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Ortega J, Wyneken J, Garner MM. Aneurysm Associated with Vascular Wall Degeneration in Bearded Dragons ( Pogona vitticeps). Vet Pathol 2024; 61:468-475. [PMID: 38006226 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231214025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the clinical, gross, and histologic findings in 17 cases of aneurysms in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). The clinical presentation ranged from incidental to sudden and unexpected death. The affected vasculature was predominantly arterial; however, based on the topographical locations of the lesions, gross structure, and drainage, some veins were likely involved. Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography scans of 1 animal showed a large aneurysm of the internal carotid artery extending from near its aortic origin into the caudal head. Aneurysms were organized in 5 groups based on their anatomical locations: cephalic, cranial coelom (for all near the heart), caudal coelom (for the mesenteric vessels and descending aorta), limbs, and tail. The cranial coelomic region was the most prevalent location. Gross findings were large hematomas or red serosanguineous fluid filling the adjacent area, as most of the aneurysms (94%) were ruptured at the time of the study. The main histological findings were degenerative changes of the vessel walls characterized by moderate to severe disruption of the collagen and elastic fibers of the tunica media and adventitia (100%), followed by thickening of the intima with thrombi formation (54%) and dissecting hematoma of the vessel wall (47%). Vasculitis (29%), mineralization (6%), and lipid deposits (6%) in the vessel wall were observed occasionally. Based on these findings, the vascular dilations and ruptures observed in bearded dragons likely are associated with weakness of the vessel walls caused by degenerative changes in the intimal and medial tunics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ortega
- Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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2
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Mason AK, Adams L, Garner MM. Bacterial abscesses in whitespotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) in managed care. J Fish Dis 2024; 47:e13917. [PMID: 38242861 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Sixteen whitespotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) with histologically similar bacterial abscesses were submitted to Northwest ZooPath from nine zoo and aquarium institutions over a 17-year period. These abscesses were characterized by inflammatory cell infiltrates and necrosis with intralesional small, Gram-positive, acid-fast negative, cocci bacteria. The clinical presentation, histologic findings, and culture results indicate that Enterococcus faecalis is a relatively common cause of these lesions in whitespotted bamboo sharks. This organism also provides a treatment challenge due to its inherent antibiotic-resistant properties and ability to form biofilms, confounding the host's immune response. Enterococcus faecalis represents an important cause for abscess formation and cellulitis in captive whitespotted bamboo sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lance Adams
- Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, California, USA
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3
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Alex CE, Kvapil P, Busch MDM, Jensen T, Conley K, Jackson K, Stubbs EL, Gjeltema J, Garner MM, Kubiski SV, Pesavento PA. Amdoparvovirus-associated disease in red pandas ( Ailurus fulgens). Vet Pathol 2024; 61:269-278. [PMID: 37681307 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231196860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The roster of amdoparvoviruses (APVs) in small carnivores is growing rapidly, but in most cases, the consequences of infection are poorly understood. Red panda amdoparvovirus (RPAV) is highly prevalent in zoo-housed red pandas and has been detected in both healthy and sick animals. Clarifying the clinical impact of RPAV in this endangered species is critical, and zoological collections offer a unique opportunity to examine viral disease association in carefully managed populations. We evaluated the potential impact of RPAV in captive red pandas with a combination of prospective and retrospective analyses. First, we collected feces from 2 healthy animals from one collection over a 6-year period and detected virus in 72/75 total samples, suggesting that RPAV can be a long-term subclinical infection. We next investigated the infections using a retrospective study of infection status and tissue distribution in a cohort of necropsied animals. We performed polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization on 43 necropsy cases from 4 zoo collections (3 from the United States, 1 from Europe, 1997-2022). RPAV was present in these populations for at least 2 decades before its discovery and is detectable in common and significant lesions of zoo-housed red pandas, including myocarditis (3/3 cases), nephritis (9/10), and interstitial pneumonia (2/4). RPAV is also detectable in sporadic lesions, including multisystemic pyogranulomatous inflammation, oral/pharyngeal mucosal inflammation, and dermatitis. The colocalization of virus with lesions supports a role in causation, suggesting that despite the apparently persistent and subclinical carriage of most infections, RPAV may have a significant impact in zoo collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Alex
- University of California, Davis, CA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | - Trine Jensen
- Aalborg Zoo/Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Conley
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, Lake Buena Vista, FL
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4
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Vincent EC, Fayette MA, Beckwith MK, Ivančić M, Garner MM. USE OF HYSTEROSCOPIC MORCELLATION WITH A MYOSURE ® DEVICE FOR REMOVAL OF UTERINE FOREIGN MATERIAL IN AN ORANGUTAN ( PONGO SP.). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:879-883. [PMID: 38252015 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A 36-yr-old female intact hybrid orangutan (Pongo sp.) presented with evidence of chronic bacterial cystitis with no response to treatment with multiple systemic antibiotics. Abnormalities were identified within the reproductive tract on CT scan, and hysteroscopy was pursued based on the recommendation of an obstetrician-gynecologist. Hysteroscopic examination revealed a large amount of intrauterine foreign material consistent with wood wool from the orangutan's bedding. A hysteroscopic morcellator (MyoSure®) was used to remove the foreign material. Histologic examination of endometrial biopsies showed severe suppurative to pyogranulomatous endometritis with intralesional foreign (wood) fibers and bacteria. The orangutan was treated with antibiotics, but evidence of bacterial cystitis persisted. After 15 wk, additional wood wool was identified within the uterus by hysteroscopic examination and was removed similarly. Five months later, there was no recurrence of foreign material on hysteroscopy or CT. This report describes the first documentation of intrauterine foreign material in a nonhuman primate. Hysteroscopic morcellation is a useful technique for noninvasive removal of intrauterine foreign material in great apes.
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5
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Gerlach JL, Stevens BN, Garner MM, LaDouceur EEB, Adams LM. PRIMARY HEPATIC NEOPLASIA IN THREE ADULT BAMBOO SHARKS ( CHILOSCYLLIUM PLAGIOSUM AND CHILOSCYLLIUM PUNCTATUM) IN AN AQUARIUM POPULATION. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:865-872. [PMID: 38252013 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neoplasia in elasmobranchs is uncommonly documented. This report describes primary hepatic neoplasia in three adult female bamboo sharks under managed care: biliary adenocarcinoma in a whitespotted bamboo shark (Case 1; Chiloscyllium plagiosum), biliary adenocarcinoma in a brownbanded bamboo shark (Case 2; Chiloscyllium punctatum), and hepatocellular carcinoma in a whitespotted bamboo shark (Case 3). Case 1 presented with extensive cutaneous papillomas and was electively euthanized. At necropsy, a 4-cm-diameter, pale-tan, firm hepatic mass was identified and diagnosed histologically as a biliary adenocarcinoma. Case 2 presented with decreasing body condition despite normal food intake. Coelomic ultrasound and exploratory surgery revealed several large masses in both hepatic lobes, and the patient was euthanized. At necropsy, nine, 1-6-cm-diameter, black to tan, firm hepatic masses were identified and diagnosed histologically as biliary adenocarcinoma with branchial intravascular neoplastic emboli. Case 3 presented for routine health examination and was euthanized for diagnostic purposes after coelomic ultrasound revealed multiple hepatic masses. At necropsy, two 1-3-cm-diameter, brown- and-black mottled, firm hepatic masses were identified and diagnosed histologically as hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed in two of these cases and was noncontributory, likely because of a lack of cross reactivity between antibodies (antipancytokeratin) and elasmobranch tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elise E B LaDouceur
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA 98272, USA
- Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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6
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Aplasca AC, Martinez MP, Evans SJM, Martinez ME, Cianciolo RE, Bundschuh M, Puchulu-Campanella E, Chen X, Yan P, Bundschuh R, Seeley KE, Bapodra-Villaverde P, Garner MM, Junge RE. AN OUTBREAK OF FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS IN THREE RELATED SAND CATS ( FELIS MARGARITA) IN HUMAN CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:628-638. [PMID: 37817630 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a systemic disease in felid species caused by infection with mutated forms of feline coronavirus (FCoV), and outbreaks can devastate exotic felid populations in human care. Feline infectious peritonitis was diagnosed in three of four related juvenile sand cats (Felis margarita) from a single institution over a 6-wk period. Case 1 was a 7-mon-old male found deceased with no premonitory signs. Case 2, an 8-mon-old male (littermate to Case 1), and Case 3, a 6-mon-old male (from a different litter with identical parentage), were evaluated for lethargy and anorexia 1 mon after Case 1. Both exhibited transient anisocoria and progressive lethargy, anorexia, and dehydration despite antibiotic and supportive treatment. Approximately 1 wk after initial presentation, Case 2 was humanely euthanized, and Case 3 was found deceased. Necropsy findings included intrathoracic and/or intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy (3/3 cases), bicavitary effusion (2/3), multifocal tan hepatic and intestinal nodules (1/3), and multifocal yellow renal nodules (1/3). Histologically, all cats had severe pyogranulomatous vasculitis in multiple organs, and the presence of FCoV antigen was confirmed using immunohistochemical staining. Next-generation sequencing of the virus from Case 3's affected kidney demonstrated ∼93% homology to the UG-FH8 virus, a serotype 1 feline alphacoronavirus isolated from Denmark. Future research will focus on comparative viral genomic sequencing with the goals of identifying potential sources of FCoV infection and identifying features that may have contributed to the development of FIP in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Aplasca
- Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Powell, OH 43065, USA,
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael P Martinez
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Samantha J M Evans
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Margaret E Martinez
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rachel E Cianciolo
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark Bundschuh
- The Ohio State University Department of Physics, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Xi Chen
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pearlly Yan
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ralf Bundschuh
- The Ohio State University Department of Physics, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Finnegan DK, Murray MJ, Young S, Garner MM, LaDouceur EEB. Histologic lesions of cestodiasis in octopuses. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:599-604. [PMID: 36250300 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221128915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Parasitism of cephalopods is common, including infection with Aggregata spp., Ichthyobodo spp., dicyemids, cestodes of the orders Tetraphyllidea and Trypanorhynchidea, and various crustaceans. Cestodiasis in octopuses is reported, although a full histologic description of lesions has not been previously described. Cestodiasis was identified in 10 octopuses of 4 different species, which included 4 common octopuses (Octopus vulgaris), 3 Caribbean reef octopuses (Octopus briareus), 2 two-spot octopuses (Octopus bimaculoides), and 1 giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). Larval cestodes were present in the cecum (n = 5), intestines (n = 4), digestive gland (n = 3), chitinous alimentary tract (n = 2), renal appendage (n = 1), and salivary duct (n = 1). In 5 cases, larval cestodes invaded tissue and were associated with hemocytic inflammation and tracts of necrotic tissue in the intestines (n = 3), digestive gland (n = 3), and/or renal appendage (n = 1). When present in the chitinous alimentary tract (esophagus, stomach) or cecum, larval cestodes were in the central lumen and not associated with lesions. One adult cestode was identified in the mantle cavity and was not associated with lesions. Other common concurrent parasitic infections included enteric Aggregata spp. infection, branchial Rickettsia-like organism infection, enteric nematodiasis, and an arthropod-associated branchitis.
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Fiddes K, Murray M, Frasca S, Garner MM, LaDouceur EEB. Ocular lesions of captive cephalopods. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:605-610. [PMID: 36321800 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221133079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Ocular lesions are uncommonly reported and described in invertebrate species. In this study, cases from 2 diagnostic laboratories, in which lesions were noted in 33 diagnostic specimens from various species of cephalopods, including octopuses, squid, nautiluses, and cuttlefish, were reviewed. Clinical information and gross lesions were described in a minority of cases. The most common lesion was inflammation of varying severity and was most commonly within the anterior uvea (iris and ciliary papilla), followed by the posterior chamber and lens. More than half of the cases with inflammation had concurrent hyperplastic lesions of the iris and ciliary papilla, including posterior iris epithelial hyperplasia, cystic adenomatous hyperplasia, and/or posterior epithelial cysts. The most common clinical observation was cloudy eyes, which correlated histologically to anterior uveitis in all cases where it was documented. Dermatitis and cutaneous ulceration were the most frequent comorbidities in cases where clinical information was available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Salvatore Frasca
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Storrs, CT
| | | | - Elise E B LaDouceur
- The Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA
- Zoetis Reference Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT
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Pace C, Goertz CEC, Woodie K, Belovarac J, Rouse N, Abraham T, Tuomi P, Garner MM. HISTOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF TESTICULAR DEVELOPMENT AND SEXUAL MATURATION IN REHABILITATED NORTHERN SEA OTTERS ( ENHYDRA LUTRIS KENYONI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:367-373. [PMID: 37428701 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of routine captive management of the species, sea otter (Enhydra lutris) males are often castrated to prevent reproduction, to preserve limited spaces for future nonreleasable stranded individuals, and to minimize potential aggression among cohorts. To determine the relative stage of testicular development, testicles from 14 castrated, rehabilitated northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) were submitted for histologic examination. Eight of the otters (aged 201, 304, 344, 352, 360, 373, 401, and 1,423 d old) had evidence of varying degrees of sexual maturity. Histologic grading of maturity of individual testicles showed inactive testes, spermatocytes with some maturation of spermatogenic precursors, and fully active spermatogenesis. Spermatozoa were seen in the otters that were 401 and 1,423 d old (1.1 and 3.9 yr old). Sexual maturity for wild male sea otters in Alaska has been previously reported to occur from 3 to 5-6 yr. Social maturity, or the ability to breed and reproduce, may occur a few years later than the onset of physiologic maturity; age, weight, territory quality, and the length of time holding a territory may influence a male otter's mating success. Early testicular development in rehabilitated sea otters may be related to abundant resources, lack of competition, and decreased environmental pressures. Additionally, these findings have implications for husbandry and management practices in short- and long-term care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Natalie Rouse
- Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, AK 99664, USA
- Alaska Veterinary Pathology Service, AK 99577, USA
| | - Taylor Abraham
- University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Valdés-Soto M, Burgdorf-Moisuk A, Raines J, Connolly M, Allen KE, Lineberry MW, Garner MM. TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI INFECTION IN THREE SLENDER-TAILED MEERKATS ( SURICATA SURICATTA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:394-400. [PMID: 37428705 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite primarily transmitted by triatomine insects (Hemiptera: subfamily Reduviidae) and is the cause of Chagas disease (CD). This report describes three cases of CD in a mob of five slender-tailed meerkats (Suricata suricatta) living in an outdoor exhibit at one zoological institution in Texas. The index case was a 9.5-yr-old female that presented with ataxia, lethargy, and pleural effusion. This case was diagnosed with CD postmortem via cytology, T. cruzi PCR of whole blood and lung fluid, and histology. Blood was opportunistically collected from the remaining four meerkats 28 d after the death of the index case and tested by PCR and serology. The second case was a clinically normal 7.5-yr-old male that tested PCR and antibody positive and the third case was a clinically normal 9-yr-old female that tested PCR positive. The second animal presented depressed, with pneumonia, and with continuous shivering 53 d after blood collection, and clinically improved after treatment with antibiotics and supportive care. Fifteen days later, the animal was found minimally responsive and died shortly thereafter. Histologic examination revealed Trypanosoma sp. amastigotes in the myocardium and the tissue was positive for T. cruzi DNA. The third meerkat, which received two separate courses of benznidazole over a span of almost 2 yr, was monitored routinely by PCR and serology and appeared clinically normal until found dead on exhibit 93 d after completion of the second treatment. Myocardium was positive for T. cruzi DNA. To the authors' knowledge, this case series is the first to document Chagas disease in meerkats and features associated cytologic and histologic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Valdés-Soto
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco Villa S/ N Col. Ex Hacienda el Canadá, Escobedo, Nuevo León, México, 66050
| | | | | | | | - Kelly E Allen
- Oklahoma State University's College of Veterinary Medicine, OK 74078, USA
| | - Megan W Lineberry
- Oklahoma State University's College of Veterinary Medicine, OK 74078, USA
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Koda SA, Subramaniam K, Groff JM, Yanong RP, Pouder DB, Pedersen M, Pelton C, Garner MM, Phelps NBD, Armien AG, Hyatt MW, Hick PM, Becker JA, Stidworthy MF, Waltzek TB. Genetic characterization of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus in Banggai cardinalfish Pterapogon kauderni identified from eight separate cases between 2000 and 2017. J Fish Dis 2023. [PMID: 37057714 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph M Groff
- Retired, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Roy P Yanong
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah B Pouder
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida, USA
| | - Matt Pedersen
- Reef to Rainforest Media, LLC, Shelburne, Vermont, USA
- MiniWaters LLC, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Craig Pelton
- Sea Life Aquarium, Orlando, Florida, USA
- OdySea Aquarium, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Nicholas B D Phelps
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anibal G Armien
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Paul M Hick
- The University of Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joy A Becker
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Sea Life Aquarium, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Garner MM, Fredholm DVE, Citino SB, Keating MK, Ritter JM, Lockart S, Lysen C, Bradway DS, Koons AR, Newton J. FATAL SYSTEMIC FUNGAL INFECTION IN EASTERN BONGO ANTELOPE ( TRAGELAPHUS EURYCERUS ISAACI): SIX CASES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:102-110. [PMID: 36971634 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over a span of 6 yr, six adult eastern bongo antelope (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci) from a single institution died due to systemic mycotic infections. All animals were of the same genetic lineage and in good body condition at the time of death. Gross findings in all cases included multifocal white-to-tan nodules up to 10 cm in diameter that were most numerous in the heart, lung, and kidney. Histologic examination identified these nodules as foci of granulomatous inflammation containing branching, septate, broad, undulating fungal elements. Identification of the fungal species was pursued using PCR with sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and culture. Multiple fungal species were identified using the various modalities, and commonality of species identification was limited to Cladosporium sp. in four of the cases. The clinical and postmortem findings in these cases were identical and were considered to be the same infectious disease. The Cladosporium sp. was considered a candidate as an emerging fatal infectious agent in this population of bongo antelopes. In all of these cases, death was attributed to conduction abnormalities associated with the cardiac lesions or euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M Kelly Keating
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Shawn Lockart
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Colleen Lysen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Daniel S Bradway
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Alissa R Koons
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Joseph Newton
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Lofgren NT, Malka S, Renna CM, Banuelos RM, Dennison-Gibby S, Garner MM. Liposarcoma of Probable Medullary Bone Origin in a Lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:215-219. [DOI: 10.1647/21-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Magnotti J, Bland D, Garner MM, Frum AS, Phinney J, Plattner BL, LaDouceur EEB. Primary Intestinal Lymphoma in Rabbits. J Comp Pathol 2022; 195:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Gadsby S, Garner MM, Bolin SR, Sanchez CR, Flaminio KP, Sim RR. Fatal Sarcocystis calchasi-associated meningoencephalitis in 2 captive vulturine guineafowl. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:543-546. [PMID: 35168421 PMCID: PMC9254049 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221078585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two captive vulturine guineafowl (Acryllium vulturinum) were presented with lethargy, hyporexia, weight loss, and progressive neurologic signs. One of the guineafowl was seropositive for Sarcocystis falcatula (1:50 dilution). Both guineafowl died within 5 d of presentation. Histologic examination revealed nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis with gliosis, associated with occasional schizonts in the neuropil. Using fresh-frozen brain tissue, PCR was performed to amplify the ITS1 RNA region and portions of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18S gene) and the 28S ribosomal RNA gene (28S gene). Analysis of nucleic acid sequences from the resulting amplicons indicated that Sarcocystis calchasi was the likely cause of disease. To our knowledge, S. calchasi-associated disease has not been reported previously in the order Galliformes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven R. Bolin
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA (Bolin)
| | - Carlos R. Sanchez
- Veterinary Medical Center, Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR, USA
(Sanchez, Flaminio, Sim)
| | - Kelly P. Flaminio
- Veterinary Medical Center, Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR, USA
(Sanchez, Flaminio, Sim)
| | - Richard R. Sim
- Richard R. Sim, Oregon Zoo, 4001 SW
Canyon Rd, Portland, OR 97221, USA.
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16
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Hsu TC, Garner MM, Kiupel M. Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization and molecular classification of spontaneous mammary gland tumors in macropods. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:433-441. [PMID: 35001750 PMCID: PMC10506399 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211069164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammary gland neoplasms in macropods are uncommonly reported, and the morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics are incompletely described. The goal of this study was to describe the morphologic features of macropod mammary neoplasms and to determine the molecular subtypes of mammary carcinomas using a panel of antibodies against estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2), p63, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Biopsy and necropsy specimens were examined from 21 macropods with mammary tumors submitted to Northwest ZooPath from 1996 to 2019. In accordance with the histologic classification of canine mammary tumors proposed by Goldschmidt and colleagues, tubulopapillary (2), tubular (10), and comedo-carcinomas (2), adenoma (1), lobular hyperplasia (3), fibroadenomatous hyperplasia (1), and mastitis (2) were diagnosed. Red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus) were most commonly diagnosed with mammary carcinomas (79% of all carcinomas). Seven carcinomas had lymphovascular invasion and 2 also had pulmonary metastases. Six of these 7 carcinomas were classified as grade 3. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for all antibodies was performed on 9/14 carcinomas, and partial IHC was performed for 3 cases. All 12 carcinomas were immunoreactive for PR, 5 for ER, 9 for EGFR, and none for Her-2. Five of the 9 mammary carcinomas with complete IHC data were classified as luminal A subtype, and 4 were normal-like subtype. Accurate classification of mammary tumors in macropods based on morphology, immunohistological characteristics, and molecular subtype may be helpful in guiding clinical management, prognosis, and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Chun Hsu
- Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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17
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Winter JM, Wellehan JFX, Apakupakul K, Palmer J, Brenn-White M, Standorf K, Berry KH, Childress AL, Koplos P, Garner MM, Deem SL. A novel herpesvirus detected in 3 species of chelonians. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:594-601. [PMID: 35459421 PMCID: PMC9266504 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221092048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are found in free-living and captive chelonian populations, often in association with morbidity and mortality. To date, all known chelonian herpesviruses fall within the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. We detected a novel herpesvirus in 3 species of chelonians: a captive leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis) in western TX, USA; a steppe tortoise (Testudo [Agrionemys] horsfieldii) found near Fort Irwin, CA, USA; and 2 free-living, three-toed box turtles (Terrapene mexicana triunguis) found in Forest Park, St. Louis, MO. The leopard tortoise was coinfected with the tortoise intranuclear coccidian and had clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease. The steppe tortoise had mucopurulent nasal discharge and lethargy. One of the three-toed box turtles had no clinical signs; the other was found dead with signs of trauma after being observed with blepharedema, tympanic membrane swelling, cervical edema, and other clinical signs several weeks prior to death. Generally, the branching order of the turtle herpesviruses mirrors the divergence patterns of their hosts, consistent with codivergence. Based on phylogenetic analysis, this novel herpesvirus clusters with a clade of viruses that infect emydid hosts and is likely of box turtle origin. Therefore, we suggest the name terrapene alphaherpesvirus 3 (TerAHV3) for the novel virus. This virus also has the ability to host-jump to tortoises, and previously documented herpesviral morbidity tends to be more common in aberrant hosts. The relationship between clinical signs and infection with TerAHV3 in these animals is unclear, and further investigation is merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Winter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Jamie Palmer
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maris Brenn-White
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Kristin H Berry
- Western Ecological Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Reno, NV, USA
| | - April L Childress
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peter Koplos
- El Paso Veterinary Specialty Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | - Sharon L Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, MO, USA
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18
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Monahan CF, Garner MM, Kiupel M. Chromatophoromas in Reptiles. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030115. [PMID: 35324843 PMCID: PMC8955407 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatophoromas are neoplasms that arise from pigment cells of reptiles, amphibians, and fish. They include melanophoromas (melanomas), iridophoromas, and xanthophoromas. Most chromatophoromas develop spontaneously, but genetic and environmental factors may also play a role in their oncogenesis. The diagnosis is typically through histologic examination. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy can be helpful for diagnosing poorly differentiated and/or poorly pigmented neoplasms. Aggressive surgical excision is the current treatment of choice. This review describes the clinical presentation, gross appearance, diagnostic applications, clinical behavior, and treatment of chromatophoromas in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen F. Monahan
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910, USA;
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19
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Richard JN, Graham JE, Center SA, Garner MM, Reavill DR. Hepatic copper accumulates in ferrets with and without hepatobiliary disease. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:371-380. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.08.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To determine hepatic copper concentrations and zonal distribution in ferrets with and without hepatobiliary disease, validate rhodanine-based qualitative copper scoring and digital copper quantification in ferret hepatic samples, and ascertain whether clinical features predicted copper accumulation.
ANIMALS
34 ferrets, including 7 with necroinflammatory disease, 5 with hepatocellular carcinoma, 13 with non-necroinflammatory disease, and 9 with no hepatobiliary disease.
PROCEDURES
Rhodanine-based digital copper quantification was validated by use of liver dually measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy and digital scanning (R2 = 0.98). Clinical features and hepatic copper scores and concentrations (dry weight liver) were compared between groups. Zonal copper distribution was determined.
RESULTS
Hepatic copper concentration was strongly correlated with copper scores (ρ = 0.88). Ferrets with hepatobiliary disease were significantly older and had significantly higher serum alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase activities and creatinine concentrations. Centrilobular copper accumulated in 23 of 34 (64%) ferrets with (n = 15) and without (8) hepatobiliary disease. Median copper concentrations were not significantly different between ferrets with and without hepatobiliary disease but were significantly higher within neoplastic hepatic tissue in ferrets with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic copper concentrations exceeded feline (> 180 µg/g) and canine (> 400 µg/g) reference limits in 19 and 9 ferrets, respectively. Hepatic copper > 1,000 µg/g occurred in 5 ferrets with and 2 without hepatobiliary disease. Clinical features did not predict copper accumulation.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Rhodanine-based digital copper quantification and qualitative copper scoring discerned liver copper accumulation in ferrets. Ferrets with and without hepatobiliary disease displayed a propensity for centrilobular hepatic copper accumulation of uncertain clinical importance. Clinical and clinicopathologic features could not exclusively implicate pathologic copper accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne N. Richard
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA
| | - Jennifer E. Graham
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA
| | - Sharon A. Center
- 2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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20
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Rayment KM, Garner MM, Drees R, Francis MM, Rose JB, Sim RR. Atypical Candidiasis of the Gnathotheca in a Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 35:457-463. [DOI: 10.1647/20-00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M. Rayment
- From the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA (Rayment); Northwest ZooPath, 654 West Main St, Monroe, WA 98272, USA (Garner); Royal Veterinary College, Hawks-head Lane, North Mymms, Ha
| | - Michael M. Garner
- From the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA (Rayment); Northwest ZooPath, 654 West Main St, Monroe, WA 98272, USA (Garner); Royal Veterinary College, Hawks-head Lane, North Mymms, Ha
| | - Randi Drees
- From the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA (Rayment); Northwest ZooPath, 654 West Main St, Monroe, WA 98272, USA (Garner); Royal Veterinary College, Hawks-head Lane, North Mymms, Ha
| | - Marla M. Francis
- From the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA (Rayment); Northwest ZooPath, 654 West Main St, Monroe, WA 98272, USA (Garner); Royal Veterinary College, Hawks-head Lane, North Mymms, Ha
| | - Josephine B. Rose
- From the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA (Rayment); Northwest ZooPath, 654 West Main St, Monroe, WA 98272, USA (Garner); Royal Veterinary College, Hawks-head Lane, North Mymms, Ha
| | - Richard R. Sim
- From the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA (Rayment); Northwest ZooPath, 654 West Main St, Monroe, WA 98272, USA (Garner); Royal Veterinary College, Hawks-head Lane, North Mymms, Ha
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21
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Duke EG, Harrison SH, Moresco A, Trout T, Troan BV, Garner MM, Smith M, Smith S, Harrison TM. A Multi-Institutional Collaboration to Understand Neoplasia, Treatment and Survival of Snakes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030258. [PMID: 35158582 PMCID: PMC8833345 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This multi-institutional collaborative study of neoplasia in snakes reviewed medical records of snakes at each facility to determine species prevalence, survival, and methods of treatment. Complete species numbers of snakes were also collected at each facility. In total, 65 species, 133 snakes, and 149 unique neoplasias were included in this study. Affected species, age, sex, and their tumor prevalence, tumor type and location, metastasis, treatment, and survival data are reported. The highest species-specific tumor prevalence was in Common or Northern Watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) (30.8%, n = 4 of 13), Eastern Diamond-Backed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus) (26.3%, n = 5 of 19), and Timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) (22.7%, n = 5 of 22). Malignant tumors predominated (86.6%, n = 129 of 149) with soft tissue sarcomas being the most common (30.2%, n = 45 of 149). Snakes with malignant neoplasia, metastases, or indeterminate presence of metastases were statistically more likely to die from their neoplasms than snakes having either benign neoplasia or no diagnosed metastases (p < 0.05). Gender, taxonomic family, and species of those evaluated did not significantly affect the outcome of snakes with neoplasia. Only 27.1% (n = 36 of 133) of snakes received a reported form of treatment and, for those treated, surgical excision was the most common treatment modality. There was not a significant difference in outcome based on treatment; however, surgery and chemotherapy were associated with death from a cause other than their tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Duke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (E.G.D.); (B.V.T.)
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Scott H. Harrison
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27514, USA;
| | - Anneke Moresco
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Tim Trout
- Department of Animal Care, Denver Zoo, Denver, CO 80205, USA;
| | - Brigid V. Troan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (E.G.D.); (B.V.T.)
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | | | - Madison Smith
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sidney Smith
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Tara M. Harrison
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (E.G.D.); (B.V.T.)
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-517-214-3112
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22
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Blais BR, Wells SA, Poynter BM, Koprowski JL, Garner MM, Allard RA. Adaptive management in a conservation breeding program: Mimicking habitat complexities facilitates reproductive success in narrow-headed gartersnakes (Thamnophis rufipunctatus). Zoo Biol 2022; 41:346-353. [PMID: 35037290 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mimicking natural parameters and complexities in zoo conservation breeding programs can facilitate natural physiological and behavioral traits, which in turn can inform more effective species reintroduction efforts. To curtail population declines of threatened narrow-headed gartersnakes (Thamnophis rufipunctatus), the Arizona Center for Nature Conservation/Phoenix Zoo partnered with a multiagency conservation working group to develop an ex situ propagation-for-release program. Initially, Zoo staff followed common snake husbandry protocols of manually inducing brumation (i.e., winter dormancy). Copulation was observed during the first few years, but no births resulted. Also, some older individuals developed post-brumation health abnormalities, prompting a strategic reassessment. To facilitate propagation and improve health, Zoo staff applied ecological knowledge of T. rufipunctatus and an adaptive management strategy to implement key parameters for success: sociality, refugia, breeding and foraging behaviors, and natural brumation. Zoo staff developed a large multisnake enclosure that mimicked natural ecological and habitat complexities including a hibernaculum to stimulate natural brumation. Gartersnakes were left mostly unimpeded to conduct natural behaviors across seasons in the enriched environment. We referenced change in body mass after ten brumation periods as a proxy for health. Under natural brumation, gartersnakes did not lose body mass, and this shift resulted in fully ex situ parturition events-the first for this imperiled species. We highlight the efficacy of adaptive management and incorporation of natural parameters and environmental complexities into conservation breeding programs. These actions can improve the health and success of animals under managed care-processes applicable to a range of taxa targeted for conservation translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Blais
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stuart A Wells
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Conservation and Science, Arizona Center for Nature Conservation/Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Bradley M Poynter
- Department of Conservation and Science, Arizona Center for Nature Conservation/Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - John L Koprowski
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Ruth A Allard
- Department of Conservation and Science, Arizona Center for Nature Conservation/Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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23
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Donovan TA, Garner MM, Phalen D, Reavill D, Monette S, Le Roux AB, Hanson M, Chen S, Brown C, Echeverri C, Quesenberry K. Disseminated coelomic xanthogranulomatosis in eclectus parrots ( Eclectus roratus) and budgerigars ( Melopsittacus undulatus). Vet Pathol 2021; 59:143-151. [PMID: 34794345 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211045931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Xanthogranulomatosis is an inflammatory lesion characterized by lipid-containing macrophages, extracellular lipid, hemorrhage, and necrosis. We describe disseminated intracoelomic xanthogranulomatosis in 5 eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) and 2 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Postmortem, clinicopathologic, and historical case material was reviewed. Ages ranged from 3 to 24 years; there were 5 males and 2 females. Table food was included in the diet of 3/5 cases, and animal products were included in 2/3 cases. Common clinicopathologic abnormalities included leukocytosis (4/5 cases) and elevated concentrations of bile acids (3/4 cases) and cholesterol within 6 months prior to death (2/4 cases). At postmortem examination, all 7 birds had grossly visible, irregular, soft, tan to yellow, amorphous plaques distributed on the surfaces of the viscera and body wall. Histologic evaluation and oil red O stain revealed xanthogranulomatous inflammation with phagocytized and extracellular lipid, necrosis, cholesterol clefts, fibrosis, and mineralization. Infectious agents were not identified with special stains in all cases. Concurrent hepatobiliary disease was present in 6/7 cases, and 6/7 had lipid accumulation within the parenchyma of various visceral organs. Five cases had atherosclerosis of great vessels. We describe a unique form of disseminated coelomic xanthogranulomatosis in 2 psittacine species. This condition should be recognized as a differential diagnosis in cases of disseminated coelomic mass formation and coelomic distension in psittacine birds, particularly in eclectus parrots and budgerigars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Phalen
- University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Sebastien Monette
- Memorial Sloane Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Sue Chen
- Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, Houston, TX, USA
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24
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Teman SJ, Gaydos JK, Norman SA, Huggins JL, Lambourn DM, Calambokidis J, Ford JKB, Hanson MB, Haulena M, Zabek E, Cottrell P, Hoang L, Morshed M, Garner MM, Raverty S. Epizootiology of a Cryptococcus gattii outbreak in porpoises and dolphins from the Salish Sea. Dis Aquat Organ 2021; 146:129-143. [PMID: 34672263 DOI: 10.3354/dao03630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is a fungal pathogen that primarily affects the respiratory and nervous systems of humans and other animals. C. gattii emerged in temperate North America in 1999 as a multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis in British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State and Oregon (USA), affecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Here we describe the C. gattii epizootic in odontocetes. Cases of C. gattii were identified in 42 odontocetes in Washington and British Columbia between 1997 and 2016. Species affected included harbor porpoises Phocoena phocoena (n = 26), Dall's porpoises Phocoenoides dalli (n = 14), and Pacific white-sided dolphins Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (n = 2). The probable index case was identified in an adult male Dall's porpoise in 1997, 2 yr prior to the initial terrestrial outbreak. The spatiotemporal extent of the C. gattii epizootic was defined, and cases in odontocetes were found to be clustered around terrestrial C. gattii hotspots. Case-control analyses with stranded, uninfected odontocetes revealed that risk factors for infection were species (Dall's porpoises), age class (adult animals), and season (winter). This study suggests that mycoses are an emerging source of mortality for odontocetes, and that outbreaks may be associated with anthropogenic environmental disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Teman
- The SeaDoc Society, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center - Orcas Island Office, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Eastsound, WA 98245, USA
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25
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Yuschenkoff D, Graham J, Barton BA, Garner MM. Evaluation of the clinical presentation and histologic lesions of hepatic copper accumulation in sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Abstract
There are anecdotal reports of iron storage disease in captive kori bustards (Ardeotis kori), but detailed descriptions of this disease have not been reported. The goals of this retrospective, multi-institutional study were to (1) describe microscopic findings associated with iron accumulation in postmortem tissues of kori bustards and (2) use an adapted grading scale to score iron accumulation and associated hepatic lesions. Tissue sections from 19 adult captive kori bustards (age range 3-28 years; 12 males and 7 females) were evaluated histologically with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Prussian blue stains, and scored for iron accumulation. Hemochromatosis was diagnosed in cases with iron storage (in hepatocytes and/or Kupffer cells) and concurrent parenchymal damage (defined as having both necrosis and fibrosis). Hemosiderosis was diagnosed in animals with evidence of iron storage without necrosis or fibrosis. Ten of the 19 cases (age range 8-27 years; 7 males and 3 females) were diagnosed with hemochromatosis, including 6 with mild disease, 3 with moderate disease, and 1 with severe disease. Histologic evidence of iron accumulation was also identified in kidney, intestinal tract, adrenal gland, and spleen, but there were no associations between severity of iron accumulation in the liver and accumulation in other organs.
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27
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Tollis M, Ferris E, Campbell MS, Harris VK, Rupp SM, Harrison TM, Kiso WK, Schmitt DL, Garner MM, Aktipis CA, Maley CC, Boddy AM, Yandell M, Gregg C, Schiffman JD, Abegglen LM. Elephant Genomes Reveal Accelerated Evolution in Mechanisms Underlying Disease Defenses. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:3606-3620. [PMID: 33944920 PMCID: PMC8383897 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease susceptibility and resistance are important factors for the conservation of endangered species, including elephants. We analyzed pathology data from 26 zoos and report that Asian elephants have increased neoplasia and malignancy prevalence compared with African bush elephants. This is consistent with observed higher susceptibility to tuberculosis and elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants. To investigate genetic mechanisms underlying disease resistance, including differential responses between species, among other elephant traits, we sequenced multiple elephant genomes. We report a draft assembly for an Asian elephant, and defined 862 and 1,017 conserved potential regulatory elements in Asian and African bush elephants, respectively. In the genomes of both elephant species, conserved elements were significantly enriched with genes differentially expressed between the species. In Asian elephants, these putative regulatory regions were involved in immunity pathways including tumor-necrosis factor, which plays an important role in EEHV response. Genomic sequences of African bush, forest, and Asian elephant genomes revealed extensive sequence conservation at TP53 retrogene loci across three species, which may be related to TP53 functionality in elephant cancer resistance. Positive selection scans revealed outlier genes related to additional elephant traits. Our study suggests that gene regulation plays an important role in the differential inflammatory response of Asian and African elephants, leading to increased infectious disease and cancer susceptibility in Asian elephants. These genomic discoveries can inform future functional and translational studies aimed at identifying effective treatment approaches for ill elephants, which may improve conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tollis
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Elliott Ferris
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Valerie K Harris
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Shawn M Rupp
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Tara M Harrison
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Wendy K Kiso
- Ringling Bros Center for Elephant Conservation, Polk City, FL, USA
| | - Dennis L Schmitt
- Ringling Bros Center for Elephant Conservation, Polk City, FL, USA
- William H. Darr College of Agriculture, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | | | - Christina Athena Aktipis
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Carlo C Maley
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Amy M Boddy
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Christopher Gregg
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- PEEL Therapeutics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA & Haifa, Israel
| | - Lisa M Abegglen
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- PEEL Therapeutics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA & Haifa, Israel
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28
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Landolfi JA, Gaffney PM, McManamon R, Gottdenker NL, Ellis AE, Rech RR, Han S, Lowenstine LJ, Agnew D, Garner MM, McAloose D, Hollinger C, St Leger J, Terrell SP, Duncan M, Pessier AP. Reproductive tract neoplasia in adult female Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus). Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1131-1141. [PMID: 34269107 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211031843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have highlighted a lower-than-expected prevalence of neoplasia in elephants and suggested mechanisms for cancer resistance. But despite infrequent reports in the literature, uterine neoplasia is common in managed Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). This study is an archival review of reproductive tract neoplasia in 80 adult female Asian elephant mortalities in managed care facilities in the United States from 1988 to 2019. Neoplasms occurred in 64/80 (80%) of cases. Most were in the uterus (63/64; 98%) with only a single case of ovarian neoplasia. Myometrial leiomyomas were present in 57/63 (90%) cases with uterine neoplasia. Uterine adenocarcinoma was present in 8/63 (13%) cases. Remaining cases included endometrial adenoma (2), focal carcinoma in situ in endometrial polyps (1), anaplastic carcinoma (1), endometrial hemangioma (1), primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET; 1), and angiosarcoma (1). One case with uterine adenocarcinoma had a separate pelvic mass histologically characterized as an anaplastic sarcoma. Distant metastases were documented in 5/8 (63%) cases of uterine adenocarcinoma, and in the uterine anaplastic carcinoma, PNET, and angiosarcoma. Four uterine adenocarcinomas and one carcinoma in situ were examined immunohistochemically for pan-cytokeratin, vimentin, and estrogen receptor. In all, neoplastic cells were pan-cytokeratin positive and vimentin negative, and in 2 cases were immunoreactive for estrogen receptor. Results show that female reproductive tract neoplasia, particularly of the uterus, is common in Asian elephants and is not limited to leiomyomas. Importantly, uterine neoplasms have the potential to impact fecundity and may represent obstacles to conservation in managed care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sushan Han
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Dalen Agnew
- 70726Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Denise McAloose
- 2015Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Allan P Pessier
- 7114San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA, USA.,6760Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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29
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Monahan CF, Meyer A, Garner MM, Kiupel M. Gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical characteristics of cutaneous chromatophoromas in captive bearded dragons. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:932-938. [PMID: 34210217 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211025651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatophoromas are neoplasms that develop from the dermal pigment-bearing and light-reflecting cells (chromatophores) in the skin of reptiles, fish, and amphibians. Seventeen cutaneous chromatophoromas were identified from 851 bearded dragon submissions (2%) to a private diagnostic laboratory in a 15-y period. No sex predilection was found. Ages ranged from 9 mo to 11 y. Chromatophoromas most commonly were single, raised, variably pigmented masses or pigmented scales on the trunk, and less commonly the extremities or head. Microscopically, iridophoromas, melanophoromas, mixed chromatophoromas, and nonpigmented chromatophoromas were identified. Neoplasms were often ulcerated and invaded deep into the subcutis and muscle. Most commonly, nuclear atypia was mild-to-moderate, and mitotic count was low. Six neoplasms had abundant, periodic acid-Schiff-positive, mucinous stroma. Histologic examination was often adequate to diagnose chromatophoromas in bearded dragons given that 11 of 17 had some degree of pigmentation, although it was often scant. IHC for S100 and PNL2 could be helpful to diagnose poorly pigmented neoplasms. No lymphatic invasion or metastases at the time of excision were noted in any of the cases. Follow-up data were available for 6 cases, with no reports of recurrence or neoplasia-related death. Two cases had elevated mitotic counts and nuclear pleomorphism, which has been associated with metastasis in other reports of bearded dragon chromatophoromas. In general, it appears that aggressive surgical excision is often curative, but monitoring may be warranted for cases in which tumors had high mitotic count and nuclear pleomorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen F Monahan
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
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30
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Bogan JE, Garner MM, LaDouceur EE. Apparent holothurin toxicosis in a home aquarium. J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Abstract
In psittacine birds, round cell neoplasms that originate from lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes, or mast cells are sporadic and poorly described. The lack of morphological and immunohistochemical diagnostic criteria or grading schemes make specific diagnoses and prognoses challenging. We assessed cases of psittacine birds diagnosed with round cell neoplasia from 3 North American veterinary diagnostic laboratories to describe the diagnostic features of these tumors. For all cases, demographic data, anatomic distribution, histological features, and immunoreactivity for T (CD3) and B (Pax5 and MUM-1) cell markers were assessed using tissue microarrays and whole slide mounts. Thirty-eight psittacine birds representing 14 species were included. Tumors were mainly infiltrative and multicentric, were composed of homogenous sheets of round to polygonal cells, and commonly presented with a high mitotic count (average 21 mitoses per high-power field). Based on Pax5 immunoreactivity, B-cell lymphoma was most common (19/38 [50%]), and was significantly associated with involvement of the gastrointestinal and urogenital systems. Of the 38 cases, 6 (16%) were consistent with T-cell lymphoma, 3 (8%) with plasma cell tumor, and 3 (8%) were double-reactive for both B- and T-lymphocyte markers. This is the first study to describe morphologic and immunohistochemical features of round cell neoplasia in a large number of psittacine birds, and provides benchmark data for future studies aimed at elucidating the diagnosis and prognosis of these neoplasms. These data also provide useful information about reactivity of commercially available antibodies as lymphocyte markers in tissues of multiple psittacine species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Csaba Varga
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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32
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Abstract
Mesothelioma has been reported frequently in large felids. These neoplasms present a diagnostic challenge given their highly variable morphology that mimics carcinomas or sarcomas at different locations. Our goal was to characterize mesotheliomas morphologically and immunohistochemically to determine if a panel of antibodies could be used to more accurately support the diagnosis of these neoplasms in large felids. Mesotheliomas from 6 large felids, including 4 clouded leopards, 1 Bengal tiger, and 1 cheetah, were immunohistochemically labeled for vimentin, E-cadherin, pancytokeratin, Wilms tumor 1 (WT1), MUC-1, and calretinin. The mesotheliomas of the 4 clouded leopards and the tiger were of the epithelial subtype; the mesothelioma from the cheetah was biphasic. All 6 mesotheliomas had strong immunohistochemical labeling for vimentin, E-cadherin, and pancytokeratin. All cases had cytoplasmic labeling for WT1, and 2 also had nuclear labeling. The 3 mesotheliomas with distinct papillary fronds were weakly positive for MUC-1. These and one other epithelial mesothelioma were also positive for calretinin. Our study demonstrates that the morphologic and immunohistochemical phenotypes of mesothelioma that have been identified in humans and domestic species can occur in large felids, and a panel of pancytokeratin, vimentin, WT1, and calretinin can be utilized to support the diagnosis of these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Coe
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Matti Kiupel
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lansing, MI, USA
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33
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Peel MJ, Adams L, Stevens B, Garner MM, Maguire C. Systemic phaeohyphomycosis in splitnose rockfish (Sebastes diploproa) caused by Devriesia sp. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:639-644. [PMID: 33501653 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel pathogen was documented after two wild-caught, juvenile, splitnose rockfish presented with buphthalmia, grey corneal endothelial plaques and evidence of uveitis. Cytologic evaluation of ocular contents revealed fungal hyphae. Histologic evaluation identified multiple fungal granulomas and granulomatous inflammation in the globes, periocular tissue and heart. Fungi were slender, hyphenated and branched at angles, had parallel cell walls and had brown pigmentation in haematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections. Both fish were diagnosed with phaeohyphomycosis. Culture with nuclear ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) segment identification further classified the fungus as Devriesia sp., which has not been previously documented as a cause of disease in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Peel
- Veterinary Department, Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, Sanibel, FL, USA
| | - Lance Adams
- Husbandry Department, Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Brittany Stevens
- Husbandry Department, Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Veterinary Department, California Science Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Maguire
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
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34
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Reed K, Wolf K, Anderson K, Wolking R, Garner MM. Fatal Meningoencephalitis From a Rhizomucor pusillus Infection in a Juvenile Magellanic Penguin ( Spheniscus magellanicus). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:86-89. [PMID: 33892594 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-35.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 7-month-old, male Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), housed in an outdoor exhibit, developed acute neurologic signs that progressed to death over 2 days. On gross examination, the bird had congested, edematous lungs, and cerebellar hemorrhage. Histologic examination identified granulomatous pneumonia and encephalitis, with thrombosis and eosinophilic, branching fungal hyphae that had invaded the meningeal vessel walls. Polymerase chain reaction identified the fungus in the brain as Rhizomucor pusillus, an uncommon cause of mucormycosis. This organism has previously been reported in respiratory, skeletal, and sino-orbital lesions of avian species. This clinical report describes meningoencephalitis associated with Rhizomucor pusillus in a penguin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn Reed
- Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium, Tacoma, WA 98407, USA,
| | - Karen Wolf
- Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium, Tacoma, WA 98407, USA
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35
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Weisbrod TC, Jeon AB, Childress A, Pouder DB, Castellanos-Gell J, Stacy NI, Walden HDS, Garner MM, Yanong RPE, Ossiboff RJ. Gastrointestinal entamoebiasis in captive anurans in North America. Dis Aquat Organ 2021; 143:109-118. [PMID: 33570044 DOI: 10.3354/dao03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Infections with Entamoeba spp. are recognized as a cause of clinical disease in many species including humans and reptiles; however, cases in amphibians are under-reported. Investigation of a mortality event among a captive population of Cranwell's horned frogs Ceratophrys cranwelli at a production facility in Florida, USA, revealed that deaths were due to the newly described Entamoeba species CT1. Infection caused severe necroulcerative gastroenterocolitis with a predilection for the colon. To date, this Entamoeba species has only been described in invasive cane toads Rhinella marina in Australia. Retrospective screening of archived anuran cases from a zoological pathology service identified 8 cases from captive populations that had histological evidence of gastrointestinal entamoebiasis. Molecular characterization was positive in 3 cases. Two cases, 1 in a Puerto Rican crested toad Peltophryne lemur and 1 in an Amazon milk frog Trachycephalus resinifictrix, showed 100% homology to E. ranarum and 1 case in a White's tree frog Litoria caerulea showed 100% homology to Entamoeba sp. CT1. This is the first report of novel Entamoeba sp. CT1 being associated with clinical disease in anurans within North America and also the first report of this Entamoeba species causing disease within managed collections as far back as 2003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana C Weisbrod
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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36
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Abstract
Odontogenic lesions are well described in domestic cats, but published literature describing these lesions in nondomestic felids is limited. This study reports oral lesions in 109 captive, non-domestic felids. Ten cases of odontogenic lesions were diagnosed, including 9 with fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin (FEPLO) and one odontogenic cyst in a cougar. FEPLO was common in lions. FEPLO did not recur after surgical removal in any of the 3 cases for which follow-up information was available. Increased occurrences of oral papillomas in snow leopards and eosinophilic granulomas in tigers were identified, which is consistent with the reported literature. With the exception of oral papillomas in snow leopards and FEPLO in lions, the spectrum of oral lesions in nondomestic felids was similar to what is reported in domestic cats, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common oral malignancy, and stomatitis/gingivitis/glossitis accounting for approximately one third of all cases. Rare diagnoses with one case each included hemangioma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma, cleft palate, and glossal amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elise E B LaDouceur
- 241876Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA, USA
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37
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Abstract
Four captive, lesser hedgehog tenrecs (Echinops telfairi) were euthanized for soft bones that prevented normal mastication and/or ambulation. Antemortem radiographs (available in 2 cases) revealed osteopenia. Antemortem bloodwork (available in 2 cases) revealed hypophosphatemia. Dietary history (available in 2 cases) indicated the animals were eating only insects. Histologically, all examined bones had wide osteoid seams that caused expansion of the cortices. Osteoid deposition was exuberant and it partially filled marrow cavities (hyperostosis). Nondecalcified sections of bone (available in 2 cases) revealed that osteoid was poorly mineralized, consistent with osteomalacia. Insects are poor dietary sources of vitamin D, and dietary vitamin D deficiency is considered the most likely cause for metabolic bone disease in these animals.
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38
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Abstract
An 11-day-old little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) died unexpectedly. Prior to hatching, the egg experienced trauma and resultant defects were repaired. The chick hatched without complication and was clinically normal prior to death. Necropsy revealed congested lungs. Histologic examination showed moderate nonsuppurative encephalitis with focally extensive neuronal necrosis and intranuclear inclusions in neurons within necrotic foci. Herpesvirus DNA was detected in brain tissue with a generic herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing demonstrated 100% and 98% sequence homology to sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1 and penguin herpesvirus 2, respectively. In situ hybridization demonstrated large amounts of herpesvirus nucleic acid in intranuclear inclusions and neuronal nuclei. Combined histology, polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, and in situ hybridization results were most consistent with herpesviral encephalitis, most likely caused by sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a herpesvirus infection causing encephalitis in a penguin and the first report of herpesvirus in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles J Innis
- New England Aquarium, Animal Health Department, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tuddow Thaiwong
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Annabel G Wise
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Roger Maes
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Matti Kiupel
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
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39
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Abstract
Multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) are a prominent histological feature of various mesenchymal neoplasms and are often considered a criterion of malignancy. Mesenchymal neoplasms with MGCs for which the cell lineage is unclear generally are referred to as giant cell sarcomas. Here we characterize the gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of 90 giant cell sarcomas in domestic pet rabbits. Based on the anatomic location and histologic and immunohistochemical findings, 18 cases were classified as histiocytic sarcomas (HS) and 72 cases as anaplastic sarcomas (AS). At postmortem examination, HS was either localized HS (n = 7) always affecting the lungs, or disseminated HS (n = 10) that affected the lungs (n = 10), liver (n = 6), kidneys (n = 4), pleura (n = 2), mediastinum (n = 2), heart (n = 4), skeletal muscle (n = 1), adipose tissue (n = 1), and lymph node (n = 1). Additionally, one cecal biopsy was consistent with HS. Microscopically, HS were characterized by sheets of neoplastic polygonal to round cells that contained single to several, often greatly enlarged nuclei as well as abundant cytoplasm. HS were always positive for CD204 and always negative for SMA and desmin. In contrast, AS arose most commonly from the skin or subcutis (n = 62) and rarely the skeletal muscle (n = 8) or abdominal organs (n = 2). In 29% of extra-abdominal AS, the tumor deeply invaded into surrounding connective tissue, skeletal muscle, tendons, and bone causing pathological fractures. Five of 9 postmortem cases metastasized to various organs often including the lungs. Microscopically, AS were characterized by sheets of spindle or pleomorphic cells admixed with variable numbers of MGCs. Immunohistochemically, AS were always negative for CD204 and often (71%) positive for SMA and/or desmin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Drury Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Citrus Heights, CA, USA
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40
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Mack ZE, Bonar CJ, Garner MM, Connolly MJ, Childress AL, Wellehan JFX. A novel herpesvirus in a white stork associated with splenic and hepatic necrosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:471-475. [PMID: 32274981 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720915539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a novel herpesvirus in a captive juvenile white stork (Ciconia ciconia) that experienced progressive weight loss followed by death. Histologic findings included severe splenic and hepatic necrosis, and intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes and unidentified splenic cells. The virus was amplified, sequenced, and subsequently accessioned as Ciconiid alphaherpesvirus 1. Phylogenetic analysis was performed and revealed that this virus is more closely related to mammalian herpesviruses than those within the genus Mardivirus. Additional sequence of viruses in this area may elucidate the ancestral virus that jumped from reptilian to mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe E Mack
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Mack).,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Childress, Wellehan).,Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX (Bonar, Connolly).,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner)
| | - Christopher J Bonar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Mack).,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Childress, Wellehan).,Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX (Bonar, Connolly).,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner)
| | - Michael M Garner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Mack).,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Childress, Wellehan).,Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX (Bonar, Connolly).,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner)
| | - Maren J Connolly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Mack).,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Childress, Wellehan).,Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX (Bonar, Connolly).,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner)
| | - April L Childress
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Mack).,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Childress, Wellehan).,Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX (Bonar, Connolly).,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner)
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Mack).,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Childress, Wellehan).,Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX (Bonar, Connolly).,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner)
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41
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Groves BA, Yabsley MJ, Swanepoel L, Garner MM. Lungworm ( Crenosoma goblei) Infection in Unweaned Free-Ranging Raccoons ( Procyon lotor) in Washington State, USA. J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:419-423. [PMID: 31596677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Larval parasites morphologically identified as Crenosoma goblei were found in orphaned raccoons (Procyon lotor) admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center in Washington State, US. Partial 18S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences were most similar to other Crenosoma spp. Although commonly reported in free-ranging raccoons throughout much of the central and eastern US, this finding extends the range of C. goblei into the Pacific Northwest of North America. Fecal samples taken within 48 h of admission were positive for larvae in 70% (21/30) of individuals and in all five group samples taken from an additional 14 raccoons. Typically, Crenosoma spp. use an intermediate host, but the unweaned status of all the raccoons in this report suggests a potential direct, possibly vertical, route of transmission. Serial fecal analysis of pooled samples collected over several subsequent months demonstrated spontaneous resolution of larval shedding. Adult worms and gross evidence of pneumonia were detected in the lungs of several juvenile raccoons at necropsy, and verminous pneumonia was confirmed histologically in the single case submitted. Clinical signs directly attributable to verminous pneumonia were not seen in most actively shedding raccoons, suggesting that subclinical disease among juveniles may be common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Groves
- Progressive Animal Welfare Society (PAWS) Wildlife Center, PO Box 1037, Lynnwood, Washington 98046, USA
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, 180 E Green St., Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Dr., Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Liandrie Swanepoel
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Dr., Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Michael M Garner
- Northwest ZooPath, 654 W Main St., Monroe, Washington 98272, USA
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42
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Sojka PA, Ploog CL, Garner MM, Kiupel M, Kuypers J, Huynh T. Acute human orthopneumovirus infection in a captive white-handed gibbon. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:450-453. [PMID: 32167415 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720910521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein a fatal case of acute human orthopneumovirus (formerly respiratory syncytial virus) infection in a captive white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar). Other members of the housing group had mild respiratory signs. Gross examination revealed bilateral pulmonary congestion and froth in the bronchi. Microscopically, the lungs had lymphocytic, neutrophilic infiltration of the interstitium and alveolar walls. There was necrosis of terminal bronchiolar epithelium and terminal bronchioles, and surrounding alveoli contained necrotic and exfoliated epithelial cells admixed with histiocytes and syncytial cells. Additional lesions included nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis, and epidermal hyperkeratosis and hyperplasia with syncytial cell formation. PCR screening for 12 human respiratory viruses was positive for orthopneumovirus in multiple tissues, including lung, and immunohistochemical staining for human orthopneumovirus detected viral antigen within bronchial epithelial cells. IHC and PCR for measles virus on preserved sections were negative. White-handed gibbons have not been previously reported as hosts for human orthopneumovirus, an important respiratory pathogen of both primates and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Sojka
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sojka).,Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE (Ploog).,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner).,Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Kiupel).,University of Washington Molecular Virology Laboratory, Seattle, WA (Kuypers).,Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Huynh)
| | - Christina L Ploog
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sojka).,Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE (Ploog).,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner).,Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Kiupel).,University of Washington Molecular Virology Laboratory, Seattle, WA (Kuypers).,Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Huynh)
| | - Michael M Garner
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sojka).,Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE (Ploog).,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner).,Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Kiupel).,University of Washington Molecular Virology Laboratory, Seattle, WA (Kuypers).,Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Huynh)
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sojka).,Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE (Ploog).,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner).,Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Kiupel).,University of Washington Molecular Virology Laboratory, Seattle, WA (Kuypers).,Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Huynh)
| | - Jane Kuypers
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sojka).,Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE (Ploog).,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner).,Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Kiupel).,University of Washington Molecular Virology Laboratory, Seattle, WA (Kuypers).,Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Huynh)
| | - Thanhthao Huynh
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sojka).,Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE (Ploog).,Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner).,Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Kiupel).,University of Washington Molecular Virology Laboratory, Seattle, WA (Kuypers).,Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Huynh)
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Needle DB, Agnew DW, Bradway DS, Nordhausen RW, Garner MM. Avian coxiellosis in nine psittacine birds, one black-browed barbet, and one paradise tanager. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:268-274. [PMID: 32054295 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1729956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection with a novel species of the genus Coxiella was first described in three Swainson's blue mountain rainbow lorikeets from a zoological collection, and days later in a group of seven other psittacine birds and a toucan. We provide an update on coxiellosis in nine additional psittacines, and two non-psittacines. Psittacines originated in New England, the mid Atlantic, the Midwest, the South, and the Northwest. Psittacines most commonly had lesions in the brain, spleen, liver, and lungs, consisting of meningoencephalitis, hepatosplenomegaly, and interstitial pneumonia. Lesions contained histiocytic infiltrate, with intracytoplasmic, Gimenez-positive coccobacilli. Transmission electron microscopy revealed bacteria with trilaminar cell walls, electron dense cores, and spore-like forms. PCR revealed homology to the organism in index cases. In addition, one black-browed barbet and one paradise tanager were found with systemic coxiellosis; sequencing identified the same pathogen. These are the second piciforme and the first passerine affected by this pathogen, indicating expanded infectivity and pathogenicity.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Report of coxiellosis in nine psittacines; lesions often in brain, spleen, liver, lung.Second piciforme with coxiellosis, a black-browed barbet.First case of avian coxiellosis described in a passerine, a paradise tanager.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Needle
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Dalen W Agnew
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Daniel S Bradway
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Robert W Nordhausen
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Hopf C, Graham EA, Gibas CFC, Sanders C, Mele J, Fan H, Garner MM, Wiederhold NP, Ossiboff R, Abou-Madi N. A Novel Exophiala Species Associated With Disseminated Granulomatous Inflammation in a Captive Eastern Hellbender ( Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:25. [PMID: 32083105 PMCID: PMC7004953 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Exophiala is composed of ubiquitous, pigmented, saprotrophic fungi and includes both terrestrial and waterborne species. Though Exophiala species are generally considered opportunistic pathogens, exophialosis can be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in aquatic and semi-aquatic species. Over a 6-year period, a captive 32-year-old male eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis), was treated for recurring, slow growing, ventral midline cutaneous masses. Excisional biopsies were characterized histologically by granulomatous dermatitis with low numbers of intralesional, pigmented fungal conidia and hyphae. Bacterial and fungal cultures of the masses and skin were negative on two separate submissions. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of a short fragment of the fungal 28S large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA was positive with 100% nucleotide sequence identity to several species of Exophiala. Following recurrence after successive rounds of antifungal therapy, euthanasia was elected. At necropsy, similar dermal granulomatous inflammation and intralesional pigmented fungal elements as observed in excisional biopsies formed a thick band in the dermis and extended through the coelomic body wall. Visceral dissemination was noted in the lung and kidney. Postmortem DNA sequence analysis of a large portion of the fungal LSU as well as the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) from a portion of frozen affected dermis identified the fungus as a novel species, Exophiala sp. 1 (UTHSCSA R-5437).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Hopf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Erin A. Graham
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Connie F. C. Gibas
- Fungus Testing Laboratory & Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Carmita Sanders
- Fungus Testing Laboratory & Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - James Mele
- Fungus Testing Laboratory & Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Hongxin Fan
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - Nathan P. Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory & Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Robert Ossiboff
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Noha Abou-Madi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Danil K, Dennison S, Wurster E, Garner MM, Lulich J, St Leger J. Renal and vaginal calculi in a free-ranging long-beaked common dolphin Delphinus capensis. Dis Aquat Organ 2019; 136:265-271. [PMID: 31724559 DOI: 10.3354/dao03414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral nephrolithiasis with a concurrent vaginal calculus was identified in a stranded free-ranging long-beaked common dolphin Delphinus capensis. Necropsy and radiologic examinations of the sexually mature D. capensis revealed multiple small irregularly round nephroliths and a 6.4 × 4.1 × 9.2 cm vaginal calculus weighing 182 g. Nephroliths numbered 68 and 71 in the left and right kidneys, respectively, and ranged from 1.7 to 6.9 mm in diameter. Nephroliths were composed of 100% ammonium urate, which has been found in captive dolphin populations. However, the vaginolith consisted of struvite and calcium carbonate suggesting an alternate etiology. The composition of the vaginolith suggests that bacterial vaginitis could have served as the predisposing condition. Renal lesions included chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis with tubular degeneration and loss, likely secondary to the nephroliths. The pathogenesis of ammonium urate nephrolithiasis in managed care is suspected to be linked to diet and age but in this case may be due to metabolic disruption. However, if environmental changes cause a shift in prey species, the risk of nephrolithiasis in free-ranging cetaceans could increase. Careful surveillance for nephroliths in free-ranging populations should be considered by researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Danil
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
Odontomas are variably differentiated, hamartoma-like proliferations of odontogenic epithelium, pulp ectomesenchyme (odontoblasts), and dental matrix. Frogs are polyphyodont and homodont. Their teeth also differ from mammals in that they are restricted to the upper jaw in adults and lack a periodontal ligament and cementum, attaching directly to the underlying bone. Odontomas were identified in an African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), a false tomato frog (Dyscophus guineti), and a tomato frog of unknown species (Dyscophus sp.). All of the examined odontomas were composed of numerous tooth-like structures comprising an arc of dentinal matrix lined on the convex surface by ameloblasts and on the concave surface by odontoblasts. Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemistry with pan-cytokeratin supported these findings. The pathogenesis of these lesions may be displacement of the dental lamina, which has been shown in research studies to lead to de novo proliferation of dental elements in frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brian G Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Abstract
Histopathology of 61 captive American horseshoe crabs (HSCs; Limulus polyphemus) is reviewed. HSC organs evaluated histologically included body wall (chitin, epidermis, dermis, and skeletal muscle), hepatopancreas, gut, gonads, book gills, eyes, heart, brain, and coxal gland. In descending order, lesions were most frequently identified in compound eye, body wall, book gills, hepatopancreas, chitinous gut, nonchitinous gut, heart, and brain; lesions were not observed in coxal gland or gonads. Hemocytes (also called amoebocytes) surrounded infectious agents and occluded ulcers. Large hemocyte aggregates had a central eosinophilic coagulum (ie, hemocyte coagulum). Cutaneous ulceration (34/60 cases), branchitis (29/48 cases), and ophthalmitis (17/20 cases) were common lesions and consistently associated with fungi, which were invasive into subjacent tissues, and/or bacteria, which were usually superficial. Fungal culture was performed in 3 cases and isolated Fusarium spp., although fungal morphology varied and multiple fungal species may have been present. Presumptive green algae were associated with ulceration in 1 case with minimal to no inflammation. Presumptive cyanobacteria were identified within a biofilm overlying the gills in 4 of 48 cases and were not invasive. Multifocal, random hepatopancreatitis was identified in 16 of 57 cases, 10 of which were associated with bacteria. Metacercarial cysts were identified in 25 of 61 cases and associated with minimal to no inflammation. Depleted eosinophilic globules in hepatopancreatic interstitial cells were interpreted as decreased nutritional status in 12 of 57 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Mangus
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Bogan JE, Garner MM, Childress A, Wellehan JF. Larval Neodiplostomum americanum in the lung of a sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Webb JK, Reavill DR, Garner MM, Kiupel M, Graham JE. Characterization of Testicular Granular Cell Tumors in Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Goblet CC, Moresco A, Garner MM, Agnew DW, Newell-Fugate AE. Retrospective characterization of reproductive tract lesions in relation to age, parity, and contraception in captive suidae and tayassuidae. Theriogenology 2019; 127:137-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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