101
|
Lv J, Huang R, Li H, Luo D, Liao L, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Cloning and characterization of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Toll-like receptor 22 gene, a fish-specific gene. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:1022-1031. [PMID: 22554574 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 22 (TLR22) is a fish-specific TLR which recognizes double-strand (ds) RNA and participates in the innate immune response through the Toll-IL-1R homology domain-containing adaptor protein 1 (TICAM-1). To further investigate how the innate immune system of teleosts responds to viral infections, we cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) TLR22 (CiTLR22). The complete cDNA sequence of CiTLR22 was 3647 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 954 amino acids. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that CiTLR22 has typical structural features of proteins belonging to the TLR family. These included 17 LRR domains (residues 88-634) and one C-terminal LRR domain (LRR-CT, residues 694-745) in the extracellular region, and a TIR domain (residues 801-944) in the cytoplasmic region. Comparison with homologous proteins showed that the deduced CiTLR22 has the highest sequence identity to common carp TLR22 (82.9%). Genomic DNA of CiTLR22 was obtained by long-distance (Ld) PCR and structure analysis revealed that the CiTLR22 gene is encoded by uninterrupted exons. Reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) revealed that CiTLR22 is a non-maternal gene. It is prominently expressed in immune relevant tissues such as spleen and head kidney. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that CiTLR22 transcripts were upregulated significantly in immune relevant tissues and blood following grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection. In the whole genomic sequence, nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Seven of them were sited in the coding region, and the other two located in the 5' and 3' untranslated region (UTR) respectively. None of the SNPs was associated with the resistance of grass carp to GCRV. These results suggested a role for CiTLR22 in mediating immune protection against viral infection in grass carp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Guo S, Xu D, Xu HX, Wang T, Li JL, Lu LQ. Suppression of RNA interference pathway in vitro by Grass carp reovirus. Virol Sin 2012; 27:109-19. [PMID: 22492002 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The means of survival of genomic dsRNA of reoviruses from dsRNA-triggered and Dicer-initiated RNAi pathway remains to be defined. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) replication on the RNAi pathway of grass carp kidney cells (CIK). The dsRNA-triggered RNAi pathway was demonstrated unimpaired in CIK cells through RNAi assay. GCRV-specific siRNA was generated in CIK cells transfected with purified GCRV genomic dsRNA in Northern blot analysis; while in GCRV-infected CIK cells, no GCRV-specific siRNA could be detected. Infection and transfection experiments further indicated that replication of GCRV correlated with the increased transcription level of the Dicer gene and functional inhibition of in vitro synthesized egfp-siRNA in silencing the EGFP reporter gene. These data demonstrated that although only the genomic dsRNA of GCRV was sensitive to the cellular RNAi pathway, unidentified RNAi suppressor protein(s) might contribute to the survival of the viral genome and efficient viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization /Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Finstad OW, Falk K, Løvoll M, Evensen O, Rimstad E. Immunohistochemical detection of piscine reovirus (PRV) in hearts of Atlantic salmon coincide with the course of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI). Vet Res 2012; 43:27. [PMID: 22486941 PMCID: PMC3384478 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector in the world. However, the increased production has been accompanied by the emergence of infectious diseases. Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is one example of an emerging disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). Since the first recognition as a disease entity in 1999 it has become a widespread and economically important disease in Norway. The disease was recently found to be associated with infection with a novel reovirus, piscine reovirus (PRV). The load of PRV, examined by RT-qPCR, correlated with severity of HSMI in naturally and experimentally infected salmon. The disease is characterized by epi-, endo- and myocarditis, myocardial necrosis, myositis and necrosis of the red skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of PRV antigens in heart tissue of Atlantic salmon and monitor the virus distribution in the heart during the disease development. This included target cell specificity, viral load and tissue location during an HSMI outbreak. Rabbit polyclonal antisera were raised against putative PRV capsid proteins μ1C and σ1 and used in immunohistochemical analysis of archived salmon heart tissue from an experimental infection. The results are consistent with the histopathological changes of HSMI and showed a sequential staining pattern with PRV antigens initially present in leukocyte-like cells and subsequently in cardiomyocytes in the heart ventricle. Our results confirm the association between PRV and HSMI, and strengthen the hypothesis of PRV being the causative agent of HSMI. Immunohistochemical detection of PRV antigens will be beneficial for the understanding of the pathogenesis of HSMI as well as for diagnostic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oystein Wessel Finstad
- Department of Food Safety & Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Postboks 8146 Dep, N-0033 OSLO Norwegian, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Deng XX, Lü L, Ou YJ, Su HJ, Li G, Guo ZX, Zhang R, Zheng PR, Chen YG, He JG, Weng SP. Sequence analysis of 12 genome segments of mud crab reovirus (MCRV). Virology 2012; 422:185-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
105
|
Top D, Read JA, Dawe SJ, Syvitski RT, Duncan R. Cell-cell membrane fusion induced by p15 fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein requires a novel fusion peptide motif containing a myristoylated polyproline type II helix. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3403-14. [PMID: 22170056 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.305268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The p15 fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein is a nonstructural viral protein that induces cell-cell fusion and syncytium formation. The exceptionally small, myristoylated N-terminal ectodomain of p15 lacks any of the defining features of a typical viral fusion protein. NMR and CD spectroscopy indicate this small fusion module comprises a left-handed polyproline type II (PPII) helix flanked by small, unstructured N and C termini. Individual prolines in the 6-residue proline-rich motif are highly tolerant of alanine substitutions, but multiple substitutions that disrupt the PPII helix eliminate cell-cell fusion activity. A synthetic p15 ectodomain peptide induces lipid mixing between liposomes, but with unusual kinetics that involve a long lag phase before the onset of rapid lipid mixing, and the length of the lag phase correlates with the kinetics of peptide-induced liposome aggregation. Lipid mixing, liposome aggregation, and stable peptide-membrane interactions are all dependent on both the N-terminal myristate and the presence of the PPII helix. We present a model for the mechanism of action of this novel viral fusion peptide, whereby the N-terminal myristate mediates initial, reversible peptide-membrane binding that is stabilized by subsequent amino acid-membrane interactions. These interactions induce a biphasic membrane fusion reaction, with peptide-induced liposome aggregation representing a distinct, rate-limiting event that precedes membrane merger. Although the prolines in the proline-rich motif do not directly interact with membranes, the PPII helix may function to force solvent exposure of hydrophobic amino acid side chains in the regions flanking the helix to promote membrane binding, apposition, and fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Top
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Spear A, Sisterson MS, Stenger DC. Reovirus genomes from plant-feeding insects represent a newly discovered lineage within the family Reoviridae. Virus Res 2011; 163:503-11. [PMID: 22142476 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A complex set of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) was isolated from threecornered alfalfa hopper (Spissistilus festinus), a plant-feeding hemipteran pest. A subset of these dsRNAs constitute the genome of a new reovirus, provisionally designated Spissistilus festinus reovirus (SpFRV). SpFRV was present in threecornered alfalfa hopper populations in the San Joaquin Valley of California, with incidence ranging from 10% to 60% in 24 of 25 sample sets analyzed. The 10 dsRNA segments of SpFRV were completely sequenced and shown to share conserved terminal sequences (5'-AGAGA and CGAUGUUGU-3') of the positive-sense strand that are distinct from known species of the family Reoviridae. Comparisons of the RNA directed RNA polymerase (RdRp) indicated SpFRV is most closely related (39.1% amino acid identity) to another new reovirus infecting the angulate leafhopper (Acinopterus angulatus) and provisionally designated Acinopterus angulatus reovirus (AcARV). The RdRp of both viruses was distantly related to Raspberry latent virus RdRp at 27.0% (SpFRV) and 30.0% (AcARV) or Rice ragged stunt virus RdRp at 26.2% (SpFRV) and 29.0% (AcARV) amino acid identity. RdRp phylogeny confirmed that SpFRV and AcARV are sister taxa sharing a most recent common ancestor. SpFRV segment 6 encodes a protein containing two NTP binding motifs that are conserved in homologs of reoviruses in the subfamily Spinareovirinae. The protein encoded by SpFRV segment 4 was identified as a guanylyltransferase homolog. SpFRV segments 1, 3, and 10 encode homologs of reovirus structural proteins. No homologs were identified for proteins encoded by SpFRV segments 5, 7, 8, and 9. Collectively, the low level of sequence identity with other reoviruses, similar segment terminal sequences, RdRp phylogeny, and host taxa indicate that SpFRV and AcARV may be considered members of a proposed new genus of the family Reoviridae (subfamily Spinareovirinae), with SpFRV assigned as the type species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allyn Spear
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Palacios G, Wellehan JFX, Raverty S, Bussetti AV, Hui J, Savji N, Nollens HH, Lambourn D, Celone C, Hutchison S, Calisher CH, Nielsen O, Lipkin WI. Discovery of an orthoreovirus in the aborted fetus of a Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2558-2565. [PMID: 21795475 PMCID: PMC3352366 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.032649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An aborted mid-gestational male Steller sea lion fetus with an attached placenta was recovered on the floor of an open floating capture trap located off Norris Rock near Denman Island, British Columbia. Viral culture of the placenta demonstrated cytopathic effect. Although no specific signal was obtained in microarray experiments using RNA obtained from viral culture, elution and sequence analysis revealed the presence of a reovirus. Complete genome pyrosequencing led to the identification of an orthoreovirus that we have tentatively named Steller sea lion reovirus (SSRV). Phylogenetic analysis revealed similarities between SSRV and orthoreoviruses of birds, bats and other mammals that suggests potential for interspecies transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James F. X. Wellehan
- Marine Animal Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen Raverty
- Animal Health Center, Abbotsford Agriculture Centre, Provincial Government of British Columbia, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ana V. Bussetti
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hui
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nazir Savji
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hendrik H. Nollens
- Marine Animal Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dyanna Lambourn
- Marine Mammal Investigations, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Charles H. Calisher
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Ye X, Tian YY, Deng GC, Chi YY, Jiang XY. Complete genomic sequence of a reovirus isolated from grass carp in China. Virus Res 2011; 163:275-83. [PMID: 22044618 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A reovirus was isolated from sick grass carp in Guangdong, China in 2009, and tentatively named 'grass carp reovirus Guangdong 108 strain' (GCRV-GD108). This reovirus was propagated in grass carp snout fibroblast cell line PSF with no obvious cytopathic effects. Its genome was 24,703bp in length with a 50% G+C content and 11 dsRNA segments encoding 11 proteins instead of 12 proteins. It has been classified as an Aquareovirus (AQRV). Sequence comparisons showed that it possessed only 7 homologous proteins to grass carp reovirus (GCRV) (with 17.6-45.8% identities), but 9 homologous proteins to mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRV) (with 15-46% identities). GCRV-GD108 lacked homology to VP7, NS4&NS5 and NS3 of GCRV, while it had sigma1 and sigma NS homology to MRV. VP2 of GCRV-GD108 shared high amino acid sequence identity (44-47%) with AQRVs, whereas VP5 did not exhibit much identity (24-25%) to AQRVs. Conserved terminal sequences, 5'-GUAAUUU and UUCAUC-3', were found in all of the 11 genomic segments of GCRV-GD108 at the 5' and 3' non-coding regions (NCRs) of the segments. The 5' NCRs of GCRV-GD108 was similar to GCRV, but differed from other species of AQRV or Orthoreoviruses (ORV). Phylogenetic analysis of coat proteins belonging to Reoviridae, VP1-VP6, showed that GCRV-GD108 clustered with AQRVs and grouped with ORVs, suggesting that GCRV-GD108 belonged to the genus Aquareovirus but was distinctive from any known species of AQRV. Morphological and pathological analyses, and genetic characterization of GCRV-GD108 suggested that it may be a new species of AQRV and it was more closely related with ORVs than other AQRVs. In addition, RT-PCR analysis of diseased grass carp samples collected from different regions of China indicated that these viruses displayed high similarities to each other (95.3-99.4%). They also shared high sequence similarities to GCRV-GD108 (96.7-99.4%), indicating that GCRV-GD108 is representative of the prevalence strain in southern China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ye
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Lab of Aquatic Animal Genetic Engineering and Molecular Breeding, CAFS, Guangzhou 510380, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Anthony SJ, Darpel KE, Belaganahalli MN, Maan N, Nomikou K, Sutton G, Attoui H, Maan S, Mertens PPC. RNA segment 9 exists as a duplex concatemer in an Australian strain of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV): Genetic analysis and evidence for the presence of concatemers as a normal feature of orbivirus replication. Virology 2011; 420:164-71. [PMID: 21968198 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a concatemeric RNA in a strain of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 5. Sequencing showed that the concatemeric RNA contains two identical full-length copies of genome segment 9, arranged in series, which has apparently replaced the monomeric form of the segment. In vitro translation demonstrated that the concatemeric RNA can act as a viable template for VP6 translation, but that no double-sized protein is produced. Studies were also performed to assess whether mutations might be easily introduced into the second copy (which might indicate some potential evolutionary significance of a concatemeric RNA segment), however multiple (n=40) passages generated no changes in the sequence of either the upstream or downstream segments. Further, we present results that demonstrate the presence of concatemers or partial gene duplications in multiple segments of different orbiviruses (in tissue culture and purified virus), suggesting their generation is likely to be a normal feature of orbivirus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Anthony
- Vector-borne Disease Program, Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Shao L, Sun X, Fang Q. Antibodies against outer-capsid proteins of grass carp reovirus expressed in E. coli are capable of neutralizing viral infectivity. Virol J 2011; 8:347. [PMID: 21745413 PMCID: PMC3149003 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Grass carp reovirus (GCRV), which causes severe infectious outbreaks of hemorrhagic disease in aquatic animals, is a highly pathogenic agent in the Aquareovirus genus of family Reoviridae. The outer capsid shell of GCRV, composed of the VP5-VP7 protein complex, is believed to be involved in cell entry. The objective of this study was to produce a major neutralization antibody for mitigating GCRV infection. Results Recombinant plasmids of GCRV outer capsid proteins VP5 and VP7 were constructed and expressed in prokaryotic cells in our previous work. In this study, we prepared GCRV Antibody (Ab), VP5Ab and VP7Ab generated from purified native GCRV, recombinant VP5 and VP7 respectively. Immunoblotting analysis showed that the prepared antibodies were specific to its antigens. In addition, combined plaque and cytopathic effect (CPE)-based TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) assays showed that both VP5Ab and VP7Ab were capable of neutralizing viral infectivity. Particularly, the neutralizing activity of VP7Ab was 3 times higher than that of VP5Ab, suggesting that VP7 might be a dominating epitope. Moreover, the combination of VP5Ab and VP7Ab appeared to enhance GCRV neutralizing capacity. Conclusions The results presented in this study indicated that VP7 protein was the major epitope of GCRV. Furthermore, VP5Ab and VP7Ab in combination presented an enhanced capacity to neutralize the GCRV particle, suggesting that the VP5 and VP7 proteins may cooperate with each other during virus cell entry. The data can be used not only to further define the surface epitope domain of GCRV but may also be applicable in the designing of vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Ke F, He LB, Pei C, Zhang QY. Turbot reovirus (SMReV) genome encoding a FAST protein with a non-AUG start site. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:323. [PMID: 21689389 PMCID: PMC3135578 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A virus was isolated from diseased turbot Scophthalmus maximus in China. Biophysical and biochemical assays, electron microscopy, and genome electrophoresis revealed that the virus belonged to the genus Aquareovirus, and was named Scophthalmus maximus reovirus (SMReV). To the best of our knowledge, no complete sequence of an aquareovirus from marine fish has been determined. Therefore, the complete characterization and analysis of the genome of this novel aquareovirus will facilitate further understanding of the taxonomic distribution of aquareovirus species and the molecular mechanism of its pathogenesis. Results The full-length genome sequences of SMReV were determined. It comprises eleven dsRNA segments covering 24,042 base pairs and has the largest S4 genome segment in the sequenced aquareoviruses. Sequence analysis showed that all of the segments contained six conserved nucleotides at the 5' end and five conserved nucleotides at the 3' end (5'-GUUUUA ---- UCAUC-3'). The encoded amino acid sequences share the highest sequence identities with the respective proteins of aquareoviruses in species group Aquareovirus A. Phylogenetic analysis based on the major outer capsid protein VP7 and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase were performed. Members in Aquareovirus were clustered in two groups, one from fresh water fish and the other from marine fish. Furthermore, a fusion associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein NS22, which is translated from a non-AUG start site, was identified in the S7 segment. Conclusions This study has provided the complete genome sequence of a novel isolated aquareovirus from marine fish. Amino acids comparison and phylogenetic analysis suggested that SMReV was a new aquareovirus in the species group Aquareovirus A. Phylogenetic analysis among aquareoviruses revealed that VP7 could be used as a reference to divide the aquareovirus from hosts in fresh water or marine. In addition, a FAST protein with a non-AUG start site was identified, which partially contributed to the cytopathic effect caused by the virus infection. These results provide new insights into the virus-host and virus-environment interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Virion structure of baboon reovirus, a fusogenic orthoreovirus that lacks an adhesion fiber. J Virol 2011; 85:7483-95. [PMID: 21593159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00729-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Baboon reovirus (BRV) is a member of the fusogenic subgroup of orthoreoviruses. Unlike most other members of its genus, BRV lacks S-segment coding sequences for the outer fiber protein that binds to cell surface receptors. It shares this lack with aquareoviruses, which constitute a related genus and are also fusogenic. We used electron cryomicroscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction to determine the BRV virion structure at 9.0-Å resolution. The results show that BRV lacks a protruding fiber at its icosahedral 5-fold axes or elsewhere. The results also show that BRV is like nonfusogenic mammalian and fusogenic avian orthoreoviruses in having 150 copies of the core clamp protein, not 120 as in aquareoviruses. On the other hand, there are no hub-and-spoke complexes attributable to the outer shell protein in the P2 and P3 solvent channels of BRV, which makes BRV like fusogenic avian orthoreoviruses and aquareoviruses but unlike nonfusogenic mammalian orthoreoviruses. The outermost "flap" domains of the BRV core turret protein appear capable of conformational variability within the virion, a trait previously unseen among other ortho- and aquareoviruses. New cDNA sequence determinations for the BRV L1 and M2 genome segments, encoding the core turret and outer shell proteins, were helpful for interpreting the structural features of those proteins. Based on these findings, we conclude that the evolution of ortho- and aquareoviruses has included a series of discrete gains or losses of particular components, several of which cross taxonomic boundaries. Gain or loss of adhesion fibers is one of several common themes in double-stranded RNA virus evolution.
Collapse
|
113
|
Cai L, Sun X, Shao L, Fang Q. Functional investigation of grass carp reovirus nonstructural protein NS80. Virol J 2011; 8:168. [PMID: 21489306 PMCID: PMC3101161 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV), a highly virulent agent of aquatic animals, has an eleven segmented dsRNA genome encased in a multilayered capsid shell, which encodes twelve proteins including seven structural proteins (VP1-VP7), and five nonstructural proteins (NS80, NS38, NS31, NS26, and NS16). It has been suggested that the protein NS80 plays an important role in the viral replication cycle that is similar to that of its homologous protein μNS in the genus of Orthoreovirus. RESULTS As a step to understanding the basis of the part played by NS80 in GCRV replication and particle assembly, we used the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system to identify NS80 interactions with proteins NS38, VP4, and VP6 as well as NS80 and NS38 self-interactions, while no interactions appeared in the four protein pairs NS38-VP4, NS38-VP6, VP4-VP4, and VP4-VP6. Bioinformatic analyses of NS80 with its corresponding proteins were performed with all currently available homologous protein sequences in ARVs (avian reoviruses) and MRVs (mammalian reoviruses) to predict further potential functional domains of NS80 that are related to VFLS (viral factory-like structures) formation and other roles in viral replication. Two conserved regions spanning from aa (amino acid) residues of 388 to 433, and 562 to 580 were discovered in this study. The second conserved region with corresponding conserved residues Tyr565, His569, Cys571, Asn573, and Glu576 located between the two coiled-coils regions (aa ~513-550 and aa ~615-690) in carboxyl-proximal terminus were supposed to be essential to form VFLS, so that aa residues ranging from 513 to 742 of NS80 was inferred to be the smallest region that is necessary for forming VFLS. The function of the first conserved region including Ala395, Gly419, Asp421, Pro422, Leu438, and Leu443 residues is unclear, but one-third of the amino-terminal region might be species specific, dominating interactions with other viral components. CONCLUSIONS Our results in this study together with those from previous investigations indicate the protein NS80 might play a central role in VFLS formation and viral components recruitment in GCRV particle assembly, similar to the μNS protein in ARVs and MRVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
He Y, Xu H, Yang Q, Xu D, Lu L. The use of an in vitro microneutralization assay to evaluate the potential of recombinant VP5 protein as an antigen for vaccinating against Grass carp reovirus. Virol J 2011; 8:132. [PMID: 21418655 PMCID: PMC3070673 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is the causative pathogen of grass carp hemorrhagic disease, one of the major diseases damaging grass carp Ctenopharyngon idellus breeding industry in China. Prevention and control of the disease is impeded largely due to the lack of research in economic subunit vaccine development. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of viral outer shell protein VP5 as subunit vaccine. Methods The vp5 gene was isolated from the viral genome through RT-PCR and genetically engineered to express the recombinant VP5 protein in E coli. The viral origin of the recombinant protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis with a monoclonal antibody against viral VP5 protein. Polyclonal antibody against the recombinant VP5 protein was prepared from mice. A microneutralization assay was developed to test its neutralizing ability against GCRV infection in cell culture. Results The GST-VP5 fusion protein (rVP5) was produced from E. Coli with expected molecular weight of 90 kDa. The protein was purified and employed to prepare anti-VP5 polyclonal antibody from mice. The anti-VP5 antibody was found to neutralize GCRV through in vitro microneutralization assay and viral progeny quantification analysis. Conclusions The present study showed that the viral VP5 protein was involved in viral infection and bacterially-expressed VP5 could be suitable for developing subunit vaccine for the control of GCRV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization/Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Chen J, Xiong J, Yang J, Mao Z, Chen X. Nucleotide sequences of four RNA segments of a reovirus isolated from the mud crab Scylla serrata provide evidence that this virus belongs to a new genus in the family Reoviridae. Arch Virol 2010; 156:523-8. [PMID: 21153426 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This is the first sequence-based characterization of mud crab (Scylla serrata) reovirus (SsRV), which causes severe disease of cultured mud crabs in southern China. We sequenced and analyzed genome segments S1, S2, S3, and S7, which were 4,327, 2,721, 2,715, and 1,517 nucleotides long, respectively. Conserved motifs were found at the 5' (AUAAAU) and 3' (AACGAU) ends of each segment. RNA segments S1, S2, S3, and S7 each contained a single open reading frame (ORF) that encoded predicted proteins of 160, 100, 96, and 46 kDa, respectively. The ORFs of segments S1 and S2 showed distant homologies (< 25%) with cognate genes of other reoviruses, whereas the ORFs of segments S3 and S7 had no homologies with any other viral genes. Based on these observations, we propose that SsRV should be considered a member of a new genus in the family Reoviridae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jigang Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, No.8, South Qianhu Road, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Quito-Avila DF, Jelkmann W, Tzanetakis IE, Keller K, Martin RR. Complete sequence and genetic characterization of Raspberry latent virus, a novel member of the family Reoviridae. Virus Res 2010; 155:397-405. [PMID: 21144872 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new virus isolated from red raspberry plants and detected in the main production areas in northern Washington State, USA and British Columbia, Canada was fully sequenced and found to be a novel member of the family Reoviridae. The virus was designated as Raspberry latent virus (RpLV) based on the fact that it is symptomless when present in single infections in several Rubus virus indicators and commercial raspberry cultivars. RpLV genome is 26,128 nucleotides (nt) divided into 10 dsRNA segments. The length of the genomic segments (S) was similar to those of other reoviruses ranging from 3948 nt (S1) to 1141 nt (S10). All of the segments, except S8, have the conserved terminal sequences 5'-AGUU----GAAUAC-3'. A point mutation at each terminus of S8 resulted in the sequences 5'-AGUA----GAUUAC-3'. Inverted repeats adjacent to each conserved terminus as well as stem loops and extended pan handles were identified by analyses of secondary structures of the non-coding sequences. All segments, except S3 and S10, contained a single open reading frame (ORF) on the positive sense RNAs. Two out-of-frame overlapping ORFs were identified in segments S3 (ORF S3a and S3b) and S10 (ORF S10a and S10b). Amino acid (aa) alignments of the putative proteins encoded by the main ORF in each segment revealed a high identity to several proteins encoded by reoviruses from different genera including Oryzavirus, Cypovirus, and Dinovernavirus. Alignments of the polymerase, the most conserved protein among reoviruses, revealed a 36% aa identity between RpLV and Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV), the type member of the genus Oryzavirus, indicating that these two viruses are closely related. Phylogenetic analyses showed that RpLV clusters with members of the genera Oryzavirus, Cypovirus, Dinovernavirus and Fijivirus. These genera belong to the subfamily Spinareovirinae which includes reoviruses with spiked core particles ('turreted' reoviruses). In addition, two nucleotide binding motifs, regarded as 'signature' sequences among turreted reoviruses, were also found in RpLV P8, suggesting that RpLV is a novel dicot-infecting reovirus in the subfamily Spinareovirinae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Quito-Avila
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
A novel totivirus and piscine reovirus (PRV) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS). Virol J 2010; 7:309. [PMID: 21067578 PMCID: PMC2994541 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) is a severe disease affecting large farmed Atlantic salmon. Mortality often appears without prior clinical signs, typically shortly prior to slaughter. We recently reported the finding and the complete genomic sequence of a novel piscine reovirus (PRV), which is associated with another cardiac disease in Atlantic salmon; heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI). In the present work we have studied whether PRV or other infectious agents may be involved in the etiology of CMS. RESULTS Using high throughput sequencing on heart samples from natural outbreaks of CMS and from fish experimentally challenged with material from fish diagnosed with CMS a high number of sequence reads identical to the PRV genome were identified. In addition, a sequence contig from a novel totivirus could also be constructed. Using RT-qPCR, levels of PRV in tissue samples were quantified and the totivirus was detected in all samples tested from CMS fish but not in controls. In situ hybridization supported this pattern indicating a possible association between CMS and the novel piscine totivirus. CONCLUSIONS Although causality for CMS in Atlantic salmon could not be proven for either of the two viruses, our results are compatible with a hypothesis where, in the experimental challenge studied, PRV behaves as an opportunist whereas the totivirus might be more directly linked with the development of CMS.
Collapse
|
118
|
Zhang L, Luo Q, Fang Q, Wang Y. An improved RT-PCR assay for rapid and sensitive detection of grass carp reovirus. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
119
|
Belhouchet M, Mohd Jaafar F, Tesh R, Grimes J, Maan S, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Complete sequence of Great Island virus and comparison with the T2 and outer-capsid proteins of Kemerovo, Lipovnik and Tribec viruses (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae). J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2985-93. [PMID: 20739272 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.024760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of Great Island virus (GIV) genome was determined, along with genome segments (Seg) 1, 2 and 6 of Kemerovo (KEMV), Lipovnik (LIPV) and Tribec (TRBV) viruses. All four viruses, together with Broadhaven virus, are currently classified within the species Great Island virus and have been isolated from ticks, birds or humans. Sequence comparisons showed that Seg-4 of GIV encoded the outer-capsid protein responsible for cell attachment, although it was approximately half the length of its counterpart in the Culicoides or mosquito-transmitted orbiviruses. A second overlapping ORF (in the +2 reading frame) was identified in Seg-9 of GIV, encoding a putative dsRNA-binding protein. Phylogenetic analyses of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Pol) and T2 protein amino acid sequences indicated that the tick-borne orbiviruses represent an ancestral group from which the mosquito-borne orbiviruses have evolved. This mirrors the evolutionary relationships between the arthropod vectors of these viruses, supporting a co-speciation hypothesis for these arboviruses and their arthropod-vectors. Phylogenetic analyses of the T2 proteins of KEMV, LIPV, TRBV and GIV (showing 82% amino acid identity) correlated with the early classification of Great Island viruses as two distinct serocomplexes (Great Island and Kemerovo serocomplexes). Amino acid identity levels in the VP1(Pol) and T2 proteins between the two serocomplexes were 73 and 82%, respectively, whilst those between previously characterized Orbivirus species are 53-73% and 26-83%, respectively. These data suggest that, despite limited genome segment reassortment between these two groups, their current classification within the same Orbivirus species could be re-evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Belhouchet
- Department of Vector-Borne Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Fan C, Shao L, Fang Q. Characterization of the nonstructural protein NS80 of grass carp reovirus. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1755-63. [PMID: 20640908 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonstructural proteins of members of the family Reoviridae are believed to play significant roles in the virus replication cycle. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the nonstructural protein NS80 of grass carp reovirus, encoded by a gene of Segment 4 (S4), is a primary determinant that is related to the formation of viroplasmic inclusion bodies (VIB), where viral replication and assembly are thought to occur. To understand the role of the NS80 protein in viral replication, an initial investigation of NS80 gene expression in both infected and transfected cells was conducted. Transmission electron microscopy results indicate that replication and assembly of GCRV occur within VIB-like structures in the perinuclear region of the cell cytoplasm. Furthermore, expression of the S4 gene in infected cells was detected with an NS80-specific antibody by western blot and immunofluorescence. Moreover, globular VIB-like structures were observed when expressing GFP-derived full-length NS80 (pEGFP-C1/NS80) and recombinants containing the C-terminal conserved region (pEGFP-C1/NS80₃₃₅₋₇₂₄) in transfected Vero. No such structures were detected in cells transfected with an N-terminal recombinant (pEGFP-C1/NS80₁₋₃₃₄), suggesting that the NS80 C-terminal conserved region may be involved in the formation of inclusion structures. These data provide a foundation for further functional studies of NS80 related to viral inclusion formation in viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fan
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Palacios G, Lovoll M, Tengs T, Hornig M, Hutchison S, Hui J, Kongtorp RT, Savji N, Bussetti AV, Solovyov A, Kristoffersen AB, Celone C, Street C, Trifonov V, Hirschberg DL, Rabadan R, Egholm M, Rimstad E, Lipkin WI. Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation of farmed salmon is associated with infection with a novel reovirus. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11487. [PMID: 20634888 PMCID: PMC2901333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) mariculture has been associated with epidemics of infectious diseases that threaten not only local production, but also wild fish coming into close proximity to marine pens and fish escaping from them. Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a frequently fatal disease of farmed Atlantic salmon. First recognized in one farm in Norway in 1999, HSMI was subsequently implicated in outbreaks in other farms in Norway and the United Kingdom. Although pathology and disease transmission studies indicated an infectious basis, efforts to identify an agent were unsuccessful. Here we provide evidence that HSMI is associated with infection with piscine reovirus (PRV). PRV is a novel reovirus identified by unbiased high throughput DNA sequencing and a bioinformatics program focused on nucleotide frequency as well as sequence alignment and motif analyses. Formal implication of PRV in HSMI will require isolation in cell culture and fulfillment of Koch's postulates, or prevention or modification of disease through use of specific drugs or vaccines. Nonetheless, as our data indicate that a causal relationship is plausible, measures must be taken to control PRV not only because it threatens domestic salmon production but also due to the potential for transmission to wild salmon populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | - Mady Hornig
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Jeffrey Hui
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Nazir Savji
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ana V. Bussetti
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander Solovyov
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | - Craig Street
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Trifonov
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David L. Hirschberg
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Egholm
- 454 Life Sciences, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Espen Rimstad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Zhang C, Wang Q, Shi C, Zeng W, Liu Y, Wu S. Molecular analysis of grass carp reovirus HZ08 genome segments 1-3 and 5-6. Virus Genes 2010; 41:102-4. [PMID: 20455077 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new grass carp reovirus, assigned HZ08, was isolated from a diseased grass carp case during routine examination in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China. The complete nucleotide sequences of genomic segments S1-S3 and S5-S6 were obtained and comprised 3927, 3870, 3753, 2229, and 2030 bp, respectively. Each segment contained a single open reading frame which encoded putative proteins of 143.6, 143.1, 135.9, 80.5, and 68.4 kDa, respectively. Conserved motifs 5' (GUAAUUU...UUCAUC) 3' were found at the ends of each segment. At the amino acid level, HZ08 S1-S3 and S5-S6 showed similarity to the corresponding segments of Aquareovirus. Further phylogenetic analysis using the amino acid sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases protein encoded by S2 revealed that HZ08 formed a cluster close to the aquareovirus, but was far from the other isolates, which indicated that HZ08 is likely to be a new member of Aquareovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 1 Xingyu Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Shao L, Fan C, Maj E, Fang Q. Molecular characterization of nonstructural protein NS38 of grass carp reovirus. Virol Sin 2010; 25:123-9. [PMID: 20960309 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-010-3115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral nonstructural proteins in both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses play important roles in viral replication. Protein NS38 of Grass carp reovirus (GCRV), has been deduced to be a non-structural protein, and, consistent with other reoviruses, is considered to cooperate with the NS80 protein in viral particle assembly. To investigate the molecular basis of the role of NS38, a complete protein was expressed in E.coli for the first time. It was found that there is a better expression of NS38 induced with IPTG at 28 °C rather than 37 °C. In addition, the antiserum of NS38 prepared with purified fusion protein and injected into rabbit could be used for detecting NS38 protein expression in GCRV infected cell lysate, while there is not any reaction crossed with purified virus particle, confirming NS38 is not a component of the viral structural protein. The result reported in this study will provide evidence for further viral protein-protein and protein-RNA interaction in dsRNA viruses replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Broome virus, a new fusogenic Orthoreovirus species isolated from an Australian fruit bat. Virology 2010; 402:26-40. [PMID: 20350736 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the discovery and characterization of a new fusogenic orthoreovirus, Broome virus (BroV), isolated from a little red flying-fox (Pteropus scapulatus). The BroV genome consists of 10 dsRNA segments, each having a 3' terminal pentanucleotide sequence conserved amongst all members of the genus Orthoreovirus, and a unique 5' terminal pentanucleotide sequence. The smallest genome segment is bicistronic and encodes two small nonstructural proteins, one of which is a novel fusion associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein responsible for syncytium formation, but no cell attachment protein. The low amino acid sequence identity between BroV proteins and those of other orthoreoviruses (13-50%), combined with phylogenetic analyses of structural and nonstructural proteins provide evidence to support the classification of BroV in a new sixth species group within the genus Orthoreovirus.
Collapse
|
125
|
Goodwin AE, Merry GE, Attoui H. Detection and prevalence of the nonsyncytial American grass carp reovirus Aquareovirus G by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2010; 22:8-13. [PMID: 20575360 DOI: 10.1577/h09-025.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The American grass carp reovirus (AGCRV) Aquareovirus G is not strongly associated with disease in fish, but it is often detected by cell culture during routine inspections of healthy fish. The cytopathic effect of AGCRV does not involve the typical syncytia associated with most aquareoviruses. Instead, the AGCRV produces a pattern of cell rounding that is very similar to that produced by rhabdoviruses, including those that are highly regulated. We have developed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay that can be used to identify AGCRV in cell cultures or directly on fish tissues. The assay detects as few as two copies of the plasmid template, has a coefficient of variation of 15% among assays performed on different days, and does not cross-react with any other aquareoviruses tested. Assays performed on tissues of cultured golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas and fathead minnow Pimephales promelas revealed a high prevalence of infection among healthy fish but no association with disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Goodwin
- Aquaculture/Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Mail Slot 4912, Pine Bluff, Arkansas 71601, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Cheng L, Zhu J, Hui WH, Zhang X, Honig B, Fang Q, Zhou ZH. Backbone model of an aquareovirus virion by cryo-electron microscopy and bioinformatics. J Mol Biol 2009; 397:852-63. [PMID: 20036256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is a member of the aquareovirus genus in the Reoviridae family and has a capsid with two shells-a transcription-competent core surrounded by a coat. We report a near-atomic-resolution reconstruction of the GCRV virion by cryo-electron microscopy and single-particle reconstruction. A backbone model of the GCRV virion, including seven conformers of the five capsid proteins making up the 1500 molecules in both the core and the coat, was derived using cryo-electron microscopy density-map-constrained homology modeling and refinement. Our structure clearly showed that the amino-terminal segment of core protein VP3B forms an approximately 120-A-long alpha-helix-rich extension bridging across the icosahedral 2-fold-symmetry-related molecular interface. The presence of this unique structure across this interface and the lack of an external cementing molecule at this location in GCRV suggest a stabilizing role of this extended amino-terminal density. Moreover, part of this amino-terminal extension becomes invisible in the reconstruction of transcription-competent core particles, suggesting its involvement in endogenous viral RNA transcription. Our structure of the VP1 turret represents its open state, and comparison with its related structures at the closed state suggests hinge-like domain movements associated with the mRNA-capping machinery. Overall, this first backbone model of an aquareovirus virion provides a wealth of structural information for understanding the structural basis of GCRV assembly and transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingpeng Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7364, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Expression of outer capsid protein VP5 of grass carp reovirus in E.coli and analysis of its immunogenicity. Virol Sin 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-009-3038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
128
|
Attoui H, Mendez-Lopez MR, Rao S, Hurtado-Alendes A, Lizaraso-Caparo F, Mohd Jaafar F, Samuel AR, Belhouchet M, Pritchard LI, Melville L, Weir RP, Hyatt AD, Davis SS, Lunt R, Calisher CH, Tesh RB, Fujita R, Mertens PPC. Peruvian horse sickness virus and Yunnan orbivirus, isolated from vertebrates and mosquitoes in Peru and Australia. Virology 2009; 394:298-310. [PMID: 19766284 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During 1997, two new viruses were isolated from outbreaks of disease that occurred in horses, donkeys, cattle and sheep in Peru. Genome characterization showed that the virus isolated from horses (with neurological disorders, 78% fatality) belongs to a new species the Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV), within the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. This represents the first isolation of PHSV, which was subsequently also isolated during 1999, from diseased horses in the Northern Territory of Australia (Elsey virus, ELSV). Serological and molecular studies showed that PHSV and ELSV are very similar in the serotype-determining protein (99%, same serotype). The second virus (Rioja virus, RIOV) was associated with neurological signs in donkeys, cattle, sheep and dogs and was shown to be a member of the species Yunnan orbivirus (YUOV). RIOV and YUOV are also almost identical (97% amino acid identity) in the serotype-determining protein. YUOV was originally isolated from mosquitoes in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Attoui
- Department of Vector Borne Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Fan C, Zhang LL, Lei CF, Fang Q. Expression and identification of inclusion forming-related domain of NS80 nonstructural protein of grass carp reovirus. Virol Sin 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-009-3028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
130
|
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous in the sea and appear to outnumber all other forms of marine life by at least an order of magnitude. Through selective infection, viruses influence nutrient cycling, community structure, and evolution in the ocean. Over the past 20 years we have learned a great deal about the diversity and ecology of the viruses that constitute the marine virioplankton, but until recently the emphasis has been on DNA viruses. Along with expanding knowledge about RNA viruses that infect important marine animals, recent isolations of RNA viruses that infect single-celled eukaryotes and molecular analyses of the RNA virioplankton have revealed that marine RNA viruses are novel, widespread, and genetically diverse. Discoveries in marine RNA virology are broadening our understanding of the biology, ecology, and evolution of viruses, and the epidemiology of viral diseases, but there is still much that we need to learn about the ecology and diversity of RNA viruses before we can fully appreciate their contributions to the dynamics of marine ecosystems. As a step toward making sense of how RNA viruses contribute to the extraordinary viral diversity in the sea, we summarize in this review what is currently known about RNA viruses that infect marine organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Aquareovirus effects syncytiogenesis by using a novel member of the FAST protein family translated from a noncanonical translation start site. J Virol 2009; 83:5951-5. [PMID: 19297495 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00171-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As nonenveloped viruses, the aquareoviruses and orthoreoviruses are unusual in their ability to induce cell-cell fusion and syncytium formation. While an extraordinary family of fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins is responsible for orthoreovirus syncytiogenesis, the basis for aquareovirus-induced syncytiogenesis is unknown. We now report that the S7 genome segment of an Atlantic salmon reovirus is polycistronic and uses a noncanonical CUG translation start codon to produce a 22-kDa integral membrane protein responsible for syncytiogenesis. The aquareovirus p22 protein represents a fourth distinct member of the FAST family with a unique repertoire and arrangement of structural motifs.
Collapse
|
132
|
|
133
|
de Kloet SR. Sequence analysis of four double-stranded RNA genomic segments reveals an orthoreovirus with a unique genotype infecting psittaciformes. Avian Dis 2008; 52:480-6. [PMID: 18939639 DOI: 10.1637/8212-011908-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the characterization of four double-stranded ribonucleic acid segments, S1, S2, S3, and S4, of a newly identified pathogenic reovirus from parrots. The four segments share a unique 5' terminus GCUUUUC. The amino-acid sequences of the conserved sigma A and sigma NS proteins show less than 60% sequence similarity, whereas those of the outer capsid proteins sigma B and sigma C have at most 47% sequence similarity to their counterparts in other bird or bat reoviruses. In a phylogenetic analysis of the amino-acid sequences, the proteins coded for by the S1 segment, P10, P17, and sigma C, group with their homologous proteins in other avian reoviruses, whereas the major capsid protein, sigma B, and the nonstructural protein, sigma NS, show more sequence similarity to their bat reoviral counterparts. The phylogenetic relationship of sigma A with the homologous avian and bat sequences is unresolved. The possibility that the parrot reovirus has evolved from an ancestral, more batlike reovirus is discussed. It is proposed to designate this unique virus as PsRV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siwo R de Kloet
- Animal Genetics Inc., 1336 Timberlane Road, Tallahassee, FL 32312, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Atkins A, Wellehan JFX, Childress AL, Archer LL, Fraser WA, Citino SB. Characterization of an outbreak of astroviral diarrhea in a group of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Vet Microbiol 2008; 136:160-5. [PMID: 19171442 PMCID: PMC7117330 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A Mamastrovirus was identified in an outbreak of diarrhea in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Five young adult and two adult cheetahs presented with lethargy, anorexia, watery diarrhea and regurgitation over an 11-day period. Fecal samples were submitted for electron microscopy and culture. Electron microscopy results revealed particles morphologically consistent with an astrovirus, and no other viral pathogens or significant bacterial pathogens were identified. The astrovirus was confirmed and sequenced using consensus astroviral PCR, resulting in a 367 base pair partial RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRp) product and a 628 base pair partial capsid product. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses were performed on both the RdRp and the capsid protein segments. All animals were monitored and treated with bismuth subsalicylate tablets (524mg PO BID for 5 days), and recovered without additional intervention. This is the first report we are aware of documenting an astrovirus outbreak in cheetah.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Atkins
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Wellehan JF, Strik NI, Stacy BA, Childress AL, Jacobson ER, Telford SR. Characterization of an erythrocytic virus in the family Iridoviridae from a peninsula ribbon snake (Thamnophis sauritus sackenii). Vet Microbiol 2008; 131:115-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
136
|
Cheng L, Fang Q, Shah S, Atanasov IC, Zhou ZH. Subnanometer-resolution structures of the grass carp reovirus core and virion. J Mol Biol 2008; 382:213-22. [PMID: 18625243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is a member of the Aquareovirus genus of the family Reoviridae, a large family of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses infecting plants, insects, fishes and mammals. We report the first subnanometer-resolution three-dimensional structures of both GCRV core and virion by cryoelectron microscopy. These structures have allowed the delineation of interactions among the over 1000 molecules in this enormous macromolecular machine and a detailed comparison with other dsRNA viruses at the secondary-structure level. The GCRV core structure shows that the inner proteins have strong structural similarities with those of orthoreoviruses even at the level of secondary-structure elements, indicating that the structures involved in viral dsRNA interaction and transcription are highly conserved. In contrast, the level of similarity in structures decreases in the proteins situated in the outer layers of the virion. The proteins involved in host recognition and attachment exhibit the least similarities to other members of Reoviridae. Furthermore, in GCRV, the RNA-translocating turrets are in an open state and lack a counterpart for the sigma1 protein situated on top of the close turrets observed in mammalian orthoreovirus. Interestingly, the distribution and the organization of GCRV core proteins resemble those of the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, a cypovirus and the structurally simplest member of the Reoviridae family. Our results suggest that GCRV occupies a unique structure niche between the simpler cypoviruses and the considerably more complex mammalian orthoreovirus, thus providing an important model for understanding the structural and functional conservation and diversity of this enormous family of dsRNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingpeng Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, The University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095-7364, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Wellehan JFX, Childress AL, Marschang RE, Johnson AJ, Lamirande EW, Roberts JF, Vickers ML, Gaskin JM, Jacobson ER. Consensus nested PCR amplification and sequencing of diverse reptilian, avian, and mammalian orthoreoviruses. Vet Microbiol 2008; 133:34-42. [PMID: 18656318 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The orthoreoviruses are segmented RNA viruses that infect diverse vertebrate host species. While the most common human orthoreovirus, Mammalian Reovirus, is not typically associated with significant disease, the majority of Orthoreovirus species have been shown to cause significant and often fatal disease in reptiles, birds, and primates. There is significant potential for jumping species. A consensus nested-PCR method was designed for investigation of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of Orthoreovirus and Aquareovirus. This protocol was used to obtain sequencing template from reoviruses of three different vertebrate classes. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis found that all viruses analyzed clustered in the genus Orthoreovirus, that reptile reoviruses formed three distinct clusters, and that an African grey parrot reovirus clustered with Nelson Bay virus from bats. This PCR method may be useful for obtaining templates for initial sequencing of novel orthoreoviruses from diverse vertebrate hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James F X Wellehan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Formation of the factory matrix is an important, though not a sufficient function of nonstructural protein mu NS during reovirus infection. Virology 2008; 375:412-23. [PMID: 18374384 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genome replication of mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) occurs in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies called viral factories. Nonstructural protein microNS, encoded by genome segment M3, is a major constituent of these structures. When expressed without other viral proteins, microNS forms cytoplasmic inclusions morphologically similar to factories, suggesting a role for microNS as the factory framework or matrix. In addition, most other MRV proteins, including all five core proteins (lambda1, lambda2, lambda3, micro2, and sigma2) and nonstructural protein sigmaNS, can associate with microNS in these structures. In the current study, small interfering RNA targeting M3 was transfected in association with MRV infection and shown to cause a substantial reduction in microNS expression as well as, among other effects, a reduction in infectious yields by as much as 4 log(10) values. By also transfecting in vitro-transcribed M3 plus-strand RNA containing silent mutations that render it resistant to the small interfering RNA, we were able to complement microNS expression and to rescue infectious yields by ~100-fold. We next used microNS mutants specifically defective at forming factory-matrix structures to show that this function of microNS is important for MRV growth; point mutations in a C-proximal, putative zinc-hook motif as well as small deletions at the extreme C terminus of microNS prevented rescue of viral growth while causing microNS to be diffusely distributed in cells. We furthermore confirmed that an N-terminally truncated form of microNS, designed to represent microNSC and still able to form factory-matrix structures, is unable to rescue MRV growth, localizing one or more other important functions to an N-terminal region of microNS known to be involved in both micro2 and sigmaNS association. Thus, factory-matrix formation is an important, though not a sufficient function of microNS during MRV infection; microNS is multifunctional in the course of viral growth.
Collapse
|
139
|
Zhang LL, Shen JY, Lei CF, Li XM, Fang Q. High level expression of grass carp reovirus VP7 protein in prokaryotic cells. Virol Sin 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-008-2921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
140
|
Fang Q, Seng EK, Ding QQ, Zhang LL. Characterization of infectious particles of grass carp reovirus by treatment with proteases. Arch Virol 2008; 153:675-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
141
|
Mohd Jaafar F, Goodwin AE, Belhouchet M, Merry G, Fang Q, Cantaloube JF, Biagini P, de Micco P, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Complete characterisation of the American grass carp reovirus genome (genus Aquareovirus: family Reoviridae) reveals an evolutionary link between aquareoviruses and coltiviruses. Virology 2008; 373:310-21. [PMID: 18191982 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An aquareovirus was isolated from several fish species in the USA (including healthy golden shiners) that is not closely related to members of species Aquareovirus A, B and C. The virus, which is atypical (does not cause syncytia in cell cultures at neutral pH), was implicated in a winter die-off of grass carp fingerlings and has therefore been called 'American grass carp reovirus' (AGCRV). Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of the AGCRV genome and comparisons to the other aquareoviruses showed that it is closely related to golden ide reovirus (GIRV) (>92% amino acid [aa] identity in VP5(NTPase) and VP2(Pol)). However, comparisons with grass carp reovirus (Aquareovirus C) and chum salmon reovirus (Aquareovirus A) showed only 22% to 76% aa identity in different viral proteins. These findings have formed the basis for the recognition of AGCRV and GIRV as members of a new Aquareovirus species 'Aquareovirus G' by ICTV. Further sequence comparisons to other members of the family Reoviridae suggest that there has been an 'evolutionary jump,' involving a change in the number of genome segments, between the aquareoviruses (11 segments) and coltiviruses (12 segments). Segment 7 of AGRCV encodes two proteins, from two distinct ORFs, which are homologues of two Coltivirus proteins encoded by genome segments 9 and 12. A similar model has previously been reported for the rotaviruses and seadornaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- Department of Arbovirology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Fang Q, Seng EK, Dai W, Zhang LL. Construction and co-expression of grass carp reovirus VP6 protein and enhanced green fluorescence protein in the insect cells. Virol Sin 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-007-0038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
143
|
Abstract
Viral pathogens impact both wild and farmed fish. In some cases, outbreaks of these diseases in populations of fish can lead to the near extinction of a particular race of sockeye salmon or such severe losses as to put commercial aquaculture ventures out of business. The importance of fish viruses to the aquaculture industry has increased the number of reported new virus isolations and the host range of previously characterized viruses. Currently, the fish viruses are represented in 14 of the families listed for vertebrate viruses by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. The fish viruses containing DNA genomes are listed in the families Iridoviridae, Adenoviridae, and Herpesvirdae and those with RNA genomes are listed in the families Picornaviridae, Birnaviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Caliciviridae, Togaviridae, Nodaviridae, Retroviridae, and Coronaviridae. Many of these viruses have grown optimally at the temperature of the host (8–15 °C). A few of the viruses can cross the species barrier and infect other fish species, cattle, pigs, and humans. As the need of aquacultured fish grows and the industry brings into culture more diverse species of fish, it is likely that there will be new virus isolations and some will be subsequently classified as new genera or even families.
Collapse
|
144
|
Smith JA, Wellehan JFX, Pogranichniy RM, Childress AL, Landolfi JA, Terio KA. Identification and isolation of a novel herpesvirus in a captive mob of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). Vet Microbiol 2007; 129:236-45. [PMID: 18191922 PMCID: PMC7117322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 11/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel herpesvirus was detected in a captive mob of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) during diagnostic workup for individuals with ulcerative cloacitis. Virus was initially detected in tissues using a consensus herpesvirus PCR. No viral inclusions or particles had been evident in routine histologic or transmission electron microscopic sections of cloacal lesions. Virus was isolated from samples and transmission electron microscopy of the resulting isolates confirmed that the virus was morphologically consistent with a herpesvirus. Nucleotide sequencing of the PCR product from tissue samples and from the isolates revealed that the virus was in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae and was distinct from other known herpesviruses. The correlation between the lesions and the novel virus remains unknown. Two herpesviruses, both in the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, have previously been described in macropods and are known to cause systemic clinical disease. This is the first reported gammaherpesvirus within the order Marsupialia, and may provide valuable information regarding the evolution and phylogeny of this virus family. Based on current herpesvirus nomenclature convention, the authors propose the novel herpesvirus be named Macropodid herpesvirus 3 (MaHV-3).
Collapse
|
145
|
Stacy BA, Wellehan JFX, Foley AM, Coberley SS, Herbst LH, Manire CA, Garner MM, Brookins MD, Childress AL, Jacobson ER. Two herpesviruses associated with disease in wild Atlantic loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Vet Microbiol 2007; 126:63-73. [PMID: 17706378 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 06/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are associated with lung-eye-trachea disease and gray patch disease in maricultured green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and with fibropapillomatosis in wild sea turtles of several species. With the exception fibropapillomatosis, no other diseases of wild sea turtles of any species have been associated with herpesviral infection. In the present study, six necropsied Atlantic loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) had gross and histological evidence of viral infection, including oral, respiratory, cutaneous, and genital lesions characterized by necrosis, ulceration, syncytial cell formation, and intranuclear inclusion bodies. Nested polymerase chain reaction targeting a conserved region of the herpesvirus DNA-dependent-DNA polymerase gene yielded two unique herpesviral sequences referred to as loggerhead genital-respiratory herpesvirus and loggerhead orocutaneous herpesvirus. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that these viruses are related to and are monophyletic with other chelonian herpesviruses within the subfamily alpha-herpesvirinae. We propose the genus Chelonivirus for this monophyletic group of chelonian herpesviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Stacy
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, P.O. Box 100126, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Su YP, Shien JH, Liu HJ, Yin HS, Lee LH. Avian reovirus core protein μA expressed in Escherichia coli possesses both NTPase and RTPase activities. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1797-1805. [PMID: 17485541 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the amino acid sequence of core protein μA of avian reovirus has indicated that it may share similar functions to protein μ2 of mammalian reovirus. Since μ2 displayed both nucleotide triphosphatase (NTPase) and RNA triphosphatase (RTPase) activities, the purified recombinant μA ( μA) was designed and used to test these activities. μA was thus expressed in bacteria with a 4.5 kDa fusion peptide and six His tags at its N terminus. Results indicated that μA possessed NTPase activity that enabled the protein to hydrolyse theβ–γphosphoanhydride bond of all four NTPs, since NDPs were the only radiolabelled products observed. The substrate preference was ATP>CTP>GTP>UTP, based on the estimatedkcatvalues. Alanine substitutions for lysines 408 and 412 (K408A/K412A) in a putative nucleotide-binding site of μA abolished NTPase activity, further suggesting that NTPase activity is attributable to protein μA. The activity of μA is dependent on the divalent cations Mg2+or Mn2+, but not Ca2+or Zn2+. Optimal NTPase activity of μA was achieved between pH 5.5 and 6.0. In addition, μA enzymic activity increased with temperature up to 40 °C and was almost totally inhibited at temperatures higher than 55 °C. Tests of phosphate release from RNA substrates with μA or K408A/K412A μA indicated that μA, but not K408A/K412A μA, displayed RTPase activity. The results suggested that both NTPase and RTPase activities of μA might be carried out at the same active site, and that protein μA could play important roles during viral RNA synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pin Su
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jui Huang Shien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hung Jen Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Hsien Sheng Yin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Long Huw Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Coffey CM, Sheh A, Kim IS, Chandran K, Nibert ML, Parker JSL. Reovirus outer capsid protein micro1 induces apoptosis and associates with lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. J Virol 2006; 80:8422-38. [PMID: 16912293 PMCID: PMC1563861 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02601-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which reoviruses induce apoptosis have not been fully elucidated. Earlier studies identified the mammalian reovirus S1 and M2 genes as determinants of apoptosis induction. However, no published results have demonstrated the capacities of the proteins encoded by these genes to induce apoptosis, either independently or in combination, in the absence of reovirus infection. Here we report that the mammalian reovirus micro1 protein, encoded by the M2 gene, was sufficient to induce apoptosis in transfected cells. We also found that micro1 localized to lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria in both transfected cells and infected cells. Two small regions encompassing amphipathic alpha-helices within a carboxyl-terminal portion of micro1 were necessary for efficient induction of apoptosis and association with lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria in transfected cells. Induction of apoptosis by micro1 and its association with lipid droplets and intracellular membranes in transfected cells were abrogated when micro1 was coexpressed with sigma3, with which it is known to coassemble. We propose that micro1 plays a direct role in the induction of apoptosis in infected cells and that this property may relate to the capacity of micro1 to associate with intracellular membranes. Moreover, during reovirus infection, association with sigma3 may regulate apoptosis induction by micro1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Coffey
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Attoui H, Jaafar FM, Belhouchet M, de Micco P, de Lamballerie X, Brussaard CPD. Micromonas pusilla reovirus: a new member of the family Reoviridae assigned to a novel proposed genus (Mimoreovirus). J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1375-1383. [PMID: 16603541 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Micromonas pusilla reovirus (MpRV) is an 11-segmented, double-stranded RNA virus isolated from the marine protist Micromonas pusilla. Sequence analysis (including conserved termini and presence of core motifs of reovirus polymerase), morphology and physicochemical properties confirmed the status of MpRV as a member of the family Reoviridae. Electron microscopy showed that intact virus particles are unusually larger (90–95 nm) than the known size of particles of viruses belonging to the family Reoviridae. Particles that were purified on caesium chloride gradients had a mean size of 75 nm (a size similar to the size of intact particles of members of the family Reoviridae), indicating that they lost outer-coat components. The subcore particles had a mean size of 50 nm and a smooth surface, indicating that MpRV belongs to the non-turreted Reoviridae. The maximum amino acid identity with other reovirus proteins was 21 %, which is compatible with values existing between distinct genera. Based on morphological and sequence findings, this virus should be classified as the representative of a novel genus within the family Reoviridae, designated Mimoreovirus (from
Micromonas pusilla
reovirus). The topology of the phylogenetic tree built with putative polymerase sequences of the family Reoviridae suggested that the branch of MpRV could be ancestral. Further analysis showed that segment 1 of MpRV was much longer (5792 bp) than any other reovirus segment and encoded a protein of 200 kDa (VP1). This protein exhibited significant similarities to O-glycosylated proteins, including viral envelope proteins, and is likely to represent the additional outer coat of MpRV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Attoui
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée and Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée and Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Mourad Belhouchet
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée and Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe de Micco
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée and Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée and Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Corina P D Brussaard
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Attoui H, Jaafar FM, Belhouchet M, Tao S, Chen B, Liang G, Tesh RB, de Micco P, de Lamballerie X. Liao ning virus, a new Chinese seadornavirus that replicates in transformed and embryonic mammalian cells. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:199-208. [PMID: 16361432 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seadornaviruses are emerging arboviral pathogens from the south-east of Asia. The genus Seadornavirus contains two distinct species, Banna virus (BAV) isolated from humans with encephalitis and Kadipiro virus. BAV replicates within insect cells and mice but not in cultured mammalian cells. Here, the discovery of Liao ning virus (LNV), a new seadornavirus from the Aedes dorsalis mosquito, which was completely sequenced and was found to be related to BAV and Kadipiro virus, is reported. Two serotypes of LNV could be distinguished by a serum neutralization assay. According to amino acid identity with other seadornaviruses, and to criteria set by the ICTV for species delineation, LNV was identified as a member of a new species of virus. Its morphology was characterized by electron microscopy and found to be similar to that of BAV. LNV is the first reported seadornavirus that replicates in mammalian cells, leading to massive cytopathic effect in all transformed or embryonic cell lines tested. LNV- and BAV-infected mice producing a viraemia lasting for 5 days was followed by viral clearance. Mice infection generated virus quasi-species for LNV (the first reported observation for quasi-species in the family Reoviridae) but not for BAV. Challenge with BAV in mice immunized against BAV did not lead to productive infection. However, challenge with LNV in mice immunized against LNV was lethal with a new phase of viraemia and massive haemorrhage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Attoui
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerranée and Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerranée and Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Mourad Belhouchet
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerranée and Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Sanju Tao
- Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin Jie, Xuan Wu Qu, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Boquan Chen
- Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin Jie, Xuan Wu Qu, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin Jie, Xuan Wu Qu, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Philippe de Micco
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerranée and Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Maladies Virales Emergentes et Systèmes d'Information UR 034, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerranée and Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Zhang X, Tang J, Walker SB, O’Hara D, Nibert ML, Duncan R, Baker TS. Structure of avian orthoreovirus virion by electron cryomicroscopy and image reconstruction. Virology 2005; 343:25-35. [PMID: 16153672 PMCID: PMC4152769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Among members of the genus Orthoreovirus, family Reoviridae, a group of non-enveloped viruses with genomes comprising ten segments of double-stranded RNA, only the "non-fusogenic" mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRVs) have been studied to date by electron cryomicroscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. In addition to MRVs, this genus comprises other species that induce syncytium formation in cultured cells, a property shared with members of the related genus Aquareovirus. To augment studies of these "fusogenic" orthoreoviruses, we used electron cryomicroscopy and image reconstruction to analyze the virions of a fusogenic avian orthoreovirus (ARV). The structure of the ARV virion, determined from data at an effective resolution of 14.6 A, showed strong similarities to that of MRVs. Of particular note, the ARV virion has its pentameric lambda-class core turret protein in a closed conformation as in MRVs, not in a more open conformation as reported for aquareovirus. Similarly, the ARV virion contains 150 copies of its monomeric sigma-class core-nodule protein as in MRVs, not 120 copies as reported for aquareovirus. On the other hand, unlike that of MRVs, the ARV virion lacks "hub-and-spokes" complexes within the solvent channels at sites of local sixfold symmetry in the incomplete T=13l outer capsid. In MRVs, these complexes are formed by C-terminal sequences in the trimeric mu-class outer-capsid protein, sequences that are genetically missing from the homologous protein of ARVs. The channel structures and C-terminal sequences of the homologous outer-capsid protein are also genetically missing from aquareoviruses. Overall, the results place ARVs between MRVs and aquareoviruses with respect to the highlighted features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jinghua Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Biology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen B. Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David O’Hara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H4H7
| | - Max L. Nibert
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roy Duncan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H4H7
| | - Timothy S. Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Biology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|