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Palombieri S, Bonarrigo M, Cammerata A, Quagliata G, Astolfi S, Lafiandra D, Sestili F, Masci S. Corrigendum: Characterization of Triticum turgidum sspp. durum, turanicum and polonicum grown in Central Italy in relation to technological and nutritional aspects. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1379685. [PMID: 38510440 PMCID: PMC10951086 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1379685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1269212.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuela Palombieri
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marco Bonarrigo
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cammerata
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Quagliata
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefania Astolfi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefania Masci
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Palombieri S, Bonarrigo M, Cammerata A, Quagliata G, Astolfi S, Lafiandra D, Sestili F, Masci S. Characterization of Triticum turgidum sspp. durum, turanicum, and polonicum grown in Central Italy in relation to technological and nutritional aspects. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1269212. [PMID: 38126019 PMCID: PMC10731273 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1269212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Wheat is a staple food, with the two most common species being Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum ssp. durum. Moreover, the latter, T. turgidum, includes other tetraploid subspecies, among which the sspp. turanicum (Khorasan wheat) and polonicum (Polish wheat), whose importance has increased in the last decades, representing alternative crops for marginal areas, in addition to being a source of genetic diversity. Methods In this work, different accessions of these three subspecies of T. turgidum have been grown in 2 years in the same environment and have been characterized for technological properties and factors affecting nutritional quality, such as fiber amount and the content of micro- and macro-nutrients in grains, and for root morphological traits. Results These analyses allowed the identification, in particular, of a Polish wheat accession showing better technological performances, a higher amount of positive micro- and macro-elements, and a lower amount of toxic cadmium. The modern variety Svevo and the Polish Pol2 showed the lowest and the highest shoot:root ratio, respectively. The high shoot:root ratio in Pol2 was mainly attributable to the decrease in root growth. Although Pol2 had a lower root biomass, its particular root morphology made it more efficient for nutrient uptake, as evident from the greater accumulation of micro- and macro-nutrients. Discussion These results underline that it is not possible to draw general conclusions about the difference between primitive and modern wheats, but rather a case-by-case approach should be chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuela Palombieri
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marco Bonarrigo
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cammerata
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Quagliata
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefania Astolfi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefania Masci
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Suriano S, Codianni P, Iannucci A. Carotenoids and tocols comparison in different Subspecies of Triticum turgidum and aestivum. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113620. [PMID: 37986473 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids and Tocols in six genotypes of Triticum turgidum ssp. durum, five of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum, four of Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum, and six of Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta were investigated. The aim of the present study was to identify, quantify, and compare the content of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and carotenoids in different primitive and modern genotypes of wheat species in order to evaluate the lines with the highest content and possibly use them for selection and breeding programs. The Triticum durum group showed the highest mean content of total carotenoids, with lutein being the most abundant, accounting for 80.12 % (Triticum spelta) to 86.65 % (Triticum turgidum) of total carotenoids. Among the genotypes, Line 6 (Triticum durum) had the highest lutein content (12.17 μg g-1), significantly differing from the lines within its group and the other groups of dicoccum, aestivum, and spelta.Triticum dicoccum exhibited a lower average content of total tocols compared to other Triticum species. The tocols profile showed a prevalence of tocotrienols over tocopherols. β + γ-T3 was the most abundant individual tocol isomer in all Triticum genotypes, contributing for 50.40 % (Triticum ssp. aestivum) and 42.50 % (Triticum spelta) of the total content, respectively. The highest β + γ-T3 content (23.83 μg/g) was found in Line 6 of Triticum durum. Correlation, principal component, and cluster analyses revealed positive correlations between total tocols and β/γ tocotrienols, significant differences between various groups of the same species, formation of six clusters labeled as I to VI, and the identification of genotypes from the same species grouped in different clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafino Suriano
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), S.S. 673, Km 25,200, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Codianni
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), S.S. 673, Km 25,200, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Iannucci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), S.S. 673, Km 25,200, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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Draeger TN, Rey MD, Hayta S, Smedley M, Alabdullah AK, Moore G, Martín AC. ZIP4 is required for normal progression of synapsis and for over 95% of crossovers in wheat meiosis. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1189998. [PMID: 37324713 PMCID: PMC10266424 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1189998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tetraploid (AABB) and hexaploid (AABBDD) wheat have multiple sets of similar chromosomes, with successful meiosis and preservation of fertility relying on synapsis and crossover (CO) formation only taking place between homologous chromosomes. In hexaploid wheat, the major meiotic gene TaZIP4-B2 (Ph1) on chromosome 5B, promotes CO formation between homologous chromosomes, whilst suppressing COs between homeologous (related) chromosomes. In other species, ZIP4 mutations eliminate approximately 85% of COs, consistent with loss of the class I CO pathway. Tetraploid wheat has three ZIP4 copies: TtZIP4-A1 on chromosome 3A, TtZIP4-B1 on 3B and TtZIP4-B2 on 5B. Here, we have developed single, double and triple zip4 TILLING mutants and a CRISPR Ttzip4-B2 mutant, to determine the effect of ZIP4 genes on synapsis and CO formation in the tetraploid wheat cultivar 'Kronos'. We show that disruption of two ZIP4 gene copies in Ttzip4-A1B1 double mutants, results in a 76-78% reduction in COs when compared to wild-type plants. Moreover, when all three copies are disrupted in Ttzip4-A1B1B2 triple mutants, COs are reduced by over 95%, suggesting that the TtZIP4-B2 copy may also affect class II COs. If this is the case, the class I and class II CO pathways may be interlinked in wheat. When ZIP4 duplicated and diverged from chromosome 3B on wheat polyploidization, the new 5B copy, TaZIP4-B2, could have acquired an additional function to stabilize both CO pathways. In tetraploid plants deficient in all three ZIP4 copies, synapsis is delayed and does not complete, consistent with our previous studies in hexaploid wheat, when a similar delay in synapsis was observed in a 59.3 Mb deletion mutant, ph1b, encompassing the TaZIP4-B2 gene on chromosome 5B. These findings confirm the requirement of ZIP4-B2 for efficient synapsis, and suggest that TtZIP4 genes have a stronger effect on synapsis than previously described in Arabidopsis and rice. Thus, ZIP4-B2 in wheat accounts for the two major phenotypes reported for Ph1, promotion of homologous synapsis and suppression of homeologous COs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María-Dolores Rey
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sadiye Hayta
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Smedley
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Graham Moore
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Azahara C. Martín
- Department of Plant Genetic Improvement, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
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Chapuis M, Leménager N, Piou C, Roumet P, Marche H, Centanni J, Estienne C, Ecarnot M, Vasseur F, Violle C, Kazakou E. Domestication provides durum wheat with protection from locust herbivory. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9741. [PMID: 36694552 PMCID: PMC9843534 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower plant resistance to herbivores following domestication has been suggested as the main cause for higher feeding damage in crops than in wild progenitors. While herbivore compensatory feeding has also been proposed as a possible mechanism for raised damage in crops with low nutritional quality, predictions regarding the effects of plant domestication on nutritional quality for herbivores remain unclear. In particular, data on primary metabolites, even major macronutrients, measured in the organs consumed by herbivores, are scarce. In this study, we used a collection of 10 accessions of wild ancestors and 10 accessions of modern progenies of Triticum turgidum to examine whether feeding damage and selectivity by nymphs of Locusta migratoria primarily depended on five leaf traits related to structural resistance or nutrient profiles. Our results unexpectedly showed that locusts favored wild ancestors over domesticated accessions and that leaf toughness and nitrogen and soluble protein contents increased with the domestication process. Furthermore, the quantitative relationship between soluble protein and digestible carbohydrates was found to poorly meet the specific requirements of the herbivore, in all wheat accessions, both wild and modern. The increase in leaf structural resistance to herbivores in domesticated tetraploid wheat accessions suggested that resource allocation trade-offs between growth and herbivory resistance may have been disrupted by domestication in the vegetative organs of this species. Since domestication did not result in a loss of nutritional quality in the leaves of the tetraploid wheat, our results rather provides evidence for a role of the content of plants in nonnutritive nitrogenous secondary compounds, possibly deterrent or toxic, at least for grasshopper herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Pierre Chapuis
- CIRAD, CBGPMontpellierFrance,CBGP, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, IRD, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Nicolas Leménager
- CIRAD, CBGPMontpellierFrance,CBGP, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, IRD, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Cyril Piou
- CIRAD, CBGPMontpellierFrance,CBGP, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, IRD, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Pierre Roumet
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Héloïse Marche
- CIRAD, CBGPMontpellierFrance,CBGP, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, IRD, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Julia Centanni
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Christophe Estienne
- CIRAD, CBGPMontpellierFrance,CBGP, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, IRD, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Martin Ecarnot
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Elena Kazakou
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
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Batyrshina ZS, Shavit R, Yaakov B, Bocobza S, Tzin V. The transcription factor TaMYB31 regulates the benzoxazinoid biosynthetic pathway in wheat. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:5634-5649. [PMID: 35554544 PMCID: PMC9467655 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids are specialized metabolites that are highly abundant in staple crops, such as maize and wheat. Although their biosynthesis has been studied for several decades, the regulatory mechanisms of the benzoxazinoid pathway remain unknown. Here, we report that the wheat transcription factor MYB31 functions as a regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis genes. A transcriptomic analysis of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum) tissue revealed the up-regulation of two TtMYB31 homoeologous genes upon aphid and caterpillar feeding. TaMYB31 gene silencing in the hexaploid wheat Triticum aestivum significantly reduced benzoxazinoid metabolite levels and led to susceptibility to herbivores. Thus, aphid progeny production, caterpillar body weight gain, and spider mite oviposition significantly increased in TaMYB31-silenced plants. A comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of hexaploid wheat revealed that the TaMYB31 gene is co-expressed with the target benzoxazinoid-encoded Bx genes under several biotic and environmental conditions. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of abiotic stresses on benzoxazinoid levels and discovered a strong accumulation of these compounds in the leaves. The results of a dual fluorescence assay indicated that TaMYB31 binds to the Bx1 and Bx4 gene promoters, thereby activating the transcription of genes involved in the benzoxazinoid pathway. Our finding is the first report of the transcriptional regulation mechanism of the benzoxazinoid pathway in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaniya S Batyrshina
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Reut Shavit
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Beery Yaakov
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Samuel Bocobza
- Department of Ornamentals and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 Hamakabim Road, 7528809, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Preiti G, Calvi A, Giuffrè AM, Badagliacca G, Virzì N, Bacchi M. A Comparative Assessment of Agronomic and Baking Qualities of Modern/Old Varieties and Landraces of Wheat Grown in Calabria (Italy). Foods 2022; 11:foods11152359. [PMID: 35954124 PMCID: PMC9368158 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of wheat has been part of the evolution of human civilisation since ancient times. Wheat breeding has modified some of its characteristics to obtain improved varieties with high production potential that better meet the demands of the bread and pasta industry. Even today, there are still old varieties, landraces, adapted to particular environments. They are still cultivated in some areas because of the interest shown by the market in typical bakery products expressing the cultural heritage of local communities. The aim of this work was to evaluate the bio-agronomic and bakery characteristics of four modern genotypes, one old cultivar and two landraces of wheat typically grown in Calabria (Southern Italy). The experiment was carried out over two years in two different locations, during which the main bio-agronomic and quality traits related to bread making aptitude were detected. A marked difference was found between the landraces and the other genotypes in both agronomic and technological characteristics. Despite the higher protein and gluten content, landraces were found to have a significantly lower gluten index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Preiti
- Department of AGRARIA, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Calvi
- Department of AGRARIA, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Angelo Maria Giuffrè
- Department of AGRARIA, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Badagliacca
- Department of AGRARIA, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Nino Virzì
- CREA–Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 95024 Acireale, Italy
| | - Monica Bacchi
- Department of AGRARIA, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
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Ohta S. Genetic variation and genetic control of intraspikelet differences in grain weight and seed dormancy in wild and domesticated emmer wheats. Breed Sci 2022; 72:198-212. [PMID: 36408319 PMCID: PMC9653192 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy, a vital strategy for wild plant species to adapt to an unpredictable environment in their natural habitats, was eliminated from cereals during the domestication process. Intraspikelet differences in grain size and seed dormancy have been observed in wild emmer wheat. To elucidate the genetic variation of these intraspikelet differences and to determine their genetic control, grain weight ratio (first florets/second florets) (GWR), germination rate, and germination index (GI) were analyzed in 67 wild and 82 domesticated emmer wheat accessions, as well as F1 hybrids, F2 populations, and F3-F6 populations derived from reciprocal crosses between wild and domesticated lines. Only the grains on the first florets of two-grained spikelets in wild accessions had varying degrees of dormancy with GI ranging from 0 to 1, which positively correlated with their GWR. This implies that wild emmer populations comprised genotypes with varying degrees of dormancy, including nondormant genotypes. According to segregations observed in F2 populations, the intraspikelet grain weight difference was controlled by two independently inherited loci. Furthermore, low-GWR populations with low or high GI values could be selected in F5 and F6 generations, implying that the major loci associated with dormancy might be independent of intraspikelet grain weight difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Ohta
- Professor emeritus, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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Shavit R, Batyrshina ZS, Yaakov B, Florean M, Köllner TG, Tzin V. The wheat dioxygenase BX6 is involved in the formation of benzoxazinoids in planta and contributes to plant defense against insect herbivores. Plant Sci 2022; 316:111171. [PMID: 35151455 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids are plant specialized metabolites with defense properties, highly abundant in wheat (Triticum), one of the world's most important crops. The goal of our study was to characterize dioxygenase BX6 genes in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat genotypes and to elucidate their effects on defense against herbivores. Phylogenetic analysis revealed four BX6 genes in the hexaploid wheat T. aestivum, but only one ortholog was found in the tetraploid (T. turgidum) wild emmer wheat and the cultivated durum wheat. Transcriptome sequencing of durum wheat plants, damaged by either aphids or caterpillars, revealed that several BX genes, including TtBX6, were upregulated upon caterpillar feeding, relative to the undamaged control plants. A virus-induced gene silencing approach was used to reduce the expression of BX6 in T. aestivum plants, which exhibited both reduced transcript levels and reduced accumulation of different benzoxazinoids. To elucidate the effect of BX6 on plant defense, bioassays with different herbivores feeding on BX6-silenced leaves were conducted. The results showed that plants with silenced BX6 were more susceptible to aphids and the two-spotted spider mite than the control. Overall, our study indicates that wheat BX6 is involved in benzoxazinoid formation in planta and contributes to plant resistance against insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Shavit
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Zhaniya S Batyrshina
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Beery Yaakov
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Matilde Florean
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Vered Tzin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel.
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10
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Taranto F, Mangini G, Miazzi MM, Stevanato P, De Vita P. Polyphenol oxidase genes as integral part of the evolutionary history of domesticated tetraploid wheat. Genomics 2021; 113:2989-3001. [PMID: 34182080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Studying and understanding the genetic basis of polyphenol oxidases (PPO)-related traits plays a crucial role in genetic improvement of crops. A tetraploid wheat collection (T. turgidum ssp., TWC) was analyzed using the 90K wheat SNP iSelect assay and phenotyped for PPO activity. A total of 21,347 polymorphic SNPs were used to perform genome-wide association analysis (GWA) in TWC and durum wheat sub-groups, detecting 23 and 85 marker-trait associations (MTA). In addition, candidate genes responsible for PPO activity were predicted. Based on the 23 MTAs detected in TWC, two haplotypes associated with low and high PPO activity were identified. Four SNPs were developed and validated providing one reliable marker (IWB75732) for marker assisted selection. The 23 MTAs were used to evaluate the genetic divergence (FST > 0.25) between the T. turgidum subspecies, providing new information important for understanding the domestication process of Triticum turgidum ssp. and in particular of ssp. carthlicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Taranto
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), 80055 Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Mangini
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), 70126 Bari, BA, Italy.
| | - Monica Marilena Miazzi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale De Vita
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), 71122 Foggia, Italy
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11
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Beleggia R, Omranian N, Holtz Y, Gioia T, Fiorani F, Nigro FM, Pecchioni N, De Vita P, Schurr U, David JL, Nikoloski Z, Papa R. Comparative Analysis Based on Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Data Reveal Differences between Emmer and Durum Wheat in Response to Nitrogen Starvation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4790. [PMID: 33946478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates the key role of nitrogen (N) on diverse processes in plant, including development and defense. Using a combined transcriptomics and metabolomics approach, we studied the response of seedlings to N starvation of two different tetraploid wheat genotypes from the two main domesticated subspecies: emmer and durum wheat. We found that durum wheat exhibits broader and stronger response in comparison to emmer as seen from the expression pattern of both genes and metabolites and gene enrichment analysis. They showed major differences in the responses to N starvation for transcription factor families, emmer showed differential reduction in the levels of primary metabolites while durum wheat exhibited increased levels of most of them to N starvation. The correlation-based networks, including the differentially expressed genes and metabolites, revealed tighter regulation of metabolism in durum wheat in comparison to emmer. We also found that glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) had highest values of centrality in the metabolic correlation network, suggesting their critical role in the genotype-specific response to N starvation of emmer and durum wheat, respectively. Moreover, this finding indicates that there might be contrasting strategies associated to GABA and glutamate signaling modulating shoot vs. root growth in the two different wheat subspecies.
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Colombo F, Di Lorenzo C, Biella S, Bani C, Restani P. Ancient and Modern Cereals as Ingredients of the Gluten-Free Diet: Are They Safe Enough for Celiac Consumers? Foods 2021; 10:foods10040906. [PMID: 33924221 PMCID: PMC8074585 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals after consuming prolamins from some cereals. Although the products available for celiac subjects have increased significantly in quality and quantity over the last few decades, research still focuses on identifying new ingredients to improve the nutritional, sensorial and functional qualities of gluten-free products. In terms of toxicity for people with celiac disease, there is a wide variability between ancient and modern grains. The most contradictory results are related to the role of oats in the gluten-free diet. In order to clarify the role of minor cereals (such as oat) and ancient grains in the diets of celiac patients, this review discusses recent in vitro and in vivo studies performed on those cereals for which the toxicity for celiac subjects is still controversial. According to in vivo studies, selected oat varieties could be tolerated by celiac patients. On the other hands, although some wheat-ancient grains (Triticum monococcum, Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta and Kamut®) showed a reduced in vitro toxicity, to date, these grains are still considered toxic for celiac patients. Contradictory results underline the importance of studying the safety of "unusual" cereals in more detail.
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Zhou J, Zhang C, Du B, Cui H, Fan X, Zhou D, Zhou J. Soil and foliar applications of silicon and selenium effects on cadmium accumulation and plant growth by modulation of antioxidant system and Cd translocation: Comparison of soft vs. durum wheat varieties. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123546. [PMID: 32745875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Minimization of Cd accumulation in wheat is an effective strategy to prevent Cd hazard to human. This study compared and highlighted the roles of soil and foliar applications of Se and Si effects on Cd accumulation and toxicity in soft and durum wheat. Soil Se (0.5-1.0 mg kg-1) and Si (3-6 mg kg-1) applications provided an effective strategy to reduce wheat grain Cd concentrations of both wheat varieties by 59-61 % and 16-30 %, but foliar Se (0.125-0.25 mM) and Si (2.5-5 mM) application reduced grain Cd of soft wheat by 20-36 %. Both soil and foliar Se and Si applications significantly alleviated Cd toxicity by regulation of Cd transport genes, as reflected by increased the grain yield and antioxidant enzymes activities, and reduced MDA in wheat tissues. Selenium applications were more effective than Si on the reduction of Cd-induced toxicity and concentrations in soft wheat, but not in durum wheat due to more tolerant to Cd. Downregulation of influx transporter (TaNramp5) and upregulation of efflux transporter (TaTM20 and TaHMA3) in soft wheat may contribute to the Si/Se-dependent Cd mitigation and enhance the tolerance to toxic Cd. Overall, Se/Si applications, especially soil Se, can be efficiently used for reducing grain Cd uptake from Cd-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui 233100, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Buyun Du
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Hongbiao Cui
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Xingjun Fan
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui 233100, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Spanò C, Bottega S, Bellani L, Muccifora S, Sorce C, Ruffini Castiglione M. Effect of Zinc Priming on Salt Response of Wheat Seedlings: Relieving or Worsening? Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1514. [PMID: 33171649 PMCID: PMC7695260 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to alleviate salt-induced damage, the application of ZnO nanoparticles has been suggested. As the use of these particles has also been associated with phytotoxicity, to better clarify the effect of zinc and its possible mitigation of salt stress, we treated wheat seedlings with ZnO (nanoparticles or their bulk-scale counterparts, amended either in the growth medium, NPs and B, or sprayed on the leaves, SPNPs and SPB) with or without subsequent treatment with salt. Growth, photosynthetic parameters, zinc and ion concentration, and in situ and biochemical determination of oxidative stress in wheat leaves and/or in roots were considered. Both Zn and NaCl significantly inhibited growth and induced severe alterations in root morphology. Oxidative stress and damage decreased or increased under ZnO treatment and in saline conditions depending on the organ and on the size and mode of application of particles. In spite of the higher stress conditions often recorded in treated leaves, neither pigment concentration nor photochemical efficiency were decreased. A large variability in the effects of ZnO treatment/priming on seedling salt response was recorded; however, the presence of a cumulative negative effect of priming and salt stress sometimes observed calls for caution in the use of ZnO in protection from saline stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelina Spanò
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (C.S.); (M.R.C.)
- Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Bottega
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (C.S.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Lorenza Bellani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (S.M.)
- Institute ofAgricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Muccifora
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Carlo Sorce
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (C.S.); (M.R.C.)
- Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Ruffini Castiglione
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (C.S.); (M.R.C.)
- Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Zatybekov A, Anuarbek S, Abugalieva S, Turuspekov Y. Phenotypic and genetic variability of a tetraploid wheat collection grown in Kazakhstan. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:605-612. [PMID: 33659846 PMCID: PMC7716525 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New cultivars adapted to major durum wheat growing environments are essential for the cultivation of this crop. The development of new cultivars has required the availability of diverse genetic material and their extensive field trials. In this work, a collection of tetraploid wheat consisting of 85 accessions was tested in the field conditions of Almaty region during 2018 and 2019. The accessions were ranged according to nine agronomic traits studied, and accessions with the highest yield performance for Almaty region of Kazakhstan were revealed. The ANOVA suggested that the performance of agronomic traits were influenced both by Environment and Genotype. Also, the collection was analyzed using seven SSR (simple sequence repeats) markers. From 3 to 6 alleles per locus were revealed, with an average of 4.6, while the effective number of alleles was 2.8. Nei's genetic diversity was in the range of 0.45-0.69. The results showed high values of polymorphism index content (PIC) in the range of 0.46-0.70, with an average of 0.62, suggesting that 6 out of 7 SSRs were highly informative (PIC > 0.5). Phylogenetic analysis of the collection has allowed the separation of accessions into six clusters. The local accessions were presented in all six clusters with the majority of them grouped in the first three clusters designated as A, B, and C, respectively. The relations between SSR markers and agronomic traits in the collection were studied. The results can be efficiently used for the enhancement of local breeding projects for the improvement of yield productivity in durum wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zatybekov
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - S Anuarbek
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - S Abugalieva
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Y Turuspekov
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Batyrshina ZS, Yaakov B, Shavit R, Singh A, Tzin V. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of wild and domesticated wheat genotypes reveals differences in chemical and physical defense responses against aphids. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:19. [PMID: 31931716 PMCID: PMC6958765 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young wheat plants are continuously exposed to herbivorous insect attack. To reduce insect damage and maintain their growth, plants evolved different defense mechanisms, including the biosynthesis of deterrent compounds named benzoxazinoids, and/or trichome formation that provides physical barriers. It is unclear whether both of these mechanisms are equally critical in providing an efficient defense for wheat seedlings against aphids-an economically costly pest in cereal production. RESULTS In this study, we compared the transcriptome, metabolome, benzoxazinoids, and trichome density of three selected wheat genotypes, with a focus on differences related to defense mechanisms. We chose diverse wheat genotypes: two tetraploid wheat genotypes, domesticated durum 'Svevo' and wild emmer 'Zavitan,' and one hexaploid bread wheat, 'Chinese Spring.' The full transcriptomic analysis revealed a major difference between the three genotypes, while the clustering of significantly different genes suggested a higher similarity between the two domesticated wheats than between either and the wild wheat. A pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the genes associated with primary metabolism, as well as the pathways associated with defense such as phytohormones and specialized metabolites, were different between the three genotypes. Measurement of benzoxazinoid levels at the three time points (11, 15, and 18 days after germination) revealed high levels in the two domesticated genotypes, while in wild emmer wheat, they were below detection level. In contrast to the benzoxazinoid levels, the trichome density was dramatically higher in the wild emmer than in the domesticated wheat. Lastly, we tested the bird cherry-oat aphid's (Rhopalosiphum padi) performance and found that Chinese Spring is more resistant than the tetraploid genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that benzoxazinoids play a more significant defensive role than trichomes. Differences between the abundance of defense mechanisms in the wild and domesticated plants were observed in which wild emmer possesses high physical defenses while the domesticated wheat genotypes have high chemical defenses. These findings provide new insights into the defense adaptations of wheat plants against aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaniya S Batyrshina
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreseht Ben Gurion, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Beery Yaakov
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreseht Ben Gurion, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Reut Shavit
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreseht Ben Gurion, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Anuradha Singh
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreseht Ben Gurion, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vered Tzin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreseht Ben Gurion, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Szabo-Hever A, Zhang Q, Friesen TL, Zhong S, Elias EM, Cai X, Jin Y, Faris JD, Chao S, Xu SS. Genetic Diversity and Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight in Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Derived From Aegilops tauschii and Diverse Triticum turgidum Subspecies. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1829. [PMID: 30619402 PMCID: PMC6298526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) can serve as a bridge for the transfer of useful genes from Aegilops tauschii and tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum) into common wheat (T. aestivum). The objective of this study was to evaluate 149 SHW lines and their 74 tetraploid parents for their genetic diversity, breeding values and inter-genomic interactions for resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB). The genetic diversity analysis was performed based on the population structure established using 4,674 and 3,330 polymorphic SNP markers among the SHW lines and tetraploid parents, respectively. The results showed that all T. carthlicum and most T. dicoccum accessions formed different clusters and subpopulations, respectively, whereas all the T. durum, T. polonicum, T. turgidum, and T. turanicum accessions were clustered together, suggesting that T. durum was more closely related to T. polonicum, T. turgidum, and T. turanicum than to T. dicoccum. The genetic diversity of the SHW lines mainly reflected that of the tetraploid parents. The SHW lines and their tetraploid parents were evaluated for reactions to FHB in two greenhouse seasons and at two field nurseries for 2 years. As expected, most of the SHW lines were more resistant than their tetraploid parents in all environments. The FHB severities of the SHW lines varied greatly depending on the Ae. tauschii and tetraploid genotypes involved. Most of the SHW lines with a high level of FHB resistance were generally derived from the tetraploid accessions with a high level of FHB resistance. Among the 149 SHW lines, 140 were developed by using three Ae. tauschii accessions CIae 26, PI 268210, and RL 5286. These SHW lines showed FHB severities reduced by 21.7%, 17.3%, and 11.5%, respectively, with an average reduction of 18.3%, as compared to the tetraploid parents, suggesting that the D genome may play a major role in reducing disease severity in the SHW lines. Thirteen SHW lines consistently showed a high level of FHB resistance compared to the resistant check, Sumai 3, in each environment. These SHW lines will be useful for the development of FHB-resistant wheat germplasm and populations for discovery of novel FHB resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Szabo-Hever
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Qijun Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Timothy L. Friesen
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Shaobin Zhong
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Elias M. Elias
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Xiwen Cai
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Yue Jin
- Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Justin D. Faris
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Shiaoman Chao
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Steven S. Xu
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND, United States
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Bhatta M, Morgounov A, Belamkar V, Poland J, Baenziger PS. Unlocking the novel genetic diversity and population structure of synthetic Hexaploid wheat. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:591. [PMID: 30081829 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) is a reconstitution of hexaploid wheat from its progenitors (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum L.; AABB x Aegilops tauschii Coss.; DD) and has novel sources of genetic diversity for broadening the genetic base of elite bread wheat (BW) germplasm (T. aestivum L). Understanding the diversity and population structure of SHWs will facilitate their use in wheat breeding programs. Our objectives were to understand the genetic diversity and population structure of SHWs and compare the genetic diversity of SHWs with elite BW cultivars and demonstrate the potential of SHWs to broaden the genetic base of modern wheat germplasm. Results The genotyping-by-sequencing of SHW provided 35,939 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were distributed across the A (33%), B (36%), and D (31%) genomes. The percentage of SNPs on the D genome was nearly same as the other two genomes, unlike in BW cultivars where the D genome polymorphism is generally much lower than the A and B genomes. This indicates the presence of high variation in the D genome in the SHWs. The D genome gene diversity of SHWs was 88.2% higher than that found in a sample of elite BW cultivars. Population structure analysis revealed that SHWs could be separated into two subgroups, mainly differentiated by geographical location of durum parents and growth habit of the crop (spring and winter type). Further population structure analysis of durum and Ae. parents separately identified two subgroups, mainly based on type of parents used. Although Ae. tauschii parents were divided into two sub-species: Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii and ssp. strangulate, they were not clearly distinguished in the diversity analysis outcome. Population differentiation between SHWs (Spring_SHW and Winter_SHW) samples using analysis of molecular variance indicated 17.43% of genetic variance between populations and the remainder within populations. Conclusions SHWs were diverse and had a clearly distinguished population structure identified through GBS-derived SNPs. The results of this study will provide valuable information for wheat genetic improvement through inclusion of novel genetic variation and is a prerequisite for association mapping and genomic selection to unravel economically important marker-trait associations and for cultivar development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4969-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Chandrasekhar K, Shavit R, Distelfeld A, Christensen SA, *Tzin V. Exploring the metabolic variation between domesticated and wild tetraploid wheat genotypes in response to corn leaf aphid infestation. Plant Signal Behav 2018; 13:e1486148. [PMID: 29944455 PMCID: PMC6110357 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1486148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Infestation of Triticum (wheat) plants by their pest Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn leaf aphid) causes severe vegetative damage. Despite the agro-economic importance of wheat, the metabolic diversity of Triticum turgidum (tetraploid wheat) in response to aphid attack has not been sufficiently addressed. In this study, we compared the metabolic diversity of two tetraploid wheat genotypes, domesticated and wild emmer. The plants were grown in a control growth room and infested with aphids for 96 h. Our untargeted metabolic analysis performed on plants with and without aphids revealed massive differences between the two genotypes. The targeted metabolic analysis highlighted the differences in the biosynthesis of phytohormones. The aphid progeny was lower in the cultivated durum wheat than in the wild emmer wheat. Overall, these observations emphasize the potential of using the natural diversity of wheat species to better understand the metabolic responses to pest damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Chandrasekhar
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - R. Shavit
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - A. Distelfeld
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - S. A. Christensen
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, USDA-ARS Chemistry Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - V. *Tzin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
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Iannucci A, Fragasso M, Beleggia R, Nigro F, Papa R. Evolution of the Crop Rhizosphere: Impact of Domestication on Root Exudates in Tetraploid Wheat ( Triticum turgidum L.). Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:2124. [PMID: 29326736 PMCID: PMC5733359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Domestication has induced major genetic changes in crop plants to satisfy human needs and as a consequence of adaptation to agroecosystems. This adaptation might have affected root exudate composition, which can influence the interactions in the rhizosphere. Here, using two different soil types (sand, soil), we provide an original example of the impact of domestication and crop evolution on root exudate composition through metabolite profiling of root exudates for a panel of 10 wheat genotypes that correspond to the key steps in domestication of tetraploid wheat (wild emmer, emmer, durum wheat). Our data show that soil type can dramatically affect the composition of root exudates in the rhizosphere. Moreover, the composition of the rhizosphere metabolites is associated with differences among the genotypes of the wheat domestication groups, as seen by the high heritability of some of the metabolites. Overall, we show that domestication and breeding have had major effects on root exudates in the rhizosphere, which suggests the adaptive nature of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Iannucci
- Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura e le Colture Industriali, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA-CI), Foggia, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Fragasso
- Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura e le Colture Industriali, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA-CI), Foggia, Italy
| | - Romina Beleggia
- Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura e le Colture Industriali, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA-CI), Foggia, Italy
| | - Franca Nigro
- Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura e le Colture Industriali, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA-CI), Foggia, Italy
| | - Roberto Papa
- Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura e le Colture Industriali, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA-CI), Foggia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Fileccia V, Bertolini E, Ruisi P, Giambalvo D, Frenda AS, Cannarozzi G, Tadele Z, Crosatti C, Martinelli F. Identification and characterization of durum wheat microRNAs in leaf and root tissues. Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 17:583-98. [PMID: 28321518 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of post-transcriptional regulators of plant developmental and physiological processes and responses to environmental stresses. Here, we present the study regarding the annotation and characterization of MIR genes conducted in durum wheat. We characterized the miRNAome of leaf and root tissues at tillering stage under two environmental conditions: irrigated with 100% (control) and 55% of evapotranspiration (early water stress). In total, 90 microRNAs were identified, of which 32 were classified as putative novel and species-specific miRNAs. In addition, seven microRNA homeologous groups were identified in each of the two genomes of the tetraploid durum wheat. Differential expression analysis highlighted a total of 45 microRNAs significantly differentially regulated in the pairwise comparisons leaf versus root. The miRNA families, miR530, miR395, miR393, miR5168, miR396 and miR166, miR171, miR319, and miR167, were the most expressed in leaves in comparison to roots. Putative microRNA targets were predicted for both five and three prime sequences derived from the stem-loop of the MIR gene. Gene ontology analysis showed significant overrepresented gene categories in microRNA targets belonging to transcription factors, phenylpropanoids, oxydases, and lipid binding-protein. This work represents one of the first genome wide characterization of MIR genes in durum wheat, identifying leaf and root tissue-specific microRNAs. This genomic identification of microRNAs together with the analysis of their expression profiles is a well-accepted starting point leading to a better comprehension of the role of MIR genes in the genus Triticum.
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Milner SG, Maccaferri M, Huang BE, Mantovani P, Massi A, Frascaroli E, Tuberosa R, Salvi S. A multiparental cross population for mapping QTL for agronomic traits in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum). Plant Biotechnol J 2016; 14:735-48. [PMID: 26132599 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiparental cross designs for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) provide an efficient alternative to biparental populations because of their broader genetic basis and potentially higher mapping resolution. We describe the development and deployment of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) obtained by crossing four elite cultivars. A linkage map spanning 2664 cM and including 7594 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was produced by genotyping 338 RILs. QTL analysis was carried out by both interval mapping on founder haplotype probabilities and SNP bi-allelic tests for heading date and maturity date, plant height and grain yield from four field experiments. Sixteen QTL were identified across environments and detection methods, including two yield QTL on chromosomes 2BL and 7AS, with the former mapped independently from the photoperiod response gene Ppd-B1, while the latter overlapped with the vernalization locus VRN-A3. Additionally, 21 QTL with environment-specific effects were found. Our results indicated a prevalence of environment-specific QTL with relatively small effect on the control of grain yield. For all traits, functionally different QTL alleles in terms of direction and size of genetic effect were distributed among parents. We showed that QTL results based on founder haplotypes closely matched functional alleles at known heading date loci. Despite the four founders, only 2.1 different functional haplotypes were estimated per QTL, on average. This durum wheat population provides a mapping resource for detailed genetic dissection of agronomic traits in an elite background typical of breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Giulia Milner
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Maccaferri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bevan Emma Huang
- Digital Productivity Flagship and Agriculture Flagship, CSIRO, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Paola Mantovani
- Società Produttori Sementi Bologna, Argelato, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Massi
- Società Produttori Sementi Bologna, Argelato, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Tuberosa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvio Salvi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Rizwan M, Meunier JD, Davidian JC, Pokrovsky OS, Bovet N, Keller C. Silicon alleviates Cd stress of wheat seedlings (Triticum turgidum L. cv. Claudio) grown in hydroponics. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:1414-27. [PMID: 26370813 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the potential role of silicon in improving tolerance and decreasing cadmium (Cd) toxicity in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. durum) either through a reduced Cd uptake or exclusion/sequestration in non-metabolic tissues. For this, plants were grown in hydroponic conditions for 10 days either in presence or absence of 1 mM Si and for 11 additional days in various Cd concentrations (0, 0.5, 5.0 and 50 μM). After harvesting, morphological and physiological parameters as well as elemental concentrations were recorded. Cadmium caused reduction in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments and mineral nutrient concentrations both in shoots and roots. Shoot and root contents of malate, citrate and aconitate increased, while contents of phosphate, nitrate and sulphate decreased with increasing Cd concentrations in plants. Addition of Si to the nutrient solution mitigated these adverse effects: Cd concentration in shoots decreased while concentration of Cd adsorbed at the root cell apoplasmic level increased together with Zn uptake by roots. Overall, total Cd uptake decreased in presence of Si. There was no co-localisation of Cd and Si either at the shoot or at the root levels. No Cd was detected in leaf phytoliths. In roots, Cd was mainly detected in the cortical parenchyma and Si at the endodermis level, while analysis of the outer thin root surface of the plants grown in the 50 μM Cd + 1 mM Si treatment highlighted non-homogeneous Cd and Si enrichments. These data strongly suggest the existence of a root localised protection mechanism consisting in armoring the root surface by Si- and Cd-bearing compounds and in limiting root-shoot translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, CEREGE UM34, 13545, Aix en Provence, France
| | - J-D Meunier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, CEREGE UM34, 13545, Aix en Provence, France
| | - J-C Davidian
- Biochimie & Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR CNRS-INRA-Université Montpellier II-Montpellier SupAgro, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, Cedex 2, France
| | - O S Pokrovsky
- Geoscience and Environment Toulouse (GET), UMR 5563 CNRS, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N Bovet
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Keller
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, CEREGE UM34, 13545, Aix en Provence, France.
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Corrigendum. New Phytol 2015; 207:248. [PMID: 26046545 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Aljazairi S, Arias C, Nogués S. Carbon and nitrogen allocation and partitioning in traditional and modern wheat genotypes under pre-industrial and future CO₂ conditions. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2015; 17:647-59. [PMID: 25353972 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The results of a simultaneous (13)C and (15)N labelling experiment with two different durum wheat cultivars, Blanqueta (a traditional wheat) and Sula (modern), are presented. Plants were grown from the seedling stage in three fully controllable plant growth chambers for one growing season and at three different CO₂ levels (i.e. 260, 400 and 700 ppm). Short-term isotopic labelling (ca. 3 days) was performed at the anthesis stage using (13)CO₂ supplied with the chamber air and (15)NH₄₋(15)NO₃ applied with the nutrient solution, thereby making it possible to track the allocation and partitioning of (13)C and (15) N in the different plant organs. We found that photosynthesis was up-regulated at pre-industrial CO₂ levels, whereas down-regulation occurred under future CO₂ conditions. (13)C labelling revealed that at pre-industrial CO₂ carbon investment by plants was higher in shoots, whereas at future CO₂ levels more C was invested in roots. Furthermore, the modern genotype invested more C in spikes than did the traditional genotype, which in turn invested more in non-reproductive shoot tissue. (15)N labelling revealed that the modern genotype was better adapted to assimilating N at higher CO₂ levels, whereas the traditional genotype was able to assimilate N more efficiently at lower CO₂ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aljazairi
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Bekešová S, Komis G, Křenek P, Vyplelová P, Ovečka M, Luptovčiak I, Illés P, Kuchařová A, Šamaj J. Monitoring protein phosphorylation by acrylamide pendant Phos-Tag™ in various plants. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:336. [PMID: 26029234 PMCID: PMC4429547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to rationalize acrylamide pendant Phos-Tag™ in-gel discrimination of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated plant protein species with standard immunoblot analysis, and optimize sample preparation, efficient electrophoretic separation and transfer. We tested variants of the method including extraction buffers suitable for preservation of phosphorylated protein species in crude extracts from plants and we addressed the importance of the cation (Mn(2+) or Zn(2+)) used in the gel recipe for efficient transfer to PVDF membranes for further immunoblot analysis. We demonstrate the monitoring of Medicago sativa stress-induced mitogen activated protein kinase (SIMK) in stress-treated wild type plants and transgenic SIMKK RNAi line. We further show the hyperosmotically-induced phosphorylation of the previously uncharacterized HvMPK4 of barley. The method is validated using inducible phosphorylation of barley and wheat α-tubulin and of Arabidopsis MPK6. Acrylamide pendant Phos-Tag™offers a flexible tool for studying protein phosphorylation in crops and Arabidopsis circumventing radioactive labeling and the use of phosphorylation specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jozef Šamaj
- *Correspondence: Jozef Šamaj, Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is one of the main fungal diseases limiting durum wheat production. This study aimed to characterize previously undescribed genes for leaf rust resistance in durum wheat. Six different resistant durum genotypes were crossed to two susceptible International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) lines and the resulting F1, F2, and F3 progenies were evaluated for leaf rust reactions in the field and under greenhouse conditions. In addition, allelism tests were conducted. The results of the study indicated that most genotypes carried single effective dominant or recessive seedling resistance genes; the only exception to this was genotype Gaza, which carried one adult plant and one seedling resistance gene. In addition, it was concluded that the resistance genes identified in the current study were neither allelic to LrCamayo or Lr61, nor were they related to Lr3 or Lr14a, the genes that already are either ineffective or are considered to be vulnerable for breeding purposes. A complicated allelic or linkage relationship between the identified genes is discussed. The results of the study will be useful for breeding for durable resistance by creating polygenic complexes.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Aluminium (Al(3+)) inhibits root growth of sensitive plant species and is a key factor that limits durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) production on acid soils. The aim of this study was to enhance the Al(3+) tolerance of an elite durum cultivar by introgression of a chromosomal fragment from hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) that possesses an Al(3+) tolerance gene. METHODS A 4D(4B) substitution line of durum wheat 'Langdon' was backcrossed to 'Jandaroi', a current semi-dwarf Australian durum. In the second backcross, using 'Jandaroi' as the recurrent parent, a seedling was identified where TaALMT1 on chromosome 4D was recombined with the Rht-B1b locus on chromosome 4B to yield an Al(3+)-tolerant seedling with a semi-dwarf habit. This seedling was used in a third backcross to generate homozygous sister lines with contrasting Al(3+) tolerances. The backcrossed lines were characterized and compared with selected cultivars of hexaploid wheat for their Al(3+) and Na(+) tolerances in hydroponic culture as well as in short-term experiments to assess their growth on acid soil. KEY RESULTS Analysis of sister lines derived from the third backcross showed that the 4D chromosomal fragment substantially enhanced Al(3+) tolerance. The ability to exclude Na(+) from leaves was also enhanced, indicating that the chromosomal fragment possessed the Kna1 salt tolerance locus. Although Al(3+) tolerance of seminal roots was enhanced in acid soil, the development of fine roots was not as robust as found in Al(3+)-tolerant lines of hexaploid wheat. Analysis of plant characteristics in the absence of Al(3+) toxicity showed that the introgressed fragment did not affect total grain yield but reduced the weight of individual grains. CONCLUSIONS The results show that it is possible to increase substantially the Al(3+) tolerance of an elite durum wheat cultivar by introgression of a 4D chromosomal fragment. Further improvements are possible, such as introducing additional genes to enhance the Al(3+) tolerance of fine roots and by eliminating the locus on the chromosomal fragment responsible for smaller grain weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Han
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Peter R Ryan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - ZeHong Yan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Emmanuel Delhaize
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Chu CG, Tan CT, Yu GT, Zhong S, Xu SS, Yan L. A Novel Retrotransposon Inserted in the Dominant Vrn-B1 Allele Confers Spring Growth Habit in Tetraploid Wheat ( Triticum turgidum L.). G3 (Bethesda) 2011; 1:637-45. [PMID: 22384375 DOI: 10.1534/g3.111.001131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vernalization genes determine winter/spring growth habit in temperate cereals and play important roles in plant development and environmental adaptation. In wheat (Triticum L. sp.), it was previously shown that allelic variation in the vernalization gene VRN1 was due to deletions or insertions either in the promoter or in the first intron. Here, we report a novel Vrn-B1 allele that has a retrotransposon in its promoter conferring spring growth habit. The VRN-B1 gene was mapped in a doubled haploid population that segregated for winter-spring growth habit but was derived from two spring tetraploid wheat genotypes, the durum wheat (T. turgidum subsp. durum) variety ‘Lebsock’ and T. turgidum subsp. carthlicum accession PI 94749. Genetic analysis revealed that Lebsock carried the dominant Vrn-A1 and recessive vrn-B1 alleles, whereas PI 94749 had the recessive vrn-A1 and dominant Vrn-B1 alleles. The Vrn-A1 allele in Lebsock was the same as the Vrn-A1c allele previously reported in hexaploid wheat. No differences existed between the vrn-B1 and Vrn-B1 alleles, except that a 5463-bp insertion was detected in the 5′-UTR region of the Vrn-B1 allele. This insertion was a novel retrotransposon (designated as retrotrans_VRN), which was flanked by a 5-bp target site duplication and contained primer binding site and polypurine tract motifs, a 325-bp long terminal repeat, and an open reading frame encoding 1231 amino acids. The insertion of retrotrans_VRN resulted in expression of Vrn-B1 without vernalization. Retrotrans_VRN is prevalent among T. turgidum subsp. carthlicum accessions, less prevalent among T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum accessions, and rarely found in other tetraploid wheat subspecies.
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Quinn CJ, Mohammad A, Macfie SM. Accumulation of cadmium in near-isogenic lines of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum): the role of transpiration. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2011; 17:317-25. [PMID: 23573025 PMCID: PMC3550593 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-011-0086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of cadmium in the grain of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) are often above the internationally acceptable limit of 0.2 mg kg(-1). Cultivars that vary in concentrations of cadmium in the grain have been identified but the physiology behind differential accumulation has not been determined. Three pairs of near-isogenic lines (isolines) of durum wheat that vary in aboveground cadmium accumulation (8982-TL 'high' and 'low', W9260-BC 'high' and 'low', and W9261-BG 'high' and 'low') were used to test the hypothesis that the greater amounts of cadmium in shoots of the 'high' isolines are correlated with greater volumes of water transpired. In general, cadmium content was positively correlated with transpiration only in the 'low' isolines. Although shoots of the 'high' isolines of W9260-BC and W9261-BG contained higher concentrations of cadmium than did their corresponding 'low' isolines, they did not transpire larger volumes of water. In addition, isolines of 8982-TL transpired less water than did the other pairs of isolines yet both 'high' and 'low' isolines of 8982-TL contained higher amounts of cadmium than did the other pairs. The difference between 'high' and 'low' isolines appears to be related to the relative contribution of transpiration to cadmium translocation to the shoot. Increased transpiration was associated with increased cadmium content in the 'low' isolines but in the 'high' isolines increased cadmium in the shoot occurred independently of the volume of water transpired.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Quinn
- />Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada N6A 5B7
- />Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON Canada K9J 7B8
| | - A. Mohammad
- />Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada N6A 5B7
- />Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada N6A 5B7
| | - S. M. Macfie
- />Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada N6A 5B7
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