101
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Micrognathia in mouse models of ciliopathies. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1753-1759. [PMID: 27913686 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Defects in the development of the mandible can lead to micrognathia, or small jaw, which manifests in ciliopathic conditions, such as orofaciodigital syndrome, Meckel-Gruber syndrome, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Although micrognathia occurs frequently in human and mouse ciliopathies, it has been difficult to pinpoint the underlying cellular causes. In this mini-review, we shed light on the tissue-specific contributions to ciliary dysfunction in the development of the mandible. First, we outline the steps involved in setting up the jaw primordium and subsequent steps in the outgrowth of the mandibular skeleton. We then determine the critical tissue interactions using mice carrying a conditional mutation in the cilia gene Ofd1 Our studies highlight the usefulness of the Ofd1 mouse model and illustrate long-term possibilities for understanding the cellular and biochemical events underlying micrognathia.
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102
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Maiti S, Mondal S, Satyavarapu EM, Mandal C. mTORC2 regulates hedgehog pathway activity by promoting stability to Gli2 protein and its nuclear translocation. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2926. [PMID: 28703798 PMCID: PMC5550848 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
mTORC2 is aberrantly activated in cancer and therefore is considered to be an important therapeutic target. The hedgehog pathway, which is also often hyperactivated, regulates transcription of several genes associated with angiogenesis, metastasis, cellular proliferation and cancer stem cell (CSC) regeneration. However, the contribution of mTORC2 toward hedgehog pathway activity has not been explored yet. Here we have addressed the molecular cross talk between mTORC2 and hedgehog pathway activities in the context of glioblastoma multiforme, a malignant brain tumor using as a model system. We observed that higher mTORC2 activity enhanced the expression of a few hedgehog pathway molecules (Gli1, Gli2 and Ptch1) and amplified its target genes (Cyclin D1, Cyclin D2, Cyclin E, Snail, Slug and VEGF) both in mRNA and protein levels as corroborated by increased metastasis, angiogenesis, cellular proliferation and stem cell regeneration. Inhibition of mTORC2 formation decreased hedgehog pathway activity and attenuated all these above-mentioned events, suggesting their cross talk with each other. Further investigations revealed that mTORC2 inhibited ubiquitination of Gli2 by inactivating GSK3β, and thus it promotes stability to Gli2 and its nuclear translocation. Moreover, enhanced mTORC2 activity led to the increased clonogenic properties and CD133+ cells, indicating its role in CSC regeneration. mTORC2 inhibitor directed the reduction of hedgehog pathway proteins and also reduced CSCs. Thus, our observations support a role for elevated mTORC2 activity in regulating angiogenesis, metastasis, cellular proliferation and CSC regeneration via hedgehog pathway activity. Taken together, it provides a rationale for including the mTOR2 inhibitor as part of the therapeutic regimen for CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarpan Maiti
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Susmita Mondal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Eswara M Satyavarapu
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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103
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Hoelzl MA, Heby-Henricson K, Gerling M, Dias JM, Kuiper RV, Trünkle C, Bergström Å, Ericson J, Toftgård R, Teglund S. Differential requirement of SUFU in tissue development discovered in a hypomorphic mouse model. Dev Biol 2017; 429:132-146. [PMID: 28688895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Suppressor of Fused (SUFU) is an essential negative regulator of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway and involved in GLI transcription factor regulation. Due to early embryonic lethality of Sufu-/- mice, investigations of SUFU's role later in development are limited to conditional, tissue-specific knockout models. In this study we developed a mouse model (SufuEx456(fl)/Ex456(fl)) with hypomorphic features where embryos were viable up to E18.5, although with a spectrum of developmental defects of varying severity, including polydactyly, exencephaly and omphalocele. Development of certain tissues, like the skeleton, was more affected than that of others such as skin, which remained largely normal. Interestingly, no apparent changes in the dorso-ventral patterning of the neural tube at E9.0 could be seen. Thus, this model provides an opportunity to globally study SUFU's molecular function in organogenesis beyond E9.5. Molecularly, SufuEx456(fl)/Ex456(fl) embryos displayed aberrant mRNA splicing and drastically reduced levels of Sufu wild-type mRNA and SUFU protein in all tissues. As a consequence, at E9.5 the levels of all three different GLI proteins were reduced. Interestingly, despite the reduction of GLI3 protein levels, the critical ratio of the GLI3 full-length transcriptional activator versus GLI3 truncated repressor remained unchanged compared to wild-type embryos. This suggests that the limited amount of SUFU protein present is sufficient for GLI processing but not for stabilization. Our data demonstrate that tissue development is differentially affected in response to the reduced SUFU levels, providing novel insight regarding the requirements of different levels of SUFU for proper organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Hoelzl
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Karin Heby-Henricson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Marco Gerling
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - José M Dias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raoul V Kuiper
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Cornelius Trünkle
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Åsa Bergström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johan Ericson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rune Toftgård
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stephan Teglund
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden.
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104
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Li J, Wang C, Wu C, Cao T, Xu G, Meng Q, Wang B. PKA-mediated Gli2 and Gli3 phosphorylation is inhibited by Hedgehog signaling in cilia and reduced in Talpid3 mutant. Dev Biol 2017; 429:147-157. [PMID: 28673820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is thought to occur in primary cilia, but the molecular basis of Gli2 and Gli3 activation by Hh signaling in cilia is unknown. Similarly, how ciliary gene mutations result in reduced Gli3 processing that generates a repressor is also not clear. Here we show that Hh signaling inhibits Gli2 and Gli3 phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) in cilia. The cilia related gene Talpid3 (Ta3) mutation results in the reduced processing and phosphorylation of Gli2 and Gli3. Interestingly, Ta3 interacts and colocalizes with PKA regulatory subunit PKARIIβ at centrioles in the cell. The centriolar localization and PKA binding regions are located in the N- and C-terminal regions of Ta3, respectively. PKARIIβ fails to localize at centrioles in some Ta3 mutant cells. Therefore, our study provides the direct evidence that Gli2 and Gli3 are dephosphorylated and activated in cilia and that impaired Gli2 and Gli3 processing in Ta3 mutant is at least in part due to a decrease in Gli2 and Gli3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chengbing Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chuanqing Wu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Meng
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Baolin Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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105
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Pak E, Segal RA. Hedgehog Signal Transduction: Key Players, Oncogenic Drivers, and Cancer Therapy. Dev Cell 2017; 38:333-44. [PMID: 27554855 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway governs complex developmental processes, including proliferation and patterning within diverse tissues. These activities rely on a tightly regulated transduction system that converts graded Hh input signals into specific levels of pathway activity. Uncontrolled activation of Hh signaling drives tumor initiation and maintenance. However, recent entry of pathway-specific inhibitors into the clinic reveals mixed patient responses and thus prompts further exploration of pathway activation and inhibition. In this review, we share emerging insights into regulated and oncogenic Hh signaling, supplemented with updates on the development and use of Hh pathway-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pak
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rosalind A Segal
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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106
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Kim JJ, Jiwani T, Erwood S, Loree J, Rosenblum ND. Suppressor of fused controls cerebellar neuronal differentiation in a manner modulated by GLI3 repressor and Fgf15. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:156-169. [PMID: 28560839 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiency of Suppressor of Fused (SuFu), an intracellular mediator of Hedgehog signaling, in the murine mid-hindbrain disrupts cerebellar morphogenesis and cell differentiation in a manner that is rescued by constitutive expression of GLI3 transcriptional repressor (GLI3R). Here, we determined SuFu functions in cerebellar radial precursors following the stage of mid-hindbrain specification using a Blbp-Cre transgene. RESULTS SuFu-deficient cerebella were severely dysplastic, and characterized by laminar disorganization, and delayed differentiation of ventricular zone-derived precursors. In vitro analysis of cerebellar precursors isolated from control and mutant mice demonstrated an increased proportion of radial glial precursors vs. Tuj1-positive neurons in mutant cultures. Abnormal cell differentiation in SuFu-deficient precursors was rescued by a constitutively expressed GLI3R knock-in allele, albeit with variable penetrance. Using RNA expression analysis in control and SuFu-deficient cerebellar anlage, we identified up-regulation of Fgf15 in mutant tissue. Strikingly, exogenous hFGF19, a mFGF15 ortholog, inhibited neuronal differentiation in cultures of wild-type cerebellar precursors. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Fgf15 in SuFu-deficient cerebellar precursors rescued their delayed differentiation to neurons. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results show that SuFu promotes cerebellar radial precursor differentiation to neurons. SuFu function is mediated in part by GLI3R and down-regulation of Fgf15 expression. Developmental Dynamics 247:156-169, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny J Kim
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tayyaba Jiwani
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Erwood
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jillian Loree
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Norman D Rosenblum
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada
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107
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Mo Q, Salley J, Roshan T, Baer LA, May FJ, Jaehnig EJ, Lehnig AC, Guo X, Tong Q, Nuotio-Antar AM, Shamsi F, Tseng YH, Stanford KI, Chen MH. Identification and characterization of a supraclavicular brown adipose tissue in mice. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93166. [PMID: 28570265 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge to our understanding of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the lack of an animal model that faithfully represents human BAT. Such a model is essential for direct assessment of the function and therapeutic potential of BAT depots in humans. In human adults, most of the thermoactive BAT depots are located in the supraclavicular region of the neck, while mouse studies focus on depots located in the interscapular region of the torso. We recently discovered BAT depots that are located in a region analogous to that of human supraclavicular BAT (scBAT). Here, we report that the mouse scBAT depot has morphological characteristics of classical BAT, possesses the potential for high thermogenic activity, and expresses a gene signature that is similar to that of human scBAT. Taken together, our studies reveal a mouse BAT depot that represents human BAT and provides a unique tool for developing new translatable approaches for utilizing human scBAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxing Mo
- Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and
| | - Jordan Salley
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Center (USDA/ARS), Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tony Roshan
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Center (USDA/ARS), Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lisa A Baer
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Francis J May
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric J Jaehnig
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adam C Lehnig
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xin Guo
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Center (USDA/ARS), Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qiang Tong
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Center (USDA/ARS), Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alli M Nuotio-Antar
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Center (USDA/ARS), Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Farnaz Shamsi
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Miao-Hsueh Chen
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Center (USDA/ARS), Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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108
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HER2 in Breast Cancer Stemness: A Negative Feedback Loop towards Trastuzumab Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9050040. [PMID: 28445439 PMCID: PMC5447950 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9050040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed in approximately 20% of all breast cancers (BCs) is a poor prognosis factor and a precious target for BC therapy. Trastuzumab is approved by FDA to specifically target HER2 for treating HER2+ BC. However, about 60% of patients with HER2+ breast tumor develop de novo resistance to trastuzumab, partially due to the loss of expression of HER2 extracellular domain on their tumor cells. This is due to shedding/cleavage of HER2 by metalloproteinases (ADAMs and MMPs). HER2 shedding results in the accumulation of intracellular carboxyl-terminal HER2 (p95HER2), which is a common phenomenon in trastuzumab-resistant tumors and is suggested as a predictive marker for trastuzumab resistance. Up-regulation of the metalloproteinases is a poor prognosis factor and is commonly seen in mesenchymal-like cancer stem cells that are risen during epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. HER2 cleavage during EMT can explain why secondary metastatic tumors with high percentage of mesenchymal-like cancer stem cells are mostly resistant to trastuzumab but still sensitive to lapatinib. Importantly, many studies report HER2 interaction with oncogenic/stemness signaling pathways including TGF-β/Smad, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, JAK/STAT and Hedgehog. HER2 overexpression promotes EMT and the emergence of cancer stem cell properties in BC. Increased expression and activation of metalloproteinases during EMT leads to proteolytic cleavage and shedding of HER2 receptor, which downregulates HER2 extracellular domain and eventually increases trastuzumab resistance. Here, we review the hypothesis that a negative feedback loop between HER2 and stemness signaling drives resistance of BC to trastuzumab.
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109
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Cai H, Liu A. Spop regulates Gli3 activity and Shh signaling in dorsoventral patterning of the mouse spinal cord. Dev Biol 2017; 432:72-85. [PMID: 28412462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling regulates the patterning of ventral spinal cord through the effector Gli family of transcription factors. Previous in vitro studies showed that an E3 ubiquitin ligase containing Speckle-type POZ protein (Spop) targets Gli2 and Gli3 for ubiquitination and degradation, but the role of Spop in Shh signaling and mammalian spinal cord patterning remains unknown. Here, we show that loss of Spop does not alter spinal cord patterning, but it suppresses the loss of floor plate and V3 interneuron phenotype of Gli2 mutants, suggesting a negative role of Spop in Gli3 activator activity, Shh signaling and the specification of ventral cell fates in the spinal cord. This correlates with a moderate but significant increase in the level of Gli3 protein in the Spop mutant spinal cords. Furthermore, loss of Spop restores the maximal Shh pathway activation and ventral cell fate specification in the Gli1;Sufu double mutant spinal cord. Finally, we show that loss of Spop-like does not change the spinal cord patterning in either wild type or Spop mutants, suggesting that it does not compensate for the loss of Spop in Shh signaling and spinal cord patterning. Therefore, our results demonstrate a negative role of Spop in the level and activity of Gli3, Shh signaling and ventral spinal cord patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Cai
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Centers for Cellular Dynamics and Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Centers for Cellular Dynamics and Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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110
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Sakaue T, Fujisaki A, Nakayama H, Maekawa M, Hiyoshi H, Kubota E, Joh T, Izutani H, Higashiyama S. Neddylated Cullin 3 is required for vascular endothelial-cadherin-mediated endothelial barrier function. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:208-215. [PMID: 27987332 PMCID: PMC5329144 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial (VE)‐cadherin, a major endothelial adhesion molecule, regulates vascular permeability, and increased vascular permeability has been observed in several cancers. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the NEDD8‐Cullin E3 ligase, in maintaining barrier permeability. To this end, we investigated the effects of the inhibition of Cullin E3 ligases, by using inhibitors and knockdown techniques in HUVECs. Furthermore, we analyzed the mRNA and protein levels of the ligases by quantitative RT‐PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The results revealed that NEDD8‐conjugated Cullin 3 is required for VE‐cadherin‐mediated endothelial barrier functions. Treatment of HUVECs with MLN4924, a chemical inhibitor of the NEDD8‐activating enzyme, led to high vascular permeability due to impaired cell–cell contact. Similar results were obtained when HUVECs were treated with siRNA directed against Cullin 3, one of the target substrates of NEDD8. Immunocytochemical staining showed that both treatments equally depleted VE‐cadherin protein localized at the cell–cell borders. However, quantitative RT‐PCR showed that there was no significant difference in the VE‐cadherin mRNA levels between the treatment and control groups. In addition, cycloheximide chase assay revealed that the half‐life of VE‐cadherin protein was dramatically reduced by Cullin 3 depletion. Together, these findings suggest that neddylated Cullin 3 plays a crucial role in endothelial cell barrier function by regulating VE‐cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Sakaue
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Ayako Fujisaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Hironao Nakayama
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Masashi Maekawa
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hiyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiji Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Joh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hironori Izutani
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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111
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The CUL3-SPOP-DAXX axis is a novel regulator of VEGFR2 expression in vascular endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42845. [PMID: 28216678 PMCID: PMC5317005 DOI: 10.1038/srep42845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is an essential receptor for the homeostasis of endothelial cells. In this study, we showed that NEDD8-conjugated Cullin3 (CUL3)-based ubiquitin E3 (UbE3) ligase plays a crucial role in VEGFR2 mRNA expression. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with MLN4924, an inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme, or with CUL3 siRNA drastically lost their response to VEGF due to the intense decrease in VEGFR2 expression. Moreover, speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) and death-domain associated protein (DAXX) were involved in the CUL3 UbE3 ligase complex as a substrate adaptor and a substrate, respectively. Knockdown of SPOP and CUL3 led to the upregulation of DAXX protein and downregulation of VEGFR2 levels. These levels were inversely correlated with one another. In addition, simultaneous knockdown of SPOP and DAXX completely reversed the downregulation of VEGFR2 levels. Moreover, the CUL3-SPOP-DAXX axis had the same effects on NOTCH1, DLL4 and NRP1 expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that the CUL3-SPOP-DAXX axis plays a very important role in endothelial cell function by targeting key angiogenic regulators.
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112
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Zhang Z, Shen L, Law K, Zhang Z, Liu X, Hua H, Li S, Huang H, Yue S, Hui CC, Cheng SY. Suppressor of Fused Chaperones Gli Proteins To Generate Transcriptional Responses to Sonic Hedgehog Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:e00421-16. [PMID: 27849569 PMCID: PMC5247608 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00421-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses to the graded Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) morphogenic signal are orchestrated by three Gli genes that give rise to both transcription activators and repressors. An essential downstream regulator of the pathway, encoded by the tumor suppressor gene Suppressor of fused (Sufu), plays critical roles in the production, trafficking, and function of Gli proteins, but the mechanism remains controversial. Here, we show that Sufu is upregulated in active Shh responding tissues and accompanies Gli activators translocating into and Gli repressors out of the nucleus. Trafficking of Sufu to the primary cilium, potentiated by Gli activators but not repressors, was found to be coupled to its nuclear import. We have identified a nuclear export signal (NES) motif of Sufu in juxtaposition to the protein kinase A (PKA) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) dual phosphorylation sites and show that Sufu binds the chromatin with both Gli1 and Gli3. Close comparison of neural tube development among individual Ptch1-/-, Sufu-/-, and Ptch1-/-; Sufu-/- double mutant embryos indicates that Sufu is critical for the maximal activation of Shh signaling essential to the specification of the most-ventral neurons. These data define Sufu as a novel class of molecular chaperone required for every aspect of Gli regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longyan Shen
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kelvin Law
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zengdi Zhang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu Hua
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sanen Li
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijie Huang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shen Yue
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven Y Cheng
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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113
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Patel SS, Tomar S, Sharma D, Mahindroo N, Udayabanu M. Targeting sonic hedgehog signaling in neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:76-97. [PMID: 28088536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling influences neurogenesis and neural patterning during the development of central nervous system. Dysregulation of Shh signaling in brain leads to neurological disorders like autism spectrum disorder, depression, dementia, stroke, Parkinson's diseases, Huntington's disease, locomotor deficit, epilepsy, demyelinating disease, neuropathies as well as brain tumors. The synthesis, processing and transport of Shh ligand as well as the localization of its receptors and signal transduction in the central nervous system has been carefully reviewed. Further, we summarize the regulation of small molecule modulators of Shh pathway with potential in neurological disorders. In conclusion, further studies are warranted to demonstrate the potential of positive and negative regulators of the Shh pathway in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Sharan Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Tomar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Diksha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Malairaman Udayabanu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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114
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Zhou F, Huang D, Li Y, Hu G, Rao H, Lu Q, Luo S, Wang Y. Nek2A/SuFu feedback loop regulates Gli-mediated Hedgehog signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 50:373-380. [PMID: 28035348 PMCID: PMC5238777 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of Fused (SuFu), one of the most conserved components of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, binds Gli transcription factors and impedes activation of target gene expression in mammalian cells. Despite the central importance of SuFu in the Hh pathway, little is known about SuFu regulation. In a previous study, we identified NIMA-related expressed kinase 2A (Nek2A) as a SuFu-interacting protein. Here, we show that Nek2A stabilizes SuFu through impairing ubiquitin/proteasome degradation of SuFu. In addition, Nek2A negatively regulates target genes of Hh signaling as well as Gli2 transcriptional activity. In turn, inhibition of Hh signaling by GANT61 diminishes mRNA and protein levels of Nek2A, and Hh agonist promotes transcription of NEK2A gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Gli1 and Gli2 directly bind to the promoter regions of NEK2A gene and induced its transcription. Thus, we uncovered one of the mechanisms by which Nek2A acts as a modulator of the Hh signaling pathway in the context of a novel negative-feedback loop, which may offer new insights into Gli-mediated Hh signaling regulation in development and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhou
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Dengliang Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Hu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hai Rao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Quqin Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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115
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Dyson JM, Conduit SE, Feeney SJ, Hakim S, DiTommaso T, Fulcher AJ, Sriratana A, Ramm G, Horan KA, Gurung R, Wicking C, Smyth I, Mitchell CA. INPP5E regulates phosphoinositide-dependent cilia transition zone function. J Cell Biol 2016; 216:247-263. [PMID: 27998989 PMCID: PMC5223597 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyson et al. demonstrate that the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase INPP5E is essential for Hedgehog-dependent embryonic development. By regulating PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 signals at cilia, INPP5E contributes to cilia transition zone function and thereby Smoothened accumulation at cilia. Human ciliopathies, including Joubert syndrome (JBTS), arise from cilia dysfunction. The inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase INPP5E localizes to cilia and is mutated in JBTS. Murine Inpp5e ablation is embryonically lethal and recapitulates JBTS, including neural tube defects and polydactyly; however, the underlying defects in cilia signaling and the function of INPP5E at cilia are still emerging. We report Inpp5e−/− embryos exhibit aberrant Hedgehog-dependent patterning with reduced Hedgehog signaling. Using mouse genetics, we show increasing Hedgehog signaling via Smoothened M2 expression rescues some Inpp5e−/− ciliopathy phenotypes and “normalizes” Hedgehog signaling. INPP5E’s phosphoinositide substrates PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 accumulated at the transition zone (TZ) in Hedgehog-stimulated Inpp5e−/− cells, which was associated with reduced recruitment of TZ scaffolding proteins and reduced Smoothened levels at cilia. Expression of wild-type, but not 5-phosphatase-dead, INPP5E restored TZ molecular organization and Smoothened accumulation at cilia. Therefore, we identify INPP5E as an essential point of convergence between Hedgehog and phosphoinositide signaling at cilia that maintains TZ function and Hedgehog-dependent embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Dyson
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sarah E Conduit
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sandra J Feeney
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sandra Hakim
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tia DiTommaso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alex J Fulcher
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Absorn Sriratana
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kristy A Horan
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rajendra Gurung
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Spop promotes skeletal development and homeostasis by positively regulating Ihh signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14751-14756. [PMID: 27930311 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612520114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) regulates chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation through the Glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli) transcription factors. Previous in vitro studies suggested that Speckle-type POZ protein (Spop), part of the Cullin-3 (Cul3) ubiquitin ligase complex, targets Gli2 and Gli3 for degradation and negatively regulates Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. In this study, we found defects in chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation in Spop-null mutant mice. Strikingly, both the full-length and repressor forms of Gli3, but not Gli2, were up-regulated in Spop mutants, and Ihh target genes Patched 1 (Ptch1) and parathyroid hormone-like peptide (Pthlh) were down-regulated, indicating compromised Hh signaling. Consistent with this finding, reducing Gli3 dosage greatly rescued the Spop mutant skeletal defects. We further show that Spop directly targets the Gli3 repressor for ubiquitination and degradation. Finally, we demonstrate in a conditional mutant that loss of Spop results in brachydactyly and osteopenia, which can be rescued by reducing the dosage of Gli3. In summary, Spop is an important positive regulator of Ihh signaling and skeletal development.
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117
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Xu Q, Gao J, Li Z. Identification of a novel alternative splicing transcript variant of the suppressor of fused: Relationship with lymph node metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2611-2619. [PMID: 27840902 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal diseases, and the median survival time is very short. Upregulation of hedgehog signaling pathway activity is a vital factor in pathogenesis of PDAC. However, as a negative regulator of hedgehog signaling, it is not very clear what role the suppressor of fused (SUFU) plays in PDAC tissue. In our study for the identification of alternative splicing transcripts of SUFU gene in human PDAC cells, a novel transcript variant of SUFU (SUFUvN) was discovered by 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (3'RACE) and cDNA clone. SUFUvN contained an additional new protein-coding exon compared with the transcript variant 1 of SUFU (SUFUv1, NM_016169) published in NCBI website. The sequence of the new protein-coding exon was the same as a fragment of intron between exon 10 and 11 of SUFUv1. Thus, an exon skipping occurred in transcription of SUFUv1. Compared with the expression vector of SUFUvN transfected PDAC cells, the corresponding protein expression encoded by SUFUvN (SUFU isoform N) was detected in PDAC tissue. Furthermore, it was observed that elevated SUFUvN transcription level was related with lymph node metastasis in PDAC tissues, while neither SUFUv1 nor transcript variant 2 of SUFU (SUFUv2, NM_001178133) did. Our data indicate that there exists a novel transcript variant of SUFU which can be transcribed and translated into corresponding protein and its transcription is related with metastasis of lymph nodes in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology in Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology in Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology in Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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118
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Abstract
The casein kinase 1 (CK1) family of serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) protein kinases participates in a myriad of cellular processes including developmental signaling. Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt pathways are two major and evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that control embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Deregulation of these pathways leads to many human disorders including birth defects and cancer. Here, I review the role of CK1 in the regulation of Hh and Wnt signal transduction cascades from the membrane reception systems to the transcriptional effectors. In both Hh and Wnt pathways, multiple CK1 family members regulate signal transduction at several levels of the pathways and play either positive or negative roles depending on the signaling status, individual CK1 isoforms involved, and the specific substrates they phosphorylate. A common mechanism underlying the control of CK1-mediated phosphorylation of Hh and Wnt pathway components is the regulation of CK1/substrate interaction within large protein complexes. I will highlight this feature in the context of Hh signaling and draw interesting parallels between the Hh and Wnt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jiang
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States.
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119
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Abstract
Neural progenitors in the embryonic neocortex must be tightly regulated in order to generate the correct number and projection neuron subtypes necessary for the formation of functional neocortical circuits. In this study, we show that the intracellular protein Suppressor of Fused (Sufu) regulates the proliferation of intermediate progenitor (IP) cells at later stages of corticogenesis to affect the number of Cux1+ upper layer neurons in the postnatal neocortex. This correlates with abnormal levels of the repressor form of Gli3 (Gli3R) and the ectopic expression of Patched 1 (Ptch1), a Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) target gene. These studies reveal that the canonical role of Sufu as an inhibitor of Shh signaling is conserved at later stages of corticogenesis and that Sufu plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal number by controlling the cell cycle dynamics of IP cells in the embryonic neocortex.
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120
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Jin Z, Schwend T, Fu J, Bao Z, Liang J, Zhao H, Mei W, Yang J. Members of the Rusc protein family interact with Sufu and inhibit vertebrate Hedgehog signaling. Development 2016; 143:3944-3955. [PMID: 27633991 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is fundamentally important for development and adult tissue homeostasis. It is well established that in vertebrates Sufu directly binds and inhibits Gli proteins, the downstream mediators of Hh signaling. However, it is unclear how the inhibitory function of Sufu towards Gli is regulated. Here we report that the Rusc family of proteins, the biological functions of which are poorly understood, form a heterotrimeric complex with Sufu and Gli. Upon Hh signaling, Rusc is displaced from this complex, followed by dissociation of Gli from Sufu. In mammalian fibroblast cells, knockdown of Rusc2 potentiates Hh signaling by accelerating signaling-induced dissociation of the Sufu-Gli protein complexes. In Xenopus embryos, knockdown of Rusc1 or overexpression of a dominant-negative Rusc enhances Hh signaling during eye development, leading to severe eye defects. Our study thus uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism controlling the response of cells to Hh signaling in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Jin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Tyler Schwend
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Jia Fu
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Zehua Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wenyan Mei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Primary cilia are present on human blood and bone marrow cells and mediate Hedgehog signaling. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:1181-1187.e2. [PMID: 27612547 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are nonmotile, microtubule-based organelles that are present on the cellular membrane of all eukaryotic cells. Functional cilia are required for the response to developmental signaling pathways such as Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt/β-catenin. Although the Hh pathway has been shown to be active in leukemia and other blood cancers, there have been no reports describing the presence of primary cilia in human blood or leukemia cells. In the present study, we show that nearly all human blood and bone marrow cells have primary cilia (97-99%). In contrast, primary cilia on AML cell lines (KG1, KG1a, and K562) were less frequent (10-36% of cells) and were often shorter and dysmorphic, with less well-defined basal bodies. Finally, we show that treatment of blood cells with the Hh pathway ligand Sonic Hedgehog (SHh) causes translocation of Smoothened (SMO) to the primary cilia and activation of Hh target genes, demonstrating that primary cilia in blood cells are functional and participate in Hh signaling. Loss of primary cilia on leukemia cells may have important implications for aberrant pathway activation and response to SMO inhibitors currently in clinical development.
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122
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Control of Hedgehog Signalling by the Cilia-Regulated Proteasome. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4030027. [PMID: 29615591 PMCID: PMC5831775 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog signalling pathway is evolutionarily highly conserved and essential for embryonic development of invertebrates and vertebrates. Consequently, impaired Hedgehog signalling results in very severe human diseases, ranging from holoprosencephaly to Pallister-Hall syndrome. Due to this great importance for human health, the focus of numerous research groups is placed on the investigation of the detailed mechanisms underlying Hedgehog signalling. Today, it is known that tiny cell protrusions, known as primary cilia, are necessary to mediate Hedgehog signalling in vertebrates. Although the Hedgehog pathway is one of the best studied signalling pathways, many questions remain. One of these questions is: How do primary cilia control Hedgehog signalling in vertebrates? Recently, it was shown that primary cilia regulate a special kind of proteasome which is essential for proper Hedgehog signalling. This review article will cover this novel cilia-proteasome association in embryonic Hedgehog signalling and discuss the possibilities provided by future investigations on this topic.
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Torrado B, Graña M, Badano JL, Irigoín F. Ciliary Entry of the Hedgehog Transcriptional Activator Gli2 Is Mediated by the Nuclear Import Machinery but Differs from Nuclear Transport in Being Imp-α/β1-Independent. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162033. [PMID: 27579771 PMCID: PMC5007031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gli2 is the primary transcriptional activator of Hedgehog signalling in mammals. Upon stimulation of the pathway, Gli2 moves into the cilium before reaching the nucleus. However, the mechanisms underlying its entry into the cilium are not completely understood. Since several similarities have been reported between nuclear and ciliary import, we investigated if the nuclear import machinery participates in Gli2 ciliary entry. Here we show that while two conserved classical nuclear localization signals mediate Gli2 nuclear localization via importin (Imp)-α/β1, these sequences are not required for Gli2 ciliary import. However, blocking Imp-mediated transport through overexpression of GTP-locked Ran reduced the percentage of Gli2 positive cilia, an effect that was not explained by increased CRM1-dependent export of Gli2 from the cilium. We explored the participation of Imp-β2 in Gli2 ciliary traffic and observed that this transporter is involved in moving Gli2 into the cilium, as has been described for other ciliary proteins. In addition, our data indicate that Imp-β2 might also collaborate in Gli2 nuclear entry. How does Imp-β2 determine the final destination of a protein that can localize to two distinct subcellular compartments remains an open question. Therefore, our data shows that the nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling machinery plays a critical role mediating the subcellular distribution of Gli2 and the activation of the pathway, but distinct importins likely play a differential role mediating its ciliary and nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Torrado
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay
| | - Martín Graña
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay
| | - José L. Badano
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Irigoín
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo CP11800, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Li Y, Hu G, Huang X, Rao H, Xiong X, Luo Z, Lu Q, Luo S. Nek2A phosphorylates and stabilizes SuFu: A new strategy of Gli2/Hedgehog signaling regulatory mechanism. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1304-1313. [PMID: 27297360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Suppressor of Fused (SuFu) plays a conservative role in the regulation of the Gli transcription factors within the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Despite the central importance of SuFu in the Hh pathway, little is known about its regulation. Here, we performed a GAL4-based yeast two-hybrid screen using human SuFu as bait, and identified NIMA-related expressed kinase 2A (Nek2A) as a new SuFu-interacting protein, which was also confirmed by glutathione-S-transferase pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Intriguingly, Nek2A is found to stabilize SuFu at least partly depending on its kinase activity, thereby triggering phosphorylation of the SuFu protein. Moreover, the phosphorylated SuFu inhibits the nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of Gli2/Hh signaling. These findings reveal a new mechanism of mammalian SuFu regulation, and offers novel insights into Hh signaling regulation in development and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, China
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Guanghui Hu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Hai Rao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Quqin Lu
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, China.
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125
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Gerhardt C, Leu T, Lier JM, Rüther U. The cilia-regulated proteasome and its role in the development of ciliopathies and cancer. Cilia 2016; 5:14. [PMID: 27293550 PMCID: PMC4901515 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-016-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an essential structure for the mediation of numerous signaling pathways involved in the coordination and regulation of cellular processes essential for the development and maintenance of health. Consequently, ciliary dysfunction results in severe human diseases called ciliopathies. Since many of the cilia-mediated signaling pathways are oncogenic pathways, cilia are linked to cancer. Recent studies demonstrate the existence of a cilia-regulated proteasome and that this proteasome is involved in cancer development via the progression of oncogenic, cilia-mediated signaling. This review article investigates the association between primary cilia and cancer with particular emphasis on the role of the cilia-regulated proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gerhardt
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tristan Leu
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Maria Lier
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rüther
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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126
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Li S, Li S, Han Y, Tong C, Wang B, Chen Y, Jiang J. Regulation of Smoothened Phosphorylation and High-Level Hedgehog Signaling Activity by a Plasma Membrane Associated Kinase. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002481. [PMID: 27280464 PMCID: PMC4900676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling controls embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis through the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-family protein Smoothened (Smo). Upon stimulation, Smo accumulates on the cell surface in Drosophila or primary cilia in vertebrates, which is thought to be essential for its activation and function, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that Hh stimulates the binding of Smo to a plasma membrane-associated kinase Gilgamesh (Gish)/CK1γ and that Gish fine-tunes Hh pathway activity by phosphorylating a Ser/Thr cluster (CL-II) in the juxtamembrane region of Smo carboxyl-terminal intracellular tail (C-tail). We find that CL-II phosphorylation is promoted by protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of Smo C-tail and depends on cell surface localization of both Gish and Smo. Consistent with CL-II being critical for high-threshold Hh target gene expression, its phosphorylation appears to require higher levels of Hh or longer exposure to the same level of Hh than PKA-site phosphorylation on Smo. Furthermore, we find that vertebrate CK1γ is localized at the primary cilium to promote Smo phosphorylation and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway activation. Our study reveals a conserved mechanism whereby Hh induces a change in Smo subcellular localization to promote its association with and activation by a plasma membrane localized kinase, and provides new insight into how Hh morphogen progressively activates Smo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chao Tong
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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127
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Marzahn MR, Marada S, Lee J, Nourse A, Kenrick S, Zhao H, Ben-Nissan G, Kolaitis RM, Peters JL, Pounds S, Errington WJ, Privé GG, Taylor JP, Sharon M, Schuck P, Ogden SK, Mittag T. Higher-order oligomerization promotes localization of SPOP to liquid nuclear speckles. EMBO J 2016; 35:1254-75. [PMID: 27220849 PMCID: PMC4910529 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-less organelles in cells are large, dynamic protein/protein or protein/RNA assemblies that have been reported in some cases to have liquid droplet properties. However, the molecular interactions underlying the recruitment of components are not well understood. Herein, we study how the ability to form higher-order assemblies influences the recruitment of the speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) to nuclear speckles. SPOP, a cullin-3-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL3) substrate adaptor, self-associates into higher-order oligomers; that is, the number of monomers in an oligomer is broadly distributed and can be large. While wild-type SPOP localizes to liquid nuclear speckles, self-association-deficient SPOP mutants have a diffuse distribution in the nucleus. SPOP oligomerizes through its BTB and BACK domains. We show that BTB-mediated SPOP dimers form linear oligomers via BACK domain dimerization, and we determine the concentration-dependent populations of the resulting oligomeric species. Higher-order oligomerization of SPOP stimulates CRL3(SPOP) ubiquitination efficiency for its physiological substrate Gli3, suggesting that nuclear speckles are hotspots of ubiquitination. Dynamic, higher-order protein self-association may be a general mechanism to concentrate functional components in membrane-less cellular bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Marzahn
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Suresh Marada
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jihun Lee
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amanda Nourse
- Molecular Interaction Analysis Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Huaying Zhao
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gili Ben-Nissan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Regina-Maria Kolaitis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer L Peters
- Department of Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stanley Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Gilbert G Privé
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michal Sharon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Peter Schuck
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stacey K Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tanja Mittag
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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128
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Fu L, Wu H, Cheng SY, Gao D, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Set7 mediated Gli3 methylation plays a positive role in the activation of Sonic Hedgehog pathway in mammals. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27146893 PMCID: PMC4884081 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays very important roles in development and cancers. Vertebrates have three transcriptional factors, Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3. Among them, Gli3 is a very special transcriptional factor which closely resembles Cubitus interruptus (Ci, in Drosophila) structurally and functionally as a ‘double agent’ for Shh target gene expression. Here we show that Gli3 full-length, but not the truncated form, can be methylated at K436 and K595. This methylation is specifically catalyzed by Set7, a lysine methyltransferase (KMT). Methylation at K436 and K595 respectively increases the stability and DNA binding ability of Gli3, resulting in an enhancement of Shh signaling activation. Furthermore, functional experiments indicate that the Gli3 methylation contributes to the tumor growth and metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we propose that Set7 mediated methylation is a novel PTM of Gli3, which positively regulates the transactivity of Gli3 and the activation of Shh signaling. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15690.001 Cells in mammals need to be able to communicate with each other to enable them to work together in tissues and organs. A signaling pathway called Hedgehog signaling plays a crucial role in carrying information between cells in developing embryos, but if it is active at other times it can also promote the development of cancers. The Hedgehog signaling pathway regulates the activity of several proteins, including one called Gli3. When the Hedgehog signaling pathway is not active, Gli3 is able to switch off certain genes in the cells. On the other hand, when the signaling pathway is active, Gli3 changes shape so that it is able to activate its target genes instead. It is thought that this shape change is triggered by the addition (or removal) of chemical tags to Gli3. So far, researchers have reported that several different types of chemical tags can modify the activity of Gli3. However, it is not clear whether another type of chemical tag – known as a methyl tag – is involved in regulating Gli3. Fu et al. studied Hedgehog signaling in mice. The experiments show that an enzyme called Set7 can modify Gli3 by adding methyl tags to certain sites in the protein. This modification makes the protein’s structure more stable and helps it to bind to the target genes. Further experiments show that these methyl groups contribute to the progression of lung cancer. Fu et al.’s findings expand our understanding of how chemical tags can alter the cells’ response to Hedgehog signaling activity. Future challenges are to understand exactly how Set7 and Gli3 interact and to develop drugs that can block this interaction, which may have the potential to treat cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15690.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Steven Y Cheng
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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129
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Emechebe U, Kumar P P, Rozenberg JM, Moore B, Firment A, Mirshahi T, Moon AM. T-box3 is a ciliary protein and regulates stability of the Gli3 transcription factor to control digit number. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27046536 PMCID: PMC4829432 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial roles for T-box3 in development are evident by severe limb malformations and other birth defects caused by T-box3 mutations in humans. Mechanisms whereby T-box3 regulates limb development are poorly understood. We discovered requirements for T-box at multiple stages of mouse limb development and distinct molecular functions in different tissue compartments. Early loss of T-box3 disrupts limb initiation, causing limb defects that phenocopy Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) mutants. Later ablation of T-box3 in posterior limb mesenchyme causes digit loss. In contrast, loss of anterior T-box3 results in preaxial polydactyly, as seen with dysfunction of primary cilia or Gli3-repressor. Remarkably, T-box3 is present in primary cilia where it colocalizes with Gli3. T-box3 interacts with Kif7 and is required for normal stoichiometry and function of a Kif7/Sufu complex that regulates Gli3 stability and processing. Thus, T-box3 controls digit number upstream of Shh-dependent (posterior mesenchyme) and Shh-independent, cilium-based (anterior mesenchyme) Hedgehog pathway function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07897.001 Mutations in the gene that encodes a protein called T-box3 cause serious birth defects, including deformities of the hands and feet, via poorly understood mechanisms. Several other proteins are also important for ensuring that limbs develop correctly. These include the Sonic Hedgehog protein, which controls a signaling pathway that determines whether a protein called Gli3 is converted into its “repressor” form. The hair-like structures called primary cilia that sit on the surface of animal cells also contain Gli3, and processes within these structures control the production of the Gli3-repressor. Emechebe, Kumar et al. have now studied genetically engineered mice in which the production of the T-box3 protein was stopped at different stages of mouse development. This revealed that turning off T-box3 production early in development causes many parts of the limb not to form. This type of defect appears to be the same as that seen in mice that lack the Sonic Hedgehog protein. If the production of T-box3 is turned off later in mouse development in the rear portion of the developing limb, the limb starts to develop but doesn’t develop enough rear toes. When T-box3 production is turned off in the front portion of the developing limbs, mice are born with too many front toes. This latter problem mimics the effects seen in mice that are unable to produce Gli3-repressor or that have defective primary cilia. Further investigation unexpectedly revealed that T-box3 is found in primary cilia and localizes to the same regions of the cilia as the Gli3-repressor. Furthermore, T-box3 also interacts with a protein complex that controls the stability of Gli3 and processes it into the Gli3-repressor form. In the future, it will be important to determine how T-box3 controls the stability of Gli3 and whether that process occurs in the primary cilia or in other parts of the cell where T-box3 and Gli3 coexist, such as the nucleus. This could help us understand how T-box3 and Sonic Hedgehog signaling contribute to other aspects of development and to certain types of cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07897.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna Emechebe
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Pavan Kumar P
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States
| | | | - Bryn Moore
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States
| | - Ashley Firment
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States
| | - Tooraj Mirshahi
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States
| | - Anne M Moon
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States.,Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
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130
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Gorojankina T. Hedgehog signaling pathway: a novel model and molecular mechanisms of signal transduction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1317-32. [PMID: 26762301 PMCID: PMC11108571 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has numerous roles in the control of cell proliferation, tissue patterning and stem cell maintenance. In spite of intensive study, the mechanisms of Hh signal transduction are not completely understood. Here I review published data and present a novel model of vertebrate Hh signaling suggesting that Smoothened (Smo) functions as a G-protein-coupled receptor in cilia. This is the first model to propose molecular mechanisms for the major steps of Hh signaling, including inhibition of Smo by Patched, Smo activation, and signal transduction from active Smo to Gli transcription factors. It also suggests a novel role for the negative pathway regulators Sufu and PKA in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gorojankina
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 32/33, CNRS, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay, France.
- CNRS UMR3347, 91400, Orsay, France.
- Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France.
- INSERM U1021, 91400, Orsay, France.
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131
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Pal K, Hwang SH, Somatilaka B, Badgandi H, Jackson PK, DeFea K, Mukhopadhyay S. Smoothened determines β-arrestin-mediated removal of the G protein-coupled receptor Gpr161 from the primary cilium. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:861-75. [PMID: 27002170 PMCID: PMC4810300 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes in membrane protein composition of the primary cilium are central to development and homeostasis, but we know little about mechanisms regulating membrane protein flux. Stimulation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway in vertebrates results in accumulation and activation of the effector Smoothened within cilia and concomitant disappearance of a negative regulator, the orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), Gpr161. Here, we describe a two-step process determining removal of Gpr161 from cilia. The first step involves β-arrestin recruitment by the signaling competent receptor, which is facilitated by the GPCR kinase Grk2. An essential factor here is the ciliary trafficking and activation of Smoothened, which by increasing Gpr161-β-arrestin binding promotes Gpr161 removal, both during resting conditions and upon Shh pathway activation. The second step involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which functions outside of the ciliary compartment in coordinating Gpr161 removal. Mechanisms determining dynamic compartmentalization of Gpr161 in cilia define a new paradigm for down-regulation of GPCRs during developmental signaling from a specialized subcellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Pal
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sun-Hee Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bandarigoda Somatilaka
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Hemant Badgandi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Peter K Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kathryn DeFea
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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132
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Chiarenza A, Manetti F, Petricci E, Ruat M, Naldini A, Taddei M, Carraro F. Novel Acylguanidine Derivatives Targeting Smoothened Induce Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Effects in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149919. [PMID: 26934052 PMCID: PMC4774938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most relevant therapeutic approaches to treat CML rely on the administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) like Imatinib, which are able to counteract the activity of Bcr-Abl protein increasing patient's life expectancy and survival. Unfortunately, there are some issues TKIs are not able to address; first of all TKIs are not so effective in increasing survival of patients in blast crisis, second they are not able to eradicate leukemic stem cells (LSC) which represent the major cause of disease relapse, and third patients often develop resistance to TKIs due to mutations in the drug binding site. For all these reasons it's of primary interest to find alternative strategies to treat CML. Literature shows that Hedgehog signaling pathway is involved in LSC maintenance, and pharmacological inhibition of Smoothened (SMO), one of the key molecules of the pathway, has been demonstrated to reduce Bcr-Abl positive bone marrow cells and LSC. Consequently, targeting SMO could be a promising way to develop a new treatment strategy for CML overcoming the limitations of current therapies. In our work we have tested some compounds able to inhibit SMO, and among them MRT92 appears to be a very potent SMO antagonist. We found that almost all our compounds were able to reduce Gli1 protein levels in K-562 and in KU-812 CML cell lines. Furthermore, they were also able to increase Gli1 and SMO RNA levels, and to reduce cell proliferation and induce apoptosis/autophagy in both the tested cell lines. Finally, we demonstrated that our compounds were able to modulate the expression of some miRNAs related to Hedgehog pathway such as miR-324-5p and miR-326. Being Hedgehog pathway deeply implicated in the mechanisms of CML we may conclude that it could be a good therapeutic target for CML and our compounds seem to be promising antagonists of such pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Blast Crisis/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Smoothened Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Chiarenza
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Petricci
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Martial Ruat
- CNRS, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris- Saclay Institute, Molecules Circuits Department, Signal Transduction and Developmental Neuropharmacology Team, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antonella Naldini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taddei
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Carraro
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
- * E-mail:
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133
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Yan Z, Xu L, Zhang J, Lu Q, Luo S, Xu L. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 stabilizes transcription factor Gli2 and enhances the activity of Hedgehog signaling in hepatocellular cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:466-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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134
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Bhattacharyya S, Rainey MA, Arya P, Mohapatra BC, Mushtaq I, Dutta S, George M, Storck MD, McComb RD, Muirhead D, Todd GL, Gould K, Datta K, Gelineau-van Waes J, Band V, Band H. Endocytic recycling protein EHD1 regulates primary cilia morphogenesis and SHH signaling during neural tube development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20727. [PMID: 26884322 PMCID: PMC4756679 DOI: 10.1038/srep20727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the four-member C-terminal EPS15-Homology Domain-containing (EHD) protein family play crucial roles in endocytic recycling of cell surface receptors from endosomes to the plasma membrane. In this study, we show that Ehd1 gene knockout in mice on a predominantly B6 background is embryonic lethal. Ehd1-null embryos die at mid-gestation with a failure to complete key developmental processes including neural tube closure, axial turning and patterning of the neural tube. We found that Ehd1-null embryos display short and stubby cilia on the developing neuroepithelium at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5). Loss of EHD1 also deregulates the ciliary SHH signaling with Ehd1-null embryos displaying features indicative of increased SHH signaling, including a significant downregulation in the formation of the GLI3 repressor and increase in the ventral neuronal markers specified by SHH. Using Ehd1-null MEFS we found that EHD1 protein co-localizes with the SHH receptor Smoothened in the primary cilia upon ligand stimulation. Under the same conditions, EHD1 was shown to co-traffic with Smoothened into the developing primary cilia and we identify EHD1 as a direct binding partner of Smoothened. Overall, our studies identify the endocytic recycling regulator EHD1 as a novel regulator of the primary cilium-associated trafficking of Smoothened and Hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mark A Rainey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Priyanka Arya
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Samikshan Dutta
- The Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Manju George
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew D Storck
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rodney D McComb
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David Muirhead
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gordon L Todd
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Karen Gould
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- The Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Vimla Band
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hamid Band
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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135
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D'Amico D, Antonucci L, Di Magno L, Coni S, Sdruscia G, Macone A, Miele E, Infante P, Di Marcotullio L, De Smaele E, Ferretti E, Ciapponi L, Giangaspero F, Yates JR, Agostinelli E, Cardinali B, Screpanti I, Gulino A, Canettieri G. Non-canonical Hedgehog/AMPK-Mediated Control of Polyamine Metabolism Supports Neuronal and Medulloblastoma Cell Growth. Dev Cell 2016; 35:21-35. [PMID: 26460945 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Developmental Hedgehog signaling controls proliferation of cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs), and its aberrant activation is a leading cause of medulloblastoma. We show here that Hedgehog promotes polyamine biosynthesis in GCPs by engaging a non-canonical axis leading to the translation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). This process is governed by AMPK, which phosphorylates threonine 173 of the zinc finger protein CNBP in response to Hedgehog activation. Phosphorylated CNBP increases its association with Sufu, followed by CNBP stabilization, ODC translation, and polyamine biosynthesis. Notably, CNBP, ODC, and polyamines are elevated in Hedgehog-dependent medulloblastoma, and genetic or pharmacological inhibition of this axis efficiently blocks Hedgehog-dependent proliferation of medulloblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Together, these data illustrate an auxiliary mechanism of metabolic control by a morphogenic pathway with relevant implications in development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide D'Amico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy; Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Laura Di Magno
- Center for Life Nanoscience@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Sonia Coni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Giulia Sdruscia
- Center for Life Nanoscience@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Evelina Miele
- Center for Life Nanoscience@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Paola Infante
- Center for Life Nanoscience@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Marcotullio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy; Center for Life Nanoscience@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy; Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Laura Ciapponi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological, and Pathological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy; Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cardinali
- Cellular Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council, Monterotondo 00016, Italy
| | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy; Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Alberto Gulino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy; Center for Life Nanoscience@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy.
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136
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Liu JAJ, Lai FPL, Gui HS, Sham MH, Tam PKH, Garcia-Barcelo MM, Hui CC, Ngan ESW. Identification of GLI Mutations in Patients With Hirschsprung Disease That Disrupt Enteric Nervous System Development in Mice. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1837-1848.e5. [PMID: 26261006 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hirschsprung disease is characterized by a deficit in enteric neurons, which are derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). Aberrant hedgehog signaling disrupts NCC differentiation and might cause Hirschsprung disease. We performed genetic analyses to determine whether hedgehog signaling is involved in pathogenesis. METHODS We performed deep-target sequencing of DNA from 20 patients with Hirschsprung disease (16 men, 4 women), and 20 individuals without (controls), and searched for mutation(s) in GLI1, GLI2, GLI3, SUFU, and SOX10. Biological effects of GLI mutations were tested in luciferase reporter assays using HeLa or neuroblastoma cell lines. Development of the enteric nervous system was studied in Sufu(f/f), Gli3(Δ699), Wnt1-Cre, and Sox10(NGFP) mice using immunohistochemical and whole-mount staining procedures to quantify enteric neurons and glia and analyze axon fasciculation, respectively. NCC migration was studied using time-lapse imaging. RESULTS We identified 3 mutations in GLI in 5 patients with Hirschsprung disease but no controls; all lead to increased transcription of SOX10 in cell lines. SUFU, GLI, and SOX10 form a regulatory loop that controls the neuronal vs glial lineages and migration of NCCs. Sufu mutants mice had high Gli activity, due to loss of Sufu, disrupting the regulatory loop and migration of enteric NCCs, leading to defective axonal fasciculation, delayed gut colonization, or intestinal hypoganglionosis. The ratio of enteric neurons to glia correlated inversely with Gli activity. CONCLUSIONS We identified mutations that increase GLI activity in patients with Hirschsprung disease. Disruption of the SUFU-GLI-SOX10 regulatory loop disrupts migration of NCCs and development of the enteric nervous system in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ai-Jia Liu
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Frank Pui-Ling Lai
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hong-Sheng Gui
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Center for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Mai-Har Sham
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Kwong-Hang Tam
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elly Sau-Wai Ngan
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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137
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A positive feedback loop between Gli1 and tyrosine kinase Hck amplifies shh signaling activities in medulloblastoma. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e176. [PMID: 26619401 PMCID: PMC4670963 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is critical during normal development, and the abnormal activation of the Shh pathway is involved in many human cancers. As a target gene of the Shh pathway and as a transcription activator downstream of Shh signaling, Gli1 autoregulates and increases Shh signaling output. Gli1 is one of the key oncogenic factors in Shh-induced tumors such as medulloblastoma. Gli1 is posttranslationally modified, but the nature of the active form of Gli1 was unclear. Here we identified a Src family kinase Hck as a novel activator of Gli1. In Shh-responsive NIH3T3 cells, Hck interacts with Gli1 and phosphorylates multiple tyrosine residues in Gli1. Gli1-mediated target gene activation was significantly enhanced by Hck with both kinase activity-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We provide evidence showing that Hck disrupts the interaction between Gli1 and its inhibitor Sufu. In both NIH3T3 cells and cerebellum granule neuron precursors, the Hck gene is also a direct target of Gli1. Therefore, Gli1 and Hck form a positive feedback loop that amplifies Shh signaling transcription outcomes. In Shh-induced medulloblastoma, Hck is highly expressed and Gli1 is tyrosine phosphorylated, which may enhance the tumorigenic effects of the Gli1 oncogene. RNAi-mediated inhibition of Hck expression significantly repressed medulloblastoma cell growth. In summary, a novel positive feedback loop contributes to maximal Gli1 oncogenic activities in Shh-induced tumors such as medulloblastoma.
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138
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Suppressor of fused (Sufu) represses Gli1 transcription and nuclear accumulation, inhibits glioma cell proliferation, invasion and vasculogenic mimicry, improving glioma chemo-sensitivity and prognosis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11681-94. [PMID: 25373737 PMCID: PMC4294353 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma are highly aggressive brain tumors with poor prognosis. While various dysregulation of signaling pathways in gliomas have been described, the identification of biomarkers and therapy targets remains an important task for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Here we described that the Suppressor of fused (also known as Sufu) is significantly down-regulated in high-grade gliomas, correlating with a poor prognosis. We demonstrated that ectopic expression of Sufu inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and vasculogenic mimicry. In addition, overexpression of Sufu reduced Gli reporter gene transcription activity and prevented Gli1 nuclear accumulation, whereas knockdown of Sufu reversed these effects. Furthermore, overexpressed Sufu sensitized glioblastoma to Temozolomide and Cyclopamine. Thus, Sufu is potential tumor suppressor and therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
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139
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Schneider P, Miguel Bayo-Fina J, Singh R, Kumar Dhanyamraju P, Holz P, Baier A, Fendrich V, Ramaswamy A, Baumeister S, Martinez ED, Lauth M. Identification of a novel actin-dependent signal transducing module allows for the targeted degradation of GLI1. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8023. [PMID: 26310823 PMCID: PMC4552080 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Down syndrome-associated DYRK1A kinase has been reported as a stimulator of the developmentally important Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, but cells from Down syndrome patients paradoxically display reduced Hh signalling activity. Here we find that DYRK1A stimulates GLI transcription factor activity through phosphorylation of general nuclear localization clusters. In contrast, in vivo and in vitro experiments reveal that DYRK1A kinase can also function as an inhibitor of endogenous Hh signalling by negatively regulating ABLIM proteins, the actin cytoskeleton and the transcriptional co-activator MKL1 (MAL). As a final effector of the DYRK1A-ABLIM-actin-MKL1 sequence, we identify the MKL1 interactor Jumonji domain demethylase 1A (JMJD1A) as a novel Hh pathway component stabilizing the GLI1 protein in a demethylase-independent manner. Furthermore, a Jumonji-specific small-molecule antagonist represents a novel and powerful inhibitor of Hh signal transduction by inducing GLI1 protein degradation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University, Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Hans-Meerwein-Street 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Juan Miguel Bayo-Fina
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8593, USA
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University, Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Hans-Meerwein-Street 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Pavan Kumar Dhanyamraju
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University, Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Hans-Meerwein-Street 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Holz
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University, Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Hans-Meerwein-Street 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Aninja Baier
- Department of Surgery, Philipps University, Baldingerstraße 1, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Volker Fendrich
- Department of Surgery, Philipps University, Baldingerstraße 1, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Ramaswamy
- Department of Pathology, Philipps University, Baldingerstraße 1, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Baumeister
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth D. Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8593, USA
| | - Matthias Lauth
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University, Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Hans-Meerwein-Street 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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140
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Oh S, Kato M, Zhang C, Guo Y, Beachy PA. A Comparison of Ci/Gli Activity as Regulated by Sufu in Drosophila and Mammalian Hedgehog Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135804. [PMID: 26271100 PMCID: PMC4536226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of fused (Su(fu)/Sufu), one of the most conserved components of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, binds Ci/Gli transcription factors and impedes activation of target gene expression. In Drosophila, the Su(fu) mutation has a minimal phenotype, and we show here that Ci transcriptional activity in large part is regulated independently of Su(fu) by other pathway components. Mutant mice lacking Sufu in contrast show excessive pathway activity and die as embryos with patterning defects. Here we show that in cultured cells Hh stimulation can augment transcriptional activity of a Gli2 variant lacking Sufu interaction and, surprisingly, that regulation of Hh pathway targets is nearly normal in the neural tube of Sufu-/- mutant embryos that also lack Gli1 function. Some degree of Hh-induced transcriptional activation of Ci/Gli thus can occur independently of Sufu in both flies and mammals. We further note that Sufu loss can also reduce Hh induction of high-threshold neural tube fates, such as floor plate, suggesting a possible positive pathway role for Sufu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekyung Oh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masaki Kato
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yurong Guo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Beachy
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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141
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Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis revealed SUFU suppression of acute graft-versus-host disease through downregulation of HLA-DR expression in recipient dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11098. [PMID: 26067905 PMCID: PMC4464079 DOI: 10.1038/srep11098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To identify recipient risk factors, a genome-wide study was performed including 481,820 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Two GVHD susceptibility loci (rs17114803 and rs17114808) within the SUFU gene were identified in the discovery cohort (p = 2.85 × 10−5). The incidence of acute GVHD among patients homozygous for CC at SUFU rs17114808 was 69%, which was significantly higher than the 8% rate observed in CT heterozygous patients (p = 0.0002). In an independent validation cohort of 100 patients, 50% of the patients with the CC genotype developed GVHD compared to 8% of the patients with either CT or TT genotype (p = 0.01). In comparison to CC dendritic cells, those from CT expressed higher levels of SUFU mRNA and protein, had lower levels of surface HLA-DR, and induced less allogeneic mixed leukocyte response (MLR). Ectopic expression of SUFU in THP-1 derived DCs reduced HLA-DR expression and suppressed MLR, whereas silencing of SUFU enhanced HLA-DR expression and increased MLR. Thus our findings provide novel evidence that recipient SUFU germline polymorphism is associated with acute GVHD and is a novel molecular target for GVHD prevention and treatment.
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142
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Hsia EYC, Gui Y, Zheng X. Regulation of Hedgehog signaling by ubiquitination. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2015; 10:203-220. [PMID: 26366162 PMCID: PMC4564008 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-015-1343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays crucial roles both in embryonic development and in adult stem cell function. The timing, duration and location of Hh signaling activity need to be tightly controlled. Abnormalities of Hh signal transduction lead to birth defects or malignant tumors. Recent data point to ubiquitination-related posttranslational modifications of several key Hh pathway components as an important mechanism of regulation of the Hh pathway. Here we review how ubiquitination regulates the localization, stability and activity of the key Hh signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Y. C. Hsia
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Yirui Gui
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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143
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Suppressor of Fused Is Required for Determining Digit Number and Identity via Gli3/Fgfs/Gremlin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128006. [PMID: 26001200 PMCID: PMC4441507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior-posterior patterning of the vertebrate limb bud requires closely coordinated signaling interactions, including Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)-mediated counteraction of the Gli3 transcription factor in the distal and posterior mesenchyme of the limb bud. Suppressor of Fused (Sufu), an intracellular negative regulator of Shh signaling via Gli2 and Gli3, is implicated in early development of the mouse limb bud. However, how Sufu is involved in the genetic regulation of limb bud patterning still remains elusive. In this study, we show that the conditional deletion of Sufu in the mesenchyme of the early limb bud results in polydactyly with loss of digit identity and supernumerary bones in the wrist and the ankle. These pattern alterations are associated with anterior expansion of HoxD genes located at the 5’ end of the cluster. By focusing on gene expression analysis of Shh/Gremlin1/Fgf signaling critical for the establishment and maintenance of anterior-posterior patterning, we show that early response to loss of Sufu involves anterior prolongation of Fgf4 and Fgf8 expression in the apical ectodermal ridge at E10.5. We also reveal the anterior activation of Shh-dependent posterior markers Ptc1, Gli1 and Gremlin in limb buds lacking Sufu. Furthermore, we find that loss of Sufu leads to attenuated levels of repressor Gli2 and repressor Gli3 in the early limb bud. Moreover, expression of Hand2 is activated in the entire limb bud at the early outgrowth stage in the mutant lacking Sufu. Thus, we provide evidence that Sufu is involved in the genetic network that restricts the posterior expression of Gli2/3/Hand2 and Gremlin/Fgf in limb bud patterning.
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144
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Multisite interaction with Sufu regulates Ci/Gli activity through distinct mechanisms in Hh signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6383-8. [PMID: 25941387 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421628112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein Suppressor of fused (Sufu) plays a conserved role in the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by inhibiting Cubitus interruptus (Ci)/Glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli) transcription factors, but the molecular mechanism by which Sufu inhibits Ci/Gli activity remains poorly understood. Here we show that Sufu can bind Ci/Gli through a C-terminal Sufu-interacting site (SIC) in addition to a previously identified N-terminal site (SIN), and that both SIC and SIN are required for optimal inhibition of Ci/Gli by Sufu. We show that Sufu can sequester Ci/Gli in the cytoplasm through binding to SIN while inhibiting Ci/Gli activity in the nucleus depending on SIC. We also find that binding of Sufu to SIC and the middle region of Ci can impede recruitment of the transcriptional coactivator CBP by masking its binding site in the C-terminal region of Ci. Indeed, moving the CBP-binding site to an "exposed" location can render Ci resistant to Sufu-mediated inhibition in the nucleus. Hence, our study identifies a previously unidentified and conserved Sufu-binding motif in the C-terminal region of Ci/Gli and provides mechanistic insight into how Sufu inhibits Ci/Gli activity in the nucleus.
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145
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Lin C, Yao E, Chuang PT. A conserved MST1/2-YAP axis mediates Hippo signaling during lung growth. Dev Biol 2015; 403:101-13. [PMID: 25912685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hippo signaling is a critical player in controlling the growth of several tissues and organs in diverse species. The current model of Hippo signaling postulates a cascade of kinase activity initiated by the MST1/2 kinases in response to external stimuli. This leads to inactivation of the transcriptional coactivators, YAP/TAZ, due to their cytoplasmic retention and degradation that is correlated with YAP/TAZ phosphorylation. In most tissues examined, YAP plays a more dominant role than TAZ. Whether a conserved Hippo pathway is utilized during lung growth and development is unclear. In particular, the regulatory relationship between MST1/2 and YAP/TAZ in the lung remains controversial. By employing the Shh-Cre mouse line to efficiently inactivate genes in the lung epithelium, we show that loss of MST1/2 kinases in the epithelium can lead to neonatal lethality caused by lung defects. This is manifested by perturbation of lung epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. These phenotypes are more severe than those produced by Nkx2.1-Cre, highlighting the effects of differential Cre activity on phenotypic outcomes. Importantly, expression of YAP targets is upregulated and the ratio of phospho-YAP to total YAP protein levels is reduced in Mst1/2-deficient lungs, all of which are consistent with a negative role of MST1/2 in controlling YAP function. This model gains further support from both in vivo and in vitro studies. Genetic removal of one allele of Yap or one copy of both Yap and Taz rescues neonatal lethality and lung phenotypes due to loss of Mst1/2. Moreover, knockdown of Yap in lung epithelial cell lines restores diminished alveolar marker expression caused by Mst1/2 inactivation. These results demonstrate that MST1/2 inhibit YAP/TAZ activity and establish a conserved MST1/2-YAP axis in coordinating lung growth during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwen Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
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146
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Cell-autonomous activation of Hedgehog signaling inhibits brown adipose tissue development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5069-74. [PMID: 25848030 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420978112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent studies have shown that brown adipose tissue (BAT) arises from progenitor cells that also give rise to skeletal muscle, the developmental signals that control the formation of BAT remain largely unknown. Here, we show that brown preadipocytes possess primary cilia and can respond to Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Furthermore, cell-autonomous activation of Hh signaling blocks early brown-preadipocyte differentiation, inhibits BAT formation in vivo, and results in replacement of neck BAT with poorly differentiated skeletal muscle. Finally, we show that Hh signaling inhibits BAT formation partially through up-regulation of chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII). Taken together, our studies uncover a previously unidentified role for Hh as an inhibitor of BAT development.
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147
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Cohen M, Kicheva A, Ribeiro A, Blassberg R, Page KM, Barnes CP, Briscoe J. Ptch1 and Gli regulate Shh signalling dynamics via multiple mechanisms. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6709. [PMID: 25833741 PMCID: PMC4396374 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate neural tube, the morphogen Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) establishes a characteristic pattern of gene expression. Here we quantify the Shh gradient in the developing mouse neural tube and show that while the amplitude of the gradient increases over time, the activity of the pathway transcriptional effectors, Gli proteins, initially increases but later decreases. Computational analysis of the pathway suggests three mechanisms that could contribute to this adaptation: transcriptional upregulation of the inhibitory receptor Ptch1, transcriptional downregulation of Gli and the differential stability of active and inactive Gli isoforms. Consistent with this, Gli2 protein expression is downregulated during neural tube patterning and adaptation continues when the pathway is stimulated downstream of Ptch1. Moreover, the Shh-induced upregulation of Gli2 transcription prevents Gli activity levels from adapting in a different cell type, NIH3T3 fibroblasts, despite the upregulation of Ptch1. Multiple mechanisms therefore contribute to the intracellular dynamics of Shh signalling, resulting in different signalling dynamics in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cohen
- MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Anna Kicheva
- MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Ana Ribeiro
- MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Robert Blassberg
- MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Karen M Page
- Department of Mathematics and CoMPLEX, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Chris P Barnes
- 1] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK [2] Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James Briscoe
- MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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148
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Liu J, Zeng H, Liu A. The loss of Hh responsiveness by a non-ciliary Gli2 variant. Development 2015; 142:1651-60. [PMID: 25834022 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is crucial for vertebrate development and physiology. Gli2, the primary effector of Hedgehog signaling, localizes to the tip of the primary cilium, but the importance of its ciliary localization remains unclear. We address the roles of Gli2 ciliary localization by replacing endogenous Gli2 with Gli2(ΔCLR), a Gli2 variant not localizing to the cilium. The resulting Gli2(ΔCLRKI) and Gli2(ΔCLRKI);Gli3 double mutants resemble Gli2-null and Gli2;Gli3 double mutants, respectively, suggesting the lack of Gli2(ΔCLR) activation in development. Significantly, Gli2(ΔCLR) cannot be activated either by pharmacochemical activation of Smo in vitro or by loss of Ptch1 in vivo. Finally, Gli2(ΔCLR) exhibits strong transcriptional activator activity in the absence of Sufu, suggesting that the lack of its activation in vivo results from a specific failure in relieving the inhibitory function of Sufu. Our results provide strong evidence that the ciliary localization of Gli2 is crucial for cilium-dependent activation of Hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Huiqing Zeng
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Center for Cellular Dynamics, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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149
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An in vivo chemical genetic screen identifies phosphodiesterase 4 as a pharmacological target for hedgehog signaling inhibition. Cell Rep 2015; 11:43-50. [PMID: 25818300 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays an integral role in vertebrate development, and its dysregulation has been accepted widely as a driver of numerous malignancies. While a variety of small molecules target Smoothened (Smo) as a strategy for Hh inhibition, Smo gain-of-function mutations have limited their clinical implementation. Modulation of targets downstream of Smo could define a paradigm for treatment of Hh-dependent cancers. Here, we describe eggmanone, a small molecule identified from a chemical genetic zebrafish screen, which induced an Hh-null phenotype. Eggmanone exerts its Hh-inhibitory effects through selective antagonism of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), leading to protein kinase A activation and subsequent Hh blockade. Our study implicates PDE4 as a target for Hh inhibition, suggests an improved strategy for Hh-dependent cancer therapy, and identifies a unique probe of downstream-of-Smo Hh modulation.
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150
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Makino S, Zhulyn O, Mo R, Puviindran V, Zhang X, Murata T, Fukumura R, Ishitsuka Y, Kotaki H, Matsumaru D, Ishii S, Hui CC, Gondo Y. T396I mutation of mouse Sufu reduces the stability and activity of Gli3 repressor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119455. [PMID: 25760946 PMCID: PMC4356511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is primarily transduced by two transcription factors: Gli2, which mainly acts as a full-length activator, and Gli3, which tends to be proteolytically processed from a full-length form (Gli3FL) to an N-terminal repressor (Gli3REP). Recent studies using a Sufu knockout mouse have indicated that Sufu is involved in regulating Gli2 and Gli3 activator and repressor activity at multiple steps of the signaling cascade; however, the mechanism of specific Gli2 and Gli3 regulation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we established an allelic series of ENU-induced mouse strains. Analysis of one of the missense alleles, SufuT396I, showed that Thr396 residue of Sufu played a key role in regulation of Gli3 activity. SufuT396I/T396I embryos exhibited severe polydactyly, which is indicative of compromised Gli3 activity. Concomitantly, significant quantitative reductions of unprocessed Gli3 (Gli3FL) and processed Gli3 (Gli3REP) were observed in vivo as well as in vitro. Genetic experiments showed that patterning defects in the limb buds of SufuT396I/T396I were rescued by a constitutive Gli3REP allele (Gli3∆699), strongly suggesting that SufuT396I reduced the truncated Gli3 repressor. In contrast, SufuT396I qualitatively exhibited no mutational effects on Gli2 regulation. Taken together, the results of this study show that the Thr396 residue of Sufu is specifically required for regulation of Gli3 but not Gli2. This implies a novel Sufu-mediated mechanism in which Gli2 activator and Gli3 repressor are differentially regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Makino
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Olena Zhulyn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rong Mo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vijitha Puviindran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takuya Murata
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukumura
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishitsuka
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hayato Kotaki
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsumaru
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoichi Gondo
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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