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Pedersen NM, Thorvaldsen TE, Schultz SW, Wenzel EM, Stenmark H. Formation of Tankyrase Inhibitor-Induced Degradasomes Requires Proteasome Activity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160507. [PMID: 27482906 PMCID: PMC4970726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In canonical Wnt signaling, the protein levels of the key signaling mediator β-catenin are under tight regulation by the multimeric destruction complex that mediates proteasomal degradation of β-catenin. In colorectal cancer, destruction complex activity is often compromised due to mutations in the multifunctional scaffolding protein Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC), leading to a stabilization of β-catenin. Recently, tankyrase inhibitors (TNKSi), a novel class of small molecule inhibitors, were shown to re-establish a functional destruction complex in APC-mutant cancer cell lines by stabilizing AXIN1/2, whose protein levels are usually kept low via poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by the tankyrase enzymes (TNKS1/2). Surprisingly, we found that for the formation of the morphological correlates of destruction complexes, called degradasomes, functional proteasomes are required. In addition we found that AXIN2 is strongly upregulated after 6 h of TNKS inhibition. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 counteracted TNKSi-induced degradasome formation and AXIN2 stabilization, and this was accompanied by reduced transcription of AXIN2. Mechanistically we could implicate the transcription factor FoxM1 in this process, which was recently shown to be a transcriptional activator of AXIN2. We observed a substantial reduction in TNKSi-induced stabilization of AXIN2 after siRNA-mediated depletion of FoxM1 and found that proteasome inhibition reduced the active (phosphorylated) fraction of FoxM1. This can explain the decreased protein levels of AXIN2 after MG132 treatment. Our findings have implications for the design of in vitro studies on the destruction complex and for clinical applications of TNKSi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Marie Pedersen
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Espen Thorvaldsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sebastian Wolfgang Schultz
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Maria Wenzel
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (EMW); (HS)
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (EMW); (HS)
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102
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Inhibition of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase using quinazolinone nucleus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7799-814. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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103
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DaRosa PA, Ovchinnikov S, Xu W, Klevit RE. Structural insights into SAM domain-mediated tankyrase oligomerization. Protein Sci 2016; 25:1744-52. [PMID: 27328430 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tankyrase 1 (TNKS1; a.k.a. ARTD5) and tankyrase 2 (TNKS2; a.k.a ARTD6) are highly homologous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) that function in a wide variety of cellular processes including Wnt signaling, Src signaling, Akt signaling, Glut4 vesicle translocation, telomere length regulation, and centriole and spindle pole maturation. Tankyrase proteins include a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain that undergoes oligomerization in vitro and in vivo. However, the SAM domains of TNKS1 and TNKS2 have not been structurally characterized and the mode of oligomerization is not yet defined. Here we model the SAM domain-mediated oligomerization of tankyrase. The structural model, supported by mutagenesis and NMR analysis, demonstrates a helical, homotypic head-to-tail polymer that facilitates TNKS self-association. Furthermore, we show that TNKS1 and TNKS2 can form (TNKS1 SAM-TNKS2 SAM) hetero-oligomeric structures mediated by their SAM domains. Though wild-type tankyrase proteins have very low solubility, model-based mutations of the SAM oligomerization interface residues allowed us to obtain soluble TNKS proteins. These structural insights will be invaluable for the functional and biophysical characterization of TNKS1/2, including the role of TNKS oligomerization in protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) and PARylation-dependent ubiquitylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A DaRosa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Sergey Ovchinnikov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Rachel E Klevit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
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104
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Lum L, Chen C. Chemical Disruption of Wnt-dependent Cell Fate Decision-making Mechanisms in Cancer and Regenerative Medicine. Curr Med Chem 2016; 22:4091-103. [PMID: 26310918 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666150827094015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell signaling molecules such as the Wnt proteins that directly influence the expression of cell-type specific transcriptional programs are essential for tissue generation in metazoans. The mechanisms supporting cellular responses to these molecules represent potential points of intervention for directing cell fate outcomes in therapeutic contexts. Small molecules that modulate Wnt-mediated cellular responses have proven to be powerful probes for Wnt protein function in diverse biological settings including cancer, development, and regeneration. Whereas efforts to develop these chemicals as therapeutic agents have dominated conversation, the unprecedented modes-of-action associated with these molecules and their implications for drug development deserve greater examination. In this review, we will discuss how medicinal chemistry efforts focused on first in class small molecules targeting two Wnt pathway components--the polytopic Porcupine (Porcn) acyltransferase and the cytoplasmic Tankyrase (Tnks) poly-ADP-ribosylases--have contributed to our understanding of the druggable genome and expanded the armamentarium of chemicals that can be used to influence cell fate decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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105
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Wang H, Lu B, Castillo J, Zhang Y, Yang Z, McAllister G, Lindeman A, Reece-Hoyes J, Tallarico J, Russ C, Hoffman G, Xu W, Schirle M, Cong F. Tankyrase Inhibitor Sensitizes Lung Cancer Cells to Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibition via Stabilizing Angiomotins and Inhibiting YAP Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15256-66. [PMID: 27231341 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.722967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
YAP signaling pathway plays critical roles in tissue homeostasis, and aberrant activation of YAP signaling has been implicated in cancers. To identify tractable targets of YAP pathway, we have performed a pathway-based pooled CRISPR screen and identified tankyrase and its associated E3 ligase RNF146 as positive regulators of YAP signaling. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of tankyrase prominently suppresses YAP activity and YAP target gene expression. Using a proteomic approach, we have identified angiomotin family proteins, which are known negative regulators of YAP signaling, as novel tankyrase substrates. Inhibition of tankyrase or depletion of RNF146 stabilizes angiomotins. Angiomotins physically interact with tankyrase through a highly conserved motif at their N terminus, and mutation of this motif leads to their stabilization. Tankyrase inhibitor-induced stabilization of angiomotins reduces YAP nuclear translocation and decreases downstream YAP signaling. We have further shown that knock-out of YAP sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer to EGFR inhibitor Erlotinib. Tankyrase inhibitor, but not porcupine inhibitor, which blocks Wnt secretion, enhances growth inhibitory activity of Erlotinib. This activity is mediated by YAP inhibition and not Wnt/β-catenin inhibition. Our data suggest that tankyrase inhibition could serve as a novel strategy to suppress YAP signaling for combinatorial targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Bo Lu
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Johnny Castillo
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Yue Zhang
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Zinger Yang
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Gregory McAllister
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Alicia Lindeman
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - John Reece-Hoyes
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - John Tallarico
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Carsten Russ
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Greg Hoffman
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Markus Schirle
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Feng Cong
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
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106
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Zhong L, Ding Y, Bandyopadhyay G, Waaler J, Börgeson E, Smith S, Zhang M, Phillips SA, Mahooti S, Mahata SK, Shao J, Krauss S, Chi NW. The PARsylation activity of tankyrase in adipose tissue modulates systemic glucose metabolism in mice. Diabetologia 2016; 59:582-91. [PMID: 26631215 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Tankyrase (TNKS) is a ubiquitously expressed molecular scaffold that is implicated in diverse processes. The catalytic activity of TNKS modifies substrate proteins through poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARsylation) and is responsive to cellular energetic state. Global deficiency of the TNKS protein in mice accelerates glucose utilisation and raises plasma adiponectin levels. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the PARsylation activity of TNKS in adipocytes plays a role in systemic glucose homeostasis. METHODS To inhibit TNKS-mediated PARsylation, we fed mice with a diet containing the TNKS-specific inhibitor G007-LK. To genetically inactivate TNKS catalysis in adipocytes while preserving its function as a molecular scaffold, we used an adipocyte-selective Cre transgene to delete TNKS exons that encoded the catalytic domain at the C-terminus. Tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in mice was investigated using hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps. To model adipose-liver crosstalk ex vivo, we applied adipocyte-conditioned media to hepatocytes and assessed the effect on gluconeogenesis. RESULTS The TNKS inhibitor G007-LK improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and promptly increased plasma adiponectin levels. In female mice, but not in male mice, adipocyte-selective genetic inactivation of TNKS catalysis improved hepatic insulin sensitivity and post-transcriptionally increased plasma adiponectin levels. Both pharmacological and genetic TNKS inhibition in female mouse-derived adipocytes induced a change in secreted factors to decrease gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Systemic glucose homeostasis is regulated by the PARsylation activity of TNKS in adipocytes. This regulation is mediated in part by adipocyte-secreted factors that modulate hepatic glucose production. Pharmacological TNKS inhibition could potentially be used to improve glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhong
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0673, USA
| | - Yun Ding
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0673, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0673, USA
| | - Jo Waaler
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma Börgeson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0673, USA
| | - Susan Smith
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mingchen Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0673, USA
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Susan A Phillips
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sepi Mahooti
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0673, USA
| | - Jianhua Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Nai-Wen Chi
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0673, USA.
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107
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Martino-Echarri E, Brocardo MG, Mills KM, Henderson BR. Tankyrase Inhibitors Stimulate the Ability of Tankyrases to Bind Axin and Drive Assembly of β-Catenin Degradation-Competent Axin Puncta. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150484. [PMID: 26930278 PMCID: PMC4773256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the wnt signaling pathway is a major cause of colon cancer development. Tankyrase inhibitors (TNKSi) have recently been developed to block the wnt pathway by increasing axin levels to promote degradation of the wnt-regulator β-catenin. TNKSi bind to the PARP (poly(ADP)ribose polymerase) catalytic region of tankyrases (TNKS), preventing the PARylation of TNKS and axin that normally control axin levels through ubiquitination and degradation. TNKSi treatment of APC-mutant SW480 colorectal cancer cells can induce axin puncta which act as sites for assembly of β-catenin degradation complexes, however this process is poorly understood. Using this model system, we found that siRNA knockdown of TNKSs 1 and 2 actually blocked the ability of TNKSi drugs to induce axin puncta, revealing that puncta formation requires both the expression and the inactivation of TNKS. Immunoprecipitation assays showed that treatment of cells with TNKSi caused a strong increase in the formation of axin-TNKS complexes, correlating with an increase in insoluble or aggregated forms of TNKS/axin. The efficacy of TNKSi was antagonized by proteasome inhibitors, which stabilized the PARylated form of TNKS1 and reduced TNKSi-mediated assembly of axin-TNKS complexes and puncta. We hypothesise that TNKSi act to stimulate TNKS oligomerization and assembly of the TNKS-axin scaffold that form puncta. These new insights may help in optimising the future application of TNKSi in anticancer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Martino-Echarri
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mariana G. Brocardo
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate M. Mills
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia
| | - Beric R. Henderson
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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108
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Chimge NO, Little GH, Baniwal SK, Adisetiyo H, Xie Y, Zhang T, O'Laughlin A, Liu ZY, Ulrich P, Martin A, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Ellis MJ, Tripathy D, Groshen S, Liang C, Li Z, Schones DE, Frenkel B. RUNX1 prevents oestrogen-mediated AXIN1 suppression and β-catenin activation in ER-positive breast cancer. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10751. [PMID: 26916619 PMCID: PMC4773428 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent high-throughput studies revealed recurrent RUNX1 mutations in breast cancer, specifically in oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumours. However, mechanisms underlying the implied RUNX1-mediated tumour suppression remain elusive. Here, by depleting mammary epithelial cells of RUNX1 in vivo and in vitro, we demonstrate combinatorial regulation of AXIN1 by RUNX1 and oestrogen. RUNX1 and ER occupy adjacent elements in AXIN1's second intron, and RUNX1 antagonizes oestrogen-mediated AXIN1 suppression. Accordingly, RNA-seq and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrate an ER-dependent correlation between RUNX1 and AXIN1 in tumour biopsies. RUNX1 loss in ER+ mammary epithelial cells increases β-catenin, deregulates mitosis and stimulates cell proliferation and expression of stem cell markers. However, it does not stimulate LEF/TCF, c-Myc or CCND1, and it does not accelerate G1/S cell cycle phase transition. Finally, RUNX1 loss-mediated deregulation of β-catenin and mitosis is ameliorated by AXIN1 stabilization in vitro, highlighting AXIN1 as a potential target for the management of ER+ breast cancer. The tumour suppressor RUNX1 is often lost or mutated in oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. In this study, the authors demonstrate that the loss of RUNX1 unleashes oestrogen-mediated inhibition of AXIN1, a negative regulator of β-catenin, resulting in β-catenin signalling-mediated cancer cell proliferation and mitosis deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyam-Osor Chimge
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.,Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Gillian H Little
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Sanjeev K Baniwal
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Helty Adisetiyo
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Ying Xie
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Andie O'Laughlin
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Zhi Y Liu
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Peaches Ulrich
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Anthony Martin
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Paulette Mhawech-Fauceglia
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Debu Tripathy
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Susan Groshen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.,USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Chengyu Liang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dustin E Schones
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Baruch Frenkel
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.,USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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109
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Yang K, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang Z, Nan G, Li Y, Zhang F, Mohammed MK, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Bi Y, He TC. The evolving roles of canonical WNT signaling in stem cells and tumorigenesis: implications in targeted cancer therapies. J Transl Med 2016; 96:116-36. [PMID: 26618721 PMCID: PMC4731283 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway governs a myriad of biological processes underlying the development and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis, including regulation of stem cell self-renewal, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. WNTs are secreted lipid-modified glycoproteins that act as short-range ligands to activate receptor-mediated signaling pathways. The hallmark of the canonical pathway is the activation of β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity. Canonical WNTs control the β-catenin dynamics as the cytoplasmic level of β-catenin is tightly regulated via phosphorylation by the 'destruction complex', consisting of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), casein kinase 1α (CK1α), the scaffold protein AXIN, and the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). Aberrant regulation of this signaling cascade is associated with varieties of human diseases, especially cancers. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of canonical WNT signaling. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of WNT signaling at the extracellular, cytoplasmic membrane, and intracellular/nuclear levels, including the emerging knowledge of cross-talk with other pathways. Recent progresses in developing novel WNT pathway-targeted therapies will also be reviewed. Thus, this review is intended to serve as a refresher of the current understanding about the physiologic and pathogenic roles of WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, and to outline potential therapeutic opportunities by targeting the canonical WNT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guoxin Nan
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yasha Li
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Fugui Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maryam K. Mohammed
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yang Bi
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Corresponding authors T.-C. He, MD, PhD, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Tel. (773) 702-7169; Fax (773) 834-4598, , Yang Bi, MD, PhD, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400046, China, Tel. 011-86-23-63633113; Fax: 011-86-236362690,
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, Corresponding authors T.-C. He, MD, PhD, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Tel. (773) 702-7169; Fax (773) 834-4598, , Yang Bi, MD, PhD, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400046, China, Tel. 011-86-23-63633113; Fax: 011-86-236362690,
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110
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Roos J, Grösch S, Werz O, Schröder P, Ziegler S, Fulda S, Paulus P, Urbschat A, Kühn B, Maucher I, Fettel J, Vorup-Jensen T, Piesche M, Matrone C, Steinhilber D, Parnham MJ, Maier TJ. Regulation of tumorigenic Wnt signaling by cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase and their pharmacological inhibitors: A basis for novel drugs targeting cancer cells? Pharmacol Ther 2016; 157:43-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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111
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Roy S, Liu F, Arav-Boger R. Human Cytomegalovirus Inhibits the PARsylation Activity of Tankyrase--A Potential Strategy for Suppression of the Wnt Pathway. Viruses 2015; 8:v8010008. [PMID: 26729153 PMCID: PMC4728568 DOI: 10.3390/v8010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was reported to downregulate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Induction of Axin1, the negative regulator of the Wnt pathway, has been reported as an important mechanism for inhibition of β-catenin. Since Tankyrase (TNKS) negatively regulates Axin1, we investigated the effect of HCMV on TNKS expression and poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARsylation) activity, during virus replication. Starting at 24 h post infection, HCMV stabilized the expression of TNKS and reduced its PARsylation activity, resulting in accumulation of Axin1 and reduction in its PARsylation as well. General PARsylation was not changed in HCMV-infected cells, suggesting specific inhibition of TNKS PARsylation. Similarly, treatment with XAV939, a chemical inhibitor of TNKS’ activity, resulted in the accumulation of TNKS in both non-infected and HCMV-infected cell lines. Reduction of TNKS activity or knockdown of TNKS was beneficial for HCMV, evidenced by its improved growth in fibroblasts. Our results suggest that HCMV modulates the activity of TNKS to induce Axin1, resulting in inhibition of the β-catenin pathway. Since HCMV replication is facilitated by TNKS knockdown or inhibition of its activity, TNKS may serve as an important virus target for control of a variety of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujayita Roy
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.
| | - Fengjie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.
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112
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Bilan DS, Shokhina AG, Lukyanov SA, Belousov VV. [Main Cellular Redox Couples]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 41:385-402. [PMID: 26615634 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162015040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most of the living cells maintain the continuous flow of electrons, which provides them by energy. Many of the compounds are presented in a cell at the same time in the oxidized and reduced states, forming the active redox couples. Some of the redox couples, such as NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, oxidized/reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH), are universal, as they participate in adjusting of many cellular reactions. Ratios of the oxidized and reduced forms of these compounds are important cellular redox parameters. Modern research approaches allow setting the new functions of the main redox couples in the complex organization of cellular processes. The following information is about the main cellular redox couples and their participation in various biological processes.
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113
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Shin JH, Kim HW, Rhyu IJ, Kee SH. Axin is expressed in mitochondria and suppresses mitochondrial ATP synthesis in HeLa cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 340:12-21. [PMID: 26704260 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many recent studies have revealed that axin is involved in numerous cellular functions beyond the negative regulation of β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling. Previously, an association of ectopic axin with mitochondria was observed. In an effort to investigate the relationship between axin and mitochondria, we found that axin expression suppressed cellular ATP production, which was more apparent as axin expression levels increased. Also, mitochondrial expression of axin was observed using two axin-expressing HeLa cell models: doxycycline-inducible ectopic axin expression (HeLa-axin) and axin expression enhanced by long-term treatment with XAV939 (HeLa-XAV). In biochemical analysis, axin is associated with oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex IV and is involved in defects in the assembly of complex IV-containing supercomplexes. Functionally, axin expression reduced the activity of OXPHOS complex IV and the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), suggesting axin-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Subsequent studies using various inhibitors of Wnt signaling showed that the reduction in cellular ATP levels was weaker in cases of ICAT protein expression and treatment with iCRT3 or NSC668036 compared with XAV939 treatment, suggesting that XAV939 treatment affects ATP synthesis in addition to suppressing Wnt signaling activity. Axin-mediated regulation of mitochondrial function may be an additional mechanism to Wnt signaling for regulation of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hye Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Kee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea.
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114
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Feng TT, Zhang YJ, Chen H, Fan S, Han JG. The binding mechanism of a novel nicotinamide isostere inhibiting with TNKSs: a molecular dynamic simulation and binding free energy calculation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:517-28. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1043580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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115
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Ma L, Wang X, Jia T, Wei W, Chua MS, So S. Tankyrase inhibitors attenuate WNT/β-catenin signaling and inhibit growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:25390-25401. [PMID: 26246473 PMCID: PMC4694839 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated WNT/β-catenin signaling contributes to the development of a subgroup of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Within this pathway, the tankyrase enzymes (TNKS1 and TNKS2) degrade AXIN and thereby enhance β-catenin activity. We evaluate TNKS enzymes as potential therapeutic targets in HCC, and the anti-tumor efficacy of tankyrase inhibitors (XAV939, and its novel nitro-substituted derivative WXL-8) in HCC cells. Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, we found significantly elevated levels of TNKS1/2 mRNA in tumor liver tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor livers, at protein levels only TNKS1 is increased. In HepG2, Huh7cells, siRNA-mediated knockdown suppression of endogenous TNKS1 and TNKS2 reduced cell proliferation, together with decreased nuclear β-catenin levels. XAV939 and WXL-8 inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in HepG2, Huh7, and Hep40 cells (p < 0.05), with stabilization of AXIN1 and AXIN2, and decreased β-catenin protein levels. XAV939 and WXL-8 also attenuated rhWNT3A-induced TOPflash luciferase reporter activity in HCC cells, indicating reduced β-catenin transcriptional activity, consistent with decreased nuclear β-catenin levels. In vivo, intra-tumor injections of XAV939 or WXL-8 significantly inhibited the growth of subcutaneous HepG2 xenografts (P < 0.05). We suggest that tankyrase inhibition is a potential therapeutic approach for treating a subgroup HCC with aberrant WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Axin Protein/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Reporter
- Hep G2 Cells
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/pharmacology
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Stability
- RNA Interference
- Tankyrases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tankyrases/genetics
- Tankyrases/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Wnt Signaling Pathway/drug effects
- Wnt3A Protein/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Asian Liver Center and Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Asian Liver Center and Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Tao Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Asian Liver Center and Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mei-Sze Chua
- Asian Liver Center and Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel So
- Asian Liver Center and Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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116
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Novellasdemunt L, Antas P, Li VSW. Targeting Wnt signaling in colorectal cancer. A Review in the Theme: Cell Signaling: Proteins, Pathways and Mechanisms. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C511-21. [PMID: 26289750 PMCID: PMC4609654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00117.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Wnt signaling pathway plays essential roles during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Notably, comprehensive genetic studies in Drosophila and mice in the past decades have demonstrated the crucial role of Wnt signaling in intestinal stem cell maintenance by regulating proliferation, differentiation, and cell-fate decisions. Wnt signaling has also been implicated in a variety of cancers and other diseases. Loss of the Wnt pathway negative regulator adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is the hallmark of human colorectal cancers (CRC). Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing further reveal many novel recurrent Wnt pathway mutations in addition to the well-characterized APC and β-catenin mutations in CRC. Despite attractive strategies to develop drugs for Wnt signaling, major hurdles in therapeutic intervention of the pathway persist. Here we discuss the Wnt-activating mechanisms in CRC and review the current advances and challenges in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Antas
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian S W Li
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
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117
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Arqués O, Chicote I, Puig I, Tenbaum SP, Argilés G, Dienstmann R, Fernández N, Caratù G, Matito J, Silberschmidt D, Rodon J, Landolfi S, Prat A, Espín E, Charco R, Nuciforo P, Vivancos A, Shao W, Tabernero J, Palmer HG. Tankyrase Inhibition Blocks Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway and Reverts Resistance to PI3K and AKT Inhibitors in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26224873 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncogenic mutations in the KRAS/PI3K/AKT pathway are one of the most frequent alterations in cancer. Although PI3K or AKT inhibitors show promising results in clinical trials, drug resistance frequently emerges. We previously revealed Wnt/β-catenin signaling hyperactivation as responsible for such resistance in colorectal cancer. Here we investigate Wnt-mediated resistance in patients treated with PI3K or AKT inhibitors in clinical trials and evaluate the efficacy of a new Wnt/tankyrase inhibitor, NVP-TNKS656, to overcome such resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Colorectal cancer patient-derived sphere cultures and mouse tumor xenografts were treated with NVP-TNKS656, in combination with PI3K or AKT inhibitors.We analyzed progression-free survival of patients treated with different PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in correlation with Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation, oncogenic mutations, clinicopathological traits, and gene expression patterns in 40 colorectal cancer baseline tumors. RESULTS Combination with NVP-TNKS656 promoted apoptosis in PI3K or AKT inhibitor-resistant cells with high nuclear β-catenin content. High FOXO3A activity conferred sensitivity to NVP-TNKS656 treatment. Thirteen of 40 patients presented high nuclear β-catenin content and progressed earlier upon PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition. Nuclear β-catenin levels predicted drug response, whereas clinicopathologic traits, gene expression profiles, or frequent mutations (KRAS, TP53, or PIK3CA) did not. CONCLUSIONS High nuclear β-catenin content independently predicts resistance to PI3K and AKT inhibitors. Combined treatment with a Wnt/tankyrase inhibitor reduces nuclear β-catenin, reverts such resistance, and represses tumor growth. FOXO3A content and activity predicts response to Wnt/β-catenin inhibition and together with β-catenin may be predictive biomarkers of drug response providing a rationale to stratify colorectal cancer patients to be treated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Arqués
- Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Chicote
- Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Puig
- Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephan P Tenbaum
- Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Argilés
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumors Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumors Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain. Sage Bionetworks, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, Washington
| | - Natalia Fernández
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumors Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ginevra Caratù
- Cancer Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Matito
- Cancer Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Rodon
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. Early Clinical Drug Development Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefania Landolfi
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Prat
- Translational Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloy Espín
- General Surgery Service, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Charco
- Department of HBP Surgery and Transplantation, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Vivancos
- Cancer Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wenlin Shao
- Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumors Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor G Palmer
- Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.
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118
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Exploration of the nicotinamide-binding site of the tankyrases, identifying 3-arylisoquinolin-1-ones as potent and selective inhibitors in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5891-908. [PMID: 26189030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tankyrases-1 and -2 (TNKS-1 and TNKS-2) have three cellular roles which make them important targets in cancer. Using NAD(+) as a substrate, they poly(ADP-ribosyl)ate TRF1 (regulating lengths of telomeres), NuMA (facilitating mitosis) and axin (in wnt/β-catenin signalling). Using molecular modelling and the structure of the weak inhibitor 5-aminoiso quinolin-1-one, 3-aryl-5-substituted-isoquinolin-1-ones were designed as inhibitors to explore the structure-activity relationships (SARs) for binding and to define the shape of a hydrophobic cavity in the active site. 5-Amino-3-arylisoquinolinones were synthesised by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of arylboronic acids to 3-bromo-1-methoxy-5-nitro-isoquinoline, reduction and O-demethylation. 3-Aryl-5-methylisoquinolin-1-ones, 3-aryl-5-fluoroisoquinolin-1-ones and 3-aryl-5-methoxyisoquinolin-1-ones were accessed by deprotonation of 3-substituted-N,N,2-trimethylbenzamides and quench with an appropriate benzonitrile. SAR around the isoquinolinone core showed that aryl was required at the 3-position, optimally with a para-substituent. Small meta-substituents were tolerated but groups in the ortho-positions reduced or abolished activity. This was not due to lack of coplanarity of the rings, as shown by the potency of 4,5-dimethyl-3-phenylisoquinolin-1-one. Methyl and methoxy were optimal at the 5-position. SAR was rationalised by modelling and by crystal structures of examples with TNKS-2. The 3-aryl unit was located in a large hydrophobic cavity and the para-substituents projected into a tunnel leading to the exterior. Potency against TNKS-1 paralleled potency against TNKS-2. Most inhibitors were highly selective for TNKSs over PARP-1 and PARP-2. A range of highly potent and selective inhibitors is now available for cellular studies.
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119
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Nkizinkiko Y, Suneel Kumar BVS, Jeankumar VU, Haikarainen T, Koivunen J, Madhuri C, Yogeeswari P, Venkannagari H, Obaji E, Pihlajaniemi T, Sriram D, Lehtiö L. Discovery of potent and selective nonplanar tankyrase inhibiting nicotinamide mimics. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4139-4149. [PMID: 26183543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diphtheria toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferases catalyse a posttranslational modification, ADP-ribosylation and form a protein family of 17 members in humans. Two of the family members, tankyrases 1 and 2, are involved in several cellular processes including mitosis and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. They are often over-expressed in cancer cells and have been linked with the survival of cancer cells making them potential therapeutic targets. In this study, we identified nine tankyrase inhibitors through virtual and in vitro screening. Crystal structures of tankyrase 2 with the compounds showed that they bind to the nicotinamide binding site of the catalytic domain. Based on the co-crystal structures we designed and synthesized a series of tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one and pyridopyrimidin-4-one analogs and were subsequently able to improve the potency of a hit compound almost 100-fold (from 11 μM to 150 nM). The most potent compounds were selective towards tankyrases over a panel of other human ARTD enzymes. They also inhibited Wnt/β-catenin pathway in a cell-based reporter assay demonstrating the potential usefulness of the identified new scaffolds for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Nkizinkiko
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - B V S Suneel Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy at Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Variam Ullas Jeankumar
- Department of Pharmacy at Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Teemu Haikarainen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarkko Koivunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Chanduri Madhuri
- Department of Pharmacy at Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Perumal Yogeeswari
- Department of Pharmacy at Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Harikanth Venkannagari
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ezeogo Obaji
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy at Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad 500078, India.
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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120
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Thorvaldsen TE, Pedersen NM, Wenzel EM, Schultz SW, Brech A, Liestøl K, Waaler J, Krauss S, Stenmark H. Structure, Dynamics, and Functionality of Tankyrase Inhibitor-Induced Degradasomes. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1487-501. [PMID: 26124443 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tankyrase (TNKS) enzymes, due to their poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity, have emerged as potential targets in experimental cancer therapy. However, the functional consequences of TNKS inhibition remain incompletely resolved because of the binding promiscuity of TNKS. One of the hallmarks of small-molecule TNKS inhibitors (TNKSi) is the stabilization of AXIN, which plays a pivotal role in the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. The present study focused on the known ability of TNKSi to induce cytoplasmic puncta (degradasomes) consisting of components of the signal-limiting WNT/β-catenin destruction complex. Using the colorectal cancer cell line SW480 stably transfected with GFP-TNKS1, it was demonstrated that a TNKS-specific inhibitor (G007-LK) induces highly dynamic and mobile degradasomes that contain phosphorylated β-catenin, ubiquitin, and β-TrCP. Likewise, G007-LK was found to induce similar degradasomes in other colorectal cancer cell lines expressing wild-type or truncated versions of the degradasome component APC. Super-resolution and electron microscopy revealed that the induced degradasomes in SW480 cells are membrane-free structures that consist of a filamentous assembly of high electron densities and discrete subdomains of various destruction complex components. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments further demonstrated that β-catenin-mCherry was rapidly turned over in the G007-LK-induced degradasomes, whereas GFP-TNKS1 remained stable. In conclusion, TNKS inhibition attenuates WNT/β-catenin signaling by promoting dynamic assemblies of functional active destruction complexes into a TNKS-containing scaffold even in the presence of an APC truncation. IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that β-catenin is rapidly turned over in highly dynamic assemblies of WNT destruction complexes (degradasomes) upon tankyrase inhibition and provides a direct mechanistic link between degradasome formation and reduced WNT signaling in colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Espen Thorvaldsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Marie Pedersen
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva M Wenzel
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sebastian W Schultz
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Liestøl
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway. Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jo Waaler
- Department of Microbiology, Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Forskningsparken, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Department of Microbiology, Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Forskningsparken, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
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121
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Zhan P, Song Y, Itoh Y, Suzuki T, Liu X. Recent advances in the structure-based rational design of TNKSIs. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:2783-99. [PMID: 25211064 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00385c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human tankyrases 1 and 2 (TNKS1/2) are attractive pharmacological biotargets, especially for the treatment of specific types of cancer. This article provides a fairly comprehensive overview of the structural biology of the TNKS-inhibitor complex and the current medicinal chemistry strategies being used in the structure-based rational design of tankyrase-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.
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122
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Tashima T. The structural use of carbostyril in physiologically active substances. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3415-9. [PMID: 26112444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbostyril (2-quinolinone, 2-quinolone) is an important structural component frequently used in natural products and in physiologically active substances including drugs. It is a 2-ring condensed heterocyclic compound containing several positions that can be replaced by arbitrary substituent groups and is used as a chemical building block, scaffold, fragment, and pharmacophore in drug design or discovery. Since the number of compounds that can be designed using carbostyril is exceedingly large, the steric structures of carbostyril derivatives can be adjusted to the unique, spatially oriented shape of, for example, the active sites of pharmaceutical target molecules. Moreover, the internal amide of the carbostyril unit exhibits distinctive features because of the fixed cis form of the lactam amide group. Because carbostyril has been used as a component in drugs and other bioactive compounds over time, carbostyril derivatives may improve absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET). Therefore, carbostyril derivatives have enormous potential. In this review, the potential and advantages of the use of carbostyril and its related molecular skeletons, such as 3,4-dihydrocarbostyril, are discussed by focusing on the physiologically active substances in which they are incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tashima
- Nippon Pharmaceutical Chemicals Co., Ltd, 2-8-18 Chodo, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-0056, Japan.
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123
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Disruption of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling and Telomeric Shortening Are Inextricable Consequences of Tankyrase Inhibition in Human Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2425-35. [PMID: 25939383 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00392-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of chromosomal ends (telomeres) directly contributes to cancer cell immortalization. The telomere protection enzymes belonging to the tankyrase (Tnks) subfamily of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) have recently been shown to also control transcriptional response to secreted Wnt signaling molecules. Whereas Tnks inhibitors are currently being developed as therapeutic agents for targeting Wnt-related cancers and as modulators of Wnt signaling in tissue-engineering agendas, their impact on telomere length maintenance remains unclear. Here, we leveraged a collection of Wnt pathway inhibitors with previously unassigned mechanisms of action to identify novel pharmacophores supporting Tnks inhibition. A multifaceted experimental approach that included structural, biochemical, and cell biological analyses revealed two distinct chemotypes with selectivity for Tnks enzymes. Using these reagents, we revealed that Tnks inhibition rapidly induces DNA damage at telomeres and telomeric shortening upon long-term chemical exposure in cultured cells. On the other hand, inhibitors of the Wnt acyltransferase Porcupine (Porcn) elicited neither effect. Thus, Tnks inhibitors impact telomere length maintenance independently of their affects on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We discuss the implications of these findings for anticancer and regenerative medicine agendas dependent upon chemical inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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124
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Zhao CM, Hayakawa Y, Kodama Y, Muthupalani S, Westphalen CB, Andersen GT, Flatberg A, Johannessen H, Friedman RA, Renz BW, Sandvik AK, Beisvag V, Tomita H, Hara A, Quante M, Li Z, Gershon MD, Kaneko K, Fox JG, Wang TC, Chen D. Denervation suppresses gastric tumorigenesis. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:250ra115. [PMID: 25143365 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial homeostasis and has also been postulated to play a role in tumorigenesis. We provide evidence that proper innervation is critical at all stages of gastric tumorigenesis. In three separate mouse models of gastric cancer, surgical or pharmacological denervation of the stomach (bilateral or unilateral truncal vagotomy, or local injection of botulinum toxin type A) markedly reduced tumor incidence and progression, but only in the denervated portion of the stomach. Vagotomy or botulinum toxin type A treatment also enhanced the therapeutic effects of systemic chemotherapy and prolonged survival. Denervation-induced suppression of tumorigenesis was associated with inhibition of Wnt signaling and suppression of stem cell expansion. In gastric organoid cultures, neurons stimulated growth in a Wnt-mediated fashion through cholinergic signaling. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition or genetic knockout of the muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor suppressed gastric tumorigenesis. In gastric cancer patients, tumor stage correlated with neural density and activated Wnt signaling, whereas vagotomy reduced the risk of gastric cancer. Together, our findings suggest that vagal innervation contributes to gastric tumorigenesis via M3 receptor-mediated Wnt signaling in the stem cells, and that denervation might represent a feasible strategy for the control of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Zhao
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032-3802, USA
| | - Yosuke Kodama
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christoph B Westphalen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032-3802, USA.,Medizinische Klinik III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grobhadern, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Gøran T Andersen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim 7006, Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Helene Johannessen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Richard A Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bernhard W Renz
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032-3802, USA
| | - Arne K Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim 7006, Norway
| | - Vidar Beisvag
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
| | - Michael Quante
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München 81675, Germany
| | - Zhishan Li
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032-3802, USA
| | - Duan Chen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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125
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Zhong L, Yeh TYJ, Hao J, Pourtabatabaei N, Mahata SK, Shao J, Chessler SD, Chi NW. Nutritional energy stimulates NAD+ production to promote tankyrase-mediated PARsylation in insulinoma cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122948. [PMID: 25876076 PMCID: PMC4395342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARsylation) activity of tankyrase (TNKS) regulates diverse physiological processes including energy metabolism and wnt/β-catenin signaling. This TNKS activity uses NAD+ as a co-substrate to post-translationally modify various acceptor proteins including TNKS itself. PARsylation by TNKS often tags the acceptors for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Whether this TNKS activity is regulated by physiological changes in NAD+ levels or, more broadly, in cellular energy charge has not been investigated. Because the NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in vitro is robustly potentiated by ATP, we hypothesized that nutritional energy might stimulate cellular NAMPT to produce NAD+ and thereby augment TNKS catalysis. Using insulin-secreting cells as a model, we showed that glucose indeed stimulates the autoPARsylation of TNKS and consequently its turnover by the ubiquitin-proteasomal system. This glucose effect on TNKS is mediated primarily by NAD+ since it is mirrored by the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), and is blunted by the NAMPT inhibitor FK866. The TNKS-destabilizing effect of glucose is shared by other metabolic fuels including pyruvate and amino acids. NAD+ flux analysis showed that glucose and nutrients, by increasing ATP, stimulate NAMPT-mediated NAD+ production to expand NAD+ stores. Collectively our data uncover a metabolic pathway whereby nutritional energy augments NAD+ production to drive the PARsylating activity of TNKS, leading to autoPARsylation-dependent degradation of the TNKS protein. The modulation of TNKS catalytic activity and protein abundance by cellular energy charge could potentially impose a nutritional control on the many processes that TNKS regulates through PARsylation. More broadly, the stimulation of NAD+ production by ATP suggests that nutritional energy may enhance the functions of other NAD+-driven enzymes including sirtuins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhong
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Tsung-Yin J. Yeh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Jun Hao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nasim Pourtabatabaei
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Chessler
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Nai-Wen Chi
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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126
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Johannes JW, Almeida L, Barlaam B, Boriack-Sjodin PA, Casella R, Croft RA, Dishington AP, Gingipalli L, Gu C, Hawkins JL, Holmes JL, Howard T, Huang J, Ioannidis S, Kazmirski S, Lamb ML, McGuire TM, Moore JE, Ogg D, Patel A, Pike KG, Pontz T, Robb GR, Su N, Wang H, Wu X, Zhang HJ, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Wang T. Pyrimidinone nicotinamide mimetics as selective tankyrase and wnt pathway inhibitors suitable for in vivo pharmacology. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:254-9. [PMID: 25815142 DOI: 10.1021/ml5003663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt pathway plays an important role in embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, and cancer. Germline mutations of several Wnt pathway components, such as Axin, APC, and ß-catenin, can lead to oncogenesis. Inhibition of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) catalytic domain of the tankyrases (TNKS1 and TNKS2) is known to inhibit the Wnt pathway via increased stabilization of Axin. In order to explore the consequences of tankyrase and Wnt pathway inhibition in preclinical models of cancer and its impact on normal tissue, we sought a small molecule inhibitor of TNKS1/2 with suitable physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetics for hypothesis testing in vivo. Starting from a 2-phenyl quinazolinone hit (compound 1), we discovered the pyrrolopyrimidinone compound 25 (AZ6102), which is a potent TNKS1/2 inhibitor that has 100-fold selectivity against other PARP family enzymes and shows 5 nM Wnt pathway inhibition in DLD-1 cells. Moreover, compound 25 can be formulated well in a clinically relevant intravenous solution at 20 mg/mL, has demonstrated good pharmacokinetics in preclinical species, and shows low Caco2 efflux to avoid possible tumor resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Johannes
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Lynsie Almeida
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Bernard Barlaam
- AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - P. Ann Boriack-Sjodin
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Robert Casella
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rosemary A. Croft
- AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Allan P. Dishington
- AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Lakshmaiah Gingipalli
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Chungang Gu
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Janet L. Hawkins
- AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Jane L. Holmes
- AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Howard
- AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Huang
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Stephanos Ioannidis
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Steven Kazmirski
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Michelle L. Lamb
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Thomas M. McGuire
- AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Moore
- AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Ogg
- AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Patel
- AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt G. Pike
- AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Pontz
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Graeme R. Robb
- AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Su
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Haiyun Wang
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Xiaolan Zheng
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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127
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Rada P, Rojo AI, Offergeld A, Feng GJ, Velasco-Martín JP, González-Sancho JM, Valverde ÁM, Dale T, Regadera J, Cuadrado A. WNT-3A regulates an Axin1/NRF2 complex that regulates antioxidant metabolism in hepatocytes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:555-71. [PMID: 25336178 PMCID: PMC4333636 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) is a master regulator of oxidant and xenobiotic metabolism, but it is unknown how it is regulated to provide basal expression of this defense system. Here, we studied the putative connection between NRF2 and the canonical WNT pathway, which modulates hepatocyte metabolism. RESULTS WNT-3A increased the levels of NRF2 and its transcriptional signature in mouse hepatocytes and HEK293T cells. The use of short interfering RNAs in hepatocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts which are deficient in the redox sensor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) indicated that WNT-3A activates NRF2 in a β-Catenin- and KEAP1-independent manner. WNT-3A stabilized NRF2 by preventing its GSK-3-dependent phosphorylation and subsequent SCF/β-TrCP-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Axin1 and NRF2 were physically associated in a protein complex that was regulated by WNT-3A, involving the central region of Axin1 and the Neh4/Neh5 domains of NRF2. Axin1 knockdown increased NRF2 protein levels, while Axin1 stabilization with Tankyrase inhibitors blocked WNT/NRF2 signaling. The relevance of this novel pathway was assessed in mice with a conditional deletion of Axin1 in the liver, which showed upregulation of the NRF2 signature in hepatocytes and disruption of liver zonation of antioxidant metabolism. INNOVATION NRF2 takes part in a protein complex with Axin1 that is regulated by the canonical WNT pathway. This new WNT-NRF2 axis controls the antioxidant metabolism of hepatocytes. CONCLUSION These results uncover the participation of NRF2 in a WNT-regulated signalosome that participates in basal maintenance of hepatic antioxidant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Rojo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gui Jie Feng
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Juan P. Velasco-Martín
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia Facultad Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel González-Sancho
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M. Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Trevor Dale
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Regadera
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia Facultad Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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128
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Mallinger A, Crumpler S, Pichowicz M, Waalboer D, Stubbs M, Adeniji-Popoola O, Wood B, Smith E, Thai C, Henley AT, Georgi K, Court W, Hobbs S, Box G, Ortiz-Ruiz MJ, Valenti M, De Haven
Brandon A, TePoele R, Leuthner B, Workman P, Aherne W, Poeschke O, Dale T, Wienke D, Esdar C, Rohdich F, Raynaud F, Clarke P, Eccles SA, Stieber F, Schiemann K, Blagg J. Discovery of potent, orally bioavailable, small-molecule inhibitors of WNT signaling from a cell-based pathway screen. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1717-35. [PMID: 25680029 PMCID: PMC4767141 DOI: 10.1021/jm501436m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
WNT signaling is frequently deregulated in malignancy, particularly in colon cancer, and plays a key role in the generation and maintenance of cancer stem cells. We report the discovery and optimization of a 3,4,5-trisubstituted pyridine 9 using a high-throughput cell-based reporter assay of WNT pathway activity. We demonstrate a twisted conformation about the pyridine-piperidine bond of 9 by small-molecule X-ray crystallography. Medicinal chemistry optimization to maintain this twisted conformation, cognisant of physicochemical properties likely to maintain good cell permeability, led to 74 (CCT251545), a potent small-molecule inhibitor of WNT signaling with good oral pharmacokinetics. We demonstrate inhibition of WNT pathway activity in a solid human tumor xenograft model with evidence for tumor growth inhibition following oral dosing. This work provides a successful example of hypothesis-driven medicinal chemistry optimization from a singleton hit against a cell-based pathway assay without knowledge of the biochemical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Mallinger
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Simon Crumpler
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Mark Pichowicz
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Dennis Waalboer
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Mark Stubbs
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Olajumoke Adeniji-Popoola
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Bozena Wood
- School
of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, U.K.
| | - Elizabeth Smith
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Ching Thai
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Alan T. Henley
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | | | - William Court
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Steve Hobbs
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Gary Box
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Maria-Jesus Ortiz-Ruiz
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Melanie Valenti
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Alexis De Haven
Brandon
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Robert TePoele
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | | | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Wynne Aherne
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | | | - Trevor Dale
- School
of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, U.K.
| | - Dirk Wienke
- Merck KGaA, Merck
Serono, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Florence Raynaud
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Paul
A. Clarke
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | - Suzanne A. Eccles
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
| | | | | | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research
UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.
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129
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Perina D, Mikoč A, Ahel J, Ćetković H, Žaja R, Ahel I. Distribution of protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation systems across all domains of life. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 23:4-16. [PMID: 24865146 PMCID: PMC4245714 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of proteins involved in regulation of many cellular pathways. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) consists of chains of repeating ADP-ribose nucleotide units and is synthesized by the family of enzymes called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). This modification can be removed by the hydrolytic action of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) and ADP-ribosylhydrolase 3 (ARH3). Hydrolytic activity of macrodomain proteins (MacroD1, MacroD2 and TARG1) is responsible for the removal of terminal ADP-ribose unit and for complete reversion of protein ADP-ribosylation. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is widely utilized in eukaryotes and PARPs are present in representatives from all six major eukaryotic supergroups, with only a small number of eukaryotic species that do not possess PARP genes. The last common ancestor of all eukaryotes possessed at least five types of PARP proteins that include both mono and poly(ADP-ribosyl) transferases. Distribution of PARGs strictly follows the distribution of PARP proteins in eukaryotic species. At least one of the macrodomain proteins that hydrolyse terminal ADP-ribose is also always present. Therefore, we can presume that the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes possessed a fully functional and reversible PAR metabolism and that PAR signalling provided the conditions essential for survival of the ancestral eukaryote in its ancient environment. PARP proteins are far less prevalent in bacteria and were probably gained through horizontal gene transfer. Only eleven bacterial species possess all proteins essential for a functional PAR metabolism, although it is not known whether PAR metabolism is truly functional in bacteria. Several dsDNA viruses also possess PARP homologues, while no PARP proteins have been identified in any archaeal genome. Our analysis of the distribution of enzymes involved in PAR metabolism provides insight into the evolution of these important signalling systems, as well as providing the basis for selection of the appropriate genetic model organisms to study the physiology of the specific human PARP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragutin Perina
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10002, Croatia
| | - Andreja Mikoč
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10002, Croatia
| | - Josip Ahel
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10002, Croatia
| | - Helena Ćetković
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10002, Croatia
| | - Roko Žaja
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10002, Croatia; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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130
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Lafon-Hughes L, Vilchez Larrea SC, Kun A, Fernández Villamil SH. VERO cells harbor a poly-ADP-ribose belt partnering their epithelial adhesion belt. PeerJ 2014; 2:e617. [PMID: 25332845 PMCID: PMC4201144 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) is a polymer of up to 400 ADP-ribose units synthesized by poly-ADP-ribose-polymerases (PARPs) and degraded by poly-ADP-ribose-glycohydrolase (PARG). Nuclear PAR modulates chromatin compaction, affecting nuclear functions (gene expression, DNA repair). Diverse defined PARP cytoplasmic allocation patterns contrast with the yet still imprecise PAR distribution and still unclear functions. Based on previous evidence from other models, we hypothesized that PAR could be present in epithelial cells where cadherin-based adherens junctions are linked with the actin cytoskeleton (constituting the adhesion belt). In the present work, we have examined through immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, the subcellular localization of PAR in an epithelial monkey kidney cell line (VERO). PAR was distinguished colocalizing with actin and vinculin in the epithelial belt, a location that has not been previously reported. Actin filaments disruption with cytochalasin D was paralleled by PAR belt disruption. Conversely, PARP inhibitors 3-aminobenzamide, PJ34 or XAV 939, affected PAR belt synthesis, actin distribution, cell shape and adhesion. Extracellular calcium chelation displayed similar effects. Our results demonstrate the existence of PAR in a novel subcellular localization. An initial interpretation of all the available evidence points towards TNKS-1 as the most probable PAR belt architect, although TNKS-2 involvement cannot be discarded. Forthcoming research will test this hypothesis as well as explore the existence of the PAR belt in other epithelial cells and deepen into its functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lafon-Hughes
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE) , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Salomé C Vilchez Larrea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Alejandra Kun
- Departamento de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE) , Montevideo , Uruguay ; Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Silvia H Fernández Villamil
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina ; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
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131
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Abstract
WNT-β-catenin signalling is involved in a multitude of developmental processes and the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, genetic stability and apoptosis, as well as by maintaining adult stem cells in a pluripotent state. Not surprisingly, aberrant regulation of this pathway is therefore associated with a variety of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis and neurodegeneration. Despite this knowledge, therapeutic agents specifically targeting the WNT pathway have only recently entered clinical trials and none has yet been approved. This Review examines the problems and potential solutions to this vexing situation and attempts to bring them into perspective.
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132
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Serio RN. Wnt of the Two Horizons: Putting Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Cell Fate Determination into Context. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1975-90. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Serio
- Graduate School of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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133
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Blagg J, Workman P. Chemical biology approaches to target validation in cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 17:87-100. [PMID: 25175311 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Target validation is a crucial element of drug discovery. Especially given the wealth of potential targets emerging from cancer genome sequencing and functional genetic screens, and also considering the time and cost of downstream drug discovery efforts, it is essential to build confidence in a proposed target, ideally using different technical approaches. We argue that complementary biological and chemical biology strategies are essential for robust target validation. We discuss recent progress in the discovery and application of high quality chemical tools and other chemical biology approaches to target validation in cancer. Among other topical examples, we highlight the emergence of designed irreversible chemical tools to study potential target proteins and oncogenic pathways that were hitherto regarded as poorly druggable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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134
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Kirubakaran P, Arunkumar P, Premkumar K, Muthusamy K. Sighting of tankyrase inhibitors by structure- and ligand-based screening and in vitro approach. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:2699-712. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00309h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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135
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Papeo G, Avanzi N, Bettoni S, Leone A, Paolucci M, Perego R, Quartieri F, Riccardi-Sirtori F, Thieffine S, Montagnoli A, Lupi R. Insights into PARP Inhibitors' Selectivity Using Fluorescence Polarization and Surface Plasmon Resonance Binding Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1212-9. [PMID: 24916412 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114538319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors are an exciting new class of antineoplastic drugs that have been proven to be efficacious as single agents in cancer settings with inherent DNA repair defects, as well as in combination with DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics. Currently, they are designed to target the catalytic domain of PARP-1, the most studied member of the family, with a key role in the DNA-damage repair process. Because PARP inhibitors are substrate (NAD(+)) competitors, there is a need for a deeper understanding of their cross-reactivity. This is particularly relevant for PARP-2, the PARP-1 closest homologue, for which an embryonic lethal phenotype has been observed in double knockout mice. In this study, we describe the development and validation of binding assays based on fluorescence polarization (FP) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques. PARP-1, PARP-2, PARP-3, and TNKS-1 FP displacement assays are set up by employing ad hoc synthesized probes. These assays are suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS) and selectivity profiling, thus allowing the identification of NAD(+)binding site selective inhibitors. The PARP-1 and PARP-2 complementary SPR binding assays confirm displacement data and the in-depth inhibitor characterization. Moreover, these formats have the potential to be broadly applicable to other members of the PARP family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nilla Avanzi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Nerviano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Rita Perego
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Nerviano, Italy
| | | | | | - Sandrine Thieffine
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Nerviano, Italy Evotec Ltd, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | - Rosita Lupi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Nerviano, Italy
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136
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de la Roche M, Ibrahim AEK, Mieszczanek J, Bienz M. LEF1 and B9L shield β-catenin from inactivation by Axin, desensitizing colorectal cancer cells to tankyrase inhibitors. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1495-505. [PMID: 24419084 PMCID: PMC3947273 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperactive β-catenin drives colorectal cancer, yet inhibiting its activity remains a formidable challenge. Interest is mounting in tankyrase inhibitors (TNKSi), which destabilize β-catenin through stabilizing Axin. Here, we confirm that TNKSi inhibit Wnt-induced transcription, similarly to carnosate, which reduces the transcriptional activity of β-catenin by blocking its binding to BCL9, and attenuates intestinal tumors in Apc(Min) mice. By contrast, β-catenin's activity is unresponsive to TNKSi in colorectal cancer cells and in cells after prolonged Wnt stimulation. This TNKSi insensitivity is conferred by β-catenin's association with LEF1 and BCL9-2/B9L, which accumulate during Wnt stimulation, thereby providing a feed-forward loop that converts transient into chronic β-catenin signaling. This limits the therapeutic value of TNKSi in colorectal carcinomas, most of which express high LEF1 levels. Our study provides proof-of-concept that the successful inhibition of oncogenic β-catenin in colorectal cancer requires the targeting of its interaction with LEF1 and/or BCL9/B9L, as exemplified by carnosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc de la Roche
- corresponding authors Phone +44 1223 267 093, +44 1223 746 851 Fax +44 1223 268 305 ,
| | - Ashraf E. K. Ibrahim
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Juliusz Mieszczanek
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mariann Bienz
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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137
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Liscio P, Carotti A, Asciutti S, Karlberg T, Bellocchi D, Llacuna L, Macchiarulo A, Aaronson SA, Schüler H, Pellicciari R, Camaioni E. Design, synthesis, crystallographic studies, and preliminary biological appraisal of new substituted triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazin-8-amine derivatives as tankyrase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2807-12. [PMID: 24527792 DOI: 10.1021/jm401356t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Searching for selective tankyrases (TNKSs) inhibitors, a new small series of 6,8-disubstituted triazolo[4,3-b]piridazines has been synthesized and characterized biologically. Structure-based optimization of the starting hit compound NNL (3) prompted us to the discovery of 4-(2-(6-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazin-8-ylamino)ethyl)phenol (12), a low nanomolar selective TNKSs inhibitor working as NAD isostere as ascertained by crystallographic analysis. Preliminary biological data candidate this new class of derivatives as a powerful pharmacological tools in the unraveling of TNKS implications in physiopathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride Liscio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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138
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Abdel-Magid AF. Tankyrase inhibitors: potential treatment of hyperproliferative diseases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:10-1. [PMID: 24900768 DOI: 10.1021/ml400508g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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139
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Haikarainen T, Narwal M, Joensuu P, Lehtiö L. Evaluation and Structural Basis for the Inhibition of Tankyrases by PARP Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:18-22. [PMID: 24900770 DOI: 10.1021/ml400292s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tankyrases, an enzyme subfamily of human poly(ADP-ribosyl)polymerases, are potential drug targets especially against cancer. We have evaluated inhibition of tankyrases by known PARP inhibitors and report five cocrystal structures of the most potent compounds in complex with human tankyrase 2. The inhibitors include the small general PARP inhibitors Phenanthridinone, PJ-34, and TIQ-A as well as the more advanced inhibitors EB-47 and rucaparib. The compounds anchor to the nicotinamide subsite of tankyrase 2. Crystal structures reveal flexibility of the ligand binding site with implications for drug development against tankyrases and other ADP-ribosyltransferases. EB-47 mimics the substrate NAD(+) and extends from the nicotinamide to the adenosine subsite. The clinical ARTD1 inhibitor candidate rucaparib was the most potent tankyrase inhibitor identified (24 and 14 nM for tankyrases), which indicates that inhibition of tankyrases would affect the cellular responses of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Haikarainen
- Biocenter
Oulu, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mohit Narwal
- Biocenter
Oulu, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Päivi Joensuu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Biocenter
Oulu, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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140
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Comparative structural analysis of the putative mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases of the ARTD/PARP family. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 384:153-66. [PMID: 25015788 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The existence and significance of endogenous cytosolic and nuclear mono-ADP-ribosylation has been a matter of debate. Today, evidence suggests that the human enzymes that catalyze the reaction have been rounded up. Moreover, substrate proteins and specific functions for mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases are beginning to be defined. Reader domains that specifically recognize mono-ADP-ribosylated target proteins and erasers that remove the mono-ADP-ribosyl mark have been identified. Here, we review the contribution of crystal structures to our understanding of the putative mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases with Diphtheria toxin and ARTD1/PARP1 homology.
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141
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Huang H, Guzman-Perez A, Acquaviva L, Berry V, Bregman H, Dovey J, Gunaydin H, Huang X, Huang L, Saffran D, Serafino R, Schneider S, Wilson C, DiMauro EF. Structure-based design of 2-aminopyridine oxazolidinones as potent and selective tankyrase inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1218-23. [PMID: 24900633 DOI: 10.1021/ml4003315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway has been implicated in the development and formation of many cancers. TNKS inhibition has been shown to antagonize Wnt signaling via Axin stabilization in APC mutant colon cancer cell lines. We employed structure-based design to identify a series of 2-aminopyridine oxazolidinones as potent and selective TNKS inhibitors. These compounds exhibited good enzyme and cell potency as well as selectivity over other PARP isoforms. Co-crystal structures of these 2-aminopyridine oxazolidinones complexed to TNKS reveal an induced-pocket binding mode that does not involve interactions with the nicotinamide binding pocket. Oral dosing of lead compounds 3 and 4 resulted in significant effects on several Wnt-pathway biomarkers in a three day DLD-1 mouse tumor PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Huang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Angel Guzman-Perez
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lisa Acquaviva
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Virginia Berry
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Howard Bregman
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jennifer Dovey
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hakan Gunaydin
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xin Huang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Liyue Huang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Doug Saffran
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Randy Serafino
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Steve Schneider
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cindy Wilson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Erin F. DiMauro
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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142
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Hua Z, Bregman H, Buchanan JL, Chakka N, Guzman-Perez A, Gunaydin H, Huang X, Gu Y, Berry V, Liu J, Teffera Y, Huang L, Egge B, Emkey R, Mullady EL, Schneider S, Andrews PS, Acquaviva L, Dovey J, Mishra A, Newcomb J, Saffran D, Serafino R, Strathdee CA, Turci SM, Stanton M, Wilson C, Dimauro EF. Development of novel dual binders as potent, selective, and orally bioavailable tankyrase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:10003-15. [PMID: 24294969 DOI: 10.1021/jm401317z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tankyrases (TNKS1 and TNKS2) are proteins in the poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) family. They have been shown to directly bind to axin proteins, which negatively regulate the Wnt pathway by promoting β-catenin degradation. Inhibition of tankyrases may offer a novel approach to the treatment of APC-mutant colorectal cancer. Hit compound 8 was identified as an inhibitor of tankyrases through a combination of substructure searching of the Amgen compound collection based on a minimal binding pharmacophore hypothesis and high-throughput screening. Herein we report the structure- and property-based optimization of compound 8 leading to the identification of more potent and selective tankyrase inhibitors 22 and 49 with improved pharmacokinetic properties in rodents, which are well suited as tool compounds for further in vivo validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Hua
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, §Oncology Research, ∥Department of Molecular Structure, ⊥Bioassay and Profiling, and #Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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143
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Fadri-Moskwik M, Zhou Q, Chai W. Beyond Telomerase: Telomere Instability as a Novel Target for Cancer Therapy. J Mol Genet Med 2013; 7. [PMID: 27123041 PMCID: PMC4844356 DOI: 10.4172/1747-0862.1000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are areas of heterochromatin composed of TTAGGG repeats located at the ends of linear chromosomes. They play a critical role in keeping genome stable and preventing premature aging diseases and the development of cancer. Characterizing mechanisms of telomere maintenance and understanding how their deregulation contributes to human diseases are therefore important for developing novel therapies. A key mechanism driving telomere maintenance and replicative immortality in cancer cells is telomere elongation by telomerase, and many emerging potential telomere-based therapies have focused on targeting telomerase components. By contrast, recent studies on telomere maintenance mechanism suggest that disrupting telomere stability by interfering with alternative mechanisms of telomere synthesis or protection may also yield new strategies for the treatment of cancer. This review will focus on emerging regulators of telomere synthesis or maintenance, such as G4 telomeric DNA, the CST complex, the t-loop, and shelterins, and discuss their potential as targets for anti-cancer chemotherapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fadri-Moskwik
- Section of Medical Sciences and School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, USA
| | - Qing Zhou
- Section of Medical Sciences and School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, USA
| | - Weihang Chai
- Section of Medical Sciences and School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, USA
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144
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Haikarainen T, Koivunen J, Narwal M, Venkannagari H, Obaji E, Joensuu P, Pihlajaniemi T, Lehtiö L. para-Substituted 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-ones as potent and selective tankyrase inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1978-85. [PMID: 24130191 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human tankyrases are attractive drug targets, especially for the treatment of cancer. We identified a set of highly potent tankyrase inhibitors based on a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one scaffold. Substitutions at the para position of the scaffold's phenyl group were evaluated as a strategy to increase potency and improve selectivity. The best compounds displayed single-digit nanomolar potencies, and profiling against several human diphtheria-toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferases revealed that a subset of these compounds are highly selective tankyrase inhibitors. The compounds also effectively inhibit Wnt signaling in HEK293 cells. The binding mode of all inhibitors was studied by protein X-ray crystallography. This allowed us to establish a structural basis for the development of highly potent and selective tankyrase inhibitors based on the 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one scaffold and outline a rational approach to the modification of other inhibitor scaffolds that bind to the nicotinamide site of the catalytic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Haikarainen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter Oulu, 90014 University of Oulu, PO Box 3000 Oulu (Finland)
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145
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Narwal M, Koivunen J, Haikarainen T, Obaji E, Legala OE, Venkannagari H, Joensuu P, Pihlajaniemi T, Lehtiö L. Discovery of tankyrase inhibiting flavones with increased potency and isoenzyme selectivity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7880-9. [PMID: 24116873 DOI: 10.1021/jm401463y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tankyrases are ADP-ribosyltransferases that play key roles in various cellular pathways, including the regulation of cell proliferation, and thus, they are promising drug targets for the treatment of cancer. Flavones have been shown to inhibit tankyrases and we report here the discovery of more potent and selective flavone derivatives. Commercially available flavones with single substitutions were used for structure-activity relationship studies, and cocrystal structures of the 18 hit compounds were analyzed to explain their potency and selectivity. The most potent inhibitors were also tested in a cell-based assay, which demonstrated that they effectively antagonize Wnt signaling. To assess selectivity, they were further tested against a panel of homologous human ADP-ribosyltransferases. The most effective compound, 22 (MN-64), showed 6 nM potency against tankyrase 1, isoenzyme selectivity, and Wnt signaling inhibition. This work forms a basis for rational development of flavones as tankyrase inhibitors and guides the development of other structurally related inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Narwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu , Oulu 90570, Finland
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146
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Ekblad T, Camaioni E, Schüler H, Macchiarulo A. PARP inhibitors: polypharmacology versus selective inhibition. FEBS J 2013; 280:3563-75. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torun Ekblad
- Karolinska Institutet; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Herwig Schüler
- Karolinska Institutet; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
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147
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Scarpa ES, Fabrizio G, Di Girolamo M. A role of intracellular mono-ADP-ribosylation in cancer biology. FEBS J 2013; 280:3551-62. [PMID: 23590234 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During the development, progression and dissemination of neoplastic lesions, cancer cells can hijack normal pathways and mechanisms. This includes the control of the function of cellular proteins through reversible post-translational modifications, such as ADP-ribosylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation. In the case of mono-ADP-ribosylation and poly-ADP-ribosylation, the addition of one or several units of ADP-ribose to target proteins occurs via two families of enzymes that can generate ADP-ribosylated proteins: the diphtheria toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferase (ARTD) family, comprising 17 different proteins that are either poly-ADP-ribosyltransferases or mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases or inactive enzymes; and the clostridial toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferase family, with four human members, two of which are active mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases, and two of which are enzymatically inactive. In line with a central role for poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 in response to DNA damage, specific inhibitors of this enzyme have been developed as anticancer therapeutics and evaluated in several clinical trials. Recently, in combination with the discovery of a large number of enzymes that can catalyse mono-ADP-ribosylation, the role of this modification has been linked to human diseases, such as inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer, thus revealing the need for the development of specific ARTD inhibitors. This will provide a better understanding of the roles of these enzymes in human physiology and pathology, so that they can be targeted in the future to generate new and efficacious drugs. This review summarizes our present knowledge of the ARTD enzymes that are involved in mono-ADP-ribosylation reactions and that have roles in cancer biology. In particular, the well-documented role of macro-containing ARTD8 in lymphoma and the putative role of ARTD15 in cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele S Scarpa
- Department of Cellular and Translational Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
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