is now apparent that some are relatively insensitive markers of hazardous consumption. Future research needs to examine the performance of these markers among subjects with a range of alcohol intakes to fully determine their value in assessing drinking history. In addition, assays which are capable of some degree of automation need to be developed for analysing large numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Conigrave
- Centre for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Godsell PA, Whitfield JB, Conigrave KM, Hanratty SJ, Saunders JB. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin levels in hazardous alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol 1995; 30:61-6. [PMID: 7748277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on the value of carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) in detecting persons with hazardous alcohol consumption. In the present study isoelectric focusing (IEF) and immunofixation were used to examine the sensitivity of CDT in hazardous drinkers compared with control subjects and alcohol dependent persons. Elevated CDT levels (> 100 mg/l) were found in 62% of hazardous drinkers and 67% of alcohol dependent persons compared with only 5% of controls. CDT was more sensitive than serum gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity in detecting hazardous alcohol consumption (sensitivity of GGT 19%; P < 0.001), but was of comparable sensitivity to GGT for alcohol dependence. Neither the transferrin index nor transferrin ratio offered any advantage over CDT in detecting hazardous consumption. We conclude that serum CDT, as measured by IEF and immunofixation, is a sensitive and specific test for hazardous drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Godsell
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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