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102
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Shindigs, brunches, and rodeos: The neural basis of event words. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 14:891-901. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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103
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Abstract
Is it always or necessarily the case that common and important parenting practices are better, insofar as they occur more often, or worse, because they occur less often? Perhaps, less is more, or some is more. To address this question, we studied mothers' microcoded contingent responsiveness to their infants (M = 5.4 months, SD = 0.2) in relation to independent global judgments of the same mothers' parenting sensitivity. In a community sample of 335 European American dyads, videorecorded infant and maternal behaviors were timed microanalytically throughout an extended home observation; separately and independently, global maternal sensitivity was rated macroanalytically. Sequential analysis and spline regression showed that, as maternal contingent responsiveness increased, judged maternal sensitivity increased to significance on the contingency continuum, after which mothers who were even more contingent were judged less sensitive. Just significant levels of maternal responsiveness are deemed optimally sensitive. Implications of these findings for typical and atypical parenting, child development, and intervention science are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Bornstein
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
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104
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Schachner A, Carey S. Reasoning about ‘irrational’ actions: When intentional movements cannot be explained, the movements themselves are seen as the goal. Cognition 2013; 129:309-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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105
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What do infants understand of others’ action? A theoretical account of early social cognition. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 78:609-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-013-0519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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106
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Malaia E, Wilbur RB, Milkovic M. Kinematic parameters of signed verbs. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2013; 56:1677-1688. [PMID: 23926292 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0257)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sign language users recruit physical properties of visual motion to convey linguistic information. Research on American Sign Language (ASL) indicates that signers systematically use kinematic features (e.g., velocity, deceleration) of dominant hand motion for distinguishing specific semantic properties of verb classes in production ( Malaia & Wilbur, 2012a) and process these distinctions as part of the phonological structure of these verb classes in comprehension ( Malaia, Ranaweera, Wilbur, & Talavage, 2012). These studies are driven by the event visibility hypothesis by Wilbur (2003), who proposed that such use of kinematic features should be universal to sign language (SL) by the grammaticalization of physics and geometry for linguistic purposes. In a prior motion capture study, Malaia and Wilbur (2012a) lent support for the event visibility hypothesis in ASL, but there has not been quantitative data from other SLs to test the generalization to other languages. METHOD The authors investigated the kinematic parameters of predicates in Croatian Sign Language ( Hrvatskom Znakovnom Jeziku [HZJ]). RESULTS Kinematic features of verb signs were affected both by event structure of the predicate (semantics) and phrase position within the sentence (prosody). CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that kinematic features of motion in HZJ verb signs are recruited to convey morphological and prosodic information. This is the first crosslinguistic motion capture confirmation that specific kinematic properties of articulator motion are grammaticalized in other SLs to express linguistic features.
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107
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Pace A, Carver LJ, Friend M. Event-related potentials to intact and disrupted actions in children and adults. J Exp Child Psychol 2013; 116:453-70. [PMID: 23374603 PMCID: PMC3766493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current research used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate neurophysiological responses to intact and disrupted actions embedded within an event in children and adults. Responses were recorded as children (24-month-olds) and adults observed a relatively novel event composed of three actions. In one condition pauses were inserted at intact boundaries (i.e., at the endpoint of each action), whereas in the other condition they were inserted at breakpoints that disrupted the action (i.e., in the middle of each action). Evoked responses revealed differences across conditions in both groups; disrupted actions elicited a prolonged negative slow wave from 100 to 700 ms in children, whereas adults demonstrated two distinct negative peaks between 50-150 and 250-350 ms. These findings contribute the first electrophysiological evidence that children readily detect disruptions to ongoing events by the end of the second year, even with limited exposure to the event itself. Furthermore, they suggest that adults rely on two distinct mechanisms when processing novel events. Results are discussed in relation to the role of perceptual and conceptual levels of analysis in the development of action processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pace
- Center for Research in Language (CRL), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0526, USA.
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108
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Thoermer C, Woodward A, Sodian B, Perst H, Kristen S. To get the grasp: Seven-month-olds encode and selectively reproduce goal-directed grasping. J Exp Child Psychol 2013; 116:499-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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109
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Paulus M, Hunnius S, Bekkering H. Neurocognitive mechanisms underlying social learning in infancy: infants' neural processing of the effects of others' actions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 8:774-9. [PMID: 22689219 PMCID: PMC3791065 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Social transmission of knowledge is one of the reasons for human evolutionary success, and it has been suggested that already human infants possess eminent social learning abilities. However, nothing is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms that subserve infants' acquisition of novel action knowledge through the observation of other people's actions and their consequences in the physical world. In an electroencephalogram study on social learning in infancy, we demonstrate that 9-month-old infants represent the environmental effects of others' actions in their own motor system, although they never achieved these effects themselves before. The results provide first insights into the neurocognitive basis of human infants' unique ability for social learning of novel action knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Paulus
- Ludwig Maximilian University, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 München, Germany.
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110
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Wrede B, Schillingmann L, Rohlfing KJ. Making Use of Multi-Modal Synchrony. ROBOTICS 2013. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-4607-0.ch061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
If they are to learn and interact with humans, robots need to understand actions and make use of language in social interactions. Hirsh-Pasek and Golinkoff (1996) have emphasized the use of language to learn actions when introducing the idea of acoustic packaging in human development. This idea suggests that acoustic information, typically in the form of narration, overlaps with action sequences, thereby providing infants with a bottom-up guide to attend to relevant parts and to find structure within them. The authors developed a computational model of the multimodal interplay of action and language in tutoring situations. This chapter presents the results of applying this model to multimodal parent-infant interaction data. Results are twofold and indicate that (a) infant-directed interaction is more structured than adult-directed interaction in that it contains more packages, and these packages have fewer motion segments; and (b) the synchronous structure within infant-directed packages contains redundant information making it possible to solve the reference problem when tying color adjectives to a moving object.
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111
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Brand RJ, Hollenbeck E, Kominsky JF. Mothers’ Infant-Directed Gaze During Object Demonstration Highlights Action Boundaries and Goals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1109/tamd.2013.2273057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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112
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The role of kinematics in cortical regions for continuous human motion perception. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 14:307-18. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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113
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Dahl JJ, Sonne T, Kingo OS, Krøjgaard P. On the development of episodic memory: Two basic questions. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2013.807661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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114
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Ambrosini E, Reddy V, de Looper A, Costantini M, Lopez B, Sinigaglia C. Looking ahead: anticipatory gaze and motor ability in infancy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67916. [PMID: 23861832 PMCID: PMC3701628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study asks when infants are able to selectively anticipate the goals of observed actions, and how this ability relates to infants' own abilities to produce those specific actions. Using eye-tracking technology to measure on-line anticipation, 6-, 8- and 10-month-old infants and a control group of adults were tested while observing an adult reach with a whole hand grasp, a precision grasp or a closed fist towards one of two different sized objects. The same infants were also given a comparable action production task. All infants showed proactive gaze to the whole hand grasps, with increased degrees of proactivity in the older groups. Gaze proactivity to the precision grasps, however, was present from 8 months of age. Moreover, the infants' ability in performing precision grasping strongly predicted their ability in using the actor's hand shape cues to differentially anticipate the goal of the observed action, even when age was partialled out. The results are discussed in terms of the specificity of action anticipation, and the fine-grained relationship between action production and action perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Ambrosini
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
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115
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Fawcett C, Gredebäck G. Infants use social context to bind actions into a collaborative sequence. Dev Sci 2013; 16:841-9. [PMID: 24118711 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Eye tracking was used to show that 18-month-old infants are sensitive to social context as a sign that others' actions are bound together as a collaborative sequence based on a joint goal. Infants observed five identical demonstrations in which Actor 1 moved a block to one location and Actor 2 moved the same block to a new location, creating a sequence of actions that could be considered either individual actions or collaboration. In the test phase, Actor 1 was alone and sitting so that she could reach both locations. The question was whether she would place a new block in the location she had previously (individual goal) or in the location that could be considered the goal of collaboration (joint goal). Importantly, in the Social condition, the actors were socially engaged with each other before and during the demonstration, while in the Non-Social condition, they were not. Results revealed that infants in the Social condition spontaneously anticipated Actor 1 placing her block in the joint goal location more often than those in the Non-Social condition. Thus, the social context seems to allow infants to bind actions into a collaborative sequence and anticipate joint rather than individual goals, giving insight into how actions are perceived using top-down processing early in life.
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116
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Labiadh L, Ramanantsoa MM, Golomer E. Imitation of an action course in preschool and school-aged children: a hierarchical reconstruction. Hum Mov Sci 2013; 32:425-35. [PMID: 23639615 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Imitation is commonly considered as a hierarchical process. The current study explored the reproduction of a multi-task course in deferred imitation. Eighty-five children between 3.5 and 7.5 years old were divided into five groups and instructed to watch a live human adult demonstrator who performed simple successive actions, such as walking, jumping, grasping, carrying objects from one location to another through six sessions. After a five-minute delay, the children were individually instructed to reproduce the course. Their responses were videotaped and coded in dichotomous data at two hierarchical levels, namely goals and their spatial location. The main findings showed no improvement in the replication of goals due either to age or trials. However, there was an improvement in the integration of the goals' spatial location over trials. This signifies that imitation is an active reconstruction mechanism hierarchically organized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazhar Labiadh
- Laboratoire GEPECS, Equipe TEC: Techniques et Enjeux du Corps - UFR STAPS 1 rue Lacretelle, 75015 Paris, France.
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117
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Bedny M, Saxe R. Insights into the origins of knowledge from the cognitive neuroscience of blindness. Cogn Neuropsychol 2013; 29:56-84. [PMID: 23017086 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2012.713342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Children learn about the world through senses such as touch, smell, vision, and audition, but they conceive of the world in terms of objects, events, agents, and their mental states. A fundamental question in cognitive science is how nature and nurture contribute to the development of such conceptual categories. What innate mechanisms do children bring to the learning problem? How does experience contribute to development? In this article we discuss insights into these longstanding questions from cognitive neuroscience studies of blindness. Despite drastically different sensory experiences, behavioural and neuroscientific work suggests that blind children acquire typical concepts of objects, actions, and mental states. Blind people think and talk about these categories in ways that are similar to sighted people. Neuroimaging reveals that blind people make such judgements relying on the same neural mechanisms as sighted people. One way to interpret these findings is that neurocognitive development is largely hardwired, and so differences in experience have little consequence. Contrary to this interpretation, neuroimaging studies also show that blindness profoundly reorganizes the visual system. Most strikingly, developmental blindness enables "visual" circuits to participate in high-level cognitive functions, including language processing. Thus, blindness qualitatively changes sensory representations, but leaves conceptual representations largely unchanged. The effect of sensory experience on concepts is modest, despite the brain's potential for neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bedny
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA.
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118
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Perceiving Goals and Actions in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 43:2353-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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119
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Buttelmann D, Zmyj N. Evaluating the empirical evidence for the two-stage-model of infant imitation. A commentary on Paulus, Hunnius, Vissers, and Bekkering (2011). Front Psychol 2013; 3:512. [PMID: 23293614 PMCID: PMC3536294 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Buttelmann
- Research Group "Kleinkindforschung in Thueringen," University of Erfurt Erfurt, Germany
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120
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Loucks J, Meltzoff AN. Goals influence memory and imitation for dynamic human action in 36-month-old children. Scand J Psychol 2012; 54:41-50. [PMID: 23121600 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adults' memory for action is organized according to a hierarchy of goals. Little previous research has examined whether goals also play a crucial role in young children's memory for action, and particularly whether goal information is privileged over veridical sequential order information. The current experiment investigated 3-year-old children's (N = 40) memory for naturally occurring interleaved action sequences: Sequences in which an actor switched back and forth between carrying out actions related to two distinct goals. Such sequences allowed a test of whether children's action representations prioritize a goal interpretation over veridical sequential information. Children's memory for the action events was assessed by deferred imitation, 5-min after the demonstration had ceased. Results indicated that children's memory prioritizes goals over veridical sequential order - even to the extent that the actual sequential order is distorted in memory. These findings deepen our understanding of action processing and memory with implications for social-cognitive development.
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121
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Infants show stability of goal-directed imitation. J Exp Child Psychol 2012; 114:1-9. [PMID: 23073368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that infants selectively reproduce observed actions and have argued that this selectivity reflects understanding of intentions and goals, or goal-directed imitation. We reasoned that if selective imitation of goal-directed actions reflects understanding of intentions, infants should demonstrate stability across perceptually and causally dissimilar imitation tasks. To this end, we employed a longitudinal within-participants design to compare the performance of 37 infants on two imitation tasks, with one administered at 13 months and one administered at 14 months. Infants who selectively imitated goal-directed actions in an object-cued task at 13 months also selectively imitated goal-directed actions in a vocal-cued task at 14 months. We conclude that goal-directed imitation reflects a general ability to interpret behavior in terms of mental states.
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122
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Roseberry S, Göksun T, Hirsh-Pasek K, Golinkoff RM. Carving Categories in a Continuous World: Preverbal Infants Discriminate Categorical Changes Before Distance Changes in Dynamic Events. SPATIAL COGNITION AND COMPUTATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2011.564338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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123
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Malaia E, Wilbur RB. Kinematic signatures of telic and atelic events in ASL predicates. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH 2012; 55:407-421. [PMID: 23094321 DOI: 10.1177/0023830911422201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an experimental investigation of kinematics of verb sign production in American Sign Language (ASL) using motion capture data. The results confirm that event structure differences in the meaning of the verbs are reflected in the kinematic formation: for example, in the telic verbs (THROW, HIT), the end-point of the event is marked in the verb sign movement by significantly greater deceleration, as compared to atelic verbs (SWIM, TRAVEL). This end-point marker is highly robust regardless of position of the verb in the sentence (medial vs. final), although other prominent kinematic measures, including sign duration and peak speed of dominant hand motion within the sign, are affected by prosodic processes such as Phrase Final Lengthening. The study provides the first kinematic confirmation that event structure is expressed in movement profiles of ASL verbs, up to now only supported by apparent perceptual distinctions. The findings raise further questions about the psychology of event representation both in human languages and in the human mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie Malaia
- Southwest Center for Mind, Brain, and Education, University of Texas at Arlington, Box 19545, 701 Planetarium Place, Hammond Hall #416, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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124
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Segmentation et perception intuitive dans la compréhension de l’action. Quels liens possibles ? Proposition d’un niveau intermédiaire de représentation. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2012. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503312002059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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125
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Pruden SM, Göksun T, Roseberry S, Hirsh-Pasek K, Golinkoff RM. Find your manners: how do infants detect the invariant manner of motion in dynamic events? Child Dev 2012; 83:977-91. [PMID: 22364352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To learn motion verbs, infants must be sensitive to the specific event features lexicalized in their language. One event feature important for the acquisition of English motion verbs is the manner of motion. This article examines when and how infants detect manners of motion across variations in the figure's path. Experiment 1 shows that 13- to 15-month-olds (N = 30) can detect an invariant manner of motion when the figure's path changes. Experiment 2 reveals that reducing the complexity of the events, by dampening the figure's path, helps 10- to 12-month-olds (N = 19) detect the invariant manner. These findings suggest that: (a) infants notice event features lexicalized in English motion verbs, and (b) attention to manner can be promoted by reducing event complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Pruden
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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126
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Verschoor S, Biro S. Primacy of Information About Means Selection Over Outcome Selection in Goal Attribution by Infants. Cogn Sci 2011; 36:714-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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127
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Strickland B, Keil F. Event completion: event based inferences distort memory in a matter of seconds. Cognition 2011; 121:409-15. [PMID: 21917244 PMCID: PMC3321379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We present novel evidence that implicit causal inferences distort memory for events only seconds after viewing. Adults watched videos of someone launching (or throwing) an object. However, the videos omitted the moment of contact (or release). Subjects falsely reported seeing the moment of contact when it was implied by subsequent footage but did not do so when the contact was not implied. Causal implications were disrupted either by replacing the resulting flight of the ball with irrelevant video or by scrambling event segments. Subjects in the different causal implication conditions did not differ on false alarms for other moments of the event, nor did they differ in general recognition accuracy. These results suggest that as people perceive events, they generate rapid conceptual interpretations that can have a powerful effect on how events are remembered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Strickland
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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128
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Loucks J, Sommerville JA. Developmental changes in the discrimination of dynamic human actions in infancy. Dev Sci 2011; 15:123-30. [PMID: 22251298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that adults selectively attend to features of action, such as how a hand contacts an object, and less to configural properties of action, such as spatial trajectory, when observing human actions. The current research investigated whether this bias develops in infancy. We utilized a habituation paradigm to assess 4-month-old and 10-month-old infants' discrimination of action based on featural, configural, and temporal sources of action information. Younger infants were able to discriminate changes to all three sources of information, but older infants were only able to reliably discriminate changes to featural information. These results highlight a previously unknown aspect of early action processing, and suggest that action perception may undergo a developmental process akin to perceptual narrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Loucks
- Jeff Loucks, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA.
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129
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Göksun T, Hirsh-Pasek K, Golinkoff RM, Imai M, Konishi H, Okada H. Who is crossing where? Infants' discrimination of figures and grounds in events. Cognition 2011; 121:176-95. [PMID: 21839990 PMCID: PMC3183143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To learn relational terms such as verbs and prepositions, children must first dissect and process dynamic event components. This paper investigates the way in which 8- to 14-month-old English-reared infants notice the event components, figure (i.e., the moving entity) and ground (i.e., stationary setting), in both dynamic (Experiment 1) and static representations of events (Experiment 2) for categorical ground distinctions expressed in Japanese, but not in English. We then compare both 14- and 19-month-old English- and Japanese-reared infants' processing of grounds to understand how language learning interacts with the conceptualization of these constructs (Experiment 3). Results suggest that (1) infants distinguish between figures and grounds in events; (2) they do so differently for static vs. dynamic displays; (3) early in the second year, children from diverse language environments form nonnative - perhaps universal - event categories; and (4) these event categories shift over time as children have more exposure to their native tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilbe Göksun
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, USA.
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130
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Roseberry S, Richie R, Hirsh-Pasek K, Golinkoff RM, Shipley TF. Babies Catch a Break. Psychol Sci 2011; 22:1422-4. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797611422074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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131
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Golinkoff RM, Hirsh-Pasek K. Comment les touts-petits apprennent-ils les verbes ? ENFANCE 2011. [DOI: 10.3917/enf1.113.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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132
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Comment les touts-petits apprennent-ils les verbes ? ENFANCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4074/s0013754511003077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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133
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Maguire MJ, Brumberg J, Ennis M, Shipley TF. Similarities in Object and Event Segmentation: A Geometric Approach to Event Path Segmentation. SPATIAL COGNITION AND COMPUTATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2011.566955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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134
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Ruffman T, Taumoepeau M, Perkins C. Statistical learning as a basis for social understanding in children. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 30:87-104. [PMID: 22429035 DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many authors have argued that infants understand goals, intentions, and beliefs. We posit that infants' success on such tasks might instead reveal an understanding of behaviour, that infants' proficient statistical learning abilities might enable such insights, and that maternal talk scaffolds children's learning about the social world as well. We also consider which skills and insights are likely to be innate, and why it is difficult to say exactly when children understand mental states as opposed to behaviours.
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135
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136
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Grafton ST, Tipper CM. Decoding intention: a neuroergonomic perspective. Neuroimage 2011; 59:14-24. [PMID: 21651985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decoding the intentions of other people based on non-linguistic cues such as their body movement is a major requirement of many jobs. Whether it is maintaining security at an airport or negotiating with locals in a foreign country, there is a need to maximize the effectiveness of training or real-time performance in this decoding process. This review considers the potential utility of neuroergonomic solutions, and in particular, of electroencephalographic (EEG) methods for augmenting action understanding. Focus is given to body movements and hand-object interactions, where there is a rapid growth in relevant science. The interpretation of EEG-based signals is reinforced by a consideration of functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments demonstrating underlying brain mechanisms that support goal oriented action. While no EEG method is currently implemented as a practical application for enhancing the understanding of unspoken intentions, there are a number of promising approaches that merit further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Grafton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA.
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137
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138
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Brentari D, González C, Seidl A, Wilbur R. Sensitivity to visual prosodic cues in signers and nonsigners. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH 2011; 54:49-72. [PMID: 21524012 DOI: 10.1177/0023830910388011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Three studies are presented in this paper that address how nonsigners perceive the visual prosodic cues in a sign language. In Study 1, adult American nonsigners and users of American Sign Language (ASL) were compared on their sensitivity to the visual cues in ASL Intonational Phrases. In Study 2, hearing, nonsigning American infants were tested using the same stimuli used in Study I to see whether maturity, exposure to gesture, or exposure to sign language is necessary to demonstrate this type of sensitivity. Study 3 addresses nonsigners' and signers' strategies for segmenting Prosodic Words in a sign language. Adult participants from six language groups (3 spoken languages and 3 sign languages) were tested.The results of these three studies indicate that nonsigners have a high degree of sensitivity to sign language prosodic cues at the Intonational Phrase level and the Prosodic Word level; these are attributed to modality or'channel' effects of the visual signal.There are also some differences between signers' and nonsigners' sensitivity; these differences are attributed to language experience or language-particular constraints.This work is useful in understanding the gestural competence of nonsigners and the ways in which this type of competence may contribute to the grammaticalization of these properties in a sign language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Brentari
- Linguistics Program, Purdue University, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2038, USA.
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139
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Boyer P. Intuitive expectations and the detection of mental disorder: A cognitive background to folk-psychiatries. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2010.529049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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140
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Killingsworth SS, Saylor MM, Levin DT. Analyzing Action for Agents with Varying Cognitive Capacities. SOCIAL COGNITION 2011. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2011.29.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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141
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Olofson EL, Baldwin D. Infants recognize similar goals across dissimilar actions involving object manipulation. Cognition 2011; 118:258-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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142
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Cicchino JB, Aslin RN, Rakison DH. Correspondences between what infants see and know about causal and self-propelled motion. Cognition 2011; 118:171-92. [PMID: 21122832 PMCID: PMC3038602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The associative learning account of how infants identify human motion rests on the assumption that this knowledge is derived from statistical regularities seen in the world. Yet, no catalog exists of what visual input infants receive of human motion, and of causal and self-propelled motion in particular. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that the frequency with which causal agency and self-propelled motion appear in the visual environment predicts infants' understanding of these motions. In an observational study, an infant wearing a head-mounted camera saw people act as agents in causal events three times more often than he saw people engaged in self-propelled motion. Subsequent experiments with the habituation paradigm revealed that infants begin to generalize self-propulsion to agents in causal events between 10 and 14 months of age. However, infants cannot generalize causal agency to a self-propelled object at 14 or 18 months unless the object exhibits additional cues to animacy. The results are discussed within a domain-general framework of learning about human action.
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143
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144
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Pempek TA, Kirkorian HL, Richards JE, Anderson DR, Lund AF, Stevens M. Video comprehensibility and attention in very young children. Dev Psychol 2010; 46:1283-93. [PMID: 20822238 DOI: 10.1037/a0020614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Earlier research established that preschool children pay less attention to television that is sequentially or linguistically incomprehensible. The authors of this study determined the youngest age for which this effect can be found. One hundred and three 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month-olds' looking and heart rate were recorded while they watched Teletubbies, a television program designed for very young children. Experimenters manipulated comprehensibility by either randomly ordering shots or reversing dialogue to become backward speech. Infants watched 1 normal segment and 1 distorted version of the same segment. Only 24-month-olds, and to some extent 18-month-olds, distinguished between normal and distorted videos by looking for longer durations toward the normal stimuli. The results suggest that it may not be until the middle of the second year that children demonstrate the earliest beginnings of comprehension of video as it is currently produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Pempek
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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145
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Hofer T, Hauf P, Aschersleben G. Infants' perception of goal-directed actions on video. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1348/026151006x170308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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146
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Yazbek A, D'Entremont B. A longitudinal investigation of the still-face effect at 6 months and joint attention at 12 months. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1348/026151005x67539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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147
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Limited activity monitoring in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Res 2010; 1380:246-54. [PMID: 21129365 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study used eye-tracking to examine how 20-month-old toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n=28), typical development (TD) (n=34), and non-autistic developmental delays (DD) (n=16) monitored the activities occurring in a context of an adult-child play interaction. Toddlers with ASD, in comparison to control groups, showed less attention to the activities of others and focused more on background objects (e.g., toys). In addition, while all groups spent the same time overall looking at people, toddlers with ASD looked less at people's heads and more at their bodies. In ASD, these patterns were associated with cognitive deficits and greater autism severity. These results suggest that the monitoring of the social activities of others is disrupted early in the developmental progression of autism, limiting future avenues for observational learning.
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148
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Extended cognition and the space of social interaction. Conscious Cogn 2010; 20:643-57. [PMID: 20970358 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The extended mind thesis (EM) asserts that some cognitive processes are (partially) composed of actions consisting of the manipulation and exploitation of environmental structures. Might some processes at the root of social cognition have a similarly extended structure? In this paper, I argue that social cognition is fundamentally an interactive form of space management--the negotiation and management of "we-space"--and that some of the expressive actions involved in the negotiation and management of we-space (gesture, touch, facial and whole-body expressions) drive basic processes of interpersonal understanding and thus do genuine social-cognitive work. Social interaction is a kind of extended social cognition, driven and at least partially constituted by environmental (non-neural) scaffolding. Challenging the Theory of Mind paradigm, I draw upon research from gesture studies, developmental psychology, and work on Moebius Syndrome to support this thesis.
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149
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Hespos SJ, Grossman SR, Saylor MM. Infants’ ability to parse continuous actions: Further evidence. Neural Netw 2010; 23:1026-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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150
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Wohlgelernter S, Diesendruck G, Markson L. What Is a Conventional Object Function? The Effects of Intentionality and Consistency of Use. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15248371003699985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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