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de Preux M, Precht C, Guevar J, Graubner C, Thenhaus-Schnabel S, Buser L, Lukes A, Koch C. A transmandibular lateral transsphenoidal navigated surgical approach to access a pituitary macroadenoma in a warmblood mare. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-10. [PMID: 38393300 PMCID: PMC10896130 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2300947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A 16-year-old warmblood mare was referred with a progressive history of behavioral changes and left-sided blindness. Following neuroanatomical localization to the forebrain, magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed a well-delineated, 4.5 cm in diameter, round pituitary mass causing marked compression of the midbrain and optic chiasm. Euthanasia was recommended but declined by the owners. Veterinary specialists and a human neurosurgeon collaboratively prepared for surgical case management. A novel navigated transmandibular lateral transsphenoidal approach was developed to access the region of the sella turcica and practiced on cadaver specimens. The horse was anesthetized and placed in sternal recumbency with the head above the heart line. Using a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)-coupled navigation system, a navigated pin traversing the vertical ramus of the mandible and the lateral pterygoid muscle was placed in a direct trajectory to the predetermined osteotomy site of the basisphenoid bone. A safe corridor to the osteotomy site was established using sequential tubular dilators bypassing the guttural pouch, internal and external carotid arteries. Despite the use of microsurgical techniques, visualization of critical structures was limited by the long and narrow working channel. Whilst partial resection of the mass was achieved, iatrogenic trauma to the normal brain parenchyma was identified by intraoperative imaging. With consent of the owner the mare was euthanized under the same general anesthesia. Post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging and gross anatomical examination confirmed partial removal of a pituitary adenoma, but also iatrogenic damage to the surrounding brain parenchyma, including the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu de Preux
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christina Precht
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Guevar
- Department of Surgery, Small Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Graubner
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Thenhaus-Schnabel
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Buser
- Division of Anaesthesiology and Pain Management, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anton Lukes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lindenhof Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Koch
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Lin ST, Bolas NM, Sargan DR, Restif O, Peter VG, Pokora R, Patrick H, Foote AK, Murray RC. Comparison of cone-beam and fan-beam computed tomography and low-field magnetic resonance imaging for detection of proximal phalanx dorsoproximal osteochondral defects. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:484-493. [PMID: 37488678 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dorsoproximal osteochondral defects commonly affect the proximal phalanx, but information about diagnosis on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is limited. OBJECTIVES To assess CT and MRI diagnoses of osteochondral defects, describe the lesions and compare sensitivity and specificity of the modalities using macroscopic pathology as gold standard. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Thirty-five equine cadaver limbs underwent standing cone-beam CT (CBCT), fan-beam CT (FBCT), low-field MRI and pathological examination. CT and MR images were examined for proximal phalanx dorsomedial and dorsolateral eminence osteochondral defects. Defect dimensions were measured. Imaging diagnoses and measurements were compared with macroscopic examination. RESULTS Fifty-six defects were seen over 70 potential locations. On CBCT and FBCT, osteochondral defects appeared as subchondral irregularity/saucer-shaped defects. On MRI, osteochondral defects were a combination of articular cartilage defect on dorsal images and subchondral flattening/irregularity on sagittal images. Subchondral thickening and osseous short tau inversion recovery hyperintensity were found concurrent with osteochondral defects. Compared with pathological examination, the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis were 86% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 75%-93%) and 64% (95% CI 38%-85%) for FBCT; 64% (95% CI 51%-76%) and 71% (95% CI 46%-90%) for CBCT; and 52% (95% CI 39%-65%) and 71% (95% CI 46%-90%) for MRI. Sensitivity of all modalities increased with defect size. Macroscopic defect dimensions were strongly correlated with CBCT (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) and moderately correlated with FBCT and MRI (r = 0.65, p < 0.001). Macroscopic measurements were significantly greater than all imaging modality dimensions (p < 0.001), potentially because macroscopy included articular cartilage pathology. MAIN LIMITATIONS Influence of motion artefact could not be assessed. CONCLUSIONS Osteochondral defects could be visualised using both CT and MRI with sensitivity increasing with defect size. Diagnostic performance was best using FBCT, followed by CBCT then MRI, but CBCT-measured defect size best correlated with macroscopic examination. MRI provided useful information on fluid signal associated with defects, which could represent active pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ting Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David R Sargan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olivier Restif
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vanessa G Peter
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Suffolk, UK
| | - Rachel Pokora
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Suffolk, UK
| | | | | | - Rachel C Murray
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Suffolk, UK
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Hoblick S, Denagamage TN, Morton AJ, McCarrel TM. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is not indicated for horses undergoing general anaesthesia for elective orthopaedic MRI. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:475-483. [PMID: 37531950 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-anaesthetic fever is a known complication of general anaesthesia, however, its incidence in horses undergoing elective magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of post-anaesthetic fever in horses undergoing elective orthopaedic MRI and determine whether prophylactic antimicrobial therapy would be associated with a reduction in the incidence of post-anaesthetic fever. We hypothesised that prophylactic antimicrobials would be associated with a reduction in the incidence of post-anaesthetic fever. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS This retrospective study included 791 elective orthopaedic MRIs in systemically healthy horses between June 2006 and March 2020 that recovered from general anaesthesia and did not undergo surgery or intensive medical therapy soon after recovery. Potential factors associated with post-anaesthetic fever were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. Case signalment, travel time, preanaesthetic haematology and fibrinogen abnormalities, use of prophylactic antimicrobials, peri-anaesthetic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, anaesthesia time and recovery time were all evaluated for association with post-anaesthetic fever. RESULTS Of 791 MRI cases, 44 (5.6%) developed a post-anaesthetic fever. Horses that received prophylactic antimicrobials were [odds ratio (OR) 3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.98-7.46; p ≤ 0.001] more likely to develop a post-anaesthetic fever than those that did not receive antimicrobials. Young horses (1-4 years of age) were (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.26-6.17; p = 0.01) more likely to develop fever compared with adult horses (≥5 years of age). MAIN LIMITATIONS Limitations of this study pertain to retrospective analysis including nonrandomised case selection and incomplete data records. CONCLUSIONS While fever may indicate infection, the majority of early post-anaesthetic fevers resolved before discharge from the hospital with no identified cause. The use of prophylactic antimicrobials to reduce the risk of post-anaesthetic fever for elective MRI is not supported by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sloane Hoblick
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas N Denagamage
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alison J Morton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Taralyn M McCarrel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Myhre MG, Azeem A, Barrett M. Anaesthesia-related morbidity associated with recumbent, low-field magnetic resonance imaging of horses. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:141-147. [PMID: 38583873 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2024.2321176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY Medical records from 2009 to 2021 from a private equine referral hospital in Rochester, NH, USA were analysed for cases that underwent general anaesthesia for low-field MRI of the distal limb. These were used to determine peri-anaesthetic morbidity and mortality. CLINICAL FINDINGS AND OUTCOME Two hundred and forty-three anaesthetic episodes were recorded in horses undergoing low-field MRI. The peri-anaesthetic complication rate prior to discharge was 6.2% (15/243). No patients experienced a fatal complication. Ninety two of the 243 patients had multiple sites imaged, 90/243 received pre-anaesthetic dantrolene, 134/243 received intra-anaesthetic dobutamine, and 15/243 were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Complications included: abdominal discomfort ("colic"; 9/243), myopathy (4/243), hyphaema (1/243) and carpal fracture (1/243). At the time of discharge, 14/15 complications had resolved. Of 135 horses for which data were available 55 became hypotensive during the procedure (lowest mean arterial pressure < 65 mmHg). Median body weight was 553 (min 363, max 771) kg. Horses were anaesthetised for a median of 150 (min 45, max 210) minutes. There was no evidence of an association between higher body weight (p = 0.051) or longer duration of anaesthesia (p = 0.421) and development of an anaesthetic complication. For categorical variables (dantrolene administration pre-anaesthesia, dobutamine administration during anaesthesia, hypotension (mean < 65 mmHg) during anaesthesia, dorsal vs. lateral recumbency, and imaging of single vs. multiple sites), the 95% CI for the OR included 1, indicating a lack of effect of the variable on the odds of complication. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The cases included in this series suggest that low-field MRI under general anaesthesia is a viable option for diagnostic imaging in otherwise healthy horses. Complications occur, but most resolve before discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Myhre
- Myhre Equine Clinic, Rochester, NH, USA
| | - A Azeem
- Myhre Equine Clinic, Rochester, NH, USA
| | - M Barrett
- Gail Holmes Orthopedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Jacobson E, Podadera J, Siow JW, Woerde DJ, Thompson MF, Tebb A, Valle ZD, Collins D, Malik R. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography findings in cats and dogs with central nervous system cryptococcosis in Australia: 23 cases (2009-2020). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:1-12. [PMID: 38096664 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.08.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the imaging findings in Australian cats and dogs with CNS cryptococcosis. ANIMALS 23 cases (10 cats; 13 dogs) with CNS cryptococcosis and brain MRI or CT studies available to review. METHODS Retrospective, multi-institutional case series. Brain MRI or CT studies were reviewed by a board-certified radiologist. Imaging findings were described and the differences between cats and dogs explored. RESULTS Morphologic features were consistent with extra-axial lesions in all (n = 13) dogs and either intra-axial (5/10) or extra-axial (4/10) lesions in cats, with 1 cat having no detectable lesions in low-field brain MRI scans. Meningeal abnormalities were most common, followed by forebrain and cerebellar lesions. Intracranial MRI lesions were typically T2 hyperintense and T1 hypo- to isointense. Four cases had T2 hypointense lesions affecting the brain, sinonasal cavity, or regional lymph nodes. Intracranial CT lesions were mostly soft tissue attenuating. Contrast enhancement was present in all cases with contrast series available, with ring enhancement shown only in cats. Osteolysis was more common in dogs than cats, particularly affecting the cribriform plate. All 13 dogs and many (6/10) cats had at least 1 lesion affecting sinonasal or contiguous tissues, and locoregional lymphadenomegaly was common (7/10 cats; 11/13 dogs). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Imaging lesions in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis were extra-axial in dogs but could be intra-axial or extra-axial in cats. Careful examination for extracranial lesions (sinonasal, retrobulbar, facial soft tissue, tympanic bullae, or locoregional lymph nodes) is important to provide alternative safe biopsy sites. T2 hypointense lesions, while rare, should prompt consideration of cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Jacobson
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Specialist Services, Underwood, QLD, Australia
| | - Juan Podadera
- 2Department of Radiology, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jia Wen Siow
- 2Department of Radiology, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- 3Department of Radiology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Dennis J Woerde
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, Animal Referral Hospital, Homebush West, NSW, Australia
- 5William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Mary F Thompson
- 6Department of Internal Medicine, The Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- 7Department of Internal Medicine, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Tebb
- 8Department of Internal Medicine, Western Australian Veterinary Emergency and Specialty, Success, WA, Australia
| | - Zoe Della Valle
- 9Department of Internal Medicine, Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, Glen Waverley, VIC, Australia
| | - David Collins
- 10Department of Internal Medicine, Northside Veterinary Specialists, Terrey Hills, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- 11Centre for Veterinary Education, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Auffret V, Castel A, Juette T, Finck C. Residual volume of extruded disc material and residual spinal cord compression measured on postoperative MRI do not predict neurological outcomes in dogs following decompressive surgery for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024; 65:76-86. [PMID: 38183621 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Published studies on the validity of using quantitative MRI measures of pre- and postoperative spinal cord (SC) compression as prognostic indicators for dogs undergoing surgery for intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) are currently limited. The aim of this retrospective analytical study was to describe the volume of postoperative residual extradural material (VREM) and the ratio of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of maximum SC compression to the CSA of SC in a compression-free intervertebral space as MRI measures of preoperative and postoperative compression (residual spinal cord compression, RSCC), and to compare these measures between the neurological outcome in a group of dogs. Inclusion criteria were dogs that underwent surgery for thoracolumbar IVDE, were imaged pre- and immediately postoperatively by MRI, and had a neurological follow-up examination 2 to 5 weeks postoperatively. Two blinded observers independently performed measurements in pre- and postoperative MRI studies. Dogs were classified into positive outcome (PO) and negative outcome (NO) groups based on follow-up neurologic examination scores. Seventeen dogs were included (12 PO, 5 NO). Interobserver agreement for MRI measurements was good to excellent (ICCs: 0.76-0.97). The prevalence of residual extradural material in postoperative MRI studies was 100%. No significant differences in mean preoperative SC compression, mean RSCC, mean SC decompression, or VREM were found between outcome groups (P = .25; P = .28; P = .91, P = .98). In conclusion, neither postoperative VREM nor RSCC could predict successful neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Auffret
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aude Castel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tristan Juette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cyrielle Finck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Ratcliffe TOC, Robinson P, Rosanowski SM. The prognosis for return to athletic function for Thoroughbred racehorses in Hong Kong with injuries to the palmaroproximal aspect of the metacarpus diagnosed using low-field magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:383-390. [PMID: 38134452 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.08.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the prognosis for Thoroughbred racehorses to return to galloping and racing with injuries to the palmaroproximal metacarpus diagnosed with MRI. ANIMALS 29 flat racing Thoroughbreds at the Hong Kong Jockey Club that underwent MRI between 2014 and 2022. METHODS Clinical, radiographic, ultrasonographic, and MRI reports were collected from veterinary clinical records, and these were combined with training and racing data. Horses were categorized on the basis of MRI diagnosis: (1) proximal suspensory ligament (PSL) involvement only, (2) PSL and concurrent proximal third metacarpal (MC3) bone involvement, and (3) proximal MC3 bone involvement only. The following were compared for prognosis for return to athletic function: return to galloping or racing, and reinjury. RESULTS Overall, the prognosis for return to athletic function was fair, with 92% (22/24; P = .53) and 67% (16/24; P = .73) of horses returning to galloping and racing, respectively. There was a relatively low reinjury rate, with 18% (4/22) of horses reinjuring. Horses with concurrent injury to both the PSL and proximal MC3 bone (Category 2) took longer to return to gallop (median, 116; IQR, 100.5 to 160), when compared with horses having only PSL injury (median, 69; IQR, 43 to 80; P = .04). Of the 4 horses that reinjured, 3 (75%) were horses in Category 2. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings from this study suggest that injuries involving both PSL and proximal MC3 bone concurrently require a longer rehabilitation period than those with PSL involvement alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O C Ratcliffe
- 1Veterinary Clinical Services, Equine Hospital, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Sarah M Rosanowski
- 3Digital Agriculture, Grasslands Research Center, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- 4Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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Schachar J, Bocage A, Nelson NC, Early PJ, Mariani CL, Olby NJ, Muñana KR. Clinical and imaging findings in dogs with nerve root signature associated with cervical intervertebral disc herniation. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1111-1119. [PMID: 38216520 PMCID: PMC10937489 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) is the most common spinal cord disease in dogs. Little information is available regarding the clinical presentation of nerve root signature (NRS) associated with cervical IVDH. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To detail the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in dogs with NRS associated with cervical IVDH. ANIMALS Forty-seven client-owned dogs presenting with thoracic limb NRS and MRI confirmed IVDH. METHODS Medical records from 2010 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed for dogs that met inclusion criteria. Imaging studies were evaluated by 2 individuals to characterize location and severity of neural tissue compression. RESULTS Chondrodystrophoid dogs comprised the majority of the study cohort, with dachshund the most common breed (n = 10). Three-quarters of dogs were ≥7 years of age. Interobserver agreement was moderate or good for all of the imaging variables evaluated. The C6-C7 intervertebral disc space was significantly overrepresented (P = .01), comprising 32% (15/47) of the affected discs. However, 42% (20/47) of cases involved C2-C3 though C4-C5 disc sites. Disc material was more frequently located laterally compared to medially within the vertebral canal (P = .0005), and to be associated with compression of the nerve root at the level of the intervertebral foramen (P = .012). CONCLUSION/CLINICAL IMPORTANCE NRS is most commonly associated with lateralized or foraminal cervical disc herniations. It is most prevalent with C6-C7 intervertebral disc involvement, suggesting that there might be unique anatomic factors that contribute to development of NRS at this site, but can be a clinical manifestation of IVDH occurring anywhere along the cervical spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Schachar
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, NC State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina 27606USA
- Present address:
Garden State Veterinary SpecialistsTintonNew JerseyUSA
| | - Alan Bocage
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, NC State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina 27606USA
- Present address:
Mount Laurel Animal HospitalMount LaurelNew JerseyUSA
| | - Nathan C. Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, NC State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina 27606USA
| | - Peter J. Early
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, NC State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina 27606USA
| | - Christopher L. Mariani
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, NC State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina 27606USA
| | - Natasha J. Olby
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, NC State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina 27606USA
| | - Karen R. Muñana
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, NC State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina 27606USA
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Guo S. Surgical treatment and outcome of haematomyelia with a traumatic cause in a dog and a cat. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1377. [PMID: 38358058 PMCID: PMC10867873 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Two surgically treated haematomyelia cases were documented. One dog and one cat were presented for acute progressive paraplegia following a fall from height incident. Neurological examinations suggested a L4-S3 myelopathy in both cases. Radiography and magnetic resonance imaging in both cases revealed no fracture or subluxation of the spine, but well-defined intramedullary mass lesions in lower lumbar regions compatible with haemorrhage and haematoma formation. Exploratory surgeries were performed over the lesions. Dark-red friable masses were removed via myelotomy. Histopathological examinations revealed organizing haematomas at the acute to subacute stage. Postoperatively, both cases improved and regained ambulation. The dog walked normally but remained urinary and faecal incontinent 9 months after the surgery. The cat was continent and ambulatory with a paraparetic gait 5 months after the surgery. In both cases, the outcomes and the patients' quality of life were considered satisfactory by the owners.
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Ros C, José-López R, Font C, Suñol A, Alcoverro E, Nessler J, García de Carellán Mateo A, Aige V, Gonçalves R. Clinical signs, causes, and outcome of central cord syndrome in 22 cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:405-410. [PMID: 38056077 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.08.0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the signalment, clinical findings, presumptive or definitive diagnosis, and outcome in cats with central cord syndrome (CCS). ANIMALS 22 cats. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Cats evaluated for CCS at 7 referral hospitals between 2017 and 2021 were included. Information retrieved from medical records included signalment, physical and neurological examination findings, diagnostic investigations, definitive or presumptive diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. RESULTS Median age at presentation was 9 years. Two neuroanatomical localizations were associated with CCS: C1-C5 spinal cord segments in 17 (77.3%) cats and C6-T2 spinal cord segments in 5 (22.7%) cats. Neuroanatomical localization did not correlate with lesion location on MRI in 8 (36.3%) cats. The most common lesion location within the vertebral column was over the C2 and C4 vertebral bodies in 6 (27.2%) and 5 (22.7%) cats, respectively. Peracute clinical signs were observed in 11 (50%) cats, acute in 1 (4.5%), subacute in 4 (18%), and chronic and progressive signs were seen in 6 (40.9%) cats. The most common peracute condition was ischemic myelopathy in 8 (36.3%) cats, whereas neoplasia was the most frequently identified chronic etiology occurring in 5 (22.7%) cats. Outcome was poor in 13 (59%) cats, consisting of 4 of 11 (36.6%) of the peracute cases, 3 of 4 (75%) of the subacute cases, and 6 of 6 of the chronic cases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Central cord syndrome can occur in cats with lesions in the C1-C5 and C6-T2 spinal cord segments. Multiple etiologies can cause CCS, most commonly, ischemic myelopathy and neoplasia. Prognosis depends on the etiology and onset of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ros
- 1Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Memvet Referral Center, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Roberto José-López
- 2Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Anna Suñol
- 4Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Scotland
| | | | - Jasmin Nessler
- 6Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Vicente Aige
- 8Departamento de Sanidad y Anatomía Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rita Gonçalves
- 9Department of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Prodger A, Padley H, Ives E. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of an extensive intramedullary lesion in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:218. [PMID: 37921653 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Prodger
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Hursley, UK
| | - H Padley
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Hursley, UK
| | - E Ives
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Hursley, UK
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12
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Rissi DR, Reyes VAA, Donovan TA, Church ME, Howerth EW, Klang A, Woolard KD, Miller AD. Primary and secondary leptomeningeal gliomatosis in dogs. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:171-178. [PMID: 37577961 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231193104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Leptomeningeal gliomatosis (LG) is characterized by extensive dissemination of neoplastic glial cells in the subarachnoid space either without an intraparenchymal glioma (primary LG or PLG) or secondary to an intraparenchymal glioma (secondary LG or SLG). Given the low frequency of LG in human and veterinary medicine, specific diagnostic criteria are lacking. Here, we describe 14 cases of canine LG that were retrospectively identified from 6 academic institutions. The mean age of affected dogs was 7.3 years and over 90% of patients were brachycephalic. Clinical signs were variable and progressive. Relevant magnetic resonance image findings in 7/14 dogs included meningeal enhancement of affected areas and/or intraparenchymal masses. All affected dogs were euthanized because of the poor prognosis. Gross changes were reported in 12/14 cases and consisted mainly of gelatinous leptomeningeal thickening in the brain (6/12 cases) or spinal cord (2/12 cases) and 1 or multiple, gelatinous, gray to red intraparenchymal masses in the brain (6/12 cases). Histologically, all leptomeningeal neoplasms and intraparenchymal gliomas were morphologically consistent with oligodendrogliomas. Widespread nuclear immunolabeling for OLIG2 was observed in all neoplasms. The absence of an intraparenchymal glioma was consistent with PLG in 3 cases. The remaining 11 cases were diagnosed as SLG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Klang
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Pedersen TR, Bach MBT, Stougaard CL, Gredal H, Rusbridge C, Finnerup NB, Berendt M. Clinical predictors of syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with chiari-like malformation based on owners' observations. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:5. [PMID: 38331821 PMCID: PMC10851586 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syringomyelia (SM) is a prevalent inherited developmental condition in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) with Chiari-like malformation (CM), accompanied by a variety of clinical manifestations, including signs of neuropathic pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard in SM diagnosis. However, it is desirable to establish clinical predictors that can identify CKCSs with a large clinical syrinx that needs treatment, as some owners cannot afford or lack access to MRI. The aims of the study were to investigate owner-reported clinical signs of SM and clinical predictors of a large clinical syrinx, using predictive values of significant signs, individually and in combinations. Eighty-nine CKCSs participated in this retrospective study. Based on MRI diagnosis, dogs were distributed into three groups: CM without syrinx or with a maximum transverse width < 2 mm (n = 13), CM with small syrinx 2.00-3.99 mm (n = 26) and CM with large syrinx ≥4 mm (n = 50). A structured investigator-owner interview using a standardized questionnaire was used to collect data regarding clinical signs of CM and SM. The statistical tests Pearson's chi-square, Fisher's Exact and Spearman's rank order were used to assess the difference in owner-reported signs between groups. For signs with significant differences, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated. RESULTS Following clinical signs were reported significantly more frequent in dogs with a large syrinx: phantom scratching, bilateral scratching of the neck or shoulder, aversion when that area is touched, or exacerbation of clinical signs when the dog is emotionally aroused. Each individual sign had a high PPV, indicative of a large clinical syrinx. The PPV increased further when the signs phantom scratching, aversion to touch to the head, neck or shoulder, and a preferred head posture during sleep were present in combination. CONCLUSIONS Specific clinical signs can be used individually and in combination as clinical predictors of a large clinical syrinx in CKCSs with CM and SM. General practitioners can utilize this information to identify CKCSs with a large syrinx to initiate necessary treatment. This is particularly useful in cases where access to or affordability of an MRI diagnosis is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenna Remler Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, C DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Maiken Bayer Thode Bach
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, C DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Camilla Løkke Stougaard
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, C DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hanne Gredal
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, C DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Rd, GU2 7AL, Guildford, Great Britain
| | - Nanna Brix Finnerup
- The Danish Pain Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, C DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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14
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Davini T, Bibbiani L, Bernardini M. Radiographic and MRI findings of a complex cervical vertebral malformation in a French bulldog. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:149. [PMID: 38131133 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Davini
- AniCura Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Predosa, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Bibbiani
- AniCura Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Predosa, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Bernardini
- AniCura Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Predosa, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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15
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Lin PJ, Lin LS, Chung CS. Intranasal dexmedetomidine as premedication for magnetic resonance imaging examinations in dogs with neurological disorders mitigates hypotension and hypothermia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:193-200. [PMID: 37879359 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.06.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of intranasal administration of dexmedetomidine as a premedication for preventing hypotension and hypothermia in canine patients undergoing MRI examinations. ANIMALS Dogs undergoing MRI examinations for neurological disorders were enrolled in this study. The dogs were randomly assigned: 15 to the N-Dex group (without premedication) and 13 to the Dex group (125 μg/m2 of dexmedetomidine, intranasally, as a premedication). METHODS During the examination, pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure were recorded every 5 minutes for the first 30 minutes. Body temperature was measured before and after the examination. Any adverse events during the procedure were documented. RESULTS Significant changes in pulse rate during the examination were not distinguishable. Although blood pressure and body temperature decreased in both groups under anesthesia, dogs in the Dex group had a significantly smaller drop in blood pressure and body temperature and fewer hypotension events than those in the N-Dex group MRI examinations of 1 hour's duration. Two dogs in the Dex group exhibited bradycardia at 45 and 60 minutes of MRI examination, which resolved after receiving atipamezole. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results indicate that intranasal administration of 125 μg/m2 of dexmedetomidine as premedication is safe and can potentially mitigate hypothermia and hypotension in dogs with neurological disorders during MRI examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jyuan Lin
- 1Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Shuan Lin
- 1Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- 2School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- 3Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- 4UniCore Animal Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- 5Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Shu Chung
- 1Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- 4UniCore Animal Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- 5Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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NISHIDA H, KAKIMOTO R, NOGUCHI S, KANEGI R, SHIMAMURA S, TANAKA T, FUMIMOTO T, NISHIBATA K, FUJIWARA H, AKIYOSHI H. A feline spinal dermoid cyst treated with surgical intervention. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:116-119. [PMID: 38072438 PMCID: PMC10849858 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old neutered female mixed cat presented with reduced activity and ataxia of the hind limbs. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an extradural mass compressing the spinal cord on the dorsal aspects from the 7th to 8th thoracic vertebra. Dorsal laminectomy was performed on the 7-8th thoracic vertebra and the cyst was totally removed, giving full resolution of the clinical signs. The cyst was diagnosed as a dermoid cyst. To our knowledge, this is the first report of feline dermoid cyst compressing the spinal cord that was diagnosed antemortem. The prognosis is favorable when the cyst is completely resected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka NISHIDA
- Small Animal Clinics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Riku KAKIMOTO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke NOGUCHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryoji KANEGI
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke SHIMAMURA
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Small Animal Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki TANAKA
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamiko FUMIMOTO
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Hideo AKIYOSHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Nahas AE, Almohamad Z, Hagag U. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the dromedary camel distal limbs. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:12. [PMID: 38183041 PMCID: PMC10768528 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lameness associated with the distal limb region in dromedary camels is quiet prevalent. The diagnosis of lameness relies on a comprehensive orthopedic examination conjugated with an appropriate imaging modality to achieve a decisive diagnosis. Using of modern imaging tools provoked a significant breakthrough in the diagnosis of lameness. Ultrasonography (US) is widely established in dromedaries, whereas computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are gaining popularity. CT provides a considerably higher bone detail than any other imaging modality. US and MRI continue to be the best options for soft tissue imaging. A truthful assessment of the clinical US, CT and MRI images dictates a comprehensive familiarity with the standard US, CT and MRI tissue deviations. Accordingly, our purposes were to present a full MRI protocol for investigating the dromedary camel distal limbs as well as comparing and illustrating the merits of using MRI, CT and US for evaluation of the front and hind distal limbs in 10 healthy lameness free dromedary camel cadavers. The limbs were scanned via a high-field 1.5 Tesla MRI magnet and a multi-detector CT scanner then subjected to a systematic US examination in both longitudinal and transverse planes. The obtained MRI, CT and US images were evaluated, correlated and compared. RESULTS CT and MRI eliminated the structural superimposition in the dromedary camel distal limbs and afforded assessment of minute ligamentous and tendentious structures that were inaccessible by US including the axial collateral ligaments, ligaments supporting the proximal sesamoid bones and the palmar/plantar aspects of the inter-phalangeal joints. US and MRI were appreciated for the assessment of the articular cartilage that was not visible on the plain CT images. CONCLUSIONS CT and MRI accurately identified and characterized bones and soft tissues constituting the dromedary camel distal limbs. US was appreciated for assessment of soft tissues, articular cartilage and bone contours. CT and MRI may be considered when US results are inconclusive or to evaluate the unreachable parts of the camel distal limbs. Images presented in this study could be used as a reference standard for evaluating dromedary camel distal limb diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El Nahas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 400, 31982, Al-Ahasa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zakriya Almohamad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 400, 31982, Al-Ahasa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama Hagag
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
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18
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Ibrahim A, Rashwan A, El Sharaby A, Abumandour M, Nomir A. Thoracic cavity of the Shirazi cats: New insights using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13005. [PMID: 38018270 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Our study provided a comprehensive characterization of the thorax of Shirazi cats by comparing the relevant soft and bone windows of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with cross, sagittal and coronal sectional anatomy. We outlined the mediastinum and its anatomic relationships with the trachea, oesophagus, lungs, heart, cranial and caudal vena cavae, and other thoracic structures using the data series gathered from adult normal Shirazi cats. The cranial mediastinum extended from the thoracic inlet to the 4th intercostal space, the middle mediastinum extended from the 5th and 7th intercostal spaces and was occupied by the heart and large blood vessels and the caudal mediastinum extended as a short and narrow portion from the 8th intercostal space to the diaphragm. The contents of the mediastinum and its relationship with the lungs and diaphragm were clearly presented in coronal-sectional anatomy and CT slices. The diaphragm was clearly observed in the lung windows of the ventral thorax. Sagittal-sectional anatomy and CT clarified the thorax's architecture and its contents, with higher density in the soft windows. The distribution of thoracic vessels on cross- and coronal-contrast CT scans was clearly visible. In addition, MRI scans provided an excellent anatomic reference of the thorax with the help of cross, coronal and sagittal scans, especially in the heart and blood vessels. Our study provides a valuable atlas for the diagnosis of malformations of the thoracic structures and offers better assessments for helping veterinary radiologists and clinicians in diagnostic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Rashwan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ashraf El Sharaby
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abumandour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Nomir
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Martín NG, Miño ED. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are potential noninvasive methods for evaluating the cisterna chyli in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:1-7. [PMID: 37770017 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.07.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is limited information on the normal appearance of the cisterna chyli (CC) in cats on CT and MRI. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the CT and MRI characteristics of the CC in a group of cats without lymphatic system pathology. SAMPLE A total of 31 CT and 63 MRI images were obtained of client-owned cats between January 2017 and March 2022. METHODS The presence, location, shape, maximum width, MRI-signal intensity, mean attenuation, and contrast enhancement of the CC were recorded from CT and MRI scans. RESULTS The CC was identified in all the CT scans and in 60 MRI studies. The CC was located level with the cranial mesenteric artery in 56 of 91 cases. It was crescent shaped in 34 of 54 cases. On precontrast CT images, the mean attenuation of the CC was 17 HU, and the mean postcontrast attenuation was 28 HU. On T2-weighted sequences, the CC was isointense to CSF and hyperintense to the muscles, while on T1-weighted images, it was isointense to the muscles. Contrast enhancement was variable in both techniques. CLINICAL RELEVANCE CT and MRI have the potential for noninvasive evaluation of CC in cats.
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20
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Auth AK, Hinnigan GJ, Smith MA, Owen KR. Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of the Fetlock Region of Nonracehorses. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 132:104938. [PMID: 37832699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-field, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an advanced imaging modality widely used to diagnose distal limb pathology in horses, but there are limited data regarding lesion distribution within the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint (MCP/MTPJ) region in lame nonracehorses. The aim of this study was to describe the low-field MRI findings and lesion distribution in nonracehorses with MCP/MTPJ region pain. Clinical records from horses undergoing MRI of the MCP/MTPJ region between July 2016 and March 2023 were reviewed. Horses were included if pain causing lameness was localized to this region and conventional imaging failed to provide a definitive diagnosis. Eighty-four horses met the inclusion criteria. Soft tissues were affected in 76 (90.5%) horses, with suspensory ligament branch injuries being the most frequent (60.7%) soft tissue pathology identified. Osseous pathology was diagnosed in 51 horses. The subchondral bone (SCB) of the distal third metacarpal/metatarsal bone (MC3/MT3) was the osseous structure most frequently affected (40.5%), with 79.4% of these horses having lesions on the dorsal aspect of the bone. Osteoarthritis was present in 48 (57.1%) horses. The main limitations of the study were the lack of a standardized diagnostic analgesia pattern due to varying veterinary surgeon involvement, and the absence of bilateral magnetic resonance (MR) sequences in all limbs. MRI is a useful diagnostic tool to assess soft tissue structures in the MCP/MTP region, especially in horses with thick skin, which may make ultrasonographic imaging unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel K Auth
- Oakhill Veterinary Centre, Goosnargh, Preston, UK.
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21
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Horne CR, Tufts S. Advances in Imaging Techniques to Guide Therapies and Monitor Response to the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Injuries. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:489-501. [PMID: 37482520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Continual advancements in diagnostic imaging have allowed for more accurate and complete diagnoses of injuries in the performance horse. The use of several different imaging tools has further allowed the equine sports medicine clinician to more carefully direct treatment options, monitor response to therapy and guide rehabilitation recommendations. The advancements in diagnostic imaging and novel treatment options have led to the improvement in the overall prognosis of many injuries that affect the horse and their performance. The purpose of this section is to review the advancements made in diagnostic imaging of the horse and to aid the practitioner in the selection of the appropriate modality and how best to use them to guide treatment and monitoring decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn R Horne
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Sara Tufts
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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22
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Larsen EA, Williams MR, Schoonover MJ, Jurek KA, Young JM, Duddy HR. Navicular bone fracture and severe deep digital flexor tendinopathy after palmar digital neurectomy in two horses. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1752-1759. [PMID: 38292704 PMCID: PMC10824075 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Navicular syndrome is a common cause of forelimb lameness in horses. Beyond changes to the navicular bone itself, horses with a clinical diagnosis of navicular syndrome often have pathology associated with other components of the navicular apparatus, including the navicular bursa, deep digital flexor (DDF) tendon, collateral sesamoidean ligaments, and impar ligament. Palmar digital neurectomy (PDN) is often used as a salvage procedure for horses diagnosed with navicular syndrome that become unresponsive to medical management. There are many potential complications associated with PDN, some of which are debilitating. Case Description This report describes two cases of navicular bone fracture with severe DDF tendinopathy and distal interphalangeal joint subluxation/hyperextension that occurred 12 and 19 weeks after bilateral forelimb PDN. Conclusion These two cases highlight the importance of proper patient selection before PDN due to the high incidence of undiagnosed soft tissue pathology in conjunction with radiographic evidence of navicular syndrome. Advanced imaging of the digit is recommended to identify and characterize any soft tissue pathology associated with the navicular apparatus before pursuing PDN to avoid disease progression and catastrophic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Larsen
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Megan R. Williams
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Mike J. Schoonover
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Kelsey A. Jurek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Jenna M. Young
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Hugh R. Duddy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Fert S, River P, Bondonny L, Cauzinille L. Metastatic extradural melanoma of the lumbar spine in a cat. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2393-2398. [PMID: 37656442 PMCID: PMC10650352 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A 7-year-old neutered male Domestic shorthair cat, with a 1.5-year history of left eye enucleation secondary to a diffuse iris malignant melanoma, was evaluated for progressive onset of pelvic limb paresis and ataxia with severe thoracolumbar hyperaesthesia and dysorexia. Neurological examination localised a lesion to the T3-L3 spinal cord segments. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracolumbar spine showed a well-defined extradural T1-weighted hyperintense non-contrast-enhancing mass, initially suggesting a potential haemorrhagic component. Exploratory surgery revealed a brownish extradural lumbar mass. Histologic examination concluded to a melanoma, most probably metastatic given the animal's previous medical history. This report highlights the importance of collecting a complete medical history, which can help in obtaining a preliminary differential diagnosis in cats with clinical signs of myelopathy. Although the location of this metastasis is particularly unusual both in human and veterinary medicine, making optimal treatment challenging for neurosurgeon, our increased understanding of immune and tumour cell biology during the past decade is likely to improve the future treatments of feline melanoma and its metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fert
- Department of NeurologyVeterinary Hospital Center FrégisGentillyFrance
| | - Pablo River
- Department of SurgeryVeterinary Hospital Center OnlyvetSaint PriestFrance
| | - Laura Bondonny
- Department of SurgeryVeterinary Hospital Center OnlyvetSaint PriestFrance
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24
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Liatis T, Bhatti SFM, Dyrka M, Gutierrez‐Quintana R, Gonçalves R, Madden M, De Decker S. Idiopathic and structural episodic nonintentional head tremor in dogs: 100 cases (2004-2022). J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2301-2309. [PMID: 37850712 PMCID: PMC10658580 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although idiopathic episodic head tremor (IEHT) in dogs is well-known, little is known about structural brain lesions causing structural episodic head tremor (SEHT). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Describe semiology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and outcome of dogs with IEHT or SEHT. We hypothesized that structural lesions affecting the middle cranial fossa or mesencephalic aqueduct could lead to SEHT. ANIMALS One hundred dogs with IEHT (n = 71) or SEHT (n = 29). METHODS Retrospective, multicenter, study of dogs with episodic (nonintentional) head tremor and brain MRI between 2004 and 2022. RESULTS Lesions on MRI in SEHT dogs were localized to the middle cranial fossa (15/29), cerebrocortex (3/29), brainstem (2/29), fourth ventricle (1/29) or multifocal (8/29) with thalamus involvement (6/8). Secondary compression of the mesencephalic aqueduct (19/29), third ventricle or interthalamic adhesion or both (14/29) was common. The most common underlying condition in dogs with SEHT was a pituitary mass. Dogs with SEHT were older, had additional neurological signs and were more likely to be euthanized after diagnosis (P < .001 for all) compared to IEHT dogs. Two SEHT dogs had only tremor. In IEHT dogs, 8/10 owners reported that the tremor decreased or abated over time (range, 106-2315 days) without treatment. Tremor remission occurred in SEHT dogs treated for underlying meningoencephalitis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Presence of additional neurological signs and older age may indicate an underlying structural cause for episodic (nonintentional) head tremor involving the mesencephalic aqueduct, third ventricle, interthalamic adhesion or some combination of these. An intracranial structural abnormality cannot be excluded in dogs with normal neurological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theofanis Liatis
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHatfieldUK
| | - Sofie F. M. Bhatti
- Small Animal Department, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Magdalena Dyrka
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez‐Quintana
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Rita Gonçalves
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - Megan Madden
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHatfieldUK
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25
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Abraham ME, Wakamatsu N, Lossie GA, Karcher DM, Heng HG, Murakami M. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the coelomic cavity in market-age commercial Pekin Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:843-861. [PMID: 37357377 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 27 million ducks are raised commercially in the US each year and Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) are the most commonly raised breed. Additionally, an increasing number of Americans are raising small flocks of poultry, which often include ducks, in their own backyards. This creates a need to better understand the imaging anatomy of ducks. However, in avian species, superimposition of organs limits evaluation of the coelomic cavity using the most common imaging modality, radiography. The use of cross-sectional imaging including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has increased in veterinary medicine research and clinical use. An anatomic atlas is essential for guiding research and diagnostic imaging. To date, no CT or MRI atlas exists for Pekin ducks. The purpose of the study is to generate a CT atlas of market-age Pekin ducks as well as CT attenuation values and measurements of coelomic organs with corresponding gross and MRI images. A total of 20 market-age, commercial Pekin ducks were imaged. Five male and five female ducks were imaged with CT; four of these ten ducks, two male and two female, were frozen and sliced in approximately 5 mm transverse sections for gross anatomic reference images. Six additional ducks, three male and three female ducks, were dissected to measure major organs. Four additional ducks were imaged using CT and MRI and necropsied for gross anatomical comparisons and landmarks. The atlas contained here may be used for future research projects and clinically to aid in diagnosis of disease in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan E Abraham
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Nobuko Wakamatsu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology/ADDL, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Lossie
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology/ADDL, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Hock Gan Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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26
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Sidhu A, DeJesus AA. Computed tomographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonographic characteristics of retrobulbar meningiomas in 15 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:1044-1054. [PMID: 38009278 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningioma is the most common tumor of the cranium in dogs and an important differential diagnosis for a potentially treatable disease that can be found in the periorbital tissues. The objective of this retrospective, case series study was to describe the CT, MRI, and US characteristics of confirmed retrobulbar meningiomas in a group of dogs. Medical records from multiple institutions were searched for canine patients with CT, MRI, and/or US imaging of a cytologically or histologically confirmed retrobulbar meningioma. Fifteen dogs met the inclusion criteria. Retrobulbar meningiomas typically appeared as a relatively well-defined conical to ovoid mass within the retrobulbar space, most often along the optic nerve and expanding the extraocular muscle cone. On CT, masses were predominantly soft tissue attenuating and variably heterogeneously contrast enhancing. While MRI features were variable, moderate to marked contrast enhancement was seen in all cases. Many of the tumors had evidence of partial mineralization, best appreciated on CT in nine patients, but also suspected based on susceptibility artifacts in three MRI cases, one of which was confirmed on CT. Regional osteolysis was a rare finding, noted in three cases, but was often accompanied by cranial cavity extension (2/3). Cranial cavity extension was also seen in the absence of regional osteolysis, identified in a total of six patients. On US, masses were echogenic and compressed the globe. The findings were consistent with previous gross and histologic descriptions and supported prioritizing retrobulbar meningioma as a differential diagnosis for dogs with the described imaging characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sidhu
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Antonia A DeJesus
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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27
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Jung M, Je M, Baek L, Chung J, Choi J, Yoon J. Shoulder magnetic resonance arthrography in dogs: Comparison of craniolateral and caudolateral approach for ultrasound-guided contrast injection. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:936-943. [PMID: 37489258 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Shoulder joint disease is a common cause of forelimb lameness in dogs. To diagnose this condition, shoulder magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) is performed, which involves the injection of contrast agents into the shoulder joint space under ultrasound (US)-guidance. The objective of this study was to compare the craniolateral and caudolateral approaches for shoulder MRA using US-guided injection techniques, and investigate their clinical feasibility in dogs. Forty shoulder joints from 10 adult beagles were studied in two repetitions. The craniolateral (n = 20) and caudolateral (n = 20) injection techniques were applied randomly under US-guidance. The shoulder MRA was conducted immediately after the contrast agents was injected. The procedure time (scan and injection time), number of attempts, joint distension and degree of extraarticular extravasation were recorded and compared between the two groups. The results showed that the caudolateral approach had significantly more contrast agents extravasation compared to the craniolateral approach (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of procedure time (scan time p = 0.80, injection time p = 0.74), number of attempts (p = 0.70) and joint distension (p = 0.23). The craniolateral approach of US-guided contrast injection techniques for shoulder MRA minimizes damage to the juxta-articular structures and reduces extraarticular extravasation, resulting in good-quality images. This study demonstrates the feasibility and advantages of the craniolateral approach under US-guidance for shoulder MRA in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Miseong Je
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Loktam Baek
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Chung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junghee Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Müller EMT, Vanderperren K, Merle R, Rheinfeld S, Leelamankong P, Lischer CJ, Ehrle A. Findings consistent with equine proximal suspensory desmitis can be reliably detected using computed tomography and differ between affected horses and controls. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:1005-1014. [PMID: 37605336 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective, observational, controlled study was to evaluate bone and soft tissue window CT images of the proximoplantar metatarsus III region in twenty horses with pain localized to the proximal suspensory ligament (PSL) and 20 horses with findings nonrelated to tarsal pain. All horses underwent CT and radiographic examination. Images were reviewed by three independent observers who graded the severity and localization of findings. Bone-related categories as well as soft tissue-related categories were evaluated. For the comparison of imaging findings in horses with and without proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD), mixed linear regression was performed. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess intraobserver agreement, and kappa statistics were employed to evaluate interobserver agreement. CT examination identified significantly more abnormalities in the diseased group. The scores for osseous exostosis (p = .015) and PSL enlargement (p = .004) were notably higher in PSD horses compared to controls. Intraobserver agreement was overall high (ICC .82-1.0), and interobserver agreement was substantial for the detection of mineralization (kappa = .61) and moderate for sclerosis (kappa = .43), exostosis (kappa = .43), and PSL enlargement (kappa = .48/.51). Measurements in the soft tissue window were significantly smaller than those in the bone window. Findings concurrent with PSD including osseous proliferation and sclerosis as well as soft tissue enlargement, mineralization, and avulsion can be reliably detected using CT. Findings from the current study supported the use of CT for evaluating horses with suspected PSD where high-field MRI is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M T Müller
- Equine Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Rheinfeld
- Equine Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pitiporn Leelamankong
- Equine Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph J Lischer
- Equine Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Ehrle
- Equine Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Capasso M, Dell'Era E, Carloni A, Balducci F, Specchi S, Bernardini M. MRI and CT features of a disc herniation through a fractured lumbar vertebra causing lumbar spinal cord compression in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:E64-E67. [PMID: 37549957 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old intact male Saint Bernard was presented for paraparesis following a fall down the stairs. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a chronic fragmentation of the dorsocaudal aspect of the second lumbar vertebral body (L2). Material migrated from the L2 to L3 intervertebral space through the fractured caudal vertebral endplate into the vertebral body and reached the vertebral canal, resulting in a severe extradural compressive myelopathy. Computed tomography confirmed the vertebral fragmentation. Histology of surgically removed compressive material revealed fibrocartilaginous material. The uncommon route of the extruded disc material through a fractured vertebral body makes this case of traumatic disc extrusion unusual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Capasso
- AniCura - I Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Pedrosa, Italy
| | - Elena Dell'Era
- AniCura - I Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Pedrosa, Italy
| | - Andrea Carloni
- AniCura - I Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Pedrosa, Italy
- Antech Imaging Service, Fountain Valley, California, USA
| | | | - Swan Specchi
- AniCura - I Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Pedrosa, Italy
- Antech Imaging Service, Fountain Valley, California, USA
| | - Marco Bernardini
- AniCura - I Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Pedrosa, Italy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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30
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Stutsel M, Gimeno M, Young A, Bell JW, Horadagoda N. Perivascular wall tumour presenting as pastern mass in a Standardbred gelding. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:445-448. [PMID: 37574712 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
A 2-year-old Standardbred gelding was referred for a mass on the palmaromedial right front pastern which was accompanied by progressively worsening lameness. The mass was firm to palpation and covered by normal skin. Ultrasonographically, a smooth encapsulated mass was present, medial to the flexor tendons and palmar to the neurovascular bundle. Because of a poor prognosis for future athletic performance without surgical or chemotherapeutic intervention and economic constraints preventing further diagnostics and treatment, the horse was euthanised. Post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging, histopathology and immunohistochemistry revealed the mass to be a perivascular wall tumour, the first record of such a neoplasia in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stutsel
- Agnes Banks Equine Clinic, Agnes Banks, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Gimeno
- Sydney University, Camden Equine Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Young
- Alex Young Specialist Veterinary Imaging, Anstead, Queensland, Australia
| | - J W Bell
- Sydney University, Camden Equine Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N Horadagoda
- Sydney University, Camden Equine Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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31
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Morabito S, Specchi S, Di Donato P, Pollard D, Dennis R, De Risio L, Bacon NJ, Potamopoulou M, Rupp S, Corlazzoli D, Ribeiro J, Cozzi F, Jurina K, Cappello R, Mercuriali E, Beckmann K, Flegel T, Menchetti M, König F, Matiasek K, Rosati M. Relationship between magnetic resonance imaging findings and histological grade in spinal peripheral nerve sheath tumors in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2278-2290. [PMID: 37726924 PMCID: PMC10658554 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) are a group of neoplasms originating from Schwann cells or pluripotent cell of the neural crest. Therapeutic options and prognosis are influenced by their degree of malignancy and location. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features predictive of PNST histologic grade. ANIMALS Forty-four dogs with histopathological diagnosis of spinal PNSTs and previous MRI investigation. METHODS A multicenter retrospective study including cases with (a) histopathologic diagnosis of PNST and (b) MRI studies available for review. Histologic slides were reviewed and graded by a board-certified pathologist according to a modified French system (FNCLCC) for grading soft tissue sarcomas. The MRI studies were reviewed by 2 board-certified radiologists blinded to the grade of the tumor and the final decision on the imaging characteristics was reached by consensus. Relationships between tumor grade and histological and MRI findings were assessed using statistical analysis. RESULTS Forty-four cases met inclusion criteria; 16 patients were PNSTs Grade 1 (low-grade), 19 were PNSTs Grade 2 (medium-grade), and 9 were PNSTs Grade 3 (high-grade). Large volume (P = .03) and severe peripheral contrast enhancement (P = .04) were significantly associated with high tumor grade. Degree of muscle atrophy, heterogeneous signal and tumor growth into the vertebral canal were not associated with grade. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Grade of malignancy was difficult to identify based on diagnostic imaging alone. However, some MRI features were predictive of high-grade PNSTs including tumor size and peripheral contrast enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Morabito
- Diagnostic Imaging DepartmentVeterinary Hospital “I Portoni Rossi” Anicura ItalyZola PredosaBolognaItaly
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, NewmarketSuffolkUnited Kingdom
- Antech Imaging ServicesIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Swan Specchi
- Diagnostic Imaging DepartmentVeterinary Hospital “I Portoni Rossi” Anicura ItalyZola PredosaBolognaItaly
- Antech Imaging ServicesIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pamela Di Donato
- Diagnostic Imaging DepartmentVeterinary Hospital “I Portoni Rossi” Anicura ItalyZola PredosaBolognaItaly
- Antech Imaging ServicesIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Danica Pollard
- British Horse SocietyKenilworthWarwickshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Ruth Dennis
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, NewmarketSuffolkUnited Kingdom
- Dick White ReferralsSix Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire CB8 0UHUnited Kingdom
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd, Friars GateShirleyUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Bacon
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Oncology and Soft Tissue LtdSurreyUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Stefan Rupp
- Small Animal Hospital Hofheim, IVC EvidensiaMunichGermany
| | | | - João Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e TecnologiasLisbonPortugal
| | | | | | | | - Edy Mercuriali
- Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico VeterinarioArenzano, GenoaLiguriaItaly
| | - Katrin Beckmann
- Neurology Service, Department of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Flegel
- Department of Small Animals, Faculty for Veterinary MedicineUniversity LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Marika Menchetti
- Neurology and Neurosurgery DivisionSan Marco Veterinary ClinicVeggianoPaduaItaly
| | | | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative NeuropathologyCentre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Marco Rosati
- Section of Clinical & Comparative NeuropathologyCentre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
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32
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Kang H, Noh D, Lee SK, Choi S, Lee K. Deep learning-based reconstruction can improve canine thoracolumbar magnetic resonance image quality and reduce slice thickness. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:1063-1070. [PMID: 37667979 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In veterinary practice, thin-sliced thoracolumbar MRI is useful in detecting small lesions, especially in small-breed dogs. However, it is challenging due to the partial volume averaging effect and increase in scan time. Currently, deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR), a part of artificial intelligence, has been applied in diagnostic imaging. We hypothesized that the diagnostic performance of thin-slice thoracolumbar MRI with DLR would be superior to conventional MRI. This prospective, method comparison study aimed to determine the adequate slice thickness of a deep learning model for thin-slice thoracolumbar MRI. Sagittal and transverse T2-weighted MRI at the thoracolumbar region were performed on 12 clinically healthy beagle dogs; the images obtained were categorized into five groups according to slice thickness: conventional thickness of 3 mm (3 CON) and thicknesses of 3, 2, 1.5, and 1 mm with DLR (3 DLR, 2 DLR, 1.5 DLR, and 1 DLR, respectively). Quantitative analysis was performed using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio. Qualitative analysis involved the evaluation of perceived SNR, structural visibility, and overall image quality using a four-point scale. Moreover, nerve root visibility was evaluated using transverse images. Quantitative and qualitative values were compared among the five groups. Compared with the 3 CON group, the 3 DLR, 2 DLR, and 1.5 DLR groups exhibited significantly higher quantitative and qualitative values. Nerve root visibility was significantly higher in 2 DLR, 1.5 DLR, and 1 DLR images than in 3 DLR and 3 CON images. Compared with conventional MRI, DLR reduced the slice thickness by up to one-half and improved image quality in this sample of clinically healthy beagles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Daji Noh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kwon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kija Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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33
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Itoi T, Kutara K, Mitsui I, Akashi N, Kanda T, Sugimoto K, Shimizu Y, Yamazoe K. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of the primitive neuroectodermal tumour in lumbosacral spinal cord in a cat. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2399-2403. [PMID: 37742085 PMCID: PMC10650244 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old, castrated, male domestic short-haired cat presented with neurological deficits in the pelvic limbs, back pain and dysuria. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass lesion caudal to the L4 vertebrae. In addition, suspected haemorrhage was observed at the cranial aspect of the mass. There was no evidence to support the presence of extravertebral intrusion or vertebral body, osteolysis. Dorsal laminectomy and durotomy were performed to debulk the intraspinal mass. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment revealed a primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET). To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the clinical and pathological features and imaging diagnosis of intraspinal PNET without extraspinal invasion in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Itoi
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Kenji Kutara
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Ikki Mitsui
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Natsuki Akashi
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Teppei Kanda
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Keisuke Sugimoto
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Kazuaki Yamazoe
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
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34
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Bedford S, Appleby R, Goodman L, Lack A, Castillo G. Meningoencephalocele and supernumerary ectopic limb arising from the occipital bone in a Jacob sheep lamb. Can Vet J 2023; 64:919-922. [PMID: 37780471 PMCID: PMC10506348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the clinical, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging findings for a Jacob sheep lamb diagnosed with meningoencephalocele and supernumerary ectopic limb. Key clinical message: This case demonstrates the utility of tomographic imaging in diagnosing congenital malformations in sheep and can be used to assess the extent of the lesion. This may help to determine any viable treatment, or, as in the case presented here, determine that the extent of the lesion precludes surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bedford
- Health Sciences Centre (Bedford) and Department of Clinical Studies (Appleby, Goodman, Lack, Castillo), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Ryan Appleby
- Health Sciences Centre (Bedford) and Department of Clinical Studies (Appleby, Goodman, Lack, Castillo), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Laura Goodman
- Health Sciences Centre (Bedford) and Department of Clinical Studies (Appleby, Goodman, Lack, Castillo), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Amy Lack
- Health Sciences Centre (Bedford) and Department of Clinical Studies (Appleby, Goodman, Lack, Castillo), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Gibran Castillo
- Health Sciences Centre (Bedford) and Department of Clinical Studies (Appleby, Goodman, Lack, Castillo), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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Porte B, Deprey J, Tortereau A, Ramery E, Ponce F, Cadoré JL, Cachon T. Incidentally detected retroperitoneal paraganglioma in a 10-year-old French bulldog. Can Vet J 2023; 64:913-918. [PMID: 37780482 PMCID: PMC10506366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a case of a 10-year-old French bulldog initially seen for reluctance to move and episodes of pain. A magnetic resonance imaging study was undertaken in order to rule out a herniated disc. A large, retroperitoneal mass was visualized and cytological analysis suggested a neoplastic proliferation. The mass appeared to compress the caudal vena cava when viewed by abdominal CT scan. The mass was surgically removed. A nephrectomy was also carried out and aortic bleeding identified after dissection of adhesions. Despite these complications, the dog did well after the procedures. Postoperative checkups were normal. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of the mass were compatible with a retroperitoneal paraganglioma. Key clinical message: This type of tumor is poorly described in the veterinary literature. As the behavior of this tumor type is not yet fully understood, each new description adds to our knowledge and should help in diagnosing and treating it more effectively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Porte
- VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 1, avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Julie Deprey
- VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 1, avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Antonin Tortereau
- VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 1, avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Eve Ramery
- VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 1, avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Frédérique Ponce
- VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 1, avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Jean Luc Cadoré
- VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 1, avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Thibaut Cachon
- VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 1, avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
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Reunanen VLJ, Jokinen TS, Hytönen MK, Junnila JJT, Lappalainen AK. Evaluation of intervertebral disc degeneration in young adult asymptomatic Dachshunds with magnetic resonance imaging and radiography. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:42. [PMID: 37752484 PMCID: PMC10523717 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dachshunds have a high prevalence of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) to which they are predisposed due to early intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and calcification. Moreover, the recently found 12-FGF4 retrogene (RG) is associated with calcified discs visible on radiographs (CDVR) and IVDD. Earlier studies suggest that all IVDs of one-year-old Dachshunds show signs of degeneration. This prospective, analytical, blinded study aimed to investigate the extent and distribution of IVD degeneration in young adult (24-31 months) asymptomatic Dachshunds (n = 21) hypothesizing that not all IVDs of two-year-old Dachshunds are degenerated. Another aim was to explore the correlations between IVD degeneration evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the number of CDVR, and the dog's 12-FGF4RG status. The study protocol included grading the CDVR on spinal radiographs, grading the IVD degeneration on T2-weighted sagittal and transverse high-field MR images of all IVDs (n = 546), and 12-FGF4RG variant genotyping. RESULTS Of all IVDs evaluated, 2% (n = 11) were normal based on MRI grading. Despite the study population having moderately degenerated IVDs (median MRI grade 3), there was also variation in the degree of IVD degeneration between individuals and in the distribution of IVD degeneration between different vertebral regions. The number of CDVR correlated significantly with the magnitude of IVD degeneration based on MRI evaluation and with the 12-FGF4RG genotype. The odds for being 12-FGF4RG homozygous were higher for Dachshunds with CDVR. However, the 12-FGF4RG variant did not alone explain the phenotypic variation in IVD degeneration. CONCLUSIONS The number of CDVR is a valid indicator of overall IVD degeneration, as it correlates with MRI-based IVD grading. Also, as the extent and distribution of IVD degeneration varies between individual Dachshunds, selective breeding against IVDD using radiographic screening and 12-FGF4RG variant genotyping is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarja Susanna Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Marjo Kristiina Hytönen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | | | - Anu Katriina Lappalainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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Suiter E, Grapes N, Martin-Garcia L, De Decker S, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Wessmann A. MRI and clinical findings in 133 dogs with recurrent deficits following intervertebral disc extrusion surgery. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e2992. [PMID: 37247382 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrence of neurological signs following surgery for intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) is reported, yet many cases lack MRI-confirmed diagnosis. This study describes the MRI and clinical findings in dogs presenting with recurrence of neurological signs following surgical treatment of IVDH. METHODS Medical records of dogs that underwent decompressive surgery for IVDH followed by a subsequent MRI within 12 months were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-three dogs were identified, all of which initially presented with intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE). Of these, 109 (81.9%) had a recurrent IVDE, and 24 (18.1%) had an alternative diagnosis that included haemorrhage (n = 10), infection (n = 4), soft tissue encroachment (n = 3), myelomalacia (n = 3) or other (n = 4). Same-site IVDE recurrence or alternative diagnoses were significantly more likely to present within 10 days postoperatively. Thirty-nine percent of dogs presenting with 'early recurrence' had an alternative diagnosis. Type of surgery, fenestration, neurological grade or IVDE site was not significantly associated with the subsequent MRI diagnosis. LIMITATIONS Limitations include the retrospective study design, the exclusion of conservatively managed recurrences, the variable length of follow-up and differences in the clinicians' surgical experience. CONCLUSION The most common cause for the recurrence of neurological signs following decompressive spinal surgery was IVDE. Just over one-third of dogs presenting with early recurrence had an alternative diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Suiter
- Neurology & Neurosurgery Service, Pride Veterinary Referrals, Derby, UK
| | - Nicholas Grapes
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lucia Martin-Garcia
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Steven De Decker
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Annette Wessmann
- Neurology & Neurosurgery Service, Pride Veterinary Referrals, Derby, UK
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Bouhsina N, Tur L, Hardel JB, Madec S, Rouleau D, Etienne F, Guicheux J, Clouet J, Fusellier M. Variable flip angle T1 mapping and multi-echo T2 and T2* mapping magnetic resonance imaging sequences allow quantitative assessment of canine lumbar disc degeneration. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:864-872. [PMID: 37549962 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard for diagnosing intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration in dogs. However, published methods for quantifying severity or progression of IVD degeneration are currently limited. Mapping MRI sequences are used in humans for quantifying IVD degeneration but have rarely been applied in dogs. The objective of this prospective, method comparison study was to evaluate variable flip angle T1 mapping and multiecho T2 and T2* mapping as methods for quantifying canine lumbar IVD degeneration in twenty canine patients without clinical signs of spinal disease. Ventral and dorsal lumbar IVD widths were measured on radiographs, and lumbar IVDs were assigned a qualitative Pfirrmann grade based on standard T2-weighted sequences. T1, T2, and T2* relaxation times of the nucleus pulposus (NP) were measured on corresponding maps using manual-drawn ROIs. Strong intra- and interrater agreements were found (P < 0.01) for NP relaxation times. Radiographic IVD widths and T1, T2, and T2* mapping NP relaxation times were negatively correlated with Pfirrmann grading (P < 0.01). Significant differences in T1 NP relaxation times were found between Pfirrmann grade I and the other grades (P < 0.01). Significant differences in T2 and T2* NP relaxation times were found between grade I and the other grades and between grades II and III (P < 0.01). Findings indicated that T1, T2, and T2* MRI mapping sequences are feasible in dogs. Measured NP relaxation times were repeatable and decreased when Pfirrmann grades increased. These methods may be useful for quantifying the effects of regenerative treatment interventions in future longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Bouhsina
- Nantes Université, Oniris, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, Nantes, France
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, CRIP, ONIRIS, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Léa Tur
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, CRIP, ONIRIS, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Hardel
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, CRIP, ONIRIS, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphane Madec
- Nantes Université, Oniris, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, Nantes, France
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, CRIP, ONIRIS, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Rouleau
- Nantes Université, Oniris, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, Nantes, France
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, CRIP, ONIRIS, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Floriane Etienne
- Nantes Université, Oniris, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, Nantes, France
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, CRIP, ONIRIS, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- Nantes Université, Oniris, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, Nantes, France
| | - Johann Clouet
- Nantes Université, Oniris, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, Nantes, France
| | - Marion Fusellier
- Nantes Université, Oniris, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, Nantes, France
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, CRIP, ONIRIS, College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
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Bray KY, Platt SR, Kent M, Olby NJ, Early PJ, Mariani CL, Muñana KR, Holmes SP. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of atlanto-axial subluxation in 42 dogs: Analysis of joint cavity size, subluxation distance, and craniocervical junction anomalies. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1091-1098. [PMID: 37842109 PMCID: PMC10576573 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i9.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atlanto-axial (AA) subluxation can be a complex syndrome in dogs. Accurate identification and assessment of this condition are key to providing treatment and resolution. Aim The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of AA subluxation and associated neurologic deficits. Methods A multicenter review of dogs with a diagnosis of AA subluxation was conducted, evaluating signalment, neurologic grade, duration of signs, and MRI characteristics. MRI characteristics included degree of spinal cord compression and joint subluxation, integrity of odontoid ligaments, presence of a dens, spinal cord signal intensity, and presence of syringohydromyelia, hydrocephalus, and Chiari-like malformation. A control population with normal AA joints was also evaluated. MR images of 42 dogs with AA subluxation were compared to 26 age and breed-matched control dogs. Results Affected dogs had a median age of 27 months and a median weight of 2.7 kg, and the most commonly affected breed was the Yorkshire terrier (47.5%). Spinal cord signal hyperintensity, increased AA joint size, and cross-sectional cord compression at the level of the dens and mid-body C2 were associated with AA subluxation. No associations were found between cord compression, the appearance of the dens, or cord signal intensity and neurologic grade. Affected dogs did not have a higher incidence of Chiari-like malformation, syringohydromyelia, or hydrocephalus than control dogs, and their neurologic grade was not associated with MRI findings. Lack of dens and/or odontoid ligaments was associated with larger subluxations. Conclusion Dogs with clinical signs of AA subluxation were significantly more likely to have intramedullary hyperintensity at the level of compression ( p = 0.0004), an increased AA joint cavity size ( p = 0.0005), and increased spinal cord compression at the level of dens and mid-body C2 (p ≤ 0.05). The authors suggest an AA joint cavity size >1.4 mm and a subluxation distance >2.5 mm as cutoffs for MRI diagnosis of AA subluxation in dogs. No differences were noted between dogs with AA subluxation and control dogs regarding syringohydromyelia, hydrocephalus, and Chiari-like malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Kent
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
| | - Natasha J. Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Peter J. Early
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Christopher L. Mariani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Karen R. Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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40
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Akgun RO, Orhan IO, Ekim O, Bumin A. Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and gross anatomy of forelimb joints in New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.). Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:762-769. [PMID: 37254602 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to define the anatomical structures by comparing the transversal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images of the forelimb joints of the rabbits with the cross-sectional plastinated images. A total of 14 (seven females, seven males) one-year-old adult New Zealand rabbits were used in the study. After the CT and MR imaging procedures were completed, the forelimbs were removed from the body. The forelimbs were plastinated using the silicone plastination method and sectioned transversal. Cross-sectional plastinates were evaluated and correlated anatomically with conjugate CT and MR images. Joint and surrounding anatomical structures were defined in sections. Cross-sectional plastinated samples were highly correlated with CT and MR images in terms of bone and soft tissue, respectively. It is thought that the anatomical and radiological data obtained from the forelimb joints of rabbits will provide a basis for scientists who are involved in both experimental surgical interventions and clinical anatomy education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remzi Orkun Akgun
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Ismail Onder Orhan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Okan Ekim
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Bumin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Griffin LR, Frank C, Rao S, Seguin B. Lymphotropic nanoparticle magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing metastatic lymph nodes in dogs with malignant head and neck tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:427-436. [PMID: 37186437 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lymphotropic nanoparticle magnetic resonance imaging (LNMRI) utilises ultrasmall paramagnetic iron nanoparticles (USPIOs) for imaging of metastatic lymph nodes in patients afflicted with cancer. LNMRI has been shown to be a highly effective and accurate way to diagnose metastasis in humans but has not been commonly reported on in veterinary medicine. USPIOs are phagocytised by macrophages and then localised to lymph nodes where they create a susceptibility artefact on gradient echo MRI sequences. In this study dogs (n = 24) with naturally occurring head and neck tumours were imaged with LNMRI then had mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes extirpated for histological analysis. Subjective and objective analysis of the LNMRI images was performed and imaging results compared to histology as the gold standard. A total of 149 lymph nodes were included in this study. The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy was 64%, 94.4% and 89.3% respectively. However, if dogs with mast cell tumours were excluded from analysis the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rose to 85.7%, 95.7% and 94.6%. LNMRI is potentially an accurate way to determine the presence of lymph node metastasis in dogs with some types of head and neck tumours. However, LNMRI has only moderate accuracy in dogs with oral or mucocutaneous mast cell tumours in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn R Griffin
- Environmental and Radiological Health Science Department, Colorado State Univeristy, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Chad Frank
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Animal Population Health Institute and Clinical Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Bernard Seguin
- Clinical Sciences Department and Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Kose F, Duzler A. An anatomical and volumetric study on brain ventricles in sheep using different techniques. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:732-741. [PMID: 37165795 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the morphological features of the ventricular system of the brain in Akkaraman sheep in a measured and structural manner. In the study, 24 adults male Akkaraman sheep, which is a common and hornless breed were used. Anatomical features of the ventricular system were determined by latex injection and dissection, acrylic injection and corrosion cast and magnetic resonance imaging. In the measurements, a precise digital calliper, Archimedes' principle, Cavalieri's principle and ITK-SNAP imaging were used by comparing them with each other. The average weight of fresh sheep brains was 102 g (0.226 lb), the volume 115.8 mL and the length, height and width were 130.78, 40.58 and 70.08 mm, respectively. The olfactoric bulb contained a cavity associated with the lateral ventricle, large enough to be called a ventricle. The cavity of septum pellucidum has a large cavity was observed. However, there was no cerebrospinal fluid in this cavity. The interventricular foramen of the dissected brain was also an opening measuring 1.4 mm × 3.9 mm × 5.5 mm. The total volume of the ventricles of the brain of Akkaraman sheep was found to be 7107.71 ± 479, 7115 ± 737 and 7080 ± 647 mm3 and 6200 mm3 using the Planimetry, Point Counting method, ITK-SNAP program, and Archimedes' principle, respectively. In the study, species and breed-specific brain indices values and many detailed morphometric data were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Kose
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Erciyes University Institute of Health Sciences, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Duzler
- Department of Anatomy, Erciyes University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
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Baker ME, Kershaw LE, Carstens A, Daniel CR, Brown H, Roberts S, Taylor SE. T2 mapping of cartilage in the equine distal interphalangeal joint with corresponding histology using 0.27 T and 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:843-852. [PMID: 36397209 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely available to equine veterinarians yet is insensitive at detecting cartilage damage in the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ). T2 mapping is a quantitative imaging technique that can detect cartilage damage before morphological change is apparent. OBJECTIVES Validation of a T2 mapping sequence on a low-field MR system. Correlation of the mean T2 relaxation time in sections of cartilage with varying levels of pathology using low- and high-field MRI. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Eight phantoms with known (nominal) T2 values underwent low-field (0.27 T) MRI and 38 ex vivo DIPJs were imaged. A further 9 ex vivo DIPJs were imaged on both the low- and high-field MR systems. Immediately after imaging, the DIPJs were disarticulated and samples collected for histology. Histological sections were graded using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system. Fiji ImageJ software with the MRIAnalysisPak plugin was used to calculate T2 maps and draw the regions of interest (ROIs). RESULTS There was close agreement between the nominal and the measured T2 values in the phantom study. Spearman's rank correlation demonstrated significant positive correlation between low- and high-field T2 measurements, rho 0.644 (p < 0.001). The intrarater agreement for T2 measurements was excellent, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99-1.00), the inter-rater agreement was excellent, ICC = 0.88 (95% CI = 0.82-0.92) and there was good intrarater agreement for OARSI scores (к = 0.76). MAIN LIMITATIONS Only a small number of histological samples were analysed. Both articular cartilage surfaces were measured within the ROI. There were no OARSI grade 0 control samples. CONCLUSIONS A T2 mapping sequence on a low-field 0.27 T MR system was validated. There was a positive correlation between low- and high-field T2 measurements. The findings suggest a higher mean T2 relaxation time in pathological cartilage tissue examined in this study compared to normal equine cartilage tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Eve Baker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Lucy Elizabeth Kershaw
- Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ann Carstens
- School of Animal, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carola Riccarda Daniel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Steve Roberts
- Hallmarq Veterinary Imaging Ltd, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Taylor
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Chen L, Wang Z, Fu X, Wang S, Feng Y, Coudyzer W, Wu S, Zhang H, Chai Z, Li Y, Ni Y. Dynamic 3D morphology of chick embryos and allantois depicted nondestructively by 3.0T clinical magnetic resonance imaging. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102902. [PMID: 37429051 PMCID: PMC10466300 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Driven by a global trend of applying replace-reduce-refine or 3Rs' guidance for experimental animals in life sciences, chick embryo and particularly allantois with its chorioallantoic membrane have been increasingly utilized to substitute laboratory animals, which call for more extensive and updated knowledge about this novel experimental setup. In this study, being noninvasive, nonionizing, and super-contrasting with high spatiotemporal resolutions, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was chosen as an imaging modality for in ovo monitoring morphologic evolution of the chick embryo, allantois, and chorioallantoic membrane longitudinally throughout embryonic day (ED) 1 until ED20. Cooled in 0°C ice bath for 60 min to reduce MRI motion artifacts, 3 chick embryos (n = 60 in total) on each ED were scanned by a clinical 3.0T MRI scanner to demonstrate 3D images of both T2- and T1-weighted imaging (T2WI, T1WI) sequences at axial, sagittal, and coronal slices. The volumes of both the entire chick embryo and allantois were semi-automatically segmented based on intensity-based thresholding and region-growing algorithms. The morphometries or quantified 3D structures were achieved by refined segmentation, and confirmed by histological analyses (one for each ED). After MRI, the rest of chick embryos (n = 40) continued for incubation. The images from ED2 to ED4 could demonstrate the structural changes of latebra, suggesting its transition into a nutrient supplying channel of yolk sac. The allantois could be recognized by MRI, and its relative volumes on each ED revealed an evolving profile peaked on ED12, with a statistically significant difference from those of earlier and later EDs (P < 0.01). The hypointensity of the yolk due to the susceptibility effect of its enriched iron content overshadowed the otherwise hyperintensity of its lipid components. The chick embryos survived prior cooling and MRI till hatching on ED21. The results could be further developed into a 3D MRI atlas of chick embryo. Clinical 3.0T MRI proved effective as a noninvasive approach to study in ovo 3D embryonic development across the full period (ED1-ED20), which can complement the present knowhow for poultry industry and biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Xubin Fu
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Shuncong Wang
- KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Yuanbo Feng
- KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Shugeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Chai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yicheng Ni
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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45
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Choi H, Lee SK, Choi H, Lee Y, Lee K. Deep learning-based reconstruction for canine brain magnetic resonance imaging could improve image quality while reducing scan time. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:873-880. [PMID: 37582510 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) quality and shorter scan time are challenging to achieve in veterinary practices. Recently, deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR) has been proposed for ideal image quality. We hypothesized that DLR-based MRI will improve brain imaging quality and reduce scan time. This prospective, methods comparison study compared the MR image denoising performances of DLR and conventional methods, with the aim of reducing scan time and improving canine brain image quality. Transverse T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences of the brain were performed in 12 clinically healthy beagle dogs. Different numbers of excitations (NEX) were used to obtain the image groups NEX4, NEX2, and NEX1. DLR was applied to NEX2 and NEX1 to obtain NEX2DL and NEX1DL . The scan times were recorded, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated for quantitative analysis. Five blinded veterinarians assessed the overall quality, contrast, and perceived SNR on four-point Likert scales. Quantitative and qualitative values were compared among the five groups. Compared with NEX4, NEX2 and NEX1 reduced scan time by 50% and 75%, respectively. The mean SNR and CNR of NEX2DL and NEX1DL were significantly superior to those of NEX4, NEX2, and NEX1 (P < 0.05). In all image quality indices, DLR-applied images for both T2-weighted and FLAIR images were significantly higher than NEX4 and NEX2DL had significantly better quality than NEX1DL for FLAIR (P < 0.05). Findings indicated that DLR reduced scan time and improved image quality compared with conventional MRI images in a sample of clinically healthy beagles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejoon Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kwon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kija Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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46
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Charnock LN, Jukier T, Shaw GC, Kramer A, Brinker E, Moore PA. Clinical description with magnetic resonance appearance of a high-grade undefined optic nerve glioma with intracranial extension. Can Vet J 2023; 64:727-732. [PMID: 37529389 PMCID: PMC10352048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
A 4-year-old mixed-breed dog was presented for hyphema and glaucoma of the right eye. Enucleation of the right globe was carried out, and histopathology examination revealed an optic nerve glioma with incomplete surgical margins. At 8 wk after surgery, the dog had depressed mentation and a diminished pupillary light reflex of the left eye. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an irregular, heterogeneously T2 hyperintense/T1 isointense mass in the region of the optic chiasm. Compression of the rostral thalamus was present, with effacement of the pituitary gland and involvement of the right orbit. The dog was euthanized 4.5 mo after initial presentation. An undefined glioma of the right optic nerve with extension to the diencephalon was diagnosed on necropsy. Key clinical message: Although rare, intraocular glioma is a differential diagnosis for hyphema, glaucoma, and retinal detachment. Magnetic resonance imaging should be considered in cases of intraocular neoplasia, notably in those with incomplete surgical margins of the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Charnock
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36830, USA (Charnock, Jukier, Moore); Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA (Shaw); Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA (Kramer, Brinker)
| | - Tom Jukier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36830, USA (Charnock, Jukier, Moore); Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA (Shaw); Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA (Kramer, Brinker)
| | - Gillian C Shaw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36830, USA (Charnock, Jukier, Moore); Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA (Shaw); Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA (Kramer, Brinker)
| | - Alana Kramer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36830, USA (Charnock, Jukier, Moore); Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA (Shaw); Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA (Kramer, Brinker)
| | - Emily Brinker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36830, USA (Charnock, Jukier, Moore); Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA (Shaw); Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA (Kramer, Brinker)
| | - Phillip A Moore
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36830, USA (Charnock, Jukier, Moore); Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA (Shaw); Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA (Kramer, Brinker)
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47
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Evers JS, Kim SE, Johnson MD, Lazarus MA. Accuracy of needle arthroscopy for the diagnosis of medial meniscal tears in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Vet Surg 2023; 52:820-826. [PMID: 35560359 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of needle arthroscopy (NA) for the diagnosis of medial meniscal tears in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR). STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS Twenty-six client-owned dogs. METHODS Dogs with CCLR and scheduled to undergo tibial plateau leveling osteotomy were recruited for the study. Needle arthroscopy was performed by an experienced surgeon; the same dog subsequently underwent standard arthroscopy (SA) by another experienced surgeon who was blinded to the NA findings. The SA arthroscopy findings were used as the gold standard. Arthroscopy time, visibility of the menisci, ability to probe the menisci, and the presence of meniscal tears were recorded for both arthroscopies. The degree of lameness before and after NA was subjectively quantified. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity to diagnose medial meniscal tears with NA was 95% and 100%, respectively. Visibility of the menisci was lower (P < .01), probing of the lateral meniscus was harder (P = .0017), and procedure time was shorter (P = .073) with NA when compared to SA. The lameness scores did not differ before and after NA (P = .25). CONCLUSION Needle arthroscopy could be performed rapidly with low morbidity, and had high accuracy for detecting medial meniscal tears in dogs with CCLR. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Needle arthroscopy is a promising minimally invasive technique for diagnosing medial meniscal tears in dogs with CCLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Evers
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stanley E Kim
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew D Johnson
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew A Lazarus
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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48
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Ahn S, Shin W, Han Y, Bae S, Cho C, Choi S, Kim JT. Cross-sectional and skeletal anatomy of long-tailed gorals ( Naemorhedus caudatus) using imaging evaluations. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e60. [PMID: 37532303 PMCID: PMC10404708 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate diagnosis of diseases in animals is crucial for their treatment, and imaging evaluations such as radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are important tools for this purpose. However, a cross-sectional anatomical atlas of normal skeletal and internal organs of long-tailed gorals (Naemorhedus caudatus) has not yet been prepared for diagnosing their diseases. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to create an anatomical atlas of gorals using CT and MRI, which are imaging techniques that have not been extensively studied in this type of wild animal in Korea. METHODS The researchers used CT and MRI to create an anatomical atlas of gorals, and selected 37 cross-sections from the head, thoracic, lumbar, and sacrum parts of gorals to produce an average cross-sectional anatomy atlas. RESULTS This study successfully created an anatomical atlas of gorals using CT and MRI. CONCLUSIONS The atlas provides valuable information for the diagnosis of diseases in gorals, which can improve their treatment and welfare. The study highlights the importance of developing cross-sectional anatomical atlases of gorals to diagnose and treat their diseases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Gangwon Wildlife Medical Rescue Center, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Woojin Shin
- Gangwon Wildlife Medical Rescue Center, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Yujin Han
- Gangwon Wildlife Medical Rescue Center, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sohwon Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Gangwon Wildlife Medical Rescue Center, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Cheaun Cho
- Yanggu Long-tailed Goral and Muskdeer Center, Yanggu 24506, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jong-Taek Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Gangwon Wildlife Medical Rescue Center, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
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Van Hoof C, Davis NA, Carrera‐Justiz S, Kahn AD, De Decker S, Grapes NJ, Beasley M, Du J, Pancotto TE, Suñol A, Shinn R, DeCicco B, Burkland E, Cridge H. Clinical features, comparative imaging findings, treatment, and outcome in dogs with discospondylitis: A multi-institutional retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1438-1446. [PMID: 37288966 PMCID: PMC10365064 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited recent data exists regarding discospondylitis in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES (i) Describe the signalment, clinical and imaging findings, etiologic agents, treatment, and outcome of dogs with discospondylitis, (ii) determine diagnostic agreement between radiographs, CT, and MRI with regard to the presence of discospondylitis and its location, and (iii) determine risk factors for relapse and progressive neurological deterioration. ANIMALS Three hundred eighty-six dogs. METHODS Multi-institutional retrospective study. Data extracted from medical records were: signalment, clinical and examination findings, diagnostic results, treatments, complications, and outcome. Potential risk factors were recorded. Breed distribution was compared to a control group. Agreement between imaging modalities was assessed via Cohen's kappa statistic. Other analyses were performed on categorical data, using cross tabulations with chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Male dogs were overrepresented (236/386 dogs). L7-S1 (97/386 dogs) was the most common site. Staphylococcus species (23/38 positive blood cultures) were prevalent. There was a fair agreement (κ = 0.22) between radiographs and CT, but a poor agreement (κ = 0.05) between radiographs and MRI with regard to evidence of discospondylitis. There was good agreement between imaging modalities regarding location of disease. Trauma was associated with an increased risk of relapse (P = .01, OR: 9.0, 95% CI: 2.2-37.0). Prior steroid therapy was associated with an increased risk of progressive neurological dysfunction (P = .04, OR: 4.7, 95% CI: 1.2-18.6). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Radiograph and MRI results could be discrepant in dogs with discospondylitis. Prior trauma and corticosteroids could be associated with relapse and progressive neurological dysfunction, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Van Hoof
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Nicole A. Davis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Sheila Carrera‐Justiz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Alisha D. Kahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHatfieldUK
| | - Nicholas J. Grapes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHatfieldUK
| | - Michaela Beasley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMississippiUSA
| | - John Du
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMississippiUSA
| | - Theresa E. Pancotto
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Anna Suñol
- AniCura Ars Veterinaria HospitalBarcelonaSpain
| | - Richard Shinn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Barry DeCicco
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting (CSTAT)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Erica Burkland
- ACCESS Specialty Animal Hospitals—South BayTorranceCaliforniaUSA
| | - Harry Cridge
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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50
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Carisch L, Golini L, Schurna L, Bergamino C, Beckmann KM, Hilbe M, Asawapattanakul T, Baumgärtner W, Puff C, Wang‐Leandro A. Hypertensive nonobstructive hydrocephalus as main magnetic resonance imaging feature in a dog with disseminated choroid plexus carcinomatosis. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1493-1500. [PMID: 37224288 PMCID: PMC10365043 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive or nonobstructive hypertensive hydrocephalus is reported in choroid plexus tumors. Choroid plexus tumors typically present as T2-weighted hyperintense intraventricular masses with occasional cerebrospinal fluid-drop metastasis. Acquired neoplastic nonobstructive hydrocephalus without visible mass lesion in magnetic resonance imaging is not reported in dogs. A 4.5-year-old Rhodesian Ridgeback presented with reduced mental status, unilaterally absent pupillary light reflex, and neck pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a nonobstructive hydrocephalus and widened lumbar subarachnoid space with no evidence of a primary mass lesion. Postmortem examination confirmed a disseminated choroid plexus tumor affecting the ependyma and choroid plexi of all ventricles and the cerebral and lumbar subarachnoid space. Disseminated choroid plexus carcinomatosis should be considered as a possible cause of hypertensive hydrocephalus even in absence of a primary mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Carisch
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lorenzo Golini
- Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Small Animals Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lea Schurna
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Chiara Bergamino
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Katrin M. Beckmann
- Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Small Animals Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Thanaporn Asawapattanakul
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationHannoverGermany
| | - Adriano Wang‐Leandro
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Clinic for Small AnimalsUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationHannoverGermany
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