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Oliver SN, Deng W, Casao MC, Trevaskis B. Low temperatures induce rapid changes in chromatin state and transcript levels of the cereal VERNALIZATION1 gene. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2413-22. [PMID: 23580755 PMCID: PMC3654426 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation of the VERNALIZATION1 gene mediates the acceleration of flowering by prolonged cold (vernalization) in temperate cereals. This study examined the earliest stages of the transcriptional response of VRN1 to low temperatures. Time-course analyses, using a sensitive quantitative PCR assay, showed that in sprouting barley seedlings VRN1 transcripts begin to accumulate within 24 hours of the onset of cold. The kinetics of the initial transcriptional response of VRN1 to cold was similar to the cold-induced genes DEHYDRIN5 (DHN5) and COLD REGULATED 14B (COR14B), but occurred at lower levels compared to cold acclimation genes or the response to longer cold treatments. Temperatures between 15 and -2 °C induced expression of VRN1 within 24 hours, with a maximal response observed between 2 and -2 °C. Transcriptional induction was also observed in undifferentiated callus cells. There were significant increases in histone acetylation levels at the VRN1 locus in response to 24-hour cold treatment. Sodium butyrate, a histone deacetylation inhibitor, triggered an increase in histone acetylation at VRN1 chromatin and elevated VRN1 transcript levels. The transcriptional response of VRN1 to short-term cold treatment was examined in near-isogenic lines that have different VRN1 genotypes, showing that an allele of the barley VRN1 gene with an insertion in the first intron and high basal expression levels has a reduced transcriptional response to short term cold treatment. This study suggests that low-temperature induction of VRN1 is a cellular response to cold triggered by the same mechanisms that mediate low-temperature induction of cold acclimation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N. Oliver
- CSIRO, Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Weiwei Deng
- CSIRO, Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - M. Cristina Casao
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, EEAD-CSIC, Avda Montañana 1005, E50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- * Current address: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, D50829, Germany
| | - Ben Trevaskis
- CSIRO, Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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102
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Nitcher R, Distelfeld A, Tan C, Yan L, Dubcovsky J. Increased copy number at the HvFT1 locus is associated with accelerated flowering time in barley. Mol Genet Genomics 2013; 288:261-75. [PMID: 23591592 PMCID: PMC3664738 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-013-0746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A precise regulation of flowering time is critical for plant reproductive success, and therefore, a better understanding of the natural variation in genes regulating the initiation of the reproductive phase is required to develop well-adapted varieties. In both monocot and dicot species, the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is a central integrator of seasonal signals perceived by the leaves. The encoded mobile protein (florigen) is transmitted to the apical meristem where it induces flowering. The FT homolog in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), designated HvFT1, was shown to correspond to the vernalization locus VRN-H3, and natural alleles for spring and winter growth habit were identified. In this study, we demonstrate that the HvFT1 allele present in the barley genetic stock (BGS213) associated with a dominant spring growth habit carries at least four identical copies of HvFT1, whereas most barley varieties have a single copy. Increased copy number is associated with earlier transcriptional up-regulation of HvFT1 and a spring growth habit. This allele is epistatic to winter alleles for VRN-H1 and VRN-H2. Among accessions with one HvFT1 copy, haplotype differences in the HvFT1 promoter and first intron are also associated with differences in flowering time, which are modulated by genetic background. These different HvFT1 alleles can be used to develop barley varieties adapted to different or changing environments. Our results, together with studies of other wheat and barley flowering genes, show that copy number variation plays an important role in the regulation of developmental processes in the temperate cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nitcher
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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103
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Mohammadi M, Torkamaneh D, Nikkhah HR. Correlation of Vernalization Loci VRN-H1 and VRN-H2 and Growth Habit in Barley Germplasm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT GENOMICS 2013; 2013:924043. [PMID: 23606828 PMCID: PMC3628217 DOI: 10.1155/2013/924043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vernalization requirement is a key component in determining the overall fitness of developmental patterns of barley to its environment. We have used previously reported markers and spring-sown growth habit nursery to characterize the genotypes of barley germplasm in an applied barley breeding ground to establish a baseline of information required to understand the relationship between adaptation of autumn-sown barley germplasm in diverse regions with warm (W), moderate (M), or cold climates (C). This study revealed that twenty entries were detected with the presence of the vernalization critical region in VRN-H1 locus and complete presence of the three geneclusters ZCCT-Ha, -Hb, and -Hc in VRN-H2 locus represented as genotype vrn-H1/Vrn-H2 (V1w/V2w). Of these genotypes, 17 entries showed winter growth habit whereas the remaining three revealed facultative growth habit indicating reduced vernalization requirements possibly due to VRN-H3 and photoperiod sensitivity loci as compared to the landmark winter growth habit entries in this group. Twenty-four entries were detected with the lack of vernalization critical region in VRN-H1 locus but complete presence of the three geneclusters ZCCT-Ha, -Hb, and -Hc in VRN-H2 locus represented as genotype Vrn-H1/Vrn-H2 (V1s/V2w). However, only half of these germplasms were identified with spring growth habit in spring-sown nursery, and the rest of the germplasms in this group revealed facultative growth habits due to possible variation in the length of deletion in VRN-H1. Four germplasms showed vernalization insensitive phenotype due to the lack of a functional ZCCT-Ha and/or ZCCT-Hb alleles in VRN-H2 and the deletion in the vernalization critical region of VRN-H1. These germplasms revealed acomplete spring type growth habit. Only one entry showed reduced vernalization requirement solely due to the deletion in functional ZCCT-Hb allele in VRN-H2 and not due to the deletion in the vernalization critical region of VRN-H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mohammadi
- Cereals Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), P.O. Box 4119, Karaj, Iran
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Cereals Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), P.O. Box 4119, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Nikkhah
- Cereals Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), P.O. Box 4119, Karaj, Iran
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104
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Cao S, Yan L. Construction of a high-quality yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) library and its application in identification of interacting proteins with key vernalization regulator TaVRN-A1 in wheat. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:81. [PMID: 23497422 PMCID: PMC3605349 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low temperature is required for the competence of winter wheat to flowering (vernalization), and several key components in the vernalization-mediated flowering pathway have been isolated. A Y2H library is a very useful platform to further unravel novel regulators in the flowering pathway. Thus, there is a necessity to construct a high-quality Y2H library using vernalized winter wheat plants. RESULT We described the construction of a high-quality Y2H library using winter wheat plants with cold-treatment for different weeks to maximize pooling interacting proteins during vernalization. The resultant Y2H library contained ~2.5×10(6) independent clones, with a cell density of ~2.6×10(8) and an average insert size of ~ 1.5 kb. TaVRN-A1 was used as a "bait" to test the quality of the Y2H library. As a result, several cDNA clones encoding TaSOC1 and TaSVP1 that were known to have a direct binding with TaVRN-A1 were identified, demonstrating that the Y2H screen system constructed in this study was highly efficient. Additional proteins that were discovered but not characterized in previous studies could be novel partners of TaVRN-A1 in wheat. CONCLUSION We established a high-efficient Y2H screen system using the Matchmaker™ technology with several modifications in the critical steps. Ultimately, we provided a successful example to fast and economically create high-quality Y2H libraries for studies on protein interaction in hexaploid wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghe Cao
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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105
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Chen A, Dubcovsky J. Wheat TILLING mutants show that the vernalization gene VRN1 down-regulates the flowering repressor VRN2 in leaves but is not essential for flowering. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003134. [PMID: 23271982 PMCID: PMC3521655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the natural variation in wheat vernalization response is determined by allelic differences in the MADS-box transcription factor VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1). Extended exposures to low temperatures during the winter (vernalization) induce VRN1 expression and promote the transition of the apical meristem to the reproductive phase. In contrast to its Arabidopsis homolog (APETALA1), which is mainly expressed in the apical meristem, VRN1 is also expressed at high levels in the leaves, but its function in this tissue is not well understood. Using tetraploid wheat lines with truncation mutations in the two homoeologous copies of VRN1 (henceforth vrn1-null mutants), we demonstrate that a central role of VRN1 in the leaves is to maintain low transcript levels of the VRN2 flowering repressor after vernalization. Transcript levels of VRN2 were gradually down-regulated during vernalization in both mutant and wild-type genotypes, but were up-regulated after vernalization only in the vrn1-null mutants. The up-regulation of VRN2 delayed flowering by repressing the transcription of FT, a flowering-integrator gene that encodes a mobile protein that is transported from the leaves to the apical meristem to induce flowering. The role of VRN2 in the delayed flowering of the vrn1-null mutant was confirmed using double vrn1-vrn2-null mutants, which flowered two months earlier than the vrn1-null mutants. Both mutants produced normal flowers and seeds demonstrating that VRN1 is not essential for wheat flowering, which contradicts current flowering models. This result does not diminish the importance of VRN1 in the seasonal regulation of wheat flowering. The up-regulation of VRN1 during winter is required to maintain low transcript levels of VRN2, accelerate the induction of FT in the leaves, and regulate a timely flowering in the spring. Our results also demonstrate the existence of redundant wheat flowering genes that may provide new targets for engineering wheat varieties better adapted to changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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106
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Kumar S, Sharma V, Chaudhary S, Tyagi A, Mishra P, Priyadarshini A, Singh A. Genetics of flowering time in bread wheat Triticum aestivum: complementary interaction between vernalization-insensitive and photoperiod-insensitive mutations imparts very early flowering habit to spring wheat. J Genet 2012; 91:33-47. [PMID: 22546824 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-012-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Time to flowering in the winter growth habit bread wheat is dependent on vernalization (exposure to cold conditions) and exposure to long days (photoperiod). Dominant Vrn-1 (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1) alleles are associated with vernalization independent spring growth habit. The semidominant Ppd-D1a mutation confers photoperiod-insensitivity or rapid flowering in wheat under short day and long day conditions. The objective of this study was to reveal the nature of interaction between Vrn-1 and Ppd-D1a mutations (active alleles of the respective genes vrn-1 and Ppd-D1b). Twelve Indian spring wheat cultivars and the spring wheat landrace Chinese Spring were characterized for their flowering times by seeding them every month for five years under natural field conditions in New Delhi. Near isogenic Vrn-1 Ppd-D1 and Vrn-1 Ppd-D1a lines constructed in two genetic backgrounds were also phenotyped for flowering time by seeding in two different seasons. The wheat lines of Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1 Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1a, Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1 Ppd-D1a and Vrn-A1a Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1a (or Vrn-1 Ppd-D1a) genotypes flowered several weeks earlier than that of Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1 Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1b, Vrn-A1b Ppd-D1b and Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1b (or Vrn-1 Ppd-D1b) genotypes. The flowering time phenotypes of the isogenic vernalization-insensitive lines confirmed that Ppd-D1a hastened flowering by several weeks. It was concluded that complementary interaction between Vrn-1 and Ppd-D1a active alleles imparted super/very-early flowering habit to spring wheats. The early and late flowering wheat varieties showed differences in flowering time between short day and long day conditions. The flowering time in Vrn-1 Ppd-D1a genotypes was hastened by higher temperatures under long day conditions. The ambient air temperature and photoperiod parameters for flowering in spring wheat were estimated at 25°C and 12 h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- Genetical Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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107
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Huang BE, George AW, Forrest KL, Kilian A, Hayden MJ, Morell MK, Cavanagh CR. A multiparent advanced generation inter-cross population for genetic analysis in wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:826-39. [PMID: 22594629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the first results from a novel multiparent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population derived from four elite wheat cultivars. The large size of this MAGIC population (1579 progeny), its diverse genetic composition and high levels of recombination all contribute to its value as a genetic resource. Applications of this resource include interrogation of the wheat genome and the analysis of gene-trait association in agronomically important wheat phenotypes. Here, we report the utilization of a MAGIC population for the first time for linkage map construction. We have constructed a linkage map with 1162 DArT, single nucleotide polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers distributed across all 21 chromosomes. We benchmark this map against a high-density DArT consensus map created by integrating more than 100 biparental populations. The linkage map forms the basis for further exploration of the genetic architecture within the population, including characterization of linkage disequilibrium, founder contribution and inclusion of an alien introgression into the genetic map. Finally, we demonstrate the application of the resource for quantitative trait loci mapping using the complex traits plant height and hectolitre weight as a proof of principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevan E Huang
- CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics and Food Futures National Research Flagship, Queensland EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Qld, Australia
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108
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Diallo AO, Ali-Benali MA, Badawi M, Houde M, Sarhan F. Expression of vernalization responsive genes in wheat is associated with histone H3 trimethylation. Mol Genet Genomics 2012; 287:575-90. [PMID: 22684814 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-012-0701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The transition to flowering in winter wheat requires prolonged exposure to low temperature, a process called vernalization. This process is regulated by a genetic pathway that involves at least three genes, Triticum aestivum VERNALIZATION 1 (TaVRN1), Triticum aestivum VERNALIZATION 2 (TaVRN2) and Triticum aestivum FLOWERING LOCUS T-like 1 (TaFT1). These genes regulate flowering by integrating environmental and developmental cues. To determine whether the expression of these genes is associated with the chromatin methylation state during vernalization in wheat, the level of two markers of histone modifications, the activator histone H3 trimethylation of lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and the repressor histone H3 trimethylation of lysine 27 (H3K27me3) were measured at the promoter regions of these three genes. Bioinformatics analysis of these promoters demonstrates the presence of conserved cis-acting elements in the promoters of the three vernalization genes, TaVRN1, TaVRN2 and TaFT1. These elements are targeted by common transcription factors in the vernalization responsive cereals. These promoters also contain the functional "units" PRE/TRE targeted by Polycomb and Trithorax proteins that maintain repressed or active transcription states of developmentally regulated genes. These proteins are known to be associated with the regulation of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3. Expression studies indicate that TaVRN1 and TaFT1 are up-regulated by vernalization in winter wheat. This up-regulation is associated with increased level of the activator H3K4me3 with no change in the level of the repressor H3K27me3 at the promoter region. This study shows that the flowering transition induced by vernalization in winter wheat is associated with histone methylation at the promoter level of TaVRN1 and TaFT1 while the role of these markers is less evident in TaVRN2 repression. This may represent part of the cellular memory of vernalization in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Oury Diallo
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Succ. Centre-ville, C.P. 8888, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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109
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Diversification of three APETALA1/FRUITFULL-like genes in wheat. Mol Genet Genomics 2012; 287:283-94. [PMID: 22314801 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-012-0679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of grass family species have three paralogs of APETALA1/FRUITFULL (AP1/FUL)-like genes (FUL1, FUL2 and FUL3) that are derived from the FUL lineage. In this study, we focus on the different roles of the wheat AP1/FUL-like genes, WFUL1 (identical to VRN1), WFUL2 and WFUL3, during the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. Sequence analysis indicated that there was a high level of variability in the amino acid sequence of the C-domain among three WFUL genes. Expression analyses using the spring wheat cultivar Chinese Spring indicated that WFUL1/VRN1 was expressed in leaves as well as spike primordia of non-vernalized plants at the vegetative stage just before phase transition, while WFUL2 and WFUL3 were not expressed in leaves. This result indicates that WFUL1/VRN1 performs a distinct role in leaves before phase transition. In young spikes, WFUL1/VRN1 and WFUL3 were expressed in all developing Xoral organs, whereas WFUL2 expression was restricted in the Xoral organs to the lemma and palea. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid and three-hybrid analyses revealed that WFUL2, but not WFUL1/VRN1 or WFUL3, interacted with class B and class E proteins. These results suggest that WFUL2 of wheat has class A functions in specifying the identities of Xoral meristems and outer Xoral organs (lemma and palea) through collaboration with class B and class E genes.
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110
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Kobayashi K, Yasuno N, Sato Y, Yoda M, Yamazaki R, Kimizu M, Yoshida H, Nagamura Y, Kyozuka J. Inflorescence meristem identity in rice is specified by overlapping functions of three AP1/FUL-like MADS box genes and PAP2, a SEPALLATA MADS box gene. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:1848-59. [PMID: 22570445 PMCID: PMC3442573 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.097105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the transition to reproductive growth is of particular importance for successful seed production. Transformation of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to the inflorescence meristem (IM) is the crucial first step in this transition. Using laser microdissection and microarrays, we found that expression of PANICLE PHYTOMER2 (PAP2) and three APETALA1 (AP1)/FRUITFULL (FUL)-like genes (MADS14, MADS15, and MADS18) is induced in the SAM during meristem phase transition in rice (Oryza sativa). PAP2 is a MADS box gene belonging to a grass-specific subclade of the SEPALLATA subfamily. Suppression of these three AP1/FUL-like genes by RNA interference caused a slight delay in reproductive transition. Further depletion of PAP2 function from these triple knockdown plants inhibited the transition of the meristem to the IM. In the quadruple knockdown lines, the meristem continued to generate leaves, rather than becoming an IM. Consequently, multiple shoots were formed instead of an inflorescence. PAP2 physically interacts with MAD14 and MADS15 in vivo. Furthermore, the precocious flowering phenotype caused by the overexpression of Hd3a, a rice florigen gene, was weakened in pap2-1 mutants. Based on these results, we propose that PAP2 and the three AP1/FUL-like genes coordinately act in the meristem to specify the identity of the IM downstream of the florigen signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoko Yasuno
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kimizu
- Crop Development Division, National Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Jo-etsu, Niigata 943-0193, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshida
- Rice Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nagamura
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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111
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Takumi S, Koyama K, Fujiwara K, Kobayashi F. Identification of a large deletion in the first intron of the Vrn-D1 locus, associated with loss of vernalization requirement in wild wheat progenitor Aegilops tauschii Coss. Genes Genet Syst 2012; 86:183-95. [PMID: 21952208 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.86.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vernalization promotes flowering in winter wheat cultivars, whereas spring wheat cultivars are able to transition from vegetative to reproductive phase without vernalization. The wheat vernalization requirement is mainly controlled by the major locus Vrn-1, an APETALA1/FRUITFULL MADS-box gene homolog. To study natural variation of the vernalization requirement in a wild progenitor of common wheat, we sequenced the Vrn-D(t)1 locus in four accessions of Aegilops tauschii Coss. Some structural mutations were found in the promoter and first intron regions of Vrn-D(t)1, and haplotype analysis was conducted to examine the distribution of each identified mutation within 211 accessions of Ae. tauschii germplasm. Out of the total, nine accessions, which were originally collected in Afghanistan and Pakistan, contained deletions of a 5.4-kb sequence in the critical region of the Vrn-D(t)1 first intron. The 5.4-kb deletion mutation appeared independently of the dominant allele of the common wheat Vrn-D1 locus. The large deletion was absolutely associated with a lack of vernalization requirement for flowering under long-day conditions, but had no influence on heading date under field growth conditions. The levels of Vrn-1 and WFT transcript increased in the Ae. tauschii accessions having the large deletion. Identification of natural mutant accessions with a loss of vernalization requirement indicates the agricultural significance of Ae. tauschii as a genetic resource for wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Takumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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112
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Chawade A, Lindén P, Bräutigam M, Jonsson R, Jonsson A, Moritz T, Olsson O. Development of a model system to identify differences in spring and winter oat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29792. [PMID: 22253782 PMCID: PMC3253801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our long-term goal is to develop a Swedish winter oat (Avena sativa). To identify molecular differences that correlate with winter hardiness, a winter oat model comprising of both non-hardy spring lines and winter hardy lines is needed. To achieve this, we selected 294 oat breeding lines, originating from various Russian, German, and American winter oat breeding programs and tested them in the field in south- and western Sweden. By assaying for winter survival and agricultural properties during four consecutive seasons, we identified 14 breeding lines of different origins that not only survived the winter but also were agronomically better than the rest. Laboratory tests including electrolytic leakage, controlled crown freezing assay, expression analysis of the AsVrn1 gene and monitoring of flowering time suggested that the American lines had the highest freezing tolerance, although the German lines performed better in the field. Finally, six lines constituting the two most freezing tolerant lines, two intermediate lines and two spring cultivars were chosen to build a winter oat model system. Metabolic profiling of non-acclimated and cold acclimated leaf tissue samples isolated from the six selected lines revealed differential expression patterns of 245 metabolites including several sugars, amino acids, organic acids and 181 hitherto unknown metabolites. The expression patterns of 107 metabolites showed significant interactions with either a cultivar or a time-point. Further identification, characterisation and validation of these metabolites will lead to an increased understanding of the cold acclimation process in oats. Furthermore, by using the winter oat model system, differential sequencing of crown mRNA populations would lead to identification of various biomarkers to facilitate winter oat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash Chawade
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Crop Tailor AB, Erik Dahlbergsgatan 11A, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail: (AC); (OO)
| | - Pernilla Lindén
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Anders Jonsson
- Crop Tailor AB, Erik Dahlbergsgatan 11A, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Precision Agriculture and Pedometrics, Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olof Olsson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Crop Tailor AB, Erik Dahlbergsgatan 11A, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail: (AC); (OO)
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113
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Allard V, Veisz O, Kõszegi B, Rousset M, Le Gouis J, Martre P. The quantitative response of wheat vernalization to environmental variables indicates that vernalization is not a response to cold temperature. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:847-57. [PMID: 21994169 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of flowering is a crucial trait that allows temperate plants to flower in the favourable conditions of spring. The timing of flowering initiation is governed by two main mechanisms: vernalization that defines a plant's requirement for a prolonged exposure to cold temperatures; and photoperiod sensitivity defining the need for long days to initiate floral transition. Genetic variability in both vernalization and photoperiod sensitivity largely explains the adaptability of cultivated crop plants such as bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to a wide range of climatic conditions. The major genes controlling wheat vernalization (VRN1, VRN2, and VRN3) and photoperiod sensitivity (PPD1) have been identified, and knowledge of their interactions at the molecular level is growing. However, the quantitative effects of temperature and photoperiod on these genes remain poorly understood. Here it is shown that the distinction between the temperature effects on organ appearance rate and on vernalization sensu stricto is crucial for understanding the quantitative effects of the environmental signal on wheat flowering. By submitting near isogenic lines of wheat differing in their allelic composition at the VRN1 locus to various temperature and photoperiod treatments, it is shown that, at the whole-plant level, the vernalization process has a positive response to temperature with complex interactions with photoperiod. In addition, the phenotypic variation associated with the presence of different spring homoeoalleles of VRN1 is not induced by a residual vernalization requirement. The results demonstrate that a precise definition of vernalization is necessary to understand and model temperature and photoperiod effects on wheat flowering. It is suggested that this definition should be used as the basis for gene expression studies and assessment of functioning of the wheat flowering gene network, including an explicit account of the quantitative effect of environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Allard
- INRA, UMR 1095 GDEC (Génétique, Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales), 234 Avenue du Brézet, Clermont-Ferrand 63100, France.
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114
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Alonso-Peral MM, Oliver SN, Casao MC, Greenup AA, Trevaskis B. The promoter of the cereal VERNALIZATION1 gene is sufficient for transcriptional induction by prolonged cold. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29456. [PMID: 22242122 PMCID: PMC3248443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) gene of temperate cereals is transcriptionally activated by prolonged cold during winter (vernalization) to promote flowering. To investigate the mechanisms controlling induction of VRN1 by prolonged cold, different regions of the VRN1 gene were fused to the GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) reporter and expression of the resulting gene constructs was assayed in transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare). A 2 kb segment of the promoter of VRN1 was sufficient for GFP expression in the leaves and shoot apex of transgenic barley plants. Fluorescence increased at the shoot apex prior to inflorescence initiation and was subsequently maintained in the developing inflorescence. The promoter was also sufficient for low-temperature induction of GFP expression. A naturally occurring insertion in the proximal promoter, which is associated with elevated VRN1 expression and early flowering in some spring wheats, did not abolish induction of VRN1 transcription by prolonged cold, however. A translational fusion of the promoter and transcribed regions of VRN1 to GFP, VRN1::GFP, was localised to nuclei of cells at the shoot apex of transgenic barley plants. The distribution of VRN1::GFP at the shoot apex was similar to the expression pattern of the VRN1 promoter-GFP reporter gene. Fluorescence from the VRN1::GFP fusion protein increased in the developing leaves after prolonged cold treatment. These observations suggest that the promoter of VRN1 is targeted by mechanisms that trigger vernalization-induced flowering in economically important temperate cereal crops.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cold Temperature
- Fluorescence
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Hordeum/genetics
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/genetics
- Nucleotide Motifs/genetics
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Shoots/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Seeds/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Triticum/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Alonso-Peral
- Division of Plant Industry, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sandra N. Oliver
- Division of Plant Industry, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - M. Cristina Casao
- Division of Plant Industry, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Aaron A. Greenup
- Division of Plant Industry, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ben Trevaskis
- Division of Plant Industry, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
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115
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Vítámvás P, Prášil IT, Kosová K, Planchon S, Renaut J. Analysis of proteome and frost tolerance in chromosome 5A and 5B reciprocal substitution lines between two winter wheats during long-term cold acclimation. Proteomics 2011; 12:68-85. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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116
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A Novel Retrotransposon Inserted in the Dominant Vrn-B1 Allele Confers Spring Growth Habit in Tetraploid Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2011; 1:637-45. [PMID: 22384375 PMCID: PMC3276170 DOI: 10.1534/g3.111.001131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vernalization genes determine winter/spring growth habit in temperate cereals and play important roles in plant development and environmental adaptation. In wheat (Triticum L. sp.), it was previously shown that allelic variation in the vernalization gene VRN1 was due to deletions or insertions either in the promoter or in the first intron. Here, we report a novel Vrn-B1 allele that has a retrotransposon in its promoter conferring spring growth habit. The VRN-B1 gene was mapped in a doubled haploid population that segregated for winter-spring growth habit but was derived from two spring tetraploid wheat genotypes, the durum wheat (T. turgidum subsp. durum) variety ‘Lebsock’ and T. turgidum subsp. carthlicum accession PI 94749. Genetic analysis revealed that Lebsock carried the dominant Vrn-A1 and recessive vrn-B1 alleles, whereas PI 94749 had the recessive vrn-A1 and dominant Vrn-B1 alleles. The Vrn-A1 allele in Lebsock was the same as the Vrn-A1c allele previously reported in hexaploid wheat. No differences existed between the vrn-B1 and Vrn-B1 alleles, except that a 5463-bp insertion was detected in the 5′-UTR region of the Vrn-B1 allele. This insertion was a novel retrotransposon (designated as retrotrans_VRN), which was flanked by a 5-bp target site duplication and contained primer binding site and polypurine tract motifs, a 325-bp long terminal repeat, and an open reading frame encoding 1231 amino acids. The insertion of retrotrans_VRN resulted in expression of Vrn-B1 without vernalization. Retrotrans_VRN is prevalent among T. turgidum subsp. carthlicum accessions, less prevalent among T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum accessions, and rarely found in other tetraploid wheat subspecies.
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117
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Moheb A, Ibrahim RK, Roy R, Sarhan F. Changes in wheat leaf phenolome in response to cold acclimation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2294-307. [PMID: 21955620 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A study of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves phenolome was carried out during cold acclimation of the winter (Claire) and spring (Bounty) varieties using a combination of HPLC-ESI-MS techniques. A total of 40 phenolic and flavonoid compounds were identified, and consisted mainly of two coumarin derivatives, eight simple phenolic derivatives, 10 hydroxycinnamoyl amides and 20 flavonoid derivatives. Identification and quantification of individual compounds were performed using an HPLC system coupled with a photodiode array detector and two different ESI-MS systems, in combination with a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) technique. The analyses indicated that, although there were no qualitative differences in their profiles, the winter variety exhibited a higher phenolic content compared to the spring variety when both were grown under non-acclimated (control) conditions. Cold acclimation, on the other hand, resulted in a significant differential accumulation of phenolic compounds in both varieties: mostly as luteolin C-glycosides and their O-methyl derivatives in the winter variety (Claire) and a derivative of hydroxycinnamoyl amide in the spring variety (Bounty). These compounds accumulated in relatively large amounts in the apoplastic compartment. The accumulation of the O-methylated derivatives was associated with a marked increase in O-methyltransferase (OMT) activity. In addition, the trimethylated flavone, 3',4',5'-trimethyltricetin was identified for the first time in the native extracts of both control and cold-acclimated wheat leaves. The accumulation of a mixture of beneficial flavonoids, such as iso-orientin, vitexin and tricin in cold acclimated wheat leaves, attests for its potential as an inexpensive source of a health-promoting supplement to the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Moheb
- PharmaQAM, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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118
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Asp T, Byrne S, Gundlach H, Bruggmann R, Mayer KFX, Andersen JR, Xu M, Greve M, Lenk I, Lübberstedt T. Comparative sequence analysis of VRN1 alleles of Lolium perenne with the co-linear regions in barley, wheat, and rice. Mol Genet Genomics 2011; 286:433-47. [PMID: 22081040 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-011-0654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vernalization, a period of low temperature to induce transition from vegetative to reproductive state, is an important environmental stimulus for many cool season grasses. A key gene in the vernalization pathway in grasses is the VRN1 gene. The objective of this study was to identify causative polymorphism(s) at the VRN1 locus in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for variation in vernalization requirement. Two allelic Bacterial Artificial Chromosome clones of the VRN1 locus from the two genotypes Veyo and Falster with contrasting vernalization requirements were identified, sequenced, and characterized. Analysis of the allelic sequences identified an 8.6-kb deletion in the first intron of the VRN1 gene in the Veyo genotype which has low vernalization requirement. This deletion was in a divergent recurrent selection experiment confirmed to be associated with genotypes with low vernalization requirement. The region surrounding the VRN1 locus in perennial ryegrass showed microcolinearity to the corresponding region on chromosome 3 in Oryza sativa with conserved gene order and orientation, while the micro-colinearity to the corresponding region in Triticum monococcum was less conserved. Our study indicates that the first intron of the VRN1 gene, and in particular the identified 8.6 kb region, is an important regulatory region for vernalization response in perennial ryegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Asp
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark.
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119
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Vitulo N, Albiero A, Forcato C, Campagna D, Dal Pero F, Bagnaresi P, Colaiacovo M, Faccioli P, Lamontanara A, Šimková H, Kubaláková M, Perrotta G, Facella P, Lopez L, Pietrella M, Gianese G, Doležel J, Giuliano G, Cattivelli L, Valle G, Stanca AM. First survey of the wheat chromosome 5A composition through a next generation sequencing approach. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26421. [PMID: 22028874 PMCID: PMC3196578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat is one of the world's most important crops and is characterized by a large polyploid genome. One way to reduce genome complexity is to isolate single chromosomes using flow cytometry. Low coverage DNA sequencing can provide a snapshot of individual chromosomes, allowing a fast characterization of their main features and comparison with other genomes. We used massively parallel 454 pyrosequencing to obtain a 2x coverage of wheat chromosome 5A. The resulting sequence assembly was used to identify TEs, genes and miRNAs, as well as to infer a virtual gene order based on the synteny with other grass genomes. Repetitive elements account for more than 75% of the genome. Gene content was estimated considering non-redundant reads showing at least one match to ESTs or proteins. The results indicate that the coding fraction represents 1.08% and 1.3% of the short and long arm respectively, projecting the number of genes of the whole chromosome to approximately 5,000. 195 candidate miRNA precursors belonging to 16 miRNA families were identified. The 5A genes were used to search for syntenic relationships between grass genomes. The short arm is closely related to Brachypodium chromosome 4, sorghum chromosome 8 and rice chromosome 12; the long arm to regions of Brachypodium chromosomes 4 and 1, sorghum chromosomes 1 and 2 and rice chromosomes 9 and 3. From these similarities it was possible to infer the virtual gene order of 392 (5AS) and 1,480 (5AL) genes of chromosome 5A, which was compared to, and found to be largely congruent with the available physical map of this chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Vitulo
- CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Albiero
- CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Bmr-genomics srl, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Forcato
- CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Campagna
- CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hana Šimková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kubaláková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Luigi Cattivelli
- CRA Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Giorgio Valle
- CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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120
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Jarillo JA, Piñeiro M. Timing is everything in plant development. The central role of floral repressors. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:364-78. [PMID: 21889042 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Progress in understanding the molecular basis of flowering time control has revealed that floral repressors play a central role in modulating the floral transition and are essential to prevent the precocious onset of flowering. A number of cellular processes including chromatin remodeling, selective protein degradation, and transcriptional regulation mediated by transcription factors are involved in repressing the initiation of flowering. Floral repressors interact at different levels with floral inductive pathways and prevent the premature onset of flowering that could impact negatively on the reproductive success of plants. Despite recent advances, further studies will be needed to understand how the interactions between floral repressors and the regulatory networks involved in the control of flowering time have evolved in different species. Recent data suggest that a diversity of regulatory proteins act as central floral repressors in different plants, and even in those species where regulatory modules are conserved new elements that modulate the function of these pathways have been recruited to mediate specific adaptive responses. The development of genomic tools and predictive models that can integrate large datasets related to the flowering behavior of plant species will facilitate the characterization of the repressor mechanisms underlying flowering responses, a trait with implications in the yield of crop species. In a scenario of global climate change, an in depth understanding of these gene circuits will be essential for the development of crop varieties with improved yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Jarillo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
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121
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Laudencia-Chingcuanco D, Ganeshan S, You F, Fowler B, Chibbar R, Anderson O. Genome-wide gene expression analysis supports a developmental model of low temperature tolerance gene regulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC Genomics 2011; 12:299. [PMID: 21649926 PMCID: PMC3141665 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To identify the genes involved in the development of low temperature (LT) tolerance in hexaploid wheat, we examined the global changes in expression in response to cold of the 55,052 potentially unique genes represented in the Affymetrix Wheat Genome microarray. We compared the expression of genes in winter-habit (winter Norstar and winter Manitou) and spring-habit (spring Manitou and spring Norstar)) cultivars, wherein the locus for the vernalization gene Vrn-A1 was swapped between the parental winter Norstar and spring Manitou in the derived near-isogenic lines winter Manitou and spring Norstar. Global expression of genes in the crowns of 3-leaf stage plants cold-acclimated at 6°C for 0, 2, 14, 21, 38, 42, 56 and 70 days was examined. Results Analysis of variance of gene expression separated the samples by genetic background and by the developmental stage before or after vernalization saturation was reached. Using gene-specific ANOVA we identified 12,901 genes (at p < 0.001) that change in expression with respect to both genotype and the duration of cold-treatment. We examined in more detail a subset of these genes (2,771) where expression was highly influenced by the interaction between these two main factors. Functional assignments using GO annotations showed that genes involved in transport, oxidation-reduction, and stress response were highly represented. Clustering based on the pattern of transcript accumulation identified genes that were up or down-regulated by cold-treatment. Our data indicate that the cold-sensitive lines can up-regulate known cold-responsive genes comparable to that of cold-hardy lines. The levels of expression of these genes were highly influenced by the initial rate and the duration of the gene's response to cold. We show that the Vrn-A1 locus controls the duration of gene expression but not its initial rate of response to cold treatment. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Ta.Vrn-A1 and Ta.Vrt1 originally hypothesized to encode for the same gene showed different patterns of expression and therefore are distinct. Conclusion This study provides novel insight into the underlying mechanisms that regulate the expression of cold-responsive genes in wheat. The results support the developmental model of LT tolerance gene regulation and demonstrate the complex genotype by environment interactions that determine LT adaptation in winter annual cereals.
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122
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Saisho D, Ishii M, Hori K, Sato K. Natural variation of barley vernalization requirements: implication of quantitative variation of winter growth habit as an adaptive trait in East Asia. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:775-84. [PMID: 21482579 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In many temperate plant species, prolonged cold treatment, known as vernalization, is one of the most critical steps in the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage. In contrast to recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of vernalization in Arabidopsis non-vernalization mutants or the spring growth habits of cereal crops such as wheat and barley, natural variations in winter growth habits and their geographic distribution are poorly understood. We analyzed varietal variation and the geographic distribution of the degree of vernalization requirements in germplasms of domesticated barley and wild barley collections. We found a biased geographic distribution of vernalization requirements in domesticated barley: Western regions were strongly associated with a higher degree of spring growth habits, and the extreme winter growth habits were localized to Far Eastern regions including China, Korea and Japan. Both wild accessions and domesticated landraces, the regions of distribution of which overlapped each other, mainly belonged to the moderate class of winter growth habit. As a result of quantitative evaluations performed in this study, we provide evidence that the variation in the degree of winter growth habit in recombinant inbred lines was controlled by quantitative trait loci including three vernalization genes (VRN1, VRN2 and VRN3) that account for 37.9% of the variation in vernalization requirements, with unknown gene(s) explaining the remaining two-thirds of the variation. This evidence implied that the Far Eastern accessions might be a genetically differentiated group derived for an evolutionary reason, resulting in their greater tendency towards a winter growth habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Saisho
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
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123
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Varkonyi-Gasic E, Moss SM, Voogd C, Wu R, Lough RH, Wang YY, Hellens RP. Identification and characterization of flowering genes in kiwifruit: sequence conservation and role in kiwifruit flower development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:72. [PMID: 21521532 PMCID: PMC3103426 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower development in kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is initiated in the first growing season, when undifferentiated primordia are established in latent shoot buds. These primordia can differentiate into flowers in the second growing season, after the winter dormancy period and upon accumulation of adequate winter chilling. Kiwifruit is an important horticultural crop, yet little is known about the molecular regulation of flower development. RESULTS To study kiwifruit flower development, nine MADS-box genes were identified and functionally characterized. Protein sequence alignment, phenotypes obtained upon overexpression in Arabidopsis and expression patterns suggest that the identified genes are required for floral meristem and floral organ specification. Their role during budbreak and flower development was studied. A spontaneous kiwifruit mutant was utilized to correlate the extended expression domains of these flowering genes with abnormal floral development. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a description of flower development in kiwifruit at the molecular level. It has identified markers for flower development, and candidates for manipulation of kiwifruit growth, phase change and time of flowering. The expression in normal and aberrant flowers provided a model for kiwifruit flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Varkonyi-Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sarah M Moss
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rongmei Wu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robyn H Lough
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yen-Yi Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Roger P Hellens
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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124
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Greenup AG, Sasani S, Oliver SN, Walford SA, Millar AA, Trevaskis B. Transcriptome analysis of the vernalization response in barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17900. [PMID: 21408015 PMCID: PMC3052371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperate cereals, such as wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), respond to prolonged cold by becoming more tolerant of freezing (cold acclimation) and by becoming competent to flower (vernalization). These responses occur concomitantly during winter, but vernalization continues to influence development during spring. Previous studies identified VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) as a master regulator of the vernalization response in cereals. The extent to which other genes contribute to this process is unclear. In this study the Barley1 Affymetrix chip was used to assay gene expression in barley seedlings during short or prolonged cold treatment. Gene expression was also assayed in the leaves of plants after prolonged cold treatment, in order to identify genes that show lasting responses to prolonged cold, which might contribute to vernalization-induced flowering. Many genes showed altered expression in response to short or prolonged cold treatment, but these responses differed markedly. A limited number of genes showed lasting responses to prolonged cold treatment. These include genes known to be regulated by vernalization, such as VRN1 and ODDSOC2, and also contigs encoding a calcium binding protein, 23-KD jasmonate induced proteins, an RNase S-like protein, a PR17d secretory protein and a serine acetyltransferase. Some contigs that were up-regulated by short term cold also showed lasting changes in expression after prolonged cold treatment. These include COLD REGULATED 14B (COR14B) and the barley homologue of WHEAT COLD SPECIFIC 19 (WSC19), which were expressed at elevated levels after prolonged cold. Conversely, two C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (CBF) genes showed reduced expression after prolonged cold. Overall, these data show that a limited number of barley genes exhibit lasting changes in expression after prolonged cold treatment, highlighting the central role of VRN1 in the vernalization response in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G. Greenup
- Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sharyar Sasani
- Department of Cereals Research, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sandra N. Oliver
- Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sally A. Walford
- Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Anthony A. Millar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ben Trevaskis
- Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Hemming MN, Trevaskis B. Make hay when the sun shines: the role of MADS-box genes in temperature-dependant seasonal flowering responses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 180:447-53. [PMID: 21421391 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
MADS-box transcription factors specify plant meristem identity. In doing so, they determine when floral organs are produced at the shoot apex and control the timing of flowering. The transcriptional activity of key MADS-box genes is controlled by temperature in many plants, and this synchronises flowering with changing seasons. Here we review how seasonal temperature variation influences the developmental programme of plants via transcriptional regulation of MADS-box genes. In particular we examine the role of MADS-box genes in regulating the acceleration of flowering by vernalization (prolonged periods of cold), using FLOWERING LOCUS C of Arabidopsis and VERNALIZATION1 of cereals as examples. A potential role for SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE-like genes in controlling winter bud dormancy is also examined, as are potential roles for MADS-box genes in regulating developmental responses to elevated growth temperatures. We conclude that understanding how temperature regulates the transcription of MADS-box genes provides insight into how seasonal fluctuations in temperature influence plant development. Plant breeders may be able to use natural variation in temperature-responsive MADS-box genes to breed future crop varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Hemming
- CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Casao MC, Igartua E, Karsai I, Lasa JM, Gracia MP, Casas AM. Expression analysis of vernalization and day-length response genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) indicates that VRNH2 is a repressor of PPDH2 (HvFT3) under long days. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:1939-49. [PMID: 21131547 PMCID: PMC3060678 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The response to vernalization and the expression of genes associated with responses to vernalization (VRNH1, VRNH2, and VRNH3) and photoperiod (PPDH1 and PPDH2) were analysed in four barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines: 'Alexis' (spring), 'Plaisant' (winter), SBCC058, and SBCC106 (Spanish inbred lines), grown under conditions of vernalization and short days (VSD) or no vernalization and long days (NVLD). The four genotypes differ in VRNH1. Their growth habits and responses to vernalization correlated with the level of expression of VRNH1 and the length of intron 1. 'Alexis' and 'Plaisant' behaved as expected. SBCC058 and SBCC106 showed an intermediate growth habit and flowered relatively late in the absence of vernalization. VRNH1 expression was induced by cold for all genotypes. Under VSD, VRNH1 expression was detected in the SBCC genotypes later than in 'Alexis' but earlier than in 'Plaisant'. VRNH2 was repressed under short days while VRNH1 expression increased in parallel. VRNH3 was detected only in 'Alexis' under NVLD, whereas it was not expressed in plants with the active allele of VRNH2 (SBCC058 and 'Plaisant'). Under VSD, PPDH2 was expressed in 'Alexis', SBCC058, and SBCC106, but it was only expressed weakly in 'Alexis' under NVLD. Further analysis of PPDH2 expression in two barley doubled haploid populations revealed that, under long days, HvFT3 and VRNH2 expression levels were related inversely. The timing of VRNH2 expression under a long photoperiod suggests that this gene might be involved in repression of PPDH2 and, indirectly, in the regulation of flowering time through an interaction with the day-length pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cristina Casao
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ernesto Igartua
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ildiko Karsai
- Agricultural Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462 Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
| | - José Manuel Lasa
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. Pilar Gracia
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M. Casas
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Kosová K, Vítámvás P, Prášil IT. Expression of dehydrins in wheat and barley under different temperatures. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 180:46-52. [PMID: 21421346 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The review summarizes recent knowledge on the expression of cold-inducible dehydrins with a special attention to Wcs120 and Dhn5 genes in wheat and barley plants under different temperatures. When plants are exposed to cold, dehydrins start accumulating both in freezing-tolerant and freezing-susceptible plants; however, their accumulation correlates with plant acquired frost tolerance (FT). During a long-term cold acclimation (CA), dehydrin accumulation is significantly affected by Vrn1/Fr1 locus and the expression of the major vernalization gene VRN1, respectively. A different dynamics of dehydrin transcripts and proteins during CA is also observed. Transcripts reach their maximum within the first week of CA while proteins gradually accumulate until vernalization. Vernalization is associated with a significant decrease in dehydrin accumulation while the decrease of acquired FT is delayed. Studies carried out on plants grown at moderately cold temperatures (9-20 °C) have shown that both dehydrin transcripts and proteins can be detected even at these temperatures and that plants with different FT levels can be distinguished according to dehydrin accumulation without any exposure to severe cold. In conclusion, the potential use of these results in the breeding programmes aimed at the enhancement of wheat and barley FT is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Kosová
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská Street 507, Prague 6-Ruzyně, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic.
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128
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Seppänen MM, Pakarinen K, Jokela V, Andersen JR, Fiil A, Santanen A, Virkajärvi P. Vernalization response of Phleum pratense and its relationships to stem lignification and floral transition. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 106:697-707. [PMID: 20798263 PMCID: PMC2958789 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timothy is a long-day grass species well adapted for cultivation in northern latitudes. It produces elongating tillers not only in spring growth but also later in summer. As the quantity and quality of harvested biomass is dictated by canopy architecture and the proportion of stem-forming flowering tillers, the regulation of flowering is of great interest in forage grass production. METHODS Canopy architecture, stem morphology and freezing tolerance of vernalized timothy were investigated in greenhouse and field experiments. The molecular control of development was examined by analysing the relationship between apex development and expression of timothy homologues of the floral inducer VRN1 and repressor VRN2. KEY RESULTS True stem formation and lignification of the sclerenchyma ring occur in both vernalized and regrowing stems irrespective of the developmental stage of the apex. The stems had, however, divergent morphology. Vernalization enhanced flowering, and the expression of the VRN1 homologue was elevated when the apex had passed into the reproductive stage. High VRN1 homologue expression was not associated with reduction in freezing tolerance and the expression coincided with increased levels of the floral repressor VRN2 homologue. Field experiments supported the observed linkage between the upregulation of the VRN1 homologue and the transition to the reproductive stage in vernalized tillers. The upregulation of putative VRN1 or VRN2 genes was restricted to vernalized tillers in the spring yield and, thus, not detected in non-vernalized tillers of the second yield; so-called regrowth. CONCLUSIONS The formation of a lignified sclerenchyma ring that efficiently reduces the digestibility of the stem was not related to apex development but rather to a requirement for mechanical support. The observed good freezing tolerance of reproductive timothy tillers could be one important adaptation mechanism ensuring high yields in northern conditions. Both VRN1 and VRN2 homologues required a vernalization signal for expression so the development of yield-forming tillers in regrowth was regulated independently of the studied genes.
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129
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Wellmer F, Riechmann JL. Gene networks controlling the initiation of flower development. Trends Genet 2010; 26:519-27. [PMID: 20947199 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The onset of flower formation is a key regulatory event during the life cycle of angiosperm plants, which marks the beginning of the reproductive phase of development. It has been shown that floral initiation is under tight genetic control, and deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms has been a main area of interest in plant biology for the past two decades. Here, we provide an overview of the developmental and genetic processes that occur during floral initiation. We further review recent studies that have led to the genome-wide identification of target genes of key floral regulators and discuss how they have contributed to an in-depth understanding of the gene regulatory networks controlling early flower development. We focus especially on a master regulator of floral initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana APETALA1 (AP1), but also outline what is known about the AP1 network in other plant species and the evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wellmer
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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130
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Sarhadi E, Mahfoozi S, Hosseini SA, Salekdeh GH. Cold Acclimation Proteome Analysis Reveals Close Link between the Up-Regulation of Low-Temperature Associated Proteins and Vernalization Fulfillment. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5658-67. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100475r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sarhadi
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Physiology-Agronomy unit of Department of Cereals Research, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, P.O. Box 31585-4119, Karaj, Iran, and Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACCER, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siroos Mahfoozi
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Physiology-Agronomy unit of Department of Cereals Research, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, P.O. Box 31585-4119, Karaj, Iran, and Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACCER, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Physiology-Agronomy unit of Department of Cereals Research, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, P.O. Box 31585-4119, Karaj, Iran, and Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACCER, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Physiology-Agronomy unit of Department of Cereals Research, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, P.O. Box 31585-4119, Karaj, Iran, and Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACCER, Tehran, Iran
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131
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Golovnina KA, Kondratenko EY, Blinov AG, Goncharov NP. Molecular characterization of vernalization loci VRN1 in wild and cultivated wheats. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:168. [PMID: 20699006 PMCID: PMC3095301 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variability of the VRN1 promoter region of the unique collection of spring polyploid and wild diploid wheat species together with diploid goatgrasses (donor of B and D genomes of polyploid wheats) were investigated. Accessions of wild diploid (T. boeoticum, T. urartu) and tetraploid (T. araraticum, T. timopheevii) species were studied for the first time. RESULTS Sequence analysis indicated great variability in the region from -62 to -221 nucleotide positions of the VRN1 promoter region. Different indels were found within this region in spring wheats. It was shown that VRN1 promoter region of B and G genome can also contain damages such as the insertion of the transposable element.Some transcription factor recognition sites including hybrid C/G-box for TaFDL2 protein known as the VRN1 gene upregulator were predicted inside the variable region. It was shown that deletions leading to promoter damage occurred in diploid and polyploid species independently. DNA transposon insertions first occurred in polyploid species. At the same time, the duplication of the promoter region was observed in A genomes of polyploid species. CONCLUSIONS We can conclude that supposed molecular mechanism of the VRN1 gene activating in cultivated diploid wheat species T. monococcum is common also for wild T. boeoticum and was inherited by T. monococcum. The spring polyploids are not related in their origin to spring diploids. The spring T. urartu and goatgrass accessions have another mechanism of flowering activation that is not connected with indels in VRN1 promoter region. All obtained data may be useful for detailed insight into origin of spring wheat forms in evolution and domestication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya A Golovnina
- Laboratory of Molecular-Genetic Systems, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk 90, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Ya Kondratenko
- Laboratory of Wheat Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk 90, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G Blinov
- Laboratory of Molecular-Genetic Systems, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk 90, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay P Goncharov
- Laboratory of Wheat Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk 90, Russian Federation
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132
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Dhillon T, Pearce SP, Stockinger EJ, Distelfeld A, Li C, Knox AK, Vashegyi I, Vágújfalvi A, Galiba G, Dubcovsky J. Regulation of freezing tolerance and flowering in temperate cereals: the VRN-1 connection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1846-58. [PMID: 20571115 PMCID: PMC2923912 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.159079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In winter wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties, long exposures to nonfreezing cold temperatures accelerate flowering time (vernalization) and improve freezing tolerance (cold acclimation). However, when plants initiate their reproductive development, freezing tolerance decreases, suggesting a connection between the two processes. To better understand this connection, we used two diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum) mutants, maintained vegetative phase (mvp), that carry deletions encompassing VRN-1, the major vernalization gene in temperate cereals. Homozygous mvp/mvp plants never flower, whereas plants carrying at least one functional VRN-1 copy (Mvp/-) exhibit normal flowering and high transcript levels of VRN-1 under long days. The Mvp/- plants showed reduced freezing tolerance and reduced transcript levels of several cold-induced C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR transcription factors and COLD REGULATED genes (COR) relative to the mvp/mvp plants. Diploid wheat accessions with mutations in the VRN-1 promoter, resulting in high transcript levels under both long and short days, showed a significant down-regulation of COR14b under long days but not under short days. Taken together, these studies suggest that VRN-1 is required for the initiation of the regulatory cascade that down-regulates the cold acclimation pathway but that additional genes regulated by long days are required for the down-regulation of the COR genes. In addition, our results show that allelic variation in VRN-1 is sufficient to determine differences in freezing tolerance, suggesting that quantitative trait loci for freezing tolerance previously mapped on this chromosome region are likely a pleiotropic effect of VRN-1 rather than the effect of a separate closely linked locus (FROST RESISTANCE-1), as proposed in early freezing tolerance studies.
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133
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Greenup AG, Sasani S, Oliver SN, Talbot MJ, Dennis ES, Hemming MN, Trevaskis B. ODDSOC2 is a MADS box floral repressor that is down-regulated by vernalization in temperate cereals. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1062-73. [PMID: 20431086 PMCID: PMC2899939 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.152488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In temperate cereals, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), the transition to reproductive development can be accelerated by prolonged exposure to cold (vernalization). We examined the role of the grass-specific MADS box gene ODDSOC2 (OS2) in the vernalization response in cereals. The barley OS2 gene (HvOS2) is expressed in leaves and shoot apices but is repressed by vernalization. Vernalization represses OS2 independently of VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) in a VRN1 deletion mutant of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum), but VRN1 is required to maintain down-regulation of OS2 in vernalized plants. Furthermore, barleys that carry active alleles of the VRN1 gene (HvVRN1) have reduced expression of HvOS2, suggesting that HvVRN1 down-regulates HvOS2 during development. Overexpression of HvOS2 delayed flowering and reduced spike, stem, and leaf length in transgenic barley plants. Plants overexpressing HvOS2 showed reduced expression of barley homologs of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR1 (FPF1) and increased expression of RNase-S-like genes. FPF1 promotes floral development and enhances cell elongation, so down-regulation of FPF1-like genes might explain the phenotypes of HvOS2 overexpression lines. We present an extended model of the genetic pathways controlling vernalization-induced flowering in cereals, which describes the regulatory relationships between VRN1, OS2, and FPF1-like genes. Overall, these findings highlight differences and similarities between the vernalization responses of temperate cereals and the model plant Arabidopsis.
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134
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Knox AK, Dhillon T, Cheng H, Tondelli A, Pecchioni N, Stockinger EJ. CBF gene copy number variation at Frost Resistance-2 is associated with levels of freezing tolerance in temperate-climate cereals. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 121:21-35. [PMID: 20213518 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Frost Resistance-1 (FR-1) and FR-2 are two loci affecting freezing tolerance and winter hardiness of the temperate-climate cereals. FR-1 is hypothesized to be due to the pleiotropic effects of VRN-1. FR-2 spans a cluster of C-Repeat Binding Factor (CBF) genes. These loci are genetically and functionally linked. Recent studies indicate CBF transcripts are downregulated by the VRN-1 encoded MADS-box protein or a factor in the VRN-1 pathway. Here, we report that barley genotypes 'Dicktoo' and 'Nure' carrying a vrn-H1 winter allele at VRN-H1 harbor increased copy numbers of CBF coding sequences relative to Vrn-H1 spring allele genotypes 'Morex' and 'Tremois'. Sequencing bacteriophage lambda genomic clones from these four genotypes alongside DNA blot hybridizations indicate approximately half of the eleven CBF orthologs at FR-H2 are duplicated in individual genomes. One of these duplications discriminates vrn-H1 genotypes from Vrn-H1 genotypes. The vrn-H1 winter allele genotypes harbor tandem segmental duplications through the CBF2A-CBF4B genomic region and maintain two distinct CBF2 paralogs, while the Vrn-H1 spring allele genotypes harbor single copies of CBF2 and CBF4. An additional CBF gene, CBF13, is a pseudogene interrupted by multiple non-sense codons in 'Tremois' whereas CBF13 is a complete uninterrupted coding sequence in 'Dicktoo' and 'Nure'. DNA blot hybridization with wheat DNAs reveals greater copy numbers of CBF14 also occurs in winter wheats than in spring wheats. These data indicate that variation in CBF gene copy numbers is widespread in the Triticeae and suggest selection for winter hardiness co-selects winter alleles at both VRN-1 and FR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Knox
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Kosová K, Tom Prásil I, Prásilová P, Vítámvás P, Chrpová J. The development of frost tolerance and DHN5 protein accumulation in barley (Hordeum vulgare) doubled haploid lines derived from Atlas 68 x Igri cross during cold acclimation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:343-50. [PMID: 19962784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of a long-term cold acclimation (CA) was studied in spring barley cultivar Atlas 68, winter barley cultivar Igri and a set of doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from an Atlas 68xIgri cross. The aim was to evaluate the effect of plant development on the ability to induce frost tolerance (FT) and to accumulate dehydrin 5 (DHN5) during CA. The plant developmental stage was evaluated by phenological development of the shoot apex and by determination of days to heading after a certain period of CA. FT was determined by direct frost tests. Plant winter survival was also determined. DHN5 was evaluated by densitometric analysis of protein gel blots. Cold led to the induction of increased FT and to the accumulation of DHN5 in both spring and winter lines. However, with the progression of CA, differences between the growth habits occurred as the winter lines were able to maintain increased FT and DHN5 levels for a significantly longer period of time than the spring lines. After vegetative/reproductive transition, a significant decrease in DHN5 accumulation was found in all lines; however, a discrepancy between the acquired FT level and DHN5 accumulation in vernalized winter barley plants was found. A correlation between DHN5 accumulation and plant winter survival was found when the studied lines were differentiated according to their developmental stage and DHN5 level. Possible explanations for these phenomena are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Kosová
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague 6, Ruzyne, Czech Republic.
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136
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Regulation of gene expression by chromosome 5A during cold hardening in wheat. Mol Genet Genomics 2010; 283:351-63. [PMID: 20179969 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-010-0520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cold hardening is necessary to achieve the genetically determined maximum freezing tolerance and to reduce yield losses in winter cereals. The aim of the present study was to determine a set of genes with an important role in this process, by comparing of chromosome 5A substitution lines with different levels of freezing tolerance, since chromosome 5A is a major regulator of this trait. During 21 days of treatment at 2 degrees C, 303 genes were up-regulated, while 222 were down-regulated at most sampling points, and 156 at around half of them (out of the 10,297 unigenes studied). The freezing-tolerant substitution line exhibited 1.5 times as many differentially expressed genes than the sensitive one. The transcription of 78 genes (39 up-regulated) proved to be chromosome 5A-dependent. These genes encoded proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, defence processes and carbohydrate metabolism. Three of the chromosome 5A-related genes, coding for a cold-responsive, a Ca-binding and an embryo and meristem-related protein, were genetically mapped and characterized in further detail. The present experimental system was appropriate for the selection of chromosome 5A-related genes involved in short- and long-term cold acclimation in wheat. By modifying the expression of these genes it may be possible to improve freezing tolerance.
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137
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Diallo A, Kane N, Agharbaoui Z, Badawi M, Sarhan F. Heterologous expression of wheat VERNALIZATION 2 (TaVRN2) gene in Arabidopsis delays flowering and enhances freezing tolerance. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8690. [PMID: 20084169 PMCID: PMC2805711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The vernalization gene 2 (VRN2), is a major flowering repressor in temperate cereals that is regulated by low temperature and photoperiod. Here we show that the gene from Triticum aestivum (TaVRN2) is also regulated by salt, heat shock, dehydration, wounding and abscissic acid. Promoter analysis indicates that TaVRN2 regulatory region possesses all the specific responsive elements to these stresses. This suggests pleiotropic effects of TaVRN2 in wheat development and adaptability to the environment. To test if TaVRN2 can act as a flowering repressor in species different from the temperate cereals, the gene was ectopically expressed in the model plant Arabidopsis. Transgenic plants showed no alteration in morphology, but their flowering time was significantly delayed compared to controls plants, indicating that TaVRN2, although having no ortholog in Brassicaceae, can act as a flowering repressor in these species. To identify the possible mechanism by which TaVRN2 gene delays flowering in Arabidopsis, the expression level of several genes involved in flowering time regulation was determined. The analysis indicates that the late flowering of the 35S::TaVRN2 plants was associated with a complex pattern of expression of the major flowering control genes, FCA, FLC, FT, FVE and SOC1. This suggests that heterologous expression of TaVRN2 in Arabidopsis can delay flowering by modulating several floral inductive pathways. Furthermore, transgenic plants showed higher freezing tolerance, likely due to the accumulation of CBF2, CBF3 and the COR genes. Overall, our data suggests that TaVRN2 gene could modulate a common regulator of the two interacting pathways that regulate flowering time and the induction of cold tolerance. The results also demonstrate that TaVRN2 could be used to manipulate flowering time and improve cold tolerance in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Diallo
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ndjido Kane
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zahra Agharbaoui
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamed Badawi
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fathey Sarhan
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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138
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Kim DH, Doyle MR, Sung S, Amasino RM. Vernalization: winter and the timing of flowering in plants. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2010; 25:277-99. [PMID: 19575660 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved many systems to sense their environment and to modify their growth and development accordingly. One example is vernalization, the process by which flowering is promoted as plants sense exposure to the cold temperatures of winter. A requirement for vernalization is an adaptive trait that helps prevent flowering before winter and permits flowering in the favorable conditions of spring. In Arabidopsis and cereals, vernalization results in the suppression of genes that repress flowering. We describe recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of this suppression. In Arabidopsis, vernalization involves the recruitment of chromatin-modifying complexes to a clade of flowering repressors that are silenced epigenetically via histone modifications. We also discuss the similarities and differences in vernalization between Arabidopsis and cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Kim
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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139
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Lin EP, Peng HZ, Jin QY, Deng MJ, Li T, Xiao XC, Hua XQ, Wang KH, Bian HW, Han N, Zhu MY. Identification and characterization of two bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox) AP1/SQUA-like MADS-box genes during floral transition. PLANTA 2009; 231:109-20. [PMID: 19855996 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo (Bambusoideae) is by far the largest member of the grass family Poaceae, which is vital to the economy of many countries in the tropics and subtropics. However, the mechanism of flowering of bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox) is still unknown. In this study, we isolated two novel genes from P. praecox and evaluated their functional characteristics. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these two genes, named PpMADS1 and PpMADS2, belong to FUL3 and FUL1 clade of Poaceae AP1/SQUA-like genes, respectively. The PpMADS2 possesses a truncated C terminus lacking the highly conserved paleoAP1 motif. It was further confirmed that the truncated C-terminal region was produced by natural sequence deletion in exons, but not by alternative splicing. Ectopic expression of PpMADS1 and PpMADS2 significantly promoted early flowering through upregulation of AP1 in Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid experiments demonstrated that AP1 protein can interact with PpMADS1 but not PpMADS2, suggesting that these two genes may act differently in signaling early flowering of bamboo plants. RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization analysis revealed distinct expression patterns of these two genes in vegetative and reproductive tissues of bamboo. Taken together, our results suggest that both PpMADS1 and PpMADS2 are involved in floral transition, and PpMADS2 might play more important roles than PpMADS1 in floral development of Phyllostachys praecox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Pei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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140
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Båga M, Fowler DB, Chibbar RN. Identification of genomic regions determining the phenological development leading to floral transition in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3575-3585. [PMID: 19553371 PMCID: PMC2724704 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Autumn-seeded winter cereals acquire tolerance to freezing temperatures and become vernalized by exposure to low temperature (LT). The level of accumulated LT tolerance depends on the cold acclimation rate and factors controlling timing of floral transition at the shoot apical meristem. In this study, genomic loci controlling the floral transition time were mapped in a winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) doubled haploid (DH) mapping population segregating for LT tolerance and rate of phenological development. The final leaf number (FLN), days to FLN, and days to anthesis were determined for 142 DH lines grown with and without vernalization in controlled environments. Analysis of trait data by composite interval mapping (CIM) identified 11 genomic regions that carried quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the developmental traits studied. CIM analysis showed that the time for floral transition in both vernalized and non-vernalized plants was controlled by common QTL regions on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 2B, 6A and 7A. A QTL identified on chromosome 4A influenced floral transition time only in vernalized plants. Alleles of the LT-tolerant parent, Norstar, delayed floral transition at all QTLs except at the 2A locus. Some of the QTL alleles delaying floral transition also increased the length of vegetative growth and delayed flowering time. The genes underlying the QTLs identified in this study encode factors involved in regional adaptation of cold hardy winter wheat.
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141
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Greenup A, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES, Trevaskis B. The molecular biology of seasonal flowering-responses in Arabidopsis and the cereals. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:1165-72. [PMID: 19304997 PMCID: PMC2685306 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) play key roles in regulating seasonal flowering-responses to synchronize flowering with optimal conditions. FT is a promoter of flowering activated by long days and by warm conditions. FLC represses FT to delay flowering until plants experience winter. SCOPE The identification of genes controlling flowering in cereals allows comparison of the molecular pathways controlling seasonal flowering-responses in cereals with those of arabidopsis. The role of FT has been conserved between arabidopsis and cereals; FT-like genes trigger flowering in response to short days in rice or long days in temperate cereals, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). Many varieties of wheat and barley require vernalization to flower but FLC-like genes have not been identified in cereals. Instead, VERNALIZATION2 (VRN2) inhibits long-day induction of FT-like1 (FT1) prior to winter. VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) is activated by low-temperatures during winter to repress VRN2 and to allow the long-day response to occur in spring. In rice (Oryza sativa) a VRN2-like gene Ghd7, which influences grain number, plant height and heading date, represses the FT-like gene Heading date 3a (Hd3a) in long days, suggesting a broader role for VRN2-like genes in regulating day-length responses in cereals. Other genes, including Early heading date (Ehd1), Oryza sativa MADS51 (OsMADS51) and INDETERMINATE1 (OsID1) up-regulate Hd3a in short days. These genes might account for the different day-length response of rice compared with the temperate cereals. No genes homologous to VRN2, Ehd1, Ehd2 or OsMADS51 occur in arabidopsis. CONCLUSIONS It seems that different genes regulate FT orthologues to elicit seasonal flowering-responses in arabidopsis and the cereals. This highlights the need for more detailed study into the molecular basis of seasonal flowering-responses in cereal crops or in closely related model plants such as Brachypodium distachyon.
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142
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Winfield MO, Lu C, Wilson ID, Coghill JA, Edwards KJ. Cold- and light-induced changes in the transcriptome of wheat leading to phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 9:55. [PMID: 19432994 PMCID: PMC2685395 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For plants to flower at the appropriate time, they must be able to perceive and respond to various internal and external cues. Wheat is generally a long-day plant that will go through phase transition from vegetative to floral growth as days are lengthening in spring and early summer. In addition to this response to day-length, wheat cultivars may be classified as either winter or spring varieties depending on whether they require to be exposed to an extended period of cold in order to become competent to flower. Using a growth regime to mimic the conditions that occur during a typical winter in Britain, and a microarray approach to determine changes in gene expression over time, we have surveyed the genes of the major pathways involved in floral transition. We have paid particular attention to wheat orthologues and functional equivalents of genes involved in the phase transition in Arabidopsis. We also surveyed all the MADS-box genes that could be identified as such on the Affymetrix genechip wheat genome array. RESULTS We observed novel responses of several genes thought to be of major importance in vernalisation-induced phase transition, and identified several MADS-box genes that might play an important role in the onset of flowering. In addition, we saw responses in genes of the Gibberellin pathway that would indicate that this pathway also has some role to play in phase transition. CONCLUSION Phase transition in wheat is more complex than previously reported, and there is evidence that day-length has an influence on genes that were once thought to respond exclusively to an extended period of cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O Winfield
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Chungui Lu
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Jane A Coghill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Keith J Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK
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143
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Campoli C, Matus-Cádiz MA, Pozniak CJ, Cattivelli L, Fowler DB. Comparative expression of Cbf genes in the Triticeae under different acclimation induction temperatures. Mol Genet Genomics 2009; 282:141-52. [PMID: 19421778 PMCID: PMC2757611 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-009-0451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In plants, the C-repeat binding factors (Cbfs) are believed to regulate low-temperature (LT) tolerance. However, most functional studies of Cbfs have focused on characterizing expression after an LT shock and have not quantified differences associated with variable temperature induction or the rate of response to LT treatment. In the Triticeae, rye (Secale cereale L.) is one of the most LT-tolerant species, and is an excellent model to study and compare Cbf LT induction and expression profiles. Here, we report the isolation of rye Cbf genes (ScCbfs) and compare their expression levels in spring- and winter-habit rye cultivars and their orthologs in two winter-habit wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. Eleven ScCbfs were isolated spanning all four major phylogenetic groups. Nine of the ScCbfs mapped to 5RL and one to chromosome 2R. Cbf expression levels were variable, with stronger expression in winter- versus spring-habit rye cultivars but no clear relationship with cultivar differences in LT, down-stream cold-regulated gene expression and Cbf expression were detected. Some Cbfs were expressed only at warmer acclimation temperatures in all three species and their expression was repressed at the end of an 8-h dark period at warmer temperatures, which may reflect a temperature-dependent, light-regulated diurnal response. Our work indicates that Cbf expression is regulated by complex genotype by time by induction-temperature interactions, emphasizing that sample timing, induction-temperature and light-related factors must receive greater consideration in future studies involving functional characterization of LT-induced genes in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Campoli
- Department of Plant Science, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada.
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144
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Vernalization-induced flowering in cereals is associated with changes in histone methylation at the VERNALIZATION1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:8386-91. [PMID: 19416817 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903566106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to low temperatures (vernalization) accelerates the transition to reproductive growth in many plant species, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the economically important cereal crops, wheat and barley. Vernalization-induced flowering is an epigenetic phenomenon. In Arabidopsis, stable down-regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) by vernalization is associated with changes in histone modifications at FLC chromatin. In cereals, the vernalization response is mediated by stable induction of the floral promoter VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1), which initiates reproductive development at the shoot apex. We show that in barley (Hordeum vulgare), repression of HvVRN1 before vernalization is associated with high levels of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) at HvVRN1 chromatin. Vernalization caused increased levels of histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and a loss of H3K27me3 at HvVRN1, suggesting that vernalization promotes an active chromatin state at VRN1. Levels of these histone modifications at 2 other flowering-time genes, VERNALIZATION2 and FLOWERING LOCUS T, were not altered by vernalization. Our study suggests that maintenance of an active chromatin state at VRN1 is likely to be the basis for epigenetic memory of vernalization in cereals. Thus, regulation of chromatin state is a feature of epigenetic memory of vernalization in Arabidopsis and the cereals; however, whereas vernalization-induced flowering in Arabidopsis is mediated by epigenetic regulation of the floral repressor FLC, this phenomenon in cereals is mediated by epigenetic regulation of the floral activator, VRN1.
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145
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Shimada S, Ogawa T, Kitagawa S, Suzuki T, Ikari C, Shitsukawa N, Abe T, Kawahigashi H, Kikuchi R, Handa H, Murai K. A genetic network of flowering-time genes in wheat leaves, in which an APETALA1/FRUITFULL-like gene, VRN1, is upstream of FLOWERING LOCUS T. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 58:668-81. [PMID: 19175767 PMCID: PMC2721963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the genetic mechanism of flowering in wheat, we performed expression, mutant and transgenic studies of flowering-time genes. A diurnal expression analysis revealed that a flowering activator VRN1, an APETALA1/FRUITFULL homolog in wheat, was expressed in a rhythmic manner in leaves under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions. Under LD conditions, the upregulation of VRN1 during the light period was followed by the accumulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) transcripts. Furthermore, FT was not expressed in a maintained vegetative phase (mvp) mutant of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum), which has null alleles of VRN1, and never transits from the vegetative to the reproductive phase. These results suggest that VRN1 is upstream of FT and upregulates the FT expression under LD conditions. The overexpression of FT in a transgenic bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) caused extremely early heading with the upregulation of VRN1 and the downregulation of VRN2, a putative repressor gene of VRN1. These results suggest that in the transgenic plant, FT suppresses VRN2 expression, leading to an increase in VRN1 expression. Based on these results, we present a model for a genetic network of flowering-time genes in wheat leaves, in which VRN1 is upstream of FT with a positive feedback loop through VRN2. The mvp mutant has a null allele of VRN2, as well as of VRN1, because it was obtained from a spring einkorn wheat strain lacking VRN2. The fact that FT is not expressed in the mvp mutant supports the present model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Shimada
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural UniversityEiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Taiichi Ogawa
- Plant Genome Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural UniversityEiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural UniversityEiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ikari
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural UniversityEiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Naoki Shitsukawa
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural UniversityEiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Tomoko Abe
- RIKEN Nishina CenterWako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawahigashi
- Plant Genome Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Rie Kikuchi
- Plant Genome Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Handa
- Plant Genome Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of TsukubaTsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
- *For correspondence (fax +81 776 61 6015; e-mail or fax +81 29 838 7417; e-mail )
| | - Koji Murai
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural UniversityEiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
- *For correspondence (fax +81 776 61 6015; e-mail or fax +81 29 838 7417; e-mail )
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146
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Wang S, Carver B, Yan L. Genetic loci in the photoperiod pathway interactively modulate reproductive development of winter wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2009; 118:1339-1349. [PMID: 19234853 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-009-0984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Responses to photoperiod and low temperature are the two primary adaptive mechanisms which enable wheat plants to synchronize developmental processes with changes in seasonal climate. In this study, the developmental process was characterized at two stages: stem length during the onset of stem elongation and heading date. These two developmental events were monitored and mapped in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of a population generated from a cross between two complementary and locally adapted hard winter wheat cultivars. 'Intrada' undergoes stem elongation earlier but reaches heading later, whereas 'Cimarron' undergoes stem elongation later but reaches heading earlier. Variation in the developmental process in this population was associated with three major QTLs centered on Xbarc200 on chromosome 2B, PPD-D1 on chromosome 2D, and Xcfd14 on chromosome 7D. The Intrada Xbarc200 and Xcfd14 alleles and the Cimarron PPD-D1 allele accelerated both stem elongation and heading stages, or the Cimarron Xbarc200 and Xcfd14 alleles and the Intrada PPD-D1 allele delayed both stem elongation and heading stages. Integrative effects of the three QTLs accounted for 43% (initial stem length) and 68% (heading date) of the overall phenotypic variation in this population. PPD-D1 is a reasonable candidate gene for the QTL on chromosome 2D, PPD-B1 could be associated with the QTL on chromosome 2B, but VRN-D3 (=FT-D1) was not linked with the QTL on chromosome 7D, suggesting that this is a novel locus involved in winter wheat development. Because the PPD-D1 QTL was observed to interact with other two QTLs, all of these QTLs could play a role in the same pathway as involved in photoperiod response of winter wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Wang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 74078, USA
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147
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Hemming MN, Fieg S, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES, Trevaskis B. Regions associated with repression of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) VERNALIZATION1 gene are not required for cold induction. Mol Genet Genomics 2009; 282:107-17. [PMID: 19404679 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-009-0449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activity of the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) gene is required for flowering in temperate cereals such as wheat and barley. In varieties that require prolonged exposure to cold to flower (vernalization), VRN1 is expressed at low levels and is induced by vernalization to trigger flowering. In other varieties, deletions or insertions in the first intron of the VRN1 gene are associated with increased VRN1 expression in the absence of cold treatment, reducing or eliminating the requirement for vernalization. To characterize natural variation in VRN1, the first intron of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) VRN1 gene (HvVRN1) was assayed for deletions or insertions in a collection of 1,000 barleys from diverse geographical regions. Ten alleles of HvVRN1 containing deletions or insertions in the first intron were identified, including three alleles that have not been described previously. Different HvVRN1 alleles were associated with differing levels of HvVRN1 expression in non-vernalized plants and with different flowering behaviour. Using overlapping deletions, we delineated regions in the HvVRN1 first intron that are associated with low levels of HvVRN1 expression in non-vernalized plants. Deletion of these intronic regions does not prevent induction of HvVRN1 by cold or the maintenance of increased HvVRN1 expression following cold treatment. We suggest that regions within the first intron of HvVRN1 are required to maintain low levels of HvVRN1 expression prior to winter but act independently of the regulatory mechanisms that mediate induction of HvVRN1 by cold during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Hemming
- Division of Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, ACT, Australia
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148
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Distelfeld A, Li C, Dubcovsky J. Regulation of flowering in temperate cereals. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 12:178-84. [PMID: 19195924 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Long exposure to cold (vernalization) accelerates flowering in winter cereals, a process regulated by the VRN1 (approximately AP1), VRN2, and VRN3 (approximately FT) vernalization genes. Flowering during the fall is prevented by the VRN2 downregulation of VRN3 and low VRN1 transcription. Vernalization induces VRN1, which is followed by the downregulation of VRN2, thereby releasing VRN3. In the longer days of spring, photoperiod genes PPD1 and CO upregulate VRN3, which induces VRN1 above the threshold levels required for flowering initiation. VRN3 transcription is modulated through interactions involving CCT-domain proteins and HAP2/HAP3/HAP5 complexes coded by multiple genes. The vast number of HAP-CCT combinations can provide the flexibility required for integrating seasonal cues and different stress signals in the regulation of the transition to flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Distelfeld
- Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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149
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Sun QM, Zhou RH, Gao LF, Zhao GY, Jia JZ. The characterization and geographical distribution of the genes responsible for vernalization requirement in Chinese bread wheat. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:423-432. [PMID: 19341410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and distribution of the major vernalization requirement genes and their effects on growth habits were studied. Of the 551 bread wheat genotypes tested, seven allelic combinations of the three Vrn-1 genes were found to be responsible for the spring habit, three for the facultative habit and one for the winter habit. The three Vrn-1 genes behaved additively with the dominant allele of Vrn-A1 exerting the strongest effect. The allele combinations of the facultative genotypes and the discovery of spring genotypes with "winter" allele of Vrn-1 implied the presence of as yet unidentified alleles/genes for vernalization response. The dominant alleles of the three Vrn-1 genes were found in all ten ecological regions where wheat is cultivated in China, with Vrn-D1 as the most common allele in nine and Vrn-A1 in one. The combination of vrn-A1vrn-B1Vrn-D1 was the predominant genotype in seven of the regions. Compared with landraces, improved varieties contain a higher proportion of the spring type. This was attributed by a higher frequency of the dominant Vrn-A1 and Vrn-B1 alleles in the latter. Correlations between Vrn-1 allelic constitutions and heading date, spike length, plant type as well as cold tolerance were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Sun
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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150
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Sutton F, Chen DG, Ge X, Kenefick D. Cbf genes of the Fr-A2 allele are differentially regulated between long-term cold acclimated crown tissue of freeze-resistant and - susceptible, winter wheat mutant lines. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 9:34. [PMID: 19309505 PMCID: PMC2663559 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to identify genes that might confer and maintain freeze resistance of winter wheat, a comparative transcriptome analysis was performed between control and 4 wk cold-acclimated crown tissue of two winter wheat lines that differ in field freeze survival. The lines, generated by azide mutagenesis of the winter wheat cultivar 'Winoka' were designated FR (75% survival) and FS (30% survival). Using two winter lines for this comparative analysis removed the influence of differential expression of the vernalization genes and allowed our study to focus on Cbf genes located within the Fr-A2 allele independent of the effect of the closely mapped Vrn allele. RESULTS Vernalization genes, (Vrn-A1, B1 and D1), and the transcription factor gene, TaVrt-2, were up-regulated to the same extent in FR and FS lines with cold acclimation thus confirming that azide mutagenesis had not modified the winter habitat of the lines. One category of Cbf genes, (Cbf-2, -A22 and B-22) reflected an increase in level of expression with cold acclimation in both FR and FS lines. Another category of Cbf genes (Cbf-3, -5, -6, -12, -14 and -19) were differentially expressed between cold-acclimated FR and FS lines relative to the non-acclimated controls. Comparison of expression patterns of the two categories of Cbf genes with the expression patterns of a set of ABA-dependent and -independent Cor/Lea genes revealed similar patterns of expression for this sample of Cor/Lea genes with that for Cbf-2 and -22. This pattern of expression was also exhibited by the Vrn genes. CONCLUSION Some Cor/Lea genes may be co-regulated by the Vrn genes during cold acclimation and the Vrn genes may also control the expression of Cbf-2, -A22 and -B22. The increased freeze survival by the FR line and the increase in expression levels of wheat Cbf genes, Cbf-3, -5, -6, -12, -14 and -19 with cold acclimation in the FR line suggests a possible gain of function mutation resulting in higher levels of expression of these Cbf genes and increased freeze survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedora Sutton
- Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Plant Science Building, Jackrabbit lane, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Ding-Geng Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57007; Box 2220, Brookings, SD 57007, Office: Harding Hall 118, USA
| | - Xijin Ge
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57007; Box 2220, Brookings, SD 57007, Office: Harding Hall 118, USA
| | - Don Kenefick
- Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Plant Science Building, Jackrabbit lane, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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